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c c.Ͷ A direct-current welding circuit maybe either straight or reverse polarity.
When the machine is set on straight polarity, the electrons flow from the electrode to the plate,
concentrating most of the heat on the work With reverse polarity, the flow of electrons is from
the plate to the electrode, thus causing a greater concentration of heat at the electrode.
Because of this intense heat, the electrode tends to melt off; therefore, direct-current reverse
polarity (!) requires a larger diameter electrode than direct-current straight polarity
("!). The effects of polarity on the weld are shown in figure 8-4. Notice that "! produces
a narrow, deep weld. Since the heat is concentrated on the work, the welding process is more
rapid and there is less distortion of the base metal. Overall, straight polarity is preferred over
reverse polarity because you can achieve better welds. ! forms a wide and shallow weld
and is rarely used in the #c$% process. The exception to this is when it is used to weld sections
of aluminum or magnesium. ! has excellent cleaning power that results from the Figure
.$&' combines the desired cleaning action of DCRP with the good penetration of "!.
action of positive-charged gas ions. When these gas ions strike the metal, they pierce the oxide
film and form a path for the welding current to follow. This same clean- ing action occurs in
the reverse polarity half of an alternating-current welding cycle.The dc electrode positive
polarity will produce approximately 20-25% increase in penetration compared with dc
electrode negative. For this reason DC electrode positive polarity is normally used for the root
run in welds to ensure that adequate penetration is achieved .However for surface applications
where low penetration and parent metal dilution is required, dc electrode negative is preferred.
$(c $c # c.Ͷ AS shown in figure , ac welding is actually a combination of "!
and !; however, the electrical characteristics of the oxides on the metal often prevent the
current from flowing smoothly in the reverse polarity half of the cycle. This partial or complete
stoppage of current flow (rectification) causes the arc to be unstable and some- times go out.
Ac welding machines were developed with a high-frequency current flow unit to prevent this
recti- fication. The high-frequency current pierces the oxide film and forms a path for the
welding current to follow. The effects of  
   
) * ($&') are
shown in figure 8-6. Notice that $&' offers both the advantages of ! and "!. $&'is
excellent for welding aluminum.



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