EXPT. No.

1 ACTIVITY 1

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

AIM:

To assemble components of a given electric circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Electrical circuit, having components such as battery, ammeter, voltmeter,

rheostat, wires, etc.,

PROCEDURE:

(i) Arrange apparatus as shown in circuit diagram.

(ii) Ends of wires are rubbed with sandpaper to remove insulation, if any.
(iii) Make neat and tight connections, according to circuit diagram. While making
connections, ensure that positive terminals of voltmeter and ammeter are
connected to positive terminal of battery.

RESULT:

Thus given electrical components are assembled.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

B – Battery
K – Key
Rh – Rheostat
R – Resistor
V – Voltmeter
A - Ammeter
EXPT. No.2 ACTIVITY 2

CORRECTING THE GIVEN CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

AIM:

To correct circuit and circuit diagram.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

voltmeter, ammeter, battery, Rheostat, One-way key, wires.

PROCEDURE:

(i) Open circuit diagram in which components aren’t in proper order is given.
(ii) Make sure that ammeter and Rheostat are connected in series, and voltmeter
is connected in parallel to resistor.

RESULT:

Thus given circuit has been corrected.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Incorrect circuits
Corrected circuits:

B – Battery
K – Key
Rh – Rheostat
R – Resistor
V – Voltmeter
A - Ammeter
EXPT. No.3 ACTIVITY 3

CONVEX LENS

AIM:

To study the nature and size of image of convex lens from adjacent object
position.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Source box, Convex lens, white screen, lens stand, metre scale.

THEORY:

A lens is a transparent medium bounded by two spherical reflecting

surfaces. Refraction of light rays through a lens obeys laws of refraction.

PROCEDURE:

(i) Find rough focal length of lens using distant object method.
(ii) Given lens is fixed to lens stand and kept at a position, say F.
(iii) White screen is arranged and adjusted to get a clear image.
(iv) The image position is noted.
(v) The steps are repeated for position of object at infinity, beyond 2F, at 2F,
between 2F and F, at F and between F and O.
(vi) The observations are recorded.

RESULT:

The nature and size of image for different positions of object was studied.
IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX LENS:

IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX LENS:

EXPT. No.4 ACTIVITY 4

IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS

AIM:

To Identify a diode, LED, transistor, IC resistor and capacitor from a mixed

collection of such items.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Multimeter, LED, Transistor, an IC, resistor, capacitor.

THEORY:

If we have to identify these items, appearance and working of each item will have
to be considered. Let’s discuss each one separately.

1. DIODE

It’s a two terminal device, which conducts when forward biased and doesn’t
conduct when reverse biased. It’s made by joining a P-type semiconductor to n-
type, thereby making a junction.

2. LED

It’s a diode made of special matrials due to which, when current passes through
it, energy is liberated in visible region of light and hence called light emitting
diode.

3. TANSISTOR:

It’s a three terminal device. The terminals are emitter, base abd collector. They
are of two types: pnp and npn.

4. IC (I ntegrated circuit):

It’s a multi terminal device in the form of a chip.

5. RESISTOR:

It’s a two-terminal device and conducts under any condition and even when
operated with AC voltage. There are various types of resistors such as carbon
resistors.

6. CAPACITORS:

It’s a two terminal device. It doesn’t conduct when ooperated with DC voltage,
but conducts when AC voltage is passed.

PROCEDURE:

1. If the item has four or more terminals and has the form of a chip, it is an
I.C.(Integrated circuit).
2. If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor.
3. If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor.
To differentiate proceed as ahead:
Connect battery eliminator, key and multimeter in range of milliampere. Switch
on source and note reading.
(i) If pointer shows deflection when voltage is applied in opposite direction and
also there’s no light emission, then it’s a diode.
(ii) If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when
reversed and there is light emission , the item is a LED.
(iii) If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when eversed,
the item is a resistor.
(iv) If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in one way and also when
reversed, the item is a capacitor.
PRECAUTIONS:

(i) All are very delicate instruments, so careful handling should be done.
(ii) Heating of instruments should be avoided.
(iii) Zero of multimeter should be carefully adjusted.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

(i) Multimeter may not be of proper range.

(ii) The device may be overheated due to flow of large current through it.
EXPT. No.5 ACTIVITY 5

DIFFRACTION

AIM:

To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.(between sharp edges of razor

blade).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Two blades, screen, source of monochromatic light, black paper.

THEORY:

When light is allowed to pass through a fine opening, such as around sharp
obstacles like edge of razor blades such that sharpness of edge is in order of
wavelength of light, it bends around the corner. This is called diffraction.

for diffraction λ
where d = size of aperture or slit
= angle of diffraction
= order of diffraction
λ = wavelength of light

PROCEDURE:

(i) Let two razor blades (A and B) tie side by side with sharp edges close and
parallel to each other.
(ii) This makes a thin slit between sharp edges of two blades.
(iii) Keep sodium lamp at minimum 2m away from blades and observe light
through slit.
(iv) Dark and bright fringes will be observed. If using two lights, coloured fringes
will be observed.
(v) If slit width is increased, the fringes pattern will become narrower.

PRECAUTIONS:

(i) Source of light should be at a distance of atleast 2m.

(ii) Edges of two blades should be very close to each other in a parallel fashion.
SOURCES OF ERROR:

(i) Light source my not be properly arranged.

(ii) Edges may not be exactly parallel.