Module 1
Sociology a social science that studies
human societies, their interactions, and the
processes that preserve and change them.
 Is the study of society, patterns of
social relationships, social
interaction and culture of everyday
life.
Three Major Perspectives in Sociology
 Symbolic Perspective- also known
as symbolic interactionism, directs
sociologists to consider the symbols
and details of everyday life, what
these symbols mean, and how people
interact with each other.
George H. Mead (1863–1931)-
American philosopher ) introduced
this perspective to American
sociology in the 1920s.
 Functionalist Perspective- also
called functionalism, each aspect of
society is interdependent and
contributes to society's functioning as
a whole.
Functionalists believe that society is
held together by social consensus, or
cohesion, in which members of the
society agree upon, and work together
to achieve, what is best for society as
a whole.
 The conflict perspective-originated
primarily out of Karl Marx's writings
on class struggles, presents society in
a different light than do the
functionalist and symbolic
interactionist perspectives.
conflict perspective focuses on the
negative, conflicted, and ever‐
changing nature of society.
Module 2
Sociological methods of research
Methods- a particular form of procedure for
accomplishing something.
Research- the systematic investigation into and
study of material sources.
2 TYPES
Qualitative- research which uses observation
and relies upon descriptive data.
Quantitative- research that relies on numerical
data.
Scientific method
1. Ask a question
2. Research existing sources
3. Formulate hypothesis
4. Design and conduct a study
5. Draw conclusion
6. Report result
Difficulties in sociological research
1. Difference in languages
2. Time management
3. Cultural differences
4. Religious differences
5. Environmental differences
Hawthorne effect- people changing their
behavior because they know they are being
watched as part of a study.
Surveys- collect data from subjects who
respond to a series of questions.
Experiment- a procedure is carried out to
support, or validate a hypothesis.
Field research- refers to gathering primary data
from a natural environment w/o doing a lab
experiment or a survey.
Secondary data or textual analysis- refers to
the analysis of existing data collected by others.
Module 3
Human evolution- is the evolutionary
process that led to the emergence of
anatomically modern humans.
Charles darwin’s theory of evolution-says
that such basic structural similarity
comes from the common origin of the group.
Darwinism/Darwinian theory-is a theory
of biological evolution developed by the
naturalist Charles Darwin stating that all
species of organism arise and develop
through natural selection.
 Dryopithecus- most distant ancestor
of hominids.
 Sivapithecus- origin of
anthropomorphic monkeys and
hominids.
 Australopithecus- considered the
first hominid.Walked upright.
  Homo Habilis- used rudimentary
tools and instruments made of stone.
 Homo Erectus-carved stones and
controlled fire.
 Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis-
made a great variety of specialized
tools from stone.
 Homo Sapiens Sapiens-same
physical aspect as present humans.
Created cave paintings and stone
carvings.
Social- can be defined as the set of rules that
govern all social interactions in a certain
society.
Culture- generally accepted knowledge of a
certain society or social group.
Social roles 2 distinction
1. Creative roles: artisans, artists,
technicians, scientists
2. Maintenance roles: priests, politicians,
teachers.
Module 4
Socialization-is the process of internalizing
the norms and ideologies of society.
Types of socialization
1. Primary-occurs when a child learns
the values, norms and behaviors that
should be displayed.
2. Secondary- occurs when a person
learns an appropriate behavior to be
displayed within a smaller group.
3. Developmental socialization-
involves a learning process wherein
the focus is on developing our social
skills.
4. Anticipatory-refers to the process
wherein a person practices or
rehearses for future social
relationships.
5. Resocialization-involves rejecting
previous behavior patterns and
accepting new ones.
Nature- refers to genetics and all the factors
that are inherited.
Nurture-refers to the variables of the
environment: things you get from the world
around you after you are born.
Agents of socialization- help a person to get
socially involved and gain acceptance in the
society.
1. Family-considered to be most
important agent of socialization
2. School-official purpose is to transfer
subject knowledge and teach life
skills.
3. Peer group-made up of people who
are similar in age and social status
and who share interests.
4. Mass media-strongest and most
argued indirect agent of
socialization.
5. Religion-one of the most powerful
agent of socialization which is linked
w/ concepts and values people
identify themselves w/.
6. Workplace
7. Government-set rules and
regulations.
Module 5
Nature and approaches to social interaction
1. Language
 Non-verbal language
 Verbal language
3 situations for social interaction
1. Person to person
2. Person to group
3. Group to group
2 approaches to social interaction
1. Symbolic interaction
2. Functionalist view
Types of cooperation
1. Formal Cooperation
2. Informal Cooperation
3. Symbolic Cooperation
Components of social interaction Important Characteristics of Social
1. Groups Group
2. Status 1. Mutual awareness
 Relative States of Status 2. One or more interests
Equal 3. Sense of Unity
Inferior 4. We-feeling
Superior 5. Similarity Behavior
 Types of Status 6. Group Norms
Ascribed Classification of Social Groups
Achieve 1. In -and Out-Group- groups w/
Master which the individual identifies
3. Role himself
 4 Concepts w/in social roles  William Graham Sumner
Role Set 2. Primary Group- small group where
Role Conflict persons come into direct contact w/
Role Strain one another. (Ex. Family, tribe)
Role Exit  Introduced by Charles Horton
Types of Competition Cooley
1. Personal Competition 3. Secondary Group- associations
2. Impersonal Competition which are characterized by
Based on unity or opposition impersonal or Secondary relations
1. Conjunctive Social Processes and specialization of functions.(Ex.
2. Disjunctive Social Processes City, Nation)
Types of Social Interaction Formal Organization- an organization w/ a
1. Exchange fixed set of rules of intra-organization
2. Cooperation procedures and structure.
3. Competition Characteristics of Formal Organization
4. Conflict  Status Symbol
5. Accommodation  Determined objectives and
Module 6 policies
Group-number of people or things that are  Well defined rules and
located, gathered or classed together. regulations
Social Group- consists of two or more Informal Organization- formal rules are
people who regularly interact and share a often adapted to subjective interests.
sense of unity and common identity. Managerial organization Theory- regards
Characteristics of a Group informal organization as rather disturbing
1. Purpose but sometimes helpful.
2. Roles Bureaucracy- system of government in
3. Norms which most of the important decisions are
4. Cohesiveness made by state officials.
5. Tasks Bureaucracies- state or organization
6. Status governed or managed as a bureaucracy.
7. Structure Essentials of the bureaucracies that help
organization grow
 A division of labor
 Written rules
  Impersonality  Positive Sanctions- rewards given
 Written communications and records for conforming to norms.
Bureaucratic alienation- a feeling of  Negative sanctions- punishments for
powerlessness and normlessness. violating norms
Red Tape- strict adherence to rules. Agents of Social Control
Module 7  Family
Deviance- anything that deviates from what  Peers
people generally accept as normal.  School officials, teachers, coaches
3 major ideas  Police and court officials
1. Deviance varies according to cultural Types of social control
norms  Formal social sanctions- generally
2. People are deviant because they’re observed and approved by rules or
labeled as deviant laws
3. Defining social norms involves  Informal social sanctions- often a
social power spontaneous and unofficial reaction
Robert Merton conducted either by individual or a
 Strain theory- he explored how group.
people respond to cultural values and Module 8
how they are supposed to achieve Values
them. 1. Strengths in the Filipino Character
 Conformity- type of social influence  Pakikipagkapwa-tao
involving a change in belief or  Family orientation
behavior in order to fit in w/ a group.
 Joy and humor
 Innovation- accepts goals and
 Flexibility, adaptability and
rejects institutionalized means of creativity
obtaining them.
 Hardwork and
 Ritualism- reject goals and accepts industriousness
or adheres to institutionalized means
 Fait and religiosity
of obtaining them.
 Ability to survive
 Retreatism- rejects both goals and
 Hospitality
means of obtaining them.
2. Weakness in the Filipino
 Rebellion- creates new goals and
Character
new means of obtaining them.
 Extreme personalism
Labeling Theory
Stigma- a powerfully negative sort of  Extreme family centeredness
master status that affects a person’s self-  Lack of discipline
concept, social identity and interactions w/  Passivity and lack of
others. initiative
 Retrospective Labeling  Colonial mentality
 Prospective Labeling  Kanya-kanya syndrome
Social Control- achieved through a variety  Lack of self-analysis and
of means, including through social norms. reflection
Sanctions- reaction of approval or
disapproval to the behavior or action of
others.
4 values of a true leader Module 10
1. Patriotism Courtship- a period of development
2. Compassionate towards an intimate relationship.
3. Courageous Process of Courtship
4. Pragmatic 1. Teasing
Core leadership values 2. Serious Stage
1. Respect  Group dates
2. Making a difference  Chaperoned dates
3. Integrity  Private dates
4. Authenticity 3. Revealing their status
5. Courage Behaviors of a Filipino woman
6. Service 1. Hard to get
7. Humility 2. Shyness
8. Wisdom 3. Demure
Moral Values 4. Reserved
1. Integrity Marriage- socially supported union
2. Respect for others involving 2 individuals
3. Honest Social Functions of Marriage
4. Loyalty 1. Dictates the roles of each other’s
5. Determination lives
Module 9  Patriarchies
Social Stratification- refers to a system by  Matriarchal
which a society ranks categories of people in 2. Determining family names and lines
hierarchy. of descent
 Income  Patrilineal descent
 Education  Matrilineal descent
 Occupation Purpose of marriage
 Age 1. Companionship
 Gender 2. Completeness
Theories 3. Protection
 Functionalism Forms of Marriage
 Conflict 1. Monogamy
Types of social stratification  Straight Monogamy
 Caste  Serial Monogamy
 Class 2. Polygamy
 Estate  Sororal polygamy
 Slavery  Non-sororal polygamy
Social Mobility 3. Polyandry
 Upward Mobility  Fraternal polyandry
 Downward Mobility  Non-fraternal polyandry
Social Classes in the Philippines 4. Group Marriage
 Upper class Other forms of Marriage
 Middle class 1. Symbolic Marriage
 Lower 2. Fixed-term Marriage
 Poor 3. Levirate
4. Sororate
 5. Ghost Marriage
Family- an intimate domestic group made
up of people related to one another by bonds
of blood.
Types of Family
1. Nuclear
2. Extended
3. Single parent
4. Reconstituted
5. Child less
Family classification
1. Based on marriage/mates
 Monogamous family
 Polyandrous family
 Polygynous family
2. Based on birth
 Family orientation
 Family procreation
3. Based on ancestry or descent
 Matrilineal Family
 Patrilineal Family
4. Based on residence
 Family of matrilocal
residence
 Family of patrilocal residence
 Family of changing residence
5. Based on authority
 Matriarchal family
 Patriarchal family
6. Based on state or structure
 Nuclear family
 Joint family
7. Based on nature of relations
 Conjugal family
 Consanguine family