CHEM-E7160, Fluid Flow in Process Units, Exercise 2

2.1

Glycerine at 26.5 oC is flowing through a horizontal tube 0.3 m long and inside diameter 0.0025 m for a
pressure drop of 275790 Pa. The density is 1261 kg/m3. The flow is 0.000001791 m3/s. What is the
viscosity of glycerine?

(Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot, Transport phenomena, Second edition, Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot, Second Edition,
Example 2.3-1.)

2.2

Water 30oC is flowing in a horizontal pipe (inner diameter 25 mm), the pressure drop has to be limited to
2.4 Pa/m . Calculate the volume flow rate (m3/s), mass flow rate (kg/s), the average and maximum
velocities m/s and finally the velocity distribution as a function of r.

2.3

Calculate the shear stress in a situation depicted in the picture below. Δy = 5 cm, Δvz=10 cm/s, the fluid is
ethyl alcohol at 273 K, μ =1.77 cp

Calculate the shear stress and the velocity gradient dvz/dy

(Geankoplis Transport properties and unit operations. 3rd Edition, Example 2.4_1.)
2.4. Newtonian liquid is flowing stationary between two pipes, (annular flow). Radius of the inner pipe is r1
and radius of outer pipe is r2. You can assume that viscosity and pressure gradient are constant. Calculate
analytically the velocity profile of the annular flow far away from inlet and outlet of the stream. Physical
properties are assumed constant.

direction of flow
r2 velocity v
r1
r

po L
pL

Hints: Boundary conditions v= 0 at r = r2 and r1. You can solve the “first” integration constant with
dv
assuming the maximum velocity where dr  0 at r = rmax
Answers begin

2.1
Assume that the Hagen Poisseulle law holds.

8L R 2 p
p  v
R2 8l v

V
v
R 2

R 4p  (0,0025 / 2)4 (m)4 275790(Pa)

   0.49 Pas
8 l V 8 * 0,3 (m) * 0,000001791 (m3/s)

Check that the flow is laminar

v D 4V 4 * 0,000001791 (m3/s) *1261 kg/m3

Re     2.41
 D  0.0025 m * 0,49 Pas

Laminar assumption ok.

2.2
Assume that the Hagen Poisseulle law holds.

8L 32L
p  v v
2
R D2

p / L  2.4Pa / m

D= 0.025 m

μ = 800*10-6 kg/(m s)

ρ=996 kg/m3

from the lecture

V p  p L 2 vmax
v  0 R 
R 2 8L 2

Volumetric flow

pR 4 2.4( Pa / m) *3.14 * (0.025 / 2)4 (m4 ) m3

V    2.87 105
L8 6
8 * 800 *10 (kg /( ms)) s

mass flow

   V  996(kg / m3 ) * 2,87 *105 (m3 )  0.026 kg / s

m
Average velocity

m3 5
2.87 10
V s
v 2  0.058 m / s
R  (0,025 / 2) (m2 )
2

maximum velocity

vmax
v  vmax  2 * v  2 * 0.058 m / s  0.116 m / s
2

Distribution v(r)

 p0  pL  2  p 0  p L  2   r  
2

vr   
    
 r  R   4  L R 1   R  
2

 4  L       
and
 
V p  p L 2 v max
v  0 R 
R 2
8L 2
thus the distribution is

  r 2    r 
2

v(r )  vmax 1      0.116 m1   
 R    0.025 / 2  
   

2.3

Using equation 1
𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = −𝜇
𝑑𝑦
we rearrange

𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 = −𝜇𝑑𝑣𝑧

integrate
𝑦2=5 𝑣2=0
𝜏𝑦𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = −𝜇 ∫ 𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝑦1=0 𝑣1=10

solve
𝑣1 − 𝑣2
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜇
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
substituting the known values
𝑔 (10 − 0)𝑐𝑚/𝑠
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0.0177
𝑐𝑚 𝑠 (5 − 0)𝑐𝑚

𝑔 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 0.354
𝑐𝑚2

Velocity gradient since velocity change is linear

𝑑𝑣𝑧 (10 − 0)𝑐𝑚/𝑠 1
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = = 2.0
𝑑𝑦 (5 − 0)𝑐𝑚 𝑠
2.4

Flow is stationary in the space between the pipes, annulus.

In the lectures we developed for a circular tube

d dv   p  p L 
 r    0 r
dr  dr   L  (1)

Rearrange

r pL  po d  dv 
 r 
dr  dr
(2)
 L 
and let’s mark for simplicity

p L  po dp
 (3)
L dL

thus we get a familiar form from the other literature

r dp d  dv  1 dp
 r
 dL dr  dr  and  dL is constant (4)

direction of flow
r2 velocity v
r1
r

po L
pL

Integrate the above and we get

r 2 dp dv
 C1  r (5)
2 dL dr
 dv
Boundary condition dr  0 , at r = rmax

This radius rmax is not known yet, it will be solved later

2
rmax dp r 2 dp
 C1  0  C1   max (6), (7)
2 dL 2 dL

We get

 r 2 r 2  dp 1 dv
  max  r
 2 2  dL  dr (8)
 

r r 2  dp 1 dv
  max  
 2 2r  dL  dr (9)
 

Integrate above and we get

 r2 r2  dp 1
  max ln r   C2  v
 4 2  dL  (10)
 

Boundary condition v = 0 at r = r1

 r2 r2   2
r12 rmax  dp 1
 1  max ln r  dp 1  C  0  C2     ln r1  (11), (12)
 4 2
1  dL  2  4 2  dL 
   

 r2 r2 r2 r  dp 1
  1  max ln  v
 4 4 2 r1  dL  (13)
 

Boundary condition v= 0 at r = r2
 r2 r2   2
r22 rmax  dp 1
 2  max ln r  dp 1  C  0  C3     ln r2 
 4 2
2  dL  3  4 2  dL  (14), (15)
   

 r 2 r22 rmax
2
r  dp 1
   ln   vz (16)
 4 4 2 r2  dz 

Now we can solve rmax using r1 and r2 Equations (13) and (16)

 r 2 r12 rmax
2
r   r2 r2 r2 r
   ln     2  max ln   0 (17)
4 4 2 r1   4 4 2 r2 

2 2
r12 r22 rmax r rmax r
   ln  ln  0 (18)
4 4 2 r1 2 r2

2
r22 r12 rmax  r r
   ln  ln  (19)
4 4 2  r1 r2 

r2
because ln r  ln r1  ln r  ln r2   ln
r1


1 2
r2  r12  
1 2
2
r2  r12 
r2
max  2  rmax  (20, 21)
r r
ln 2 ln 2
r1 r1

rmax is not exactly in the middle of the pipes