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1 Technical Paper 1
[1] To investigate how the increase or decrease of the structural parameters such as dimensions
of the reinforced concrete member, grade of steel, concrete cover, and steel reinforcements affect
Objectives
the ductility performance of a member;
[2] To determine the interrelation between ductility and flexural strength of a reinforced
concrete member; and
[3] To investigate if there are any other structural parameters that directly influences a member’s
flexural ductility.
14
15 Keywords: ductility, reinforced concrete member, dimensions, steel grade, reinforcements, flexural
16 strength
17
18
19 1. Theoretical Background
22 4. Methodology
28
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 3 of 35
30 6. Conclusion
31 7. References
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 4 of 35
32 8. Appendix
33 Part I.
34 A control RC section has a width of 300 mm and a height of 450 mm.
35 It is reinforced with 2-25 mmØ top bars and 3-25 mmØ bottom bars.
36 The specified concrete strength is 35 MPa (C35) and the specified steel
37 yield stress is 420 MPa (Grade 60). The code-specified minimum cover
38 concrete of 40 mm is observed. Assume a transverse reinforcement
39 diameter of 10 mm. Neglect the effect of confinement.
40
41 Calculate the following values at crack initiation (just before flexural
42 cracking and right after flexural cracking), flexural yielding, and ultimate stage for the 8 cases
43 enumerated below:
44 a. Depth of compression block
45 b. Curvature
46 c. Positive nominal flexural capacity
47
68
𝐸𝑠 200000
69 Modular ratio: 𝑛 = = = 6.76
𝐸𝑐 29580.399
70
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 5 of 35
72 Effective Depth
75 Gross Area
87 Total Area:
90 AT ȳ= A1y1 + A2y2 + Ag yg
93
95
102
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 6 of 35
104 ITr,Uc = Ig + I1 + I2
105 = 2,279,406,495.735 + 215,572,790.321 + 155,039,898.005
106 ITr,Uc = 2,650,019,184.061 mm4
107
113 Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝟒𝟗.𝟒𝟒𝟗
114 Øtr,uc = = = 6.308E-07 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑇𝑟,𝑈 (29,580.399)(2,650,019,211.478)
115
𝑐
131 (300)(𝑐) ( ) + 5,654.868 (𝑐 − 62.5) = 6.76(1,472.622)(387.5 − 𝑐)
2
132 ctr,cr = 123.411 mm
133
134 Step 2: Calculate the Moment of Inertia for Transformed, Cracked Section
137
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 7 of 35
148 Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 49.449
149 Øtr,cr = = = 1.85079E-06 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑡𝑟,𝐶𝑟 (29,580.399)(903,225,087.380)
150
160 Curvature
Ɛ𝑦 0.0021
161 øy = = = 7.95187E-06 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 387.5−123.411
164
169
173 Curvature
Ɛ𝑐 0.000828
174 ø0.7fc’ = = = 6.70929E-06 rad/mm
𝐶𝑡𝑟,𝑐𝑟 123.411
184
185
186 387.5 mm
387.5 – a/2 325 mm
187 387.5- c
188
189
190
196 Cc + Cs = Ts
197 0.85fc’a b + As’ (fs’- 0.85 fc’) = As fy
198 0.85(35)(a)(300) + (981.748)[420-(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
199 a= 26.372 mm
200
202 By interpolation:
(35 − 56)(0.85 − 0.65)
203 𝛽 = 0.65 +
28 − 56
204 𝛽 = 0.8
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 9 of 35
205 c=a/𝛽
206 c = 26.372 /0.8
207 c = 32.965 mm
208
387.5−32.965
213 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.03226
32.965
32.965−62.5
214 Ɛ𝑠′ = 0.003 ( ) = −0.00269
32.965
𝑓𝑠 420
215 Ɛ𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
216 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
217 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ , 𝑎 & 𝑐
223 Cc + Cs = Ts
224 0.85fc’ β c b+ As’ fs’ = As fy
𝑐−62.5
225 0.85(35)(0.8c)(300) + (981.748)[ 600( ) -(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
𝑐
226 c = 76.032 mm
227 a = 76.032(0.8) = 60.826 mm
228
242 Mu = øMn
243 = 0.65(218.433)
244 Mu = 141.981 KN·m
247
251
252
253
254
387. 5 mm
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262 Step 1: Modular Ratio
263
264 Modulus of Elasticity of Steel:
268
𝐸𝑠 200000
269 Modular ratio: 𝑛 = = = 6.17
𝐸𝑐 32,403.703
270
291
300 ITr,Uc = Ig + I1 + I2
301 = 2,279,177,360.640 + 194,193,721.425 + 138,673,765.797
302 ITr,Uc = 2,612,044,847.862 mm4
303
309 Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝟓𝟑.𝟑𝟑𝟐
310 Øtr,uc = = = 6.301E-07 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑇𝑟,𝑈 (32,403.703 )(2,612,044,847.862)
311
313
314
315
316
317
318
387. 5 mm
319
320
321 387. 5 - c
322
323
324 Step 1: Locate the Neutral Axis
325 Moment of Inertia above = Moment of Inertia Below
𝑐
326 𝑏 𝑐 ( ) + 𝐴2 (𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
327 (300) (𝑐 ) ( ) + (5,075.638)(𝑐 − 62.5) = 6.17(1,472.622)(387.5 − 𝑐)
2
328 ctr,cr = 119.574 mm
329
330 Step 2: Calculate the Moment of Inertia for Transformed, Cracked Section
341
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 13 of 35
343 Curvature
345
347
348 A. Steel Yields First Ɛc
349
350 Assume Ɛs = Ɛy
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
351 Ɛy = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
355 Curvature
Ɛ𝑦 0.0021
356 øy = = = 7.838E-06 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 387.5−119.574
359
375
376 IV. ULTIMATE STAGE
377
378
379 387.5 mm
387.5 – a/2 325 mm
380 387.5- c
381
382
383
390 Cc + Cs = Ts
391 0.85 fc’a b + As’ (fs’- 0.85 fc’) = As fy
392 0.85(42)(a)(300) + (981.748)[420-(0.85)(42)] = 1,472.622(420)
393 a= 22.522 mm
396 By interpolation:
(42 − 65)(0.85 − 0.65)
398 𝛽 = 0.65 +
28 − 56
397 𝛽 = 0.75
399 c = a/ 𝛽
400 c = 22.522 / 0.75
401 c = 30.029 mm 42
402
387.5−30.029
407 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.03571
30.029
30.029 −62.5
408 Ɛ𝑠 ′ = 0.003 ( ) = −0.00324
30.029
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 15 of 35
𝑓𝑠 420
409 Ɛ𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
410 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
411 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ , 𝑎 & 𝑐
417 Cc + Cs = Ts
418 0.85 fc’ β c b+ As’ fs’ = As fy
𝑐−62.5
419 0.85(42)(0.75 c)(300) + (981.748)[ 600( ) -(0.85)(42)] = 1,472.622 (420)
𝑐
420 c = 71.834 mm
421 a = 71.834 (0.75) = 53.876 mm
422
436 Mu = øMn
437 = 0.65(221.533)
438 Mu = 143.996 KN·m
441
442
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 16 of 35
444
446
447
448
449
387. 5 mm
450
451
452
453
454
455 400 mm
456
457 Step 1: Modular Ratio
458
459 Modulus of Elasticity of Steel:
463
𝐸𝑠 200000
464 Modular ratio: 𝑛 = = = 6.76
𝐸𝑐 29580.399
465
488
490
497
499 Itr,Uc = Ig + I1 + I2
500 = 3,038,508,484.020 + 217,508,113.659 + 153,705,716.354
501 Itr,Uc = 3,409,722,314.033 mm4
502
508 Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 63.421
509 Øtr,uc = = = 6.288E-07 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑡𝑟,𝑈 (29,580.399)(3,409,722,314.033 )
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 18 of 35
510
512
513
400 mm
514
515
516
517
518
387. 5 mm
519
520
387. 5 - c
521
522
523 Step 1: Locate the Neutral Axis
524 Moment of Inertia above = Moment of Inertia Below
𝑐
525 𝑏 𝑐 ( ) + 𝐴2 (𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
526 (400)(𝑐) ( ) + 5,654.868 (𝑐 − 62.5) = 6.76(1,472.622)(387.5 − 𝑐)
2
527 ctr,cr = 111.234 mm
528
529 Step 2: Calculate the Moment of Inertia for Transformed, Cracked Section
542 Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝟔𝟑.𝟒𝟐𝟏
543 ø tr,cr = 𝐸 𝐼 =
(29,580.399)(956,725,578.269 )
= 2.241E-06 rad/mm
𝑐 𝑡𝑟,𝐶𝑟
544
545
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 19 of 35
547
548 A. Steel Yields First Ɛc
549
550 Assume Ɛs = Ɛy
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
551 Ɛy = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
555 Curvature
Ɛ𝑦 0.0021
556 øy = = = 7.60138E-06 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 387.5−111.234
559
564
568 Curvature
Ɛ𝑐 0.000828
569 ø0.7fc’ = = = 7.44374E-06 rad/mm
𝐶𝑡𝑟,𝑐𝑟 111.234
582
583
584 IV. ULTIMATE STAGE
585
586
587 387.5 mm
387.5 – a/2 325 mm
588 387.5- c
589
590 400 mm
591
597 Cc + Cs = Ts
598 0.85fc’a b + As’ (fs’- 0.85 fc’) = As fy
599 0.85(35)(a)(400) + (981.748)[420-(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
600 a= 19.779 mm
601
603 By interpolation:
(35 − 65)(0.85 − 0.65)
604 𝛽 = 0.65 +
28 − 56
605 𝛽 = 0.8
606 c=a/𝛽
607 c = 19.779 / 0.8
608 c = 24.724 mm
609
387.5−24.724
614 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.04402
24.724
24.724 −62.5
615 Ɛ𝑠′ = 0.003 ( ) = -0.00458
24.724
𝑓𝑠 420
616 Ɛ𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
617 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
618 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ , 𝑎 & 𝑐
624 Cc + Cs = Ts
625 0.85fc’ β c b+ As’ fs’ = As fy
𝑐−62.5
626 0.85(35)(0.8c)(400) + (981.748)[ 600( ) -(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
𝑐
627 c = 65.344 mm
628 a = 65.344 (0.8) = 52.275 mm
629
643 Mu = øMn
644 = 0.65(223.661)
645 Mu = 145.390 KN·m
651
652
653
654
537. 5 mm
655
656
657
600 -c
658
659
660
661
662 Step 1: Modular Ratio
663
664 Modulus of Elasticity of Steel:
668
𝐸𝑠 200000
669 Modular ratio: 𝑛 = = = 6.76
𝐸𝑐 29580.399
670
693
695
702
704 ITr,Uc = Ig + I1 + I2
705 = 5,402,153,642.580 + 464,619,755.757 + 328,328,704.374
706 ITr,Uc = 6,195,102,102.711 mm4
707
713 Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 86.511
714 Øtr,uc = = = 4.721E-07 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑇𝑟,𝑈 (29,580.399)(6,195,102,102.711 )
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 24 of 35
715
717
718
719
720
721
722
537.
387. 5 mm
723
724
725
537.5
387. 5 --cc
726
727
728 Step 1: Locate the Neutral Axis
729 Moment of Inertia above = Moment of Inertia Below
𝑐
730 𝑏 𝑐 ( ) + 𝐴2 (𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
731 (300)(𝑐) ( ) + 5,654.868 (𝑐 − 62.5) = 6.76(1,472.622)(537.5 − 𝑐)
2
732 ctr,cr = 149.797 mm
733
734 Step 2: Calculate the Moment of Inertia for Transformed, Cracked Section
737
748 Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 86.511
749 Øtr,cr = = = 1.5593E-06 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑡𝑟,𝐶𝑟 (29,580.399)(1,875,586,806.363)
750
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 25 of 35
751
753
754 A. Steel Yields First Ɛc
755
756 Assume Ɛs = Ɛy
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
757 Ɛy = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
761 Curvature
Ɛ𝑦 0.0021
762 øy = = = 5.41652E-06 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 537.5−149.797
765
770
774 Curvature
Ɛ𝑐 0.000828
775 ø0.7fc’ = = = 5.52746E-06 rad/mm
𝐶𝑡𝑟,𝑐𝑟 149.797
785
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 26 of 35
787
788
789 537.5 mm
537.5 – a/2 475 mm
790 537.5- c
791
792
793
799 Cc + Cs = Ts
800 0.85fc’a b + As’ (fy- 0.85 fc’) = As fy
801 0.85(35)(a)(300) + (981.748)[420-(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
802 a= 26.372 mm
804 By interpolation:
(35 − 65)(0.85 − 0.65)
805 𝛽 = 0.65 +
28 − 56
806 𝛽 = 0.8
807 c=a/𝛽
808 c = 26.372 /0.8
809 c = 32.965 mm
810
537.5−32.965
815 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.04592
32.965
32.965−62.5
816 Ɛ𝑠′ = 0.003 ( ) = −0.00269
32.965
𝑓𝑠 420
817 Ɛ𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 27 of 35
818
819 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
820 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ , 𝑎 & 𝑐
826 Cc + Cs = Ts
827 0.85fc’ β c b+ As’ fs’ = As fy
𝑐−62.5
828 0.85(35)(0.8c)(300) + (981.748)[ 600( ) -(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
𝑐
829 c = 76.032 mm
830 a = 76.032(0.8) = 60.826 mm
831
845 Mu = øMn
846 = 0.65(311.208)
847 Mu = 202.285 KN·m
850
851
852
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 28 of 35
856
857 97. 5 mm
858
859
352. 5 mm
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867 Step 1: Modular Ratio
868
869 Modulus of Elasticity of Steel:
873
𝐸𝑠 200000
874 Modular ratio: 𝑛 = = = 6.76
𝐸𝑐 29580.399
889
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 29 of 35
898
900
907
909 ITr,Uc = Ig + I1 + I2
910 = 2,278,913,655.015 + 132,712,050.597 + 95,445,292.983
911 ITr,Uc = 2,507,070,998.595 mm4
912
918 Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 46.642
919 Øtr,uc = = = 6.289E-07 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑇𝑟,𝑈 (29,580.399)( 2,507,070,998.595 )
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 30 of 35
920
922
923
924
925 97. 5 mm
926
927 c – 97.5
928
352. 5 mm
387.
929
930
352. 5 - c
931
932
933 Step 1: Locate the Neutral Axis
934 Moment of Inertia above = Moment of Inertia Below
𝑐
935 𝑏 𝑐 ( ) + 𝐴2 (𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
936 (300)(𝑐) ( ) + 5,654.868 (𝑐 − 97.5) = 6.76(1,472.622)(352.5 − 𝑐)
2
937 ctr,cr = 120.528 mm
938
939 Step 2: Calculate the Moment of Inertia for Transformed, Cracked Section
942
953 Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 46.642
954 Øtr,cr = = = 2.20908E-06 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑡𝑟,𝐶𝑟 (29,580.399)(713,774,280.637)
955
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 31 of 35
956
958
959 A. Steel Yields First Ɛc
960
961 Assume Ɛs = Ɛy
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 97.5
962 Ɛy = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
966 Curvature
Ɛ𝑦 0.0021
967 øy = = = 9.05281E-06 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 352.5−120.528
970
979 Curvature
Ɛ𝑐 0.000828
980 ø0.7fc’ = = = 6.86978E-06 rad/mm
𝐶𝑡𝑟,𝑐𝑟 120.528
990
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 32 of 35
991
993
97.5 mm
994
c – 97.5
995 352.5 mm
352.5 – a/2 255 mm
996 387.5--cc
352.5
997
998
999
1005 Cc + Cs = Ts
1006 0.85fc’a b + As’ (fs’- 0.85 fc’) = As fy
1007 0.85(35)(a)(300) + (981.748)[420-(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
1008 a= 26.372 mm
1009
1011 By interpolation:
(35 − 65)(0.85 − 0.65)
1012 𝛽 = 0.65 +
28 − 56
1013 𝛽 = 0.8
1014 c=a/𝛽
1015 c = 26.372 /0.8
1016 c = 32.965 mm
1017
352.5−32.965
1022 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.02908
32.965
32.965−97.5
1023 Ɛ𝑠′ = 0.003 ( ) = −0.00587
32.965
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 33 of 35
𝑓𝑠 420
1024 Ɛ𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
1025 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
1026 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ , 𝑎 & 𝑐
1032 Cc + Cs = Ts
1033 0.85fc’ β c b+ As’ fs’ = As fy
𝑐−97.5
1034 0.85(35)(0.8c)(300) + (981.748)[ 600( ) -(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
𝑐
1035 c = 93.889 mm
1036 a = 93.889 (0.8) = 75.111 mm
1037
1043 𝐻𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠.
1044
1045
Ts2
1046
1047
1048
Ts1
1049
1050
1051
1061
1063 By interpolation:
(35 − 65)(0.85 − 0.65)
1064 𝛽 = 0.65 +
28 − 56
1065 𝛽 = 0.8
1066 c=a/𝛽
1067 c = 115.500 / 0.8
1068 c = 144. 375 mm
1069
352.5−144.375
1074 Ɛ𝑠1 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.00432
144.375
144.375 −97.5
1075 Ɛ𝑠2 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.000974
144.375
𝑓𝑠 420
1076 Ɛ𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
1077 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠1 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
1078 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠2 < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ , 𝑎 & 𝑐
1089
352.5 − 91.773
1092 Ɛ𝑠1 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.00852
91.773
97.5− 91.773
1091 Ɛ𝑠2 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.000187
91.773
CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 35 of 35
𝑓𝑠 420
1094 = Ɛ𝑦 = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
1093 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠1 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.
1096
1105 Mu = øMn
1106 = 0.65(197.550)
1107 Mu = 128.408 KN·m
1110