STATE

The state is a community of the people, occupying a

definite territory organized under government which is
supreme of all persons and associations within its
territory and independent of all foreign control or power.

The Historical
Background Of the
State
The earliest
forms of the state emerged whenever it became possible to
centralize power in a durable
way. Agriculture and writing are almost everywhere
associated with this process: Agriculture because it allowed
for the emergence of a class of people who did not have to
spend most of their time providing for their own
subsistence, and writing (or the equivalent of writing,
like Inca quipus) because it made possible the centralization
of vital information.
  The state in classical antiquity:-
The history of the state in
the West usually begins with classical antiquity. During that
period, the state took a variety of forms, none of them very
much like the modern state. There were monarchies whose
power (like that of the Egyptian Pharaoh) was based on the
religious function of the king and his control of a centralized
army. There were also large, quasi-bureaucratized empires,
like the Roman empire, which depended less on the
religious function of the ruler and more on effective military
and legal organizations and the cohesiveness of an
aristocracy. Perhaps the most important political
innovations of classical antiquity came from the Greek city-
states and the Roman Republic. The Greek city-states before
the 4th century granted citizenship rights to their free
population, and in Athens these rights were combined with
a directly democratic form of government that was to have
a long afterlife in political thought and history.
In contrast, Rome developed from
a monarchy into a republic, governed by
a senate dominated by the Roman aristocracy. The Roman
political system contributed to the development of law,
constitutionalism and to the distinction between
the private and the public spheres.
 From the feudal state to the modern state in the West:-
 The story of the development of the specifically
modern state in the West typically begins with the
dissolution of the western Roman empire. This led to the
fragmentation of the imperial state into the hands of
private lords whose political, judicial, and military roles
corresponded to the organization of economic production.
In these conditions, according to Marxists, the economic
unit of society was the state.
The state-system of feudal Europe was an
unstable configuration of suzerains and anointed kings. A
monarch, formally at the head of a hierarchy of sovereigns,
was not an absolute power who could rule at will; instead,
relations between lords and monarchs were mediated by
varying degrees of mutual dependence, which was ensured
by the absence of a centralized system of taxation. This
reality ensured that each ruler needed to obtain the
'consent' of each estate in the realm. This was not quite a
'state' in the Weberian sense of the term, since the king did
not monopolize either the power of lawmaking (which was
shared with the church) or the means of violence (which
were shared with the nobles).
The formalization of the struggles over taxation
between the monarch and other elements of society
(especially the nobility and the cities) gave rise to what is
now called the Standestaat, or the state of Estates,
characterized by parliaments in which key social groups
negotiated with the king about legal and economic matters.
These estates of the realm sometimes evolved in the
direction of fully-fledged parliaments, but sometimes lost
out in their struggles with the monarch, leading to greater
centralization of lawmaking and coercive (chiefly military)
power in his hands. Beginning in the 15th century, this
centralizing process gives rise to the absolutist state.

 The Modern State:-

The rise of the modern state as a
public power constituting the supreme political authority
within a defined territory is associated with western
Europe's gradual institutional development beginning in
earnest in the late 15th century, culminating in the rise
of absolutism and capitalism. As Europe's dynastic states—
England under the Tudors, Spain under the Habsburgs,
and France under the Bourbons—embarked on a variety of
programs designed to increase centralized political and
economic control, they increasingly exhibited many of the
features that now define sovereign states. This
centralization of power involved the delineation of political
boundaries, as European monarchs gradually defeated or
co-opted other sources of power, such as the Church and
lesser nobility. In place of the fragmented system of feudal
rule, with its often indistinct territorial claims, large, unitary
states with extensive control over definite territories
emerged. This process gave rise to the highly centralized
and increasingly bureaucratic forms of absolute
monarchical rule of the 17th and 18th centuries, when the
principal features of the contemporary state system took
form, including the introduction of a standing army, a
central taxation system, diplomatic relations with
permanent embassies, and the development of state
economic policy—mercantilism.
Cultural and national homogenization figured
prominently in the rise of the modern state system. Since
the absolutist period, states have largely been organized on
a national basis. The concept of a national state, however, is
not synonymous with nation state. Even in the
most ethnically homogeneous societies there is not always
a complete correspondence between state and nation,
hence the active role often taken by the state to
promote nationalism through emphasis on shared symbols
and national identity.
It is in this period that the term "state" is first
introduced into political discourse in more or less its current
meaning. Although Niccolò Machiavelli is often credited
with first using the term to refer to a territorial sovereign
government in the modern sense in The Prince, published
in 1532, it is not until the time of the British
thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke and the French
thinker Jean Bodin gave the concept in its current meaning
is fully developed. Today, most Western states more or less
fit the influential definition of the state in Max
Weber's Politics as a Vocation. According to Weber, the
modern state monopolizes the means of legitimate physical
violence over a well-defined territory. Moreover, the
legitimacy of this monopoly itself is of a very special kind,
"rational-legal" legitimacy, based on impersonal rules that
constrain the power of state elites.

Kinds of States
Following are some kind of states discussed below:

Sovereign states :
A sovereign state is state which has
effective internal and external sovereignty over a
geographic area, is not dependent on, or subject to any
other power or state and has a monopoly on the use of
force within its border While sovereign states can be said to
exist without being recognized by other sovereign states,
unrecognized states will often find it hard to exercise full
treaty-making powers and engage in diplomatic relations
with other states.

Federated states :
 A federated state is a territorial
and constitutional community forming part of a federal
union. Such states differ from sovereign states, in that they
have transferred a portion of their sovereign powers to
a federal government. A federated state holds
administrative jurisdiction over a defined geographic
territory and is a form of regional government.
Nation states :
A nation state is a state that self-identifies
as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as
a sovereign entity for a country as a sovereign territorial
unit. The state is a political and geopolitical entity; the
nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity. The term "nation
state" implies that the two geographically coincide, and this
distinguishes the nation state from the other types of state,
which historically preceded it.

Future concept of
State
It has been speculated by both
proponents of globalization and various future fiction writers
that the concept of a nation-state may disappear with the
ever-increasingly interconnected nature of the world. Such
ideas are sometimes expressed around concepts of a world
government. Another possibility is a societal collapse and
move into communal anarchy or zero world government, in
which nation-states no longer exist and government is done
on the local level based on a global ethic of human rights. This
falls into line with the concept of Internationalism, which
states that sovereignty is an outdated concept and a barrier to
achieving peace and harmony in the world, thus also stating
that nation-states are also a similar outdated concept.

If the nation-state does begin to disappear,

then it may well be the direct or indirect result of
globalization and Internationalism. The two concepts state
that sovereignty is an outdated concept and, as the concept
and existence of a nation-state depends on 'untouchable'
sovereignty, it is therefore reasonable to assume that.
Globalization especially has helped to bring about the
discussion about the disappearance of nation states, as
global trade and the rise of the concepts of a 'global citizen'
and a common identity have helped to reduce differences
and 'distances' between individual nation states, especially
with regards to the internet.
"Clash of civilizations" Before nation-states

The front cover for the book "The Clash of Civilizations and
the Remaking of World Order" by Samuel P. Huntington.

In direct contrast to cosmopolitan theories

about an ever more connected world that no longer
requires nation-states, is the Clash of Civilizations theory.
The proposal by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington is
that people's cultural and religious identities will be the
primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. The
theory was originally formulated in a 1992 lecture at the
American Enterprise Institute, which was then developed in
a 1993 Foreign Affairs article titled "The Clash of
Civilizations?", in response to Francis Fukuyama's 1992
book, The End of History and the Last Man. Huntington later
expanded his thesis in a 1996 book, The Clash of
Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.

Huntington began his thinking by surveying the

diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the
post-Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued
that human rights, liberal democracy and capitalist free
market economics had become the only remaining
ideological alternative for nations in the post-Cold War
world. Specifically, Francis Fukuyama argued that the world
had reached the 'end of history' in a Hegelian sense.

Huntington believed that while the age of ideology

had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of
affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he
argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be
along cultural and religious lines. As an extension, he posits
that the concept of different civilizations, as the highest
rank of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in
analyzing the potential for conflict.

In the 1993 Foreign Affairs article, Huntington writes:

It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of

conflict in this new world will not be primarily
ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions
among humankind and the dominating source of
conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the
most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal
conflicts of global politics will occur between nations
and groups of different civilizations. The clash of
civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines
between civilizations will be the battle lines of the
future.

ELEMENTS OF A STATE
 State is composed of four elements or attributes, which
are following:-
 Population
 Land or territory
 Government
 Sovereignty

POPULATION
A population is all the organisms
that both belong to the same species and live in the same
geographical area. The area that is used to define the
population is such that inter-breeding is possible between
any pair within the area and more probable than cross-
breeding with individuals from other areas. Normally
breeding is substantially more common within the area
than across the border. In sociology, population refers to
a collection of human beings. Demography is a
sociological discipline which entails the statistical study of
human populations. This article refers mainly to human
population.

 PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION:-

Population of a state should follow the following

principal :-
  General principle is that it should be large enough
to be self sufficient and small enough to be well
governed.

 The population should be so much as would be

sufficient to perform all needs of culture, arts,
learning, industry agriculture, defence and civilized
life.

 WORLD HUMAN POPULATION:-

As of 28
December 2010, the world population is estimated by the
United States Census Bureau to be 6.891 billion.
According to papers published by the United States
Census Bureau, the world population hit 6.5 billion
(6,500,000,000) on 24 February 2006. The United Nations
Population Fund designated 12 October 1999 as the
approximate day on which world population reached 6
billion. This was about 12 years after world population
reached 5 billion in 1987, and 6 years after world
population reached 5.5 billion in 1993. The population of
some countries, such as Nigeria and China is not even
known to the nearest million,[3] so there is a considerable
margin of error in such estimates. Population growth
increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution
gathered pace from 1700 onwards. The last 50 years have
seen a yet more rapid increase in the rate of population
growth due to medical advances and substantial increases
in agricultural productivity, particularly beginning in the
1960s, made by the Green Revolution. In 2007 the United
Nations Population Division projected that the world's
population will likely surpass 10 billion in 2055.[8] In the
future, world population has been expected to reach a
peak of growth, from there it will decline due to
economic reasons, health concerns, land exhaustion and
environmental hazards. There is around an 85% chance
that the world's population will stop growing before the
end of the century. There is a 60% probability that the
world's population will not exceed 10 billion people
before 2100, and around a 15% probability that the
world's population at the end of the century will be lower
than it is today. For different regions, the date and size of
the peak population will vary considerably.

The population pattern of less-developed

regions of the world in recent years has been marked by
gradually declining birth rates following an earlier sharp
reduction in death rates.[10] This transition from high birth
and death rates to low birth and death rates is often
referred to as the demographic transition.

 KINDS OF INHABITANTS:-

The population of a state consist of three

kinds of inhabitants:-

 Full members of a state called the citizens who enjoy

all rights and perform every duty toward their state.

 Subject or national of the state who enjoy some

rights real elements of the population of the state
  Non members called ‘alien, who are given only civil
rights of life and property.

TERRITORY
The people must live on a definite portion
of territory of an appropriate size. Modern tendency is
towards economic self sufficiency which is possible in
large size state.
 TYPES OF TERRITORIES: -

In international
politics, a territory is a non-sovereign geographic area
which has come under the authority of another
government; which has not been granted the powers of
self-government normally devolved to secondary
territorial divisions; or both. Types of administrative
and/or political territories include:

 ADMINISTERED TERRITORIES:-

Many types of legally

administered territories, each of which is a non-sovereign
geographic area that has come under the authority of
another government with varying degrees of local
governmental control.

 FEDERATED GOVERNMENT:-
 This can include
federated states which share authority with a central
government such as the Lander of Germany or the
Counties of a state within one of the States of the United
States (those states being another example themselves
that were sovereign and ceded rights to a central
federated government).

 ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT:-

Alternatively, an
administrative district established by a central nation-
state as with the Bundesländer of Austria (which are now
a federation).

 UNITARY STATE:-

The subnational entities constituting a

unitary state such as France.

 OCCUPIED TERRITORY:-

An occupied territory, which

is a region that is under the military control of an outside
power that has not annexed the region. An example of an
occupied territory is Palestine after the Nakba of 1948,
Iraq after the American invasion of 2003, Afghanistan by
the Soviet Union between 1979 and 1989, Germany after
World War II or Kosovo after 1999.
  DISPUTED TERRITORY:-

A disputed territory, which

is a geographic area claimed by two or more rival
governments. For example, the territory of Kashmir is
claimed by both the governments of India and Pakistan.

 LOCAL GOVERNMENT:-

A local government unit, the district

of the Chatham Islands Council is termed the Chatham
Islands Territory, although it is in all legal senses an
integral part of New Zealand.

 UNION TERRITORY:-

A Union Territory is a sub-national

administrative division of India, in the federal framework
of governance. Unlike the states of India, which have
their own elected governments, union territories are
ruled directly by the federal government; the President of
India appoints an Administrator or Lieutenant-Governor
for each territory.

GOVERNMENT
Government is the machinery or
agency through which the will of the state is formulated
and expressed the state plans and acts through the
 government, it is the government that administer the
state, keeps law and order formulate the policy of the
state and organizes the people dwelling within its
territory. if the people are the limbs and the territory the
body, the government is the head of the state.

A government is the agency through which a

political unit exercises its authority, controls and
administers public policy, and directs and controls the
actions of its members or subjects.

Typically, the term "government" refers to the

civil government of a sovereign state which can be either
local, national, or international. However, commercial,
academic, religious, or other formal organizations are also
governed by internal bodies. Such bodies may be called
boards of directors, managers, or governors or they may be
known as the administration (as in schools) or councils of
elders (as in forest). The size of governments can vary by
region or purpose.

Growth of an organization advances the

complexity of its government, therefore small towns or
small-to-medium privately operated enterprises will have
fewer officials than typically larger organizations such as
multinational corporations which tend to have multiple
interlocking, hierarchical layers of administration and
governance. As complexity increases and the nature of
governance becomes more complicated, so does the need
for formal policies and procedures.

 TYPES OF GOVERNMENT:-
 Following are the some of
types of Government.

 DEMOCRACY:-

Democracy – Rule by a government

(usually a Constitutional Republic or Constitutional
Monarchy) chosen by election where most of the populace
are enfranchised. The key distinction between a democracy
and other forms of constitutional government is usually
taken to be that the right to vote is not limited by a person's
wealth or race (the main qualification for enfranchisement
is usually having reached a certain age). A Democratic
government is, therefore, one supported (at least at the
time of the election) by a majority of the populace
(provided the election was held fairly). A "majority" may be
defined in different ways. There are many "power-sharing"
(usually in countries where people mainly identify
themselves by race or religion) or "electoral-college" or
"constituency" systems where the government is not
chosen by a simple one-vote-per-person headcount.

 ANARCHY:-

Anarchy (from Greek: anarchíā, "without

ruler") may refer to any of the following:

 "No rulership or enforced authority."

 "A social state in which there is no governing person or

group of people, but each individual has absolute
liberty (without the implication of disorder)."
 "Absence of government; a state of lawlessness due to
the absence or inefficiency of the supreme power;
political disorder."[3]

 "Absence or non-recognition of authority and order in

any given sphere."

 "Acting without waiting for instructions or official

permission... The root of anarchism is the single
impulse to do it yourself: everything else follows from
this."

 Anarchy is the basic rule of a no rule society.

 DICTATORSHIP:-

Dictatorship – Rule by an individual who

has full power over the country. The term may refer to a
system where the dictator came to power, and holds it,
purely by force - but it also includes systems where the
dictator first came to power legitimately but then was
able to amend the constitution so as to, in effect, gather
all power for themselves.

 CONTITUTIONAL REPUBLIC GOVERNMENT:-

Constitutional republic – A
government whose powers are limited by law or a formal
constitution, and chosen by a vote amongst at least some
sections of the populace. The early United States was a
republic, but the large numbers of blacks and women did
not have the vote). Republics which exclude sections of
the populace from participation will typically claim to
represent all citizens.
 SOVEREIGNTY
A sovereign is the
supreme lawmaking authority i.e GOD. Allah is the creator
of all universe, so He is sovereign for all universe.
Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent
authority over a geographic area, such as a territory. It can
be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a
political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be
provided. The concept has been discussed, debated and
questioned throughout history, from the time of the
Romans through to the present day, although it has changed
in its definition, concept, and application throughout,
especially during the Age of Enlightenment. The current
notion of state sovereignty is often traced back to the Treaty
of Westphalia (1648), which, in relation to states, codified
the basic principles of territorial integrity, border
inviolability, and supremacy of the state).

 SUPREME AUTHORITY:-

Sovereignty, though its

meanings have varied across history, also has a core
meaning, supreme authority within a territory. It is a
modern notion of political authority. Historical variants can
be understood along three dimensions — the holder of
sovereignty, the absoluteness of sovereignty, and the
internal and external dimensions of sovereignty. The state is
the political institution in which sovereignty is embodied.
An assemblage of states forms a sovereign states system.