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 s aslaalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
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d
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w
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i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
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O i . O . rgrg
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a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
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d saaslala d a
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a
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i . O . rgrg
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O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
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asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
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.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w ww w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
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.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww wwww
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i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww wwww wwww wwww

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
w w ww w w w w ww
w
www w
www rpwg;
www gk;rq;fs; www
w w w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i  muRg; nghJj;
l a a i N jh;T tpilf; F pg;G
l afs;
a i mbg; g ilapy; fw;
l a wa i
y;
d a
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d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
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aa
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.P.P aa
.P.P P.L
.l; aa
P .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww ifNaL(Minimum w ww
w Material) cUthf;f wg;
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 rnky;grg yf; fw;Fk; khzth; rgrgfs; tpiuthff;i.O fw; rgW
rg mjpf kjpg;ngz; ngWk;
rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a a i . O l a ia. O
i . O
d a
d saasa l tifapy;
d a
d
l
saasa ,t;tpilf;fsQ; d a
d
l
asa mikf;fg;gl;Las;sas
rsapak; d d
asaJ.l
d a
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aa
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.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
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jh;
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i . O . rgrg tpdhf;fSf;F(mfta
O i . O . rgrg tpdhf;fs;) tpilfs;
O i . O . rgrg nfhLf;fg;gl;Lis;
O . O s
. rgJ.
O rg
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
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a
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 fw;
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a l
sa F vspa eilapy;
sajw; d a
d
a a l
sastbtikf; f g; g l;L s;
d a
s
d
asa
saJ. l
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d saasla
a
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.P.Pa
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i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg mike;Js;si.J.
O O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad
w w w w ww w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w wwww SHRI KRISHNA w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww ww ww ACADEMY-NAMAKKALww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s a slaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
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d
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ww w www w ww w w wwww www w
LN-1 METALLURGY
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
ONE
d ad
asa
saMARKS l BOOK BACK d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 1. Bauxite has w wcomposition
w
the w w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
a) AlO 2Or3grg b) Al2O3 O .nH rgr2gO. c) Fe2O3 .2H2O Orgrg d)None of these Orgrg
a
lalai . i . O a
lalai . i . O lala .O
a i . i laalia. i.O
d2.
a
d saasRoasting of sulphide dore
a
d sa a s
gives the gas (A).(A)ais d a
d s as
aacolourless gas. Aqueous d a
d saas
solution of (A) is d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww acidic. Thew w
gas
w(A)
w w is w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww w w w ww w w
a)COO 2 rgrg b)SO3 OO rgrg c)SO2 O rgrg d)H2S O rgrg
l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . l a ia. i . O l a ia. i . O
a
3. sa al one of the following
asWhich a sa
l
asareaction represents a s asal
calcinations?
a a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w

Y
w
www a)2Zn + O2w w w
→w2ZnO w
www b)2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO w
www + 2SO 2 w
www
c)MgCO rg3rg→ MgO +CO2 rgrg d)Both (a) and grg
r(c) rgrg

EM
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
4.
d saasThe l
a metal oxide whichacannot
d d
l
saasa be reduced to metal d a
d saasby l
a carbon is
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w a) PbO w w
w w b) Al2O3 w w
w w www w w w
w w
ww ww ww c) ZnO wwd) FeO ww

D
5. Which
i .O . rofgrthe
O g metal is extracted
i .O . rgrHall-Heroult
by
O g process?
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
l
saasa)aAl saNiasa l saasa l saasa l saasla

CA
aad a
d aad a
b)
d c) Cu
aad a
d d) Zn aad a
d aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w 6. Which of the w w
wwfollowing statements, about w w
ww the advantage of roasting ww
ww of sulphide ore before www w
reduction rgrgis not true? rgrg rgrg rgrg
A
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
la 0
saasa)laΔGf saaslalathan those for CSd2adand saaslaHla saaslala saasla

Padasalai
a d a
d of sulphide ais
d a
greater
d a 2S . a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
A

ww
ww b) Δ Gr is negative
0 w w
w w for roasting of sulphide w w w
w ore to oxide wwww w w
w w
rgrg of the sulphide toi.its grg is thermodynamically rgrgfeasible. rgrg
N

c) Roasting
i . O . O O . roxide
O i . O . O i . O . O
l
asal a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d) Carbon and hydrogen
d a sa are suitable reducing
d a sa agents for metal a sa
sulphides.
d d a sa
a ad a ad a ad a ad a ad
SH

w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www 7. Match items w
wwinwcolumn - I with the items w
wwwof column – II and assign w
wwwthe correct code. www w

.O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O
RI

l a ia i Column-I l a ia i Column-II
l a ia i l a ia i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P A Cyanide
aa
.P.process
P (i)
aUltrapure
.P.P a Ge
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w
K

ww ww ww ww ww
B Froth floatation process (ii) Dressing of ZnS
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
l C Electrolytic reduction l (iii) Extraction l of Al l saasla
RI

d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w D Zone
w wrefining
w w (iv)
w ww
w Extraction of Au ww ww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
SH

(v) Purification of Ni
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala A B
d
CasaaslalDa
d d a
d saAaslala B C D asaaslala
d d d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a) a
.P.Paiii a
P.Pa iii
.b) a
.P.Pia a
.P.Pa
wwww i ww
wiiw iv wwww iv wvwww ww ww
ww ww ww ww ww
c) rivgrg ii iii i rg g d) ii iiirg g i v rgrg
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O r i . O
i . O r i .Oi . O
8. s l a
al a
asWolframite ore is separated
s l a a
asalfrom tinstone by the s l a
asal of
process a s l
asala a s asla
d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a d a
a ad a
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www a) Smeltingwww w w
b) Calcination www c) Roasting d) Electromagnetic w
www separation w
www
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww ww w w w w ww
w
ww w ww SHRI KRISHNA
w w wwACADEMY - NAMAKKAL
w w w
ww w www w

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad ad a aad ad a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w
9. Which onewofwthe following is not feasible ww ww ww
i .O
a)laZn(s) . rg+rgCu2+ (aq)→ Cu(s) +i.Zn
O O . Or2+gr(aq)
g
i O
.b) . O grg
rCu(s) + Zn2+ (aq)→Zn(s) i .O . rg
O g
+r Cu2+ (aq)
a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
a a c) Cu(s) + 2Ag (aq)→2Ag(s)
.P.P +
.P.Paa + Cu (aq) .P.P
2+ aa d) Fe(s) + Cu.P.(aq)→
2+ a a Cu(s) + Fe (aq).P.P 2+ aa
w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww P w ww
w
ww 10. Electrochemical ww process is used to extract ww ww ww
a)laIron
i . O . rgrg
O b) Lead i . O . rgrg
O c) Sodium i . O . rgrg d) silver
O i . O . rgrg
O
i a i a i a i
d a
d saasala d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa11. Flux is a substance a
.P.Pwhich
a is used to convert a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww a) Mineral into ww silicate w w b) Infusible impurities ww to soluble impurities w w
. O
c)laSoluble
i . rgrgimpurities to infusible
O i . O . rgimpurities
O rg d) All
i . O
of. O grg
rthese i . O . rgrg
O
asal a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa
d Which one of the.P d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a a12.
.P.P a ad ores is best concentrated
following
.P a ad by froth – floatation
.P.P a admethod?
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w ww w w

Y
w
www w
w w w
www w
w w d) Cassiterite www w
a) Magnetitew b) Haematite c) Galena w
rgrg rgrg alumina by electrolysis, rgrgcryolite is added toi.O.O rgrg

EM
13. Inlathe ia.Oi . O
extraction of aluminium l a ia.Oi O
from
. l a ia.Oi . O l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
a a a) Lower the melting
.P.P .P.Pa a point of alumina .P.P a a b) Remove impurities a afrom alumina
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww c) Decrease the
ww electrical conductivity ww d) Increase the
ww rate of reduction ww

D
.O O grg
robtained .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O .O rgrg
O
14. Zincl a ia is
i . from ZnO lby a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
saasa l saasa l saasa l saasa l saasla

CA
d a
d
a a a) Carbon reduction aad a
d d ad
a a b) Reduction using.P.silver aad ad aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww P ww.P.P
w
ww w wwww www w wwww www w
c) Electrochemical process d) Acid leaching
rgrg is a process usedi.for grg
rthe rgrg rgrg
A
.
15. Cupellation
a i O
i . O a O
i . O refining of a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d ad a d ad a d a
d
ww.P.Pa a) Silver ww .P.Pa b) Lead
ww.P.Pa c) Copper ww.P.Pd)a iron
ww.P.Pa
A

ww
ww wwww w w
w w wwww w w
w w
16. Extraction of gold and silver involves leaching with cyanide ion. silver is later recovered by
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
N

ia. O
i . O
a)laDistillation b) Zone
l a ia. O . O
refining
i c) Displacement
l a ia. O
i . O with zinc d) i
liquation
l a a. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d d Considering Ellingham d
a addiagram, which of .the d
ad dad to reduce alumina? d
a ad
SH

a a17.
.P.P .P.P afollowing
P.P metals can be aused
.P.P .P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
a) Fe b) Cu c) Mg d) Zn
O .Orgrg
ia.following .O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O
RI

18.aThe l a i set of reactions l a ia are

i used in refining l a i
Zirconium
a i l a ia i
d a
d sasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
a a Zr (impure) + 2I2.P.523K aa aa aa aa
w ww
w
.P.P
wwww P ZrI4 w ww
w
.P.P
w ww
w
.P.P
wwww.P.P
K

ww ww ww ww ww
ZrI4 1800K Zr(pure) + 2I2 This method is known as
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a)l aLiquation
a i b) vanl a Arkel
a i process c) lZone
a a i refining d) Mond’s
l a a process
i
l l l l saasla
RI

d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d adsaasa d adsaasa d a
d
a a19. Which of the following
.P.P .P.Pa a is used for concentrating a a ore in metallurgy? .P.P
.P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
SH

a) Leaching b) Roasting c) Froth floatation d) Both (a) and (c)

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
20.aThe a i
incorrect statement among
a i the following is a i a i
d a
d saslala d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a) Nickel is refined a
.P.Pbya Mond’s process ww a
.PPa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwwww
wwww . ww
ww
ww
wwwwww
b) Titanium is refined by Van Arkel’s process
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
c)l
asal aZinc
a i blende is concentrated l
asala a i
by froth floatation l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad d) In the metallurgy
.P.P .P.P d gold, the metal is.Pleached
a aof a ad with dilute sodium
.P a adchloride solution .P.P
.P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
21. In the electrolytic refining of copper, which one of the following is used as anode?
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
a)l aPure
a i copper b) Impure
l a a i copper c) Carbon l rod
a a i d) Platinum electrode
l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww ww w w w w ww
w
ww w ww SHRI KRISHNA
ww wwACADEMY - NAMAKKAL
w w w
ww w wwww

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w w
wwfollowing plot gives Ellingham www w wwww ww w w
22. Which of the diagram
a)laΔS
i .O Vs
. rgrTg
O b) Δ G 0Vs
i .O . O
Trgrg c) ΔG0 Vs l1/T i .O . rgrg d) ΔG0 Vs T2 i.O.O
O rgrg
a i l a a i a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
a a23. In the Ellingham.diagram,
.P.P a a for the formation a acarbon monoxide .P.P
.P.of aa aa
w ww
w w wwP.P
w w www P
wwww w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa
d Which of the following d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a a24.
.P.P a adreduction is not thermodynamically
.P.P a ad
.P.P feasible? a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w ww w w

Y
w
www w
ww Al2O3 + 2Cr w
www b) Al2O3 + 2Cr →Crw2w ww wwww
a) Cr2 O3 + w 2Al→ O3 +2Al
grg+ 4Al→ 2 Al O + 3Ti
r2→ rgrg rgrg rgrg

EM
c)a3TiO
i .Oi . O 2 3
a i .Oi . O d) none ofathese i .Oi . O a i .Oi . O
saasal l a l
saasa l a saasal l a l
saasa l a saasla
d a
d
a a25. Which of the following d ad
a a is not true with respect d a
d
a ato Ellingham diagram? aad a
d aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w w
ww changes follow a straight w w
ww line. Deviation occurswwhen ww
w there is a phase change. ww w w
a) Free energy

D
b)aThe .O O grg for the formation.OofO
rgraph rgCO
rg2 is a straight line almost .O rgrgparallel to free energy
O .O Ogrg
raxis.
l ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
saasa l saasa l saasa l saasa l saasla

CA
d a
d
a a c) Negative slope.Pof d
aCO ad
a shows that it becomes d a
d
a amore stable with increase d a
d
a ain temperature. .P.P aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww
w
ww w w w w w ww w w
d) Positivewslope w of metal oxides shows ww that their stabilities decrease ww with increase in ww
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
A
a i . O
temperature.
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.ANSWER
Pa THE FOLLOWING
ww.P.PaQUESTIONS ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
A

ww
ww w w w
w differences between minerals w w
w w wwww w w
w w
1. What are the and ores?
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
N

l a ia. O
i . O MINERALS l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O ORES l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad A naturally occurring d
a adsubstance obtained d d d d percentage of .PP d d
SH

.P.P .P.P a aminerals

.P.P that contains aaahigh
.P.P .a a
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www by mining w
w
w which contains the metalw
w inwfree metal from which wwwmetal can be extracted www
.O O grg
ror .O rgrg like
O .O rgrgand economically. i.O.O
O rgrg
state . in the form of compounds . conveniently .
RI

l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P oxides, sulphides aetc...
.P.P a is called a mineral. aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
K

ww ww
All minerals are not ores
ww All ores are minerals
ww ww
ia.O rgrg
O
.are i O rgrg
O
.involved
. i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
2. aWhatl a i the various steps l a a i in extraction l aofa i pure metals from their
l a a iores?
l l l l saasla
RI

d a
d sasa d adsaasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
aa
.P.P a a of the ore
(i) concentration
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
SH

(ii) extraction of crude metal

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala (iii) refining of d adsaaslalametal
crude
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa3. What is the role a
.Pof a a a a
P.Pa Fe 2O3? a
.P.Pa
ww ww .PLimestone w.P.P
in thewextraction of iron fromwits w.oxide ww
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww ww ww

i . O . rIngrgthis extraction, a basic

O i . O . rflux,
O grg limestone (CaO) is.Oused.
i . rgrg Since the silica gangue
O i .O . O
present in
rgrg
laalaore
asthe i is acidic in nature,athe i
laalalimestone combines laalaiit to form calcium silicate
aswith aslaalai (slag). asla
d a sa d a sa s d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
P.P
.→ a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w CaO + SiOw 2 w w CaSiO 3 w w w w ww
www www www www www
flux
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgGangue
O
slag g g
i .O . rr
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww ww w w w w ww
w
ww w ww SHRI KRISHNA
w w wwACADEMY - NAMAKKAL
w w w
ww w ww ww

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal a l a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w ww
wwof ores can be concentrated w w
ww by froth floatation www w www w
4. Which type method? Give two examples
for i .O
such. rgrores.
O g
i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P a a Concentrate sulphide .P.P a aores such as .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww i) galenaww(PbS), ww ww ww
i . O rgrg blende (ZnS) etc...i.O.O
O
ii)zinc
. rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa5. Out of coke and .P a
.Pawhich is better w a
.P.Pa agent for the reduction a
.P.Pa of ZnO? Why? ww .PPa a
ww
ww
ww
ww wwww CO, ww
ww
reducing
w wwwwww
wwww .

i . O . rCgris
O g better reducing agent
i . O . rgthan
O rg CO for ZnO reduction i . O . rgrg.
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal CO line lies above l a a i
al Zn line but C line lies
athe l a a i
al to the Zn line. asaasal
abelow l a a i asla
d a sa d a sa s d a sa s d d a sa
.P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad
w w w w
0wvalues are lower for C thanw w
CO w w w w

Y
w
www ∴ www
∆G w
www w
www w
www
6. Describe rgrga method for refining rgnickel.
rg rgrg rgrg

EM
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
l
saasMond’s
a process: dasaasa
d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w wwww w ww
350𝐾
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww Ni (s) + 4 CO (g) ww Ni(CO)4 (g) ww ww

D
Onaiheating
.O . rgrg the nickel tetracarbonyl
O i .O . rgrgaround 460 K, theicomplex
O .O . rgrg decomposes to give
O i .O . O grg metal.
rpure
l a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
saasa l l
saasa 460𝐾 saasa l saasa l saasla

CA
aad a
d d a
d
aNi(CO)
a d a
d
a4aCO (g) aad a
d aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P 4 (g) .P+.P
Ni (s)
ww ww.P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w ww ww www w www w www w
7. Explain zone refining process with an example using the Ellingham diagram given
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
A
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saasbelow.
lala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa i) fractional crystallisation. ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa
A

ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ii) impurities are more soluble g in the molten state than in the solid state metal. g
rgrg rgrg
N

i . O . O i . O . r rg
O i . O . O i . O . r rg
O
l a a i
al impure metal is taken
asiii) l a a i
asainl the form of a rod. asaasal l a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d d a sa d a sa
a ad a ad a ad a ad a ad
SH

w .P.P
w iv) One end ofw .P.rod
the
w P is heated using a w .P.P
mobile
w induction heater .P.P
which
w w results in melting of
w .P.P
the
w
w
www wwww w
www w
www w
www
metal
. O . rgrgon that portion of the
O . O .
rod.
rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O
RI

l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i
d a
d
l
saasv)aWhen the heater isda slowly
d
l
saasa moved to the other d a
d
end l
saasathe pure metal crystallises d a
d
l
saasa while the d a
d saasla
.P.P aa aa
.P.move
P aa
.Pmolten
.P .P .Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w impurities wwill
www on to the adjacent w ww
w zone formedw due
ww
w to the movement of the w ww
w
K

ww ww ww ww ww
heater.
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l al a i l al a i l al a i l al a i again and asasla
saasvi)a The process is repeated saasaseveral times by moving saasathe heater in the same sadirection
RI

a a a a asa
. P. aa
P
d d . P. aa
P
d d . P. aa
P
d d . P. aa
P
d d . P.Padada
ww again to achieve ww the desired puritywlevel. w ww ww
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
SH

viii) This grprocess

g is carried out inginert g gas atmosphere togprevent g the oxidation of metals grg .
. O r
O . O r
O r . O r
O r . O r
O
s laaliai.Elements such as germanium
asEx: s aslaaliai. (Ge), silicona(Si) s aliai.galium (Ga) that are
aslaand s
i .
aalai as
aslused saasla
a d a
d a a d a
d a a d d a a d a
d a a d a
d
ww.P.Pa semiconductor ww.P.P a
are refined using this .P.Pa
wprocess.
w ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
8. (A) Predict
i . O . rgrg the conditions under
O i . O . rgrgwhich
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
as(i)alAluminium mightabe l a
al a
asexpectedi to reduce magnesia. l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.P a ad .P.P a ad .PMg,
.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad
w w w Above w w
1623K,
w Al can reduce MgO
w wto
w so that ∆ G° w
becomes
w w negative and the w
process
w w
www www www r
www www
becomesg thermodynamically feasible.
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
dad saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
ww ww w w w w w w
w
ww w ww SHRI KRISHNA
ww wwACADEMY - NAMAKKAL
w w www w www w

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww
1623
w
𝐾 w wwww www w
3MgO + 2Al Al2O3 + 3Mg
i O rgrg
O
.Magnesium
. i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
(ii)
l a a i could reduce l a a i alumina. l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P a𝐾a
.P.P
𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 1623 aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w   w ww

w Al2O3 + 3Mg(s) w www 3MgO (s) +2Al ww ww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
(B) Carbon rgrg monoxide is more reffective
grg reducing agentrgthan rg carbon below i983K rgrgbut,
a i . O
i . O
lala this temperature, a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a . O
i . O
a saasabove a saasltheala reverse is true –Explain. a saaslala a saaslala a saasla
a d d a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww    ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
 rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
 da saasal a s a asal a sa asal a saasal a saasla
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w

Y
w
www  w
www wwww w
www w
www
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg

EM
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w A part w w
:M
w
w w w ww w wwww w w
w w
ww w+O2 → MO ∆G= -ve w spantaneous
w ww ww

D
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O .O . rgrg
O
l a Ba ipart : M +O2 → MO la∆G= a i +ve non-spantaneouslalia i l a ia i
saasa l saasa l saasa saasa l saasla

CA
aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d
ww.P.P So Below 983K ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w wwww www w
rgrbetter
g reducing agent than rgCrgbut above 983K the Ci.O grg reducing agent than
rbetter grg
rCO
A
the iCO . O
i . is
O i . O
i . O is
i . O i . O
i . O
saaslalaa saaslala a a
saaslala a
saaslala saasla

Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.PaZnO + C >983𝐾 Zn + CO ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
A

ww
ww wwww ww ww wwww wwww
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
N

l a ia. O
i . O ZnO + l CO
a ia. O
<983𝐾
i . O Zn + CO l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a s a asal a sa asal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
SH

w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w
w
www (C) it is possible
w
www to reduce Fe O by
2 3 www wcoke at a temperature around
w
www 1200K w
www
 rgrg Carbon lines below rgrthe
g iron line in Ellingam rgdiagram.
rg rgrg
.O . O .O . O .O . O .O . O
RI

l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i
d a
d saasa l
dFe
a
d
l
s2aOas3a+3C 2Fe+3CO+heat d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w
Thus CO is more effective w wwagent
w than carbon. wwww w ww
w
K

ww ww ww ww ww
9. GiveO
l a ia. ithe
. rgruses
O g of zinc.
l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O l a ia.Oi . rgrg
O a ia.Oi . rgrg
O
l l l l
saasato protect them dadsaasla
l
RI

d a
d saas1.aMetallic zinc is used d a
d saasgalvanising
in a metals such
d a
d saasasairon and steel structures d a
d
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w from w
rusting wand
w w corrosion. w www wwww w ww
w
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SH

2. Zinc O risgralso
g used to produce.O die-castings
rgrg in the automobile, O rgrg electrical and hardware O rgrg
a i
la . i . O a i i . O a i . i . O a i . i . O
d a
d saaslaindustries d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
.P.Paa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww 10. Explain the w ww
w
electrometallurgy ww ww
of aluminium. wwww ww ww
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Hall-Herold
i . O . rgrg process:
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
asal Cathode : Iron tank l al
asalineda i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a s a with carbon. d a sa d a s a d a s a
.P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w ww w w w
www www Carbon blocks www
Anode: www www
Electrolyte:
i .O . rgrg 20% alumina, cryolite
O i .O . rgrg+ CaCl2. It helps toilower
O .O . rgrgthe melting point ofi.O
O the
. rgrmixture.
O g
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
a l
saasIonization of aluminad a
d
l
saasaAl2O3 → 2Al3+ + 3O d a
d2-s
a asa l
d adsaasa l
d adsaasla
.P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
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w
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w w wwACADEMY - NAMAKKAL
w w wwww www w

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
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d
aa ad a aa d ad a aad a
d a aa d a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w w
wwcathode w w
ww + 6e- → 2Al (l) www w wwww
Reaction at 2Al3+ (melt)
i .O
Reaction . rgrgat anode
O 6O
i .O . rg
2-O rg →3O2 + 12e- i.O
(melt) . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Pa a Since carbon acts.Pas aa .P.Pa a also takes place on aa
.P.it. aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www.Panode the following w wwreaction
w w ww
w
P
wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
C (s) + O2-(melt) →CO + 2e-
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala saaslalCa(s) + 2O (melt)→ CO
saas2la+la4e saaslala saasla
2- -

a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa 4Al3+w (melt)
a
w.P.P+ 6O2- (melt) + 3C (s)→
w
a (l) + 3CO2 (g) .P.Pa
.P.P4Al ww ww.P.Pa
ww
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11. Explaingthe following terms with suitable examples. g
i . O . r rg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Or rg i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
as(i)alGangue l a a i
l slag
asa(ii) l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.Pores
.P .P a ad
.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w (i) Gangue : The
w w are associated withw w nonmetallic impurities, wrocky
w materials and ww

Y
w
www w
www wwww w
www w
www
rgrg siliceous matter which
rgrg are collectively known rgrgas gangue. Eg: SiO
rgrg2

EM
i . O
i . O
laalaslag : Slag is the fusible i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
d a saas(ii) d a saaslaalproduct
a formed when
d a
laalareacts with gangue sduring
saasflux d a aaslaala extraction of asaasla
.P.Paa d aa
.P.P d .P.Paa d .P.Paa d adad
.P.P
www w metal
ww w w ww w w www w wwww
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D
i . O . rgrg CaO (s) + SiO2i.(s)
O O . O
→gCaSiO3 (s)
rg r i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
saasa l l
asGangue
a → Slag (fusible) saasa l saasa l saasla

CA
a Flux a+s a a a a
aad d aa d d aad d aa d d aad d
ww.P.P 12. Give the basic
.P.P
wrequirement
w for vapour ww P.P
.phase refining. ww.P.P .P.P
ww
w
ww w www w ww w w www w wwww
ri)grgThe metal is treatedi.O withrgrga suitable reagent which rgrgcan form a volatile icompound rgrg with
A
a i . O
i
lalametal.. O a i . O a i . O
i . O a . O
i . O
saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
d a
d saasthe d ad d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
A

ww
ww ii) w volatile
w
w w compound is decomposed
w w
w w to give the pure metal.
www w wwww
rgrgthe role of the following rgrgin the process mentioned. rgrg rgrg
N

13. Describe i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
s asall a a s l
asal a a s l
asal a a s l
asala a s asla
d
a ada a d
ada a d a a d a a d a a
a. Silica in the aextraction of copper.PP
. . a ad a ad a ad
SH

w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www  w
www
Acidic Flux - Silica is used tow
w
ww slag during the process
remove
w
www of roasting w
www
.O . rgrg Fe O (s) + SiO2 (s)
O .O →O
. rgFeSiO
rg 3 (s) .O . Orgrg .O . rgrg
O
RI

l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i
d a saasa l
d a saasa l
a saasa l
a saasa l
a saasla
aa d Flux +
aa Gangue
d → Slag aad
(fusible)
d aa d d aad d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w
K

ww b. Cryolite ww in the extraction ofwaluminium. w ww ww

.O O grg the melting point
rLowers .O Ogrgthe mixture
rof .O Orgrg .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i .
l l l l saasla
RI

d a
d saasa d adsaasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
.P.Paa c. Iodine in the
aa
.P.P refining of Zirconium. .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
w ww
w w www w www w ww
w w ww
w
ww   ww a volatile compoundwwhich
To form w further heating decomposes ww to give pure Zn.ww
SH

i . O . rgrg
O i . O ∆rgrg
. O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O
a i Zr + 2I → ZrI
a i Zr+ 2I a i a i
d a
d saaslala 2
d adsaaslala4 → 2
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa d. Sodiumwcyanide a
.PPa in froth floatation. a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwww. ww ww ww
wwwwww ww
ww
ww
  Depressing agent - Sodium cyanide
. O r
O grg . O rgrg
O . O Orgrg .O rgrg
O
l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . l a ia i . asla
14.
a sa al
asExplain the principleaof sa al
aselectrolytic refining awithsaasaan l example.
a saasal a s a
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w The w .P.P
Crude
w metal is refined by w .P.P
electrolysis
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www w
www wwww w
www w
www
Cathode rgrg : Pure silverrg g rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . Or l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa
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w
ww w ww SHRI KRISHNA
w w wwACADEMY - NAMAKKAL
w w www w w
ww w

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w
Anode ww : Impure silverw w
rods ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i
Electrolyte : Acidified l a
aqueous a i solution of silver a
nitrate.
l a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P+.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w Reaction at wwww
anode Ag(s)→
w ww
w Ag +(aq)+1e-
wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Reaction
i . O . rgrgat cathode
O i . O . rgrgAg+(aq)+1e-→ Ag (s)
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa15. The selectionwofw a
.P.Pa a
Pathe thermodynamic
.P.on a
Pa Explain withwanw
.P.factor: a
.PPa
ww
ww
ww
ww ww reducing agent depends
ww wwww
wwwwww
wwww .
example.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i
al suitable reducingaagent
asi)A l a a i
asalis selected based onasathe l al a i
asathermodynamic l
asala a i asla
d a sa d sa d d a s
considerations.
a d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w

Y
w
www wwww
ii) For a spontaneous reaction, the w w
ww in free energy (ΔG)
change ww be negative. www
wwshould w
rgrg
iii).Thermodynamically, the.reductionrgrg of metal oxidei.with rgraggiven reducing agent grg occur if
rcan

EM
l a ia O
i . O l a ia O
i . O l a a O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
l
saasa the free energy dchange a
d
l
saasafor the coupled reaction d a
d
l
saasais negative. d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww iv) Hence,wthe w reducing agent is selected ww in such a way that itwprovides w a large negative wwΔG

D
i .O . rgrg for the coupled reaction
value
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
saasa l saasa l saasa l saasa l saasla

CA
d a
d
a a16. Give the limitations d a
d
a aof Ellingham diagram. aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P
w
ww w ww ww ww w w wwww www w
1. It does not tell anything about the rate of the reaction. Moreover, it does not give any
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
A
ideaa i . O . O
about
i the possibility of a i .
otherO
i . O reactions that might a i . O
be
i . Otaking place. a i . O
i . O
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa w.P.P
a
2. Thewinterpretation of ΔG is based ww .Pa
.Pon the assumption that wthe
a
.P.Preactants are in ww w.P.P
a
wwww w ww w
A

ww
ww ww ww wwww
equilibrium with the products which is not always true.
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
N

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a saasal a sa asal a s aasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
SH

w .P.P
w 17. Write a short w .P.P
note
w on electrochemical w .P.P
principles
w of metallurgy. w .P.P
w w w.P.P
w
www wwww wwww w
www w
www
1) In this technique, the metal salts are taken in a fused form or in solution form. g
. O . rgrg
O . O . rgrg
O . O . rgrg
O .O . r rg
O
RI

l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i
d a
d saas2) l
a The metal ion present
d a
d saascan l
a be reduced by treating
d a
d
l
saasait with some suitable d a
d
asa l
sareducing agent or d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww w ww
w
K

ww ww
by electrolysis. ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l Gibbs
a a i free energy changelafor a i the electrolysis process l a a is
i given by the following l a a i
l l l l saasla
RI

d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d a
d saasa d ad
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
w ww
w expression
wwww w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
SH

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrgΔG° = -nFE°
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala 0 is theada dsaasla
a Where n is number aof electrons involved in the
a reduction process, F isathe Faraday and E
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa
ww
ww electrode potentialw www of the redox couple. w ww w wwww w w
w w
0.is
i O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
Ifl
asal E
a a i positive then the ΔG l
asal is
a a i
negative and the reduction
l
asala a i is spontaneous. l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
a ad
.P.P a ad +
.P+.P .P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P
w
www
w w Cu
wwww w w
(s) 2Ag (s) → Cu 2+ (aq) +
wwww w 2Ag
w (s) w
www
w w w
www
w w

i . O . rgrg Cu2+ (aq) + Zn (s) →

O i . O
Cu
. O g + Zn2+ (aq)
rgr(s) i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P
ww ww w w w w w w
w
ww w ww SHRI KRISHNA
ww wwACADEMY - NAMAKKAL
w w wwww www w

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.O www.Padasalai.Net s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.Owww.TrbTnpsc.com s aslaalia. i.O saasla
d
aa ad a aad a
d a aad a
d a aad ad a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w w
ww QUESTIONS ww w w www w w
ww w
ADDITIONAL
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
1. la What
a i is Cementation l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa Gold can .be aa a adeoxygenated leached asolution
a aa
w ww
w
.P.P
w wwP.Precovered by reacting
w w ww
w
the
.P.P w ww
w
.P.P with zinc. In this
w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww
process the gold is reduced to its elemental state (zero oxidation sate) and the process is called
ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
cementation.
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa a
.PPa 2]- (aq) → [Zn(CN)
Zn (s) +w2[Au(CN) a
.P.P4a]2- (aq) + 2Au (s) ww .PPa a a
.P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwww. ww wwww
wwww . ww
ww
ww
2. What is misawite compound?
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l
asal a a i Misawite is a compoundl
asala a i of iron, oxygen and hydrogen
l
asal a a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad3. Give the uses .ofP.P
.P.P ad
agold. a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w

Y
w
www w
www wwww w
www w
www
1. Gold, one of the expensive and precious metals. It is used for coinage,
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg

EM
i .O
monetary
l a a i . O systems in some l i .Oi .
countries.
a a O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasla
a a 2. It is used extensively
.P.P .P.Pa a in jewellery in its.alloy aa aalso
a used in aa
w ww
w w ww
w w wwP.P form with copper.
w w w
.Pis.P
wItw w ww
w
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww
electroplating to cover other metals with a thin layer of gold which are used in watches

D
rg g rgrg rgrg rgrg
4.alaa ia.Oi.Or the Van -Arkel
Describe l a i .Oi
method
a . O for refining a
Titanium
l ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
l saasa l saasa l saasa l saasla

CA
d a
d sas d a
d d a
d d ad d a
d
aa
.P.P .P.Paa Ti (s)w+w2Iw.P a a→TiI4 (vapour) .P.P
P
2.(s)
aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
TiI 4 (vapour) →Ti (s) + 2I2 (s)
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
A
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
la is the role of using
aslaWhat lala agent. asaslala saaslala saasla

Padasalai
d a
d s5.
a d a
d saasdepressing d d a d ad d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
Paof a metal of interest
.P.ore a
.Pa
.Pcontains a a a a
ww ww
A sulphide ww w.P.P as impurities,ww
other metalwsulphides w.P.P
wwww ww w
A

ww
ww wwww ww ww
depressing
rgrg agents such as sodium rgrcyanide, sodium carbonate
rgrg etc are used to selectively rgrg
N

. O . O . O . O g . O . O . O . O
l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i l a ia i asla
a sa al
asprevent a aasal from coming to the
other metal sulphides
s a sa s al
afroth. a saasal a sa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
SH

w .P.P
w w .P.P
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