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How to Select Valve Materials

Datetime: 2016/7/18 15:50:24 Hits: 7703

The challenge in making a material choice is actually verifying that the chosen material best fits the application. This involves taking
into account working conditions and flow media properties.

Most important concerning the working conditions is to know the pressure and temperature ratings and for working media is to take in
consideration corrosive and erosive properties. Additionally, it might be needed to consider thermal and physical shock, line stress and
fire hazards.

In general engineer assigned for material selection should be familiar with ASME B16.34 code requirements. This standard, amongst
other subjects, cover requirements for pressure-temperature ratings, dimensions, materials and other aspects of valve design,
manufacturing and testing. ASME code is generally accepted worldwide (e.g. US, Canada, Australia) but there are other standards that
cover this subject and rule design and material selection. For example, in Europe standard series EN 12516 cover material selection for
the valves.

Be sure to get knowledgeable with this codes before getting into material selection for the valves, because if not mandatory (in some
cases are mandatory) materials proposed for valves in this standards come from the real life experience and therefore are tested and
proven to be suitable for specific service in practice.

Broadly speaking when considering temperature limitations of different groups of materials Table 1. should be used as general
reference for material selection.

Range Temperature(f) Material

Very High 2000 Refractory Metals, Ceramics
1600 High Temperature
High
1200 Alloy Steels
1000 Carbon Steel
650 Ductile Iron
Intermediate 550 Bronze
450 Cast Iron
150 PVC Plastic
Low Alloy Steels
Low -250
Bronze
Bronze, Austenitic Ductile Iron
Very Low(Cryogenic) -450
Austenitic Stainless Steels

Table 1.

In some cases a compromise must be reached in selecting a material. Some service conditions require use of exotic alloys and metals
to withstand particular corrosive properties of the flowing fluid. These materials are much more expensive than common metals, so
economy may also be a factor in material selection. Table 2 shows ASTM materials widely used for valve bodies and bonnets.
 ANSI Class Material ASTM Specification
125 Bronze B-62
125 Cast Iron A126 Cl. B
150 Bronze B-62
150 Carbon Steel A216 GR. WCB
150 Forged Steel A105
150 Ductile Iron A395
200 Bronze B-61
250 Cast Iron A126 Cl. B
300 Carbon Steel A216 GR. WCB
300 Forged Steel A105
300 Ductile Iron A395
600 Carbon Steel A216 GR. WCB
600 Forged Steel A105

Table 2

But, the majority of valve applications handle relatively non-corrosive fluids at not so high pressures and temperatures to require any
exotic material. For this reason, cast carbon steel is the most commonly used valve body material and can provide satisfactory service
at much lower cost than the exotic alloy materials.

Some commonly used carbon steel materials for valve body are WC steel (Wrought Carbon), ASTM A216/A216M and A105 as the
forged version of this steel with grades WCA, WCB and WCC.

Of the three steel grades WCB is the common grade for regular temperature applications for cast steel valves. ASTM-A216 WCB is
acceptable where corrosion resistance is not important for the temperature range of -20*F to 800?F.

WCC is also widely used steel material for valve bodies in moderate services such as air, saturated or superheated steam, non-corrosive
liquids and gases. WCC is not used above 800?F as the carbon rich phase might be converted to graphite. It can be welded without
heat treatment unless nominal thickness exceeds 1-1/4 inches.

There are variety of different materials used apart from carbon steels for valve body, lets mentions some most widely used that are in
accordance to the ASME B16.34:

- Cast Iron (ASTM A126) in inexpensive, non-ductile material used for valve bodies controlling steam, water, gas and non-corrosive
fluids. It is used for relatively low temperature and pressure ratings.

- Cast Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (ASTM A217 Grade C5)! In the past it was commonly specified for applications requiring
chromium-molybdenum steels. However, this material is somewhat difficult to cast and has a tendency to crack when welded. WC9 has
successfully replaced C5 in many applications, but C5 continues to be used in refinery applications where its higher chromium content
provides better resistance to high-temperature sulfidic corrosion.

- Cast Chromium-Molybdenum Steel (ASTM A217 Grade WC9) has a superior casting and welding properties. WC9 has successfully
replaced C5 in most applications, especially in steam and boiler feed water service. The chromium and molybdenum provide erosion-
corrosion and creep resistance, making it useful to 11007F. WC9 requires preheating before welding and heat treatment after welding.

- Cast Type 304L Stainless Steel (ASTM A351 Grade CF3) is a good material offering for chemical service valves. 304L is the best
material for nitric acid and certain other chemical service applications. Optimum corrosion resistance is retained even in the as-welded
condition.

- Cast Type 316 Stainless Steel (ASTM A351 Grade CF8M) goes as industry standard stainless steel body material. The addition of
molybdenum gives Type 316 greater resistance to corrosion, pitting, creep and oxidizing fluids compared to 304. It has the widest
temperature range of any standard material: -425 °F to 1500 °F. The rough castings are heat treated to provide maximum corrosion
resistance.

The trim typically includes a disk, seat, stem, and sleeves needed to guide the stem. Valve trim materials in relation to temperature
limits should be selected in according to Table 3.
 LOWER UPPER
MATERIAL APPLICATION
°F •c F C
304 SST, S30400, CF8 uncoated plugs and seats -450 -268 600 316
316 SST, S31600, CF8M uncoated plugs and seats -450 -268 600 316
317 SST, S31700, CG8M uncoated plugs and seats -450 -268 600 316
416 SST, S41600. 38 HRC min cages, plugs and seals -20 -29 800 427
CA6NM, 32 HRC min cages, plugs and seats -20 -29 900 482
Nitronic 50*1), S20910 high strength condition shafts, stems and pins -325 -198 1100 593
440 SST, S44004 bushings, plugs and seats -20 -29 800 427
17-4 PH. SI 7400, CB7CU-1, H1075
cages, plugs and seats -80 -62 800 427
condition
Alloy 6. R30006, CoCr A plugs and seats -325 -198 1500 816
Electroless Nickel Coating trim coating -325 ^198 750 400
Hard Chromium Plating trim coating -325 -198 600 316
Hard Chromium Plating on V-balls tnm coating -325 -198 800 427
Hard Chromium Coating tnm coating -325 -198 1100 593
Monel (2) K500, N05500 uncoated plugs and seats -325 -198 800 427
Monel(2) 400, N04400 uncoated plugs and seats -325 -198 800 427
HasteHay<*> B2. N10665, N7M uncoated plugs and seats -325 -198 800 427
Hastellay <*> C276, N10276, CW2M uncoated plugs and seats -325 -198 800 427
Titanium Grades 2, 3, 4, C2, C3, 04 uncoated plugs and seats -75 -59 600 316
Nickel, N02200. CZ100 uncoated plugs and seats -325 -198 600 316
Alloy 20, N08020, CN7M uncoated plugs and seats -325 -198 600 316
NBR, nitnle rubber seats -20 -29 200 93
FKM Fluoroelastomer (Viton ^4)) seats 0 -18 400 204
PTFF, polytetrafluoroethylene seats -450 -268 450 232
PA (nylon) seats -60 -51 200 93
HDPE, high density polyethylene seats -65 -54 185 85
CR, chloroprene (Neoprene(2)) seats -40 -40 180 82
i Trademark of Armco Steel Corp
? Monel and Inconel are tradenames of Special Metals Corp
3 Hastelloy is a tradename of Haynes International
4 Registered trademark of DuPont Performance Elastomers

Table 3. Trim material temperature limits

Besides some more or less common materials, alloys have been developed for elevated temperatures and extreme environments. For
example Stellite (mostly Stellite 6) - is an alloy used for demanding mechanical and chemical service over a wide temperature range up
to 147 °F and is also known for its anti-galling properties and a strong resistance to impact/cavity corrosion. Monel is a series of nickel
alloys typically used in high corrosion environments like in seawater valves.

Power to operate a valve is applied through a stem or shaft which passes through the valve body. For large valves the load to operate
the valve can be high so that high strength materials are preferred. However, these must have adequate corrosion resistance for the
fluid being handled.

For coated carbon steel or cast iron bodies the usual choice for stems is a stainless steel. For deaerated seawater or brine grad 316
stainless steel is suitable but for aerated seawater and brine this can suffer pitting and crevice corrosion - particularly at seals.
Stems are sometimes made in brass alloys but these will suffer dezincification unless receiving cathodic protection - for example from
an uncoated cast iron or carbon steel body.

The rough surface which this corrosion produces can then damage the seal when the valve is operated causing leakage. Grade 316
stainless steel can be used if the valve body is Ni Resist cast iron as this provides cathodic protection. Product water systems often use
grades 410 and 430 stainless steels. They have a strength advantage over the austenitic grades such as grade 316 but have lower
resistance to chloride pitting. Care is needed when using these grades with reverse osmosis product waters, which have appreciable
chloride contents, and if seawater is used for hydro testing.

Following Table 4 shows some recommendations for selection of materials for valve parts in relation to working fluid. This is empiric
recommendations and should be used in accordance with your own experience, thus these recommendations come with no guarantee.
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METHYL ALCOHOL A A A A A A A AI B A B
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ME N TH YL AMINE A X A A
METHYL CELLOSOLVE A A A A A A C 8 B B
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OIL COTTONSEED A A A A A B C A A
OIL FISH A C A A A A B B
OIL FUEL A A B A A A A X 0
OIL LUBE A A A A A A A X C
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OLEIC ACID C B X A A A A B C B B
OLEUM SPIRITS C X X A B A C C C C A
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PHOSPHORIC MOL TEN A A
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PINE OIL A A A A A B A
PLASMA A
POLYSULFIDE LIQUOR A A
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POLYVINYL CHLORIDE A
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POTASSIUM BROMIDE A A A A A
POTASSIUM CARBONATE A A A A A A A
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SOL A A B A A A A A A
POTASSIUM CHROMATE A A A A
POTASSIUM CYANIDE SOL A A X A A A A A A
POTASSIUM DlCHROMA TE A c A A A A A\ A A
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE A X A A A A A A A
POTASSIUM NITRATE A A B A A A
POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE B A A A
POTASSIUM SULFATE A A A A A A A A A
POTASSIUM SULFIDE A A A A
POTASSIUM SULFITE A A
PROPANE GAS A A A A A A A A A A
PROPYL ALCOHOL A A A A A A A A A
PROPYL BROMIDE A
PROPYLENE GLYCOL A
PYROLE A A A
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ROAD OILS A A A A A A B c A
SALAD OILS A A
SALICYCLIC ACID A A A A A
SALT BRINE B A A A A A A A
SEA WATER C C A B A A A A A A A
SEWAGE A A A
SHELLAC A A A A A A
SILICON FLUIDS A A
SILVER CYANIDE
SILVER IODINE A A
SODIUM ACETATE A B A A A
SODIUM ALU Ml NATE A A A A A A A A A
 CAST STEEL

YEOPRENE

HYPALON
8

BRONZE

BUNA N

SIUCON
MONEL
>-

BUTYL
316 SS

NOIIA
o

EPT
§ d
SODIUM ARSENATE 4
SODIUM BICROMATE A A
SODIUM BlSULFAfE A A A A A A
SODIUM CARBONATE SOL A B B A A A A B B B B A
SODIUM ChLORATE B
SODIUM CHLORIDE A B A A A A A B B B B A
SODIUM CYANIDE A A X A A A A A A
SODIUM FLUORIDE A A A
SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE A A
SODIUM HYDROXIDE 20% A B A A A A A A A A B A A
SODIUM HYDROXIDE 50% A B A A A A A A A B A A
SODIUM HYDROXIDE 70% A A A A A A B A A
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE 20% X X X B C A A A
SODIUM METAPHOSPHATE c A A A A A A A
SODIUM METASILICATE A A A A A A
SODIUM NITRATE A A B A A A A A A A
SODIUM PERBORATE 6 A A A A A
SODIUM PEROXIDE c C A A A B A A
SODIUM PHOSPHATE A A A A A
SODIUM SILICATE A c A A A A
SODIUM SULFATE A A A A A A
SODIUM SULFIDE A A X A A A A A A A
SODIUM SUFITE A A A
SODIUM THIOSULFATE X A A A A A A
- ' VFF>\ \ . A B A A A A A A
STARCH A A A A A A
STEAM LOW PRESSURE A A A A C c A A B B
STEARIC ACID C C c A A A A B C B
STYRENE (dry) A A A A A A X
SULFAMIC ACID A
SULFITE UQUOR A
SULFONIC ACIDS A
Sulphur c C X B A A B A A A A
SULPHUR DIOXIDE (dry) A A A A A A A A B A
SULPHUR TRIOXIDE (dry) A A A A A A C C
SULFURIC ACID 10% X X X A A A A A B A A
SULFURIC ACID 75% B B B X B A
SULFURIC ACID 100% B A A A X C c X X A A
SULFUROUS ACID C X B C A c X A A
TALL OIL A A A A
TANNIC ACID B A A A B A A A A
TAR A A A A A A X X
TARTARIC AClD B B A A A A A B A
TOLUOUL-TOLUENE A A A A A A X c c C C B
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE A A C c X C C
TRICHLOROETHYLENE A A A c c A
TUNG OIL A A A B A A A A
TURPENTINE A C A A A C c B C A

UJ
YEOPRENE

| UJ 8 2 8
SILICON

i
CO CO >-
►—
£ 1
NOIIA

o
2
i
CO
co s
3
EPT

O <o
gc 3 $ n § A X
VARNISH A C A 4 4 4 8
VINEGAR 4 8 4 4 A 4
VINYL ACETATE 4
WATER. FRESH A 4 A 4 4 4 4 A A 4 A 4 A
WATER, HEAVY 4 4 A
WATER MINE ACID 4 4 4 A
WATER, DISTILLED 4 A1 4 A A 4 A A B
WATER, PH7 OR OVER A A" A A A
WATER. SALT A 6 A 4 4 A 4 A A
WAXES A 4 A 4 A 4 4 B A
WHISKEY X B 4 A 4 4 A A A
WHITE LIQUOR A
XYLENE-XYLOL A 4 A 4 A 4 X X c X C A
ZINC ACETATE 4 4 A A
ZINC BROMIDE A
ZINC CHLORIDE C X C B A 4 4 A 4 A A
ZINC SULFATE A A1 A 4 4

Table 4 materials selection

A - Generally should give satisfactory service with no adverse effects.

B - Generally a slight to moderate effect. Use only when nothing better is available.
C - Generally a moderate to severe effect. Considered as unsuitable.
X - Generally unsuitable under any condition.

Caution is always advised and all of the above mentioned factors (temperature, pressure etc.) should be taken into account before
confirming selection of materials for particular application.
[Back]

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