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A Study of Various Video Compression Techniques

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 A Study of Various Video Compression Techniques
M. Mary Shanthi Rani1, P. Chitra2 and K. Anandharaj3
Assistant Professor1, Ph.D Scholar2 and M.Phil Scholar3
Department of Computer Science & Applications
The Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed University, Gandhigram, Tamil Nadu, India
drmaryshanthi@gmail.com, bchitra.tr@gmail.com, anand.student@yahoo.com

Abstract
This paper presents the analysis of video 2. Overview of Video Compression
compression using various transform based techniques Techniques
for finding best video compression technique. Video
compression is a process of eliminating redundancy and There are various transform based methods that
irrelevant information for an efficient storage and improve the performance of video compression
transmission .Transform coding s used to represent a techniques. Initially, transform methods are applied to
video file in a compact form. In this paper, we have enhance the image quality in each video frame. The
investigated few transform methods such as Discrete encoder and decoder of transform based video
cosine Transform(DCT), Discrete wavelet compression is shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2, respectively.
transform(DWT) and Discrete fractional
transform(DFT) finally we observe that transform 2.1 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
coding achieves high quality in video than other
DCT method allows a representation of image data
technique.
in terms of frequency components. A discrete cosine
Keywords: DWT, DCT, Quantization, Huffman coding. transform (DCT) conveys a sequence of many data
points in expressions as a sum of cosine functions at
1. Introduction different frequencies. The complexity of DCT methods
is very expensive. DCTs are significant to lossy
Now a days, the usage of videos are essential for the compression of audio (e.g. MP3) and images (e.g.
purpose of entertainment and communication. Normally JPEG).
video file occupies huge amount of memory to store. If
such videos are sent over the transmission media, huge . Hybrid
requirement of transmission bandwidth is needed. In Input Video Frame DWT, DCT
video communication and storage, capabilities are Video Conversion Algorithm
limited and expensive. For example HDTV video signal
requires 1133GB per second but, the compressed video
file requires only 20mbps. Therefore, Video
compression is highly essential for compressing video in
a transmittable size. Compressed Coding
Digital video represents the images moving in the Video Quantization
form of digital data, where, the analog video represents
the moving images in analog video format. Video Fig.1. Encoder Block diagram
compression is a process of reducing the size of video
files. Video files needs to be encoded and decoded from
one form to another form. Eliminating some irrevalant Compressed Hybrid
details is called as lossy process. However the video can Video Inverse coding IDWT, IDCT
Algorithm
be losslessly compressed by individually encoding the
frames in the videos. Basically, Video can be
compressed by exploiting Spatial and Temporal
redundancy. Some of the popular compression
Decompressed Video Dequantization
techniques are Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Video Frames
Wavelet Transform, Run Length Encoding and
Huffman Coding. In this paper, an overview of video
compression techniques is presented.
Fig.2. Decoder Block diagram

Computational Methods, Communication Techniques and Informatics

ISBN: 978-81-933316-1-3 293 293
 Disadvantages of DCT are the spatial correlation of
the pixels inside the single 2-D block and between the
pixels of the neighboring blocks is exploited for
compression. This method is impossible to fully
decorrelate the blocks at their limits using DCT.
2.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
The DWT passes a signal into an image, through the
filters, such as low pass filter and a high pass filter. The
low pass filter yields low resolution signal and the high
pass filter yields variation signal. Then the outputs of
these filters are down sampled by two. The down
sampled outputs have the similar number of bits as the
input signal. The original signal is reproduced, when the
up sample output of the low pass filter is added to the up
sample output of the high pass filter. The output of the
high pass filter is fed into another couple of filters and
the process repeated.
The wavelet transform (WT) has gained extensive
acceptance in signal processing and image compression.
Because of their natural multi-resolution, wavelet-
coding schemes are specially suitable for applications
where scalability and tolerable degradation are
significant.
2.3 Quantization
Quantization is needed because the significant
visual information is present only in a few transformed
coefficients. Therefore, the number of bits representing
the transform should be reduced. This process is called
coefficient quantization is implemented to being scales
and sub bands. The set of inputs and outputs values are
scalar quantization or vector quantization. Scalar
quantization is a mapping of an input value into a fixed
number of output values. Vector quantization blocks as
vector for a given rate in a lower distortion than when
scalar quantization used at the same rate.
F(u,v) = ( F(u,v) / Q(u,v) ) (1)
Where, F (u, v) – DCT Coefficient Matrix.
Q(u, v) – Quantization Matrix.
2.4 Huffman Coding
The entropy coding used in Huffman coding. This is
a lossless compression technique which assigns a prefix
code identified as the Huffman code to the two input
signals. The basic idea of the Huffman coding is to
assign to each of the source character alphabet a fixed
number of bits which does not exceed the memory
capability.
possible power of a signal and the power of corrupting
noise.
PSNR= 10 ∗ (2)
294
The length of the applied bits depends on the
amount of data contained in the source character. Thus
the main idea of the Huffman coding is to replace each
of the source symbols with a simpler one and is carried
out step by step. This step is persistent until left with
only two symbols for the optimal code.
3. Analysis of Video Compression
Techniques based on Transforms
There are many video compression techniques have
been compared.
Bernatin T et al. (2014)[1] proposed a Hybrid
Transform and Quantization with Huffman Coding for
Video Codec. The proposed method uses the motion
vectors, found from estimation using adaptive rood
pattern search and is compensated globally. The hybrid
compressed frame is quantized and entropy coded with
Huffman coding for generated bit streams are
transmitted to the decoder. The algorithm achieves the
size of the compressed frame saving maximum size
storage space.
Escalin Tresa L et al. (2014)[2] The proposed
method uses a Hybrid DWT-DCT algorithm on motion
compensated frame by taking the compensation of both
the method. The performance of the proposed method is
evaluated using Compression ratio, PSNR and mean
square error.
S. S. Wadd et al. (2014)[3] This paper presents the
performance of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) based
algorithm for compressing video. The advancement in
video compression technology with visual quality and
content of video. Block matching algorithms used for
motion estimation in video compression.
S.V. Phakade et al. (2016)[4] The author proposed
video compression using Hybrid (DCT-DWT)
algorithm. The compression scheme get high
compression ratio with good reconstructed video quality.
The hybrid compression technique uses DCT transform
as well as DWT transform. Arithmetic coding is used for
additional compression. The performance of the system
is evaluated using Compression Ratio, PSNR and Mean
Square Error.
4. Experimental Result and Discussion
This section performs analysis of existing methods
for video compression using DCT and DWT based on
performance metrics such as PSNR and Compression
Ratio.
PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio):
PSNR is calculated for degradation of video after
the compression. PSNR is ratio between the maximum
MSE (Mean Square Error):
The MSE represents the increasing squared error
between the compressed and the original video. The
 mean square error is the average of the squared errors local properties within a small area, and this is extremely
between actual and estimated readings in a data sample. beneficial for the non-stationary statistics of video
signal.
MSE (3)
5. Conclusion
CR (Compression Ratio): This paper presents a comparative analysis of
The compression ratio between two videos: the various video compression based on transform based
original video and the compressed video encoder, is techniques. The observation of the results shows that the
measured by equation as below: Hybrid (DCT – DWT) Transform yields high Peak
signal noise ratio (PSNR) and compression ratio for
effective transmission.
CR = (4)
References
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DWT.
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Ratio
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