Logistic

CỤC ĐƯỜNG THỦY NỘI ĐỊA VIỆT NAM
VIETNAM INLAND WATERWAY ADMINISTRATION

BAN QUẢN LÝ CÁC DỰ ÁN ĐƯỜNG THỦY NỘI ĐỊA PHÍA NAM
PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT OF SOUTHERN INLAND WATERWAYS
Consultancy Services for the Support to the Ministry of Transport on

Developing Multi-Modal Transport
Short Training Courses for Transport & Logistics Stakeholders
Session 1: Introduction to logistics
July 17th 2013

Introduction to Logistics
External Trade and Multi-modal Transport
Logistics Chains Analysis
Consultancy Services for the Support to the Ministry of Transport on Developing Multi-Modal Transport
2
The main purpose of the session is to improve your understanding of:
• Main freight transportation and logistics concepts

− Difference between transportation and logistics
− Characteristics of logistics chains and associated logistics activities
− Key players in the logistics chain
• Basic notions of external trade
• Logistics chains and their main elements
3
4
Logistics consists of the activities relating to the movement and handling of
goods
• The process of managing the supply chain

Logistics • Responsible for planning, implementing and controlling the efficient and
effective storage and flow of goods (forward and reverse)
• Encompasses all the services and the information relating to them, between
the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet consumer and
/ or producer expectations
• Sequence of agents, functions and activities involved in the flow of goods and
Logistics Chain
services and the information related to them between two points
Main agents in the logistics chain
Supplier Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Consumer
5
Logistics includes, not only the transportation of goods, but also the planning
and organisation of the goods throughout the entire value chain
LOGISTICS PROCESS
• Management of all the activities involved in

TRANSPORTATION CHAIN
ensuring the delivery of the goods (from raw
materials to finished products) to customers
• Sequence between various modes of
transport (road, rail, maritime, air, local • Ultimate goal is to create services that provide the
waterways) for the movement of freight from appropriate level of product availability
origin to destination
• Includes aspects such as:
Relating to the physical aspects of logistics – Planning of volume levels
– Planning of origin and destination matrix (flows)
– Grouping and intermediate storage or distribution
– Organization of multimodal transport
– Customs: inspection and payment
– Packaging, quality control of the products
– Management of stock and inventory
Relating to the physical, strategic, organizational

and information aspects of logistics
6
The concept of logistics includes the network of services providing for the good
transportation and processing needs ...
Management software applications Management of storage and shipment centres

Planning and management of
stock • Reception (unloading)
• Shipments • Stock management • Consolidation / deconsolidation
• Orders • Labelling of codes • Classification of goods
• Information sharing systems • Storage
• Documentation from receivers or shippers • Auxiliary activities in the warehouse (location, weighing,
• Route organization preparation of orders)
• Shipment (loading)
• Picking
Transportation
Logistics Activities Other value added activities
• Interchanges between transport modes • Packaging
• Transportation (full load, groupings, sea, land) • Assembling
• Loading / unloading • Packing
• Charge / discharge • Labelling
• Local distribution • Tailored shipments
Interface for foreign exchange Strategic oversight
• Shipments
• Information flow
• Orders
• Merchandising
• Customs management
7
… and has three major business drivers: supply and demand, costs and quality
Business drivers in relation to logistics planning
SUPPLY VS DEMAND COST EFFICIENCY QUALITY
• Ensures the availability of products in the • Impact on the company’s fixed assets • Plays an important role in the delivery
market policies (storage, fleets, etc.) and time, service distributors, packaging
circulation of goods (stock levels, payment and product quality control
• When there are greater stages of on delivery, etc.)
processing and/or higher levels of product
substitution, logistics plays an even more
important added-value role
• Automated
• Elaborated product
• …
• Concentrate flow (reduce time and space)

• Centralize information flow (management)
• Outsource services to specialized companies
8
Current changes in commerce and enterprise dynamics impact significantly on the
logistics function
Personalisation of
Globalization products and client
requirements
Impact on logistics
• Increase in the volume of imports/exports and transport

• Pressure on delivery times and logistics costs
• Need to track and manage goods from point to point
• Logistics expertise by sector and product
• Use of essential software management tools
• Introduction of JIT (Just in Time) system
• Planning new logistics centres to improve efficiency and decongest urban centres
Concentration and • Warehouse and inventory reduction, centralized operations

Sustainability of
integration of • Shipments with smaller lots and reduced factors
systems
companies • Outsourcing of logistics services by companies
• Development of multimodal area
Development of information
systems
9
Logistics infrastructures have become more specialized in order to respond to
the needs of foreign trade and local distribution demand
This specialization will be in line with the needs of the infrastructure users and the requirements of the associated
transportation nodes (ports, airports, rail terminals, borders, etc.)
Foreign and national trade Specialized Infrastructure
• Truck centre
• Port • Air cargo centre
• Airport • Logistics Activity Zones
• Rail border • Multi-modal logistics platforms
• Road border • Freight modal interchanges
• Specific areas (infrastructure nodes associated • Freight urban distribution centres

to land transportation and/or close to urban
centres)
• Dry harbour
10
11
Introduction to foreign trade
• Foreign trade is defined as the exchange of goods and services between two blocks or economic regions. For
example the exchange of goods and services between the EU and southeast Asia. The economies that
participate within the trading blocks are referred to as “open”.
International trade regulation
• Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral agreements between two

countries. Under Mercantilism, there were many centuries when countries
imposed high tariffs and other severe restrictions on international trade. In the
nineteenth century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade, took power and
this perspective has dominated the current political philosophy among Western
countries. Since the end of World War II, several multilateral treaties have
attempted to create a global structure of trade regulation.
• The other position is autarky, which implies the complete absence of
international trade, which means that economic needs are met through self-
sufficiency. However, even in the countries where autarky has been the
traditional policy, some type of international trade has evolved. It is very difficult
for a single country to satisfy all its consumption and financing needs.
• Several instruments have been developed to facilitate international trade. These
include tariffs, safeguards, export and import quotas and non-tariff barriers. An
essential component of international trade is the international transport of
goods.
12
During the last 30 years, maritime transportation has shown strong growth,
more than 3 times higher than GDP’s growth
Evolution of international maritime transportation
Real GDP International Transportation
Source: CNC and UNCTAD
13
Freight maritime transportation reached 7,416 million tonnes in 2006. 36%
were transported by tanker and 25% corresponded to the main 5 products
transported in bulk
Evolution of international maritime transportation (millions of tonnes)
8000
7000
6000
5000
Rest of general cargo
4000 General cargo (main 5 bulk products)
Tanker cargo
3000
2000
1000
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2006
5 main bulk products: Iron ore, coal, bauxite/aluminium ore and phosphates
Source: UNCTAD
14
International maritime flows rely on the “round the world” routes,
complemented by North-South feeder routes
5,5 M TEUs 15,5 M TEUs 2,5 M TEUs
12,1 M TEUs 5,2 M TEUs 4,2 M TEUs
Main “Round the World” routes

North-South feeder routes
• Three main East-West flows represent 1/3 of the world container traffic: Asia ↔ North America; Asia ↔ Europe;
Europe ↔ North America)
Source: Cepal 2006
15
Global context: foreign trade is continually becoming more dynamic
Export value 1980 – 2012 in US$ millions
2.500.000
% VAR % VAR
COUNTRY 1990 2000 2012
1980-1990 2000-2012
ARGENTINA 12.352 26.341 81.205 54% 308%

2.000.000
BRAZIL 31.414 55.086 242.580 56% 440%
ARGENTINA
MEXICO 26.345 166.367 370.915 46% 223% BRAZIL
USA 392.866 781.918 1.547.283 78% 198% MEXICO
1.500.000 USA
SPAIN 55.632 115.251 292.206 168% 254%
SPAIN
FRANCE 216.588 327.611 569.065 87% 174% FRANCE
GERMANY 421.100 551.810 1.407.098 118% 255% GERMANY
1.000.000
CHINA
CHINA 62.091 249.203 2.048.814 182% 822%
JAPAN
JAPAN 286.947 479.249 798.567 120% 167% VIETNAM
VIETNAM 2.404 14.483 114.573 611% 791% 500.000 SINGAPORE
SINGAPORE 52.730 137.804 408.393 172% 296%
THAILAND 23.069 69.057 229.519 255% 332%

0
1990 2000 2012
Source: World Trade Organization
16
Logistics performance by country (2010)
LPI over-performers and under-performers in 2010, relative to income per capita
17
Terms and conditions of loading and unloading
• Cargo, in times past, was shipped as it was produced by each of its origins, meaning, sacks for grains and coffee, barrels for liquid, wooden
boxes, fabric bags, etc. Today, using new unitising techniques, we can group different types of products in units designed for better handling
and transport. The most recognised are pallets and containers.
• Unitise is to group cargo in units designed for better handling and transport: pallets,
containers.
• The main characteristics of these units are repetitive use, adaptability to different
transport modes, i.e., facilitating multi-modality, use as both cargo packaging and
protection, facilitation of stacking, storage and handling.
• Standard measurements for containers and pallets are governed by international
standard ISO (International Standard Organisation).
• Currently containers are the most commonly used due to their versatility,
volume/weight load capacity, safety, ease of handling and storage.
• Containers are manufactured in steel, aluminium and specialised fibreglass
(refrigeration units).
• They have a useful life of approximately 9 years and can carry any type of cargo:
solid and liquid bulk cargo, general cargo, palletised cargo, hazardous cargo, gas
and fresh or refrigerated cargo.
• The second most widely used unitisation system is the pallet. Standardised
measurements of 1.0 m x 1.0 m x 0.15 m or 1.0 m x 1.20 m x 0.15 m.
• Pallets are manufactured of wood, plastic and aluminium. Additionally, the latest
applicable pallet technology, although not entirely applicable due to cost problems, is
the Sleep pallet, with a high-strength surface thickness no greater than 5 cm
reducing wasted cargo storage space to a minimum; its disadvantage lies in the high
cost of the push & pull machinery required for its use at both points of origin and
destination.
18
Consolidation and deconsolidation
• FCL (Full Container Load) or CY (Container Yard) indicates cargo unitisation in a container of a single shipper
(exporter) for a single consignee (importer), or in other words, from a seller to a buyer. It is used basically for
shipping containers.
• LCL (Less Container Load) or CFS (Container Freight Station) indicates cargo unitisation in a container of
several shippers (exporters) to several consignees (importers) or, from several vendors for several buyers. It is
used basically for shipping containers.
1.- Remove container /loading

2.- Container loading
3 - Shipment for loading
4.- Shipment
5.- Unloading
6.- Remove container in port
7.- Deconsolidated
8.- Container yard delivery
19
Organisational example of the actors involved in maritime shipping logistics
Exporter
Customs
Port
Shipping
Shipping line Ship Ship owner
agent
Freight agent /
Logistics operator
Port agent Port operator Port

Port
authority
Customs agent
Customs
Contracting
Importer Administrative
procedure
Freight flow
20
Summary of INCOTERMS
• INCOTERMS (International Commercial Terms) are international rules for the interpretation of trade terms set by the
International Chamber of Commerce
• INCOTERMS GOVERN:
•Distribution of documents
•The terms of delivery of the goods
•The distribution of operational costs
•The distribution of risks
• INCOTERMS DO NOT GOVERN:

•Applicable law that lies outside of Incoterms. Example: Forms of payment
Main Transport Main Transport

Customs Customs
EXW
FCA
FAS
FOB
Responsibiility for documentation
CFR
Risk responsibility
CIF
Cost responsibility
DES
DEQ
DDU
DDP
Source: Future Events, Chile (2007)
21
Incoterms
The seller fulfils its delivery obligation when it makes the goods available to the buyer on the seller's premises or other suitable
place (factory, warehouse, etc.) without getting involved with the export or shipping using any means of transport. The buyer
EXW (Ex Works)
bears all costs and risks from the moment of delivery of the goods. The seller is required to deliver the goods for transport
according to the buyer's specifications.
= GOODS
Customs Importer
Exporter
Terminal
EXW
22
Incoterms
FAS (Free The seller fulfils its delivery obligation when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the accorded port. The buyer bears
Alongside Ship) all costs and risks from the delivery of the goods. The term FAS requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
= GOODS
Customs Importer
Exporter
Terminal
FAS
23
Incoterms
The seller fulfils its delivery obligation when the goods cleared for export are given to the transport carrier
FCA (Free Carrier) designated by the buyer at the accorded place. If delivery is made on the seller's premises, it is responsible for
loading, however if delivery is made elsewhere, the seller is not responsible.
= GOODS
Customs Importer
Exporter
Terminal
FCA
24
Incoterms
The seller fulfils its delivery obligation when the goods cleared for export have passed the ship's rail at the
FOB (Free on accorded port of shipment. From this moment the buyer bears all costs and risks. The seller is required to contract
Board) and pay the main transport, while the risk of loss or damage to the goods and any additional costs incurred after
delivery correspond to the buyer.
= GOODS
Customs Importer
Exporter
Terminal
FBO
25
Incoterms
CFR (Cost and The seller fulfils its delivery obligation when the goods have passed the ship's rail at the accorded port of delivery.
Freight) The cost of insurance corresponds to the buyer. The term CFR requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
= GOODS
Customs Importer
Exporter
Terminal
CFR
26
Incoterms
CPT (Carriage The seller delivers the goods to the transport carrier designated by the buyer, paying the sea freight to the
accorded destination. The buyer bears all costs and risks from the moment of delivery of the goods to the transport
paid to) carrier. The term CPT requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
= GOODS
Customs Importer
Exporter
Terminal
CPT
$ Depends on place
of destination
27
Incoterms
CIP (Carriage and The same obligations as those in the CPT term correspond to the seller, including in this case, insurance and
Insurance paid to) payment of the corresponding premium, during transport of the goods.
= GOODS
Customs Importer
Exporter
Terminal
CIP
+ Insurance $ Depends on place

of destination
28
Incoterms
CIF (Cost
Insurance and The obligations mentioned in the CIF term (Cost, Insurance and Freight) correspond to the seller
Freight)
= GOODS
Customs Importer
Exporter
Terminal
CIF
+ Insurance $ Depends on place

of destination
29
Incoterms
DES (Delivered ex The seller fulfils its delivery obligation when the goods have passed the ship's rail at the accorded port of shipment
Ship) without have been cleared for import by customs.
= GOODS
Customs Importer
Exporter
Terminal
DES
+ Insurance $
30
Incoterms
DEQ (Delivered ex The seller is responsible for costs until the goods leave the port of destination unstowed. The SAD (Single
Quay) Administrative Document) for imports is paid by the buyer.
= GOODS
Customs Importer
Exporter
Terminal
DEQ
+ Insurance $
31
Incoterms
DDU (Delivered The seller bears all costs and risks until the goods are delivered to the buyer's establishment, not including customs
Duty Unpaid) fees, taxes or any other charges borne by the buyer.
= GOODS
Customs Importer
Exporter
Terminal
DDU
+ Insurance $
32
Incoterms
DDP (Delivered The seller assumes the same obligations as those in DDU plus duties, taxes and charges required to bring the goods
Duty Paid) to the accorded place (including customs fees).
= GOODS
Customs Importer
Exporter
Terminal
DDP
+ Insurance $
33
Incoterms
DAF (Delivered at The seller pays all expenses of the main transport until the goods are delivered to an accorded intermediate point
Frontier) as well as the corresponding insurance but prior to border customs in the country of destination.
= GOODS
Exporter Customs Importer
Terminal
Cargo
Border
DAF
34
35
Information flow between all the links in the logistics chain is essential for
process integration
Logistics cycle Long haul logistics
Exchanges of goods that cover long

Reverse
Storage
distances, usually using large vehicles,
Logistics
Reception of commands including logistics chain operations leading
up to the retailer
Provider TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
Short haul logistics
Short distances, generally made with small

Manufacturing
to medium vehicles, to cover retail
Point of sale distribution
TRANSPORT
Storage of finished
TRANSPORT product
Purpose of logistics platforms
TRANSPORT
Logistics platform Functional integration of long haul and
short haul logistics
Long haul logistics Short haul logistics
36
Different segments of the logistics chain
Supply logistics
Manufacturing logistics
Consumer logistics
37
Integrated logistics supply chain: Relationship network
ORIGIN DESTINATION
INFRASTRUCTURE REGULATION
SUPPLY SOURCES
PRODUCERS BUYERS
FINAL CONSUMERS
SUPPLIERS DISTRIBUTORS
SERVICES INFORMATION
SUPPLY PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION SALES
38
The main goal in the logistics process is to optimize the logistics cost – value
added relationship
39
... in order that the most competitive companies will tend to capture larger market
shares
LOGISTICS SALES IN THE

SUPPLY MARKET
ADDED VALUE CHAIN 1
Time and
place of
delivery Production, inventories and procedures
LOGISTICS
SUPPLY
CHAIN 2
Transport and transit Transport and transit Transport and distribution
COST AGGREGATION
Production, Storage, Transport, Inventory Costs, Documentary Procedures
40
Companies with an optimized supply chain have a competitive advantage over
other suppliers
Competitive advantage in: Global Market The competition is

• Cost
• Time between supply chains
• Quality Demand of Goods and Services structured around
• Service common goals
• Flexibility
VALUE DIFERENTIATION
LOGISTICS CHAIN 1 LOGISTICS CHAIN 2
Resources and utilization Resources and utilization
Company COST DIFFERENTIATION Competitor
41
Value chain: supply stage (example for automobile industry in Brazil)
Type of products Description Comments

Value chain
• Plates and steel • Supply of steel and plates from Sao Paulo • The main competitive disadvantage in the
and Minas Gerais using land transport RS pole is the lack of steel itself in the
state
Raw material
• Cast iron parts: • Generally supplied from Santa Caterina and

engine blocks Sao Paulo using transport in boxes and
pallets Some 30%-40% originates from the
Auto parts state itself
• Rubber and tires • Originating primarily from San Leopoldo and

Caxias in the state itself, using the materials
Assembly displays processed in the petrochemical pole at
Supply
Triunfo
• Plastic parts • 50% originate from the RS state itself (RM • Plastic parts are growing in importance due
Systemists and Caxias) The remaining 50% is supplied to the fact that finished vehicles have an
from other states in Brazil increasing portion of plastic
• Fabrics • Supplied on spools from Sao Paolo using

Assembly plants land transport
Distribution of final • Electronics • 70% imported using maritime and air • Maritime transport using Río Grande,
transport Santos, Paranaguá and Itajaí
product
42
Value chain: transformation stages (example for automobile industry in Brazil)

Value chain
Raw Materials
• Breaks, shafts, plastic • Each company involved in the • Extensive use of land transport for
parts transformation chain has different the supply of these materials
supply and distribution models for
• Production orders accentuating
Auto parts intermediate products
pressure on transport times
• Large assembly plants have auto
part and assembly affiliates in the
Transformation
same area in order to facilitate
Assembly displays internal supply and logistics
• Engines, seats, sub- • There are high flows of parts and
assemblies assemblies among companies within
the same RS automotive pole
Systemists
• Chassis • High importation of chassis from the

Assembly plants US
Distribution of final
product
Source: IGEA, ALG Analysis
43
Value chain: distribution stage (example for automobile industry in Brazil)

Value chain
• Agricultural tools • Primary markets: 10% RS, 60% Brazil and
(units/year) 30% exportation to Latin America Shipped
by land transport
Raw Materials • Agricultural machinery • Primary markets: 10% RS, 40% Brazil, • Shipped as unassembled parts using
(30,000 units/year) 15% Mercosur, 35% exportation to the US RoRo or containers Use of the Río
and EU Grande or Imbituba rivers depending
on shipping routes
Auto parts
• Land transport tools • Primary markets: Mercosur and Brazil • In the future, parts will be shipped as
Distribution
(30,000 units/year) Shipped using land transport Only 5% is unassembled
Assembly displays exported to Africa and the Middle East
using RoRo (Itajaí and Paranaguá)
• Omnibus • Primary markets: 50% internal Brazilian • Shipped using RoRo or containers
Systemists (15,000 market and 50% exportation to Africa, the (with or without chassis) The Río
units/year) Middle East and Latin America Shipped Grande river is habitually used,
using land transport for the internal however it depends on shipping
Brazilian market routes
Assembly plants
• Vehicles (120,000 • 10% RS, 80% Brazil, 10% Mercosur
units) Shipped using flat-bed trucks
Distribution of final
product • Auto parts • Shipped using pallets and boxes for Brazil, • For exportation the containers are
while there is a high level of exportation consolidated and loaded using
using maritime transport FOB logistics operators
Source: IGEA, ALG Analysis
44
BARCELONA
Tánger 98, 3ª planta
08018 Barcelona (España)
Tel: +34 93 430 4016
Fax: +34 93 363 0623 BEIJING BILBAO BUENOS AIRES CARACAS DUBAI LIMA LISBON LONDON MADRID MILAN PARIS RABAT SAO PAULO

Logistic

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CỤC ĐƯỜNG THỦY NỘI ĐỊA VIỆT NAM

VIETNAM INLAND WATERWAY ADMINISTRATION

Consultancy Services for the Support to the Ministry of Transport on

Session 1: Introduction to logistics

July 17th 2013

External Trade and Multi-modal Transport

Logistics Chains Analysis

• Main freight transportation and logistics concepts

− Characteristics of logistics chains and associated logistics activities

− Key players in the logistics chain

• Basic notions of external trade

• Logistics chains and their main elements

External Trade and Multi-modal Transport

Logistics Chains Analysis

• The process of managing the supply chain

Main agents in the logistics chain

Supplier Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Consumer

• Management of all the activities involved in

Relating to the physical, strategic, organizational

Management software applications Management of storage and shipment centres

Interface for foreign exchange Strategic oversight

Business drivers in relation to logistics planning

SUPPLY VS DEMAND COST EFFICIENCY QUALITY

• Concentrate flow (reduce time and space)

• Increase in the volume of imports/exports and transport

Concentration and • Warehouse and inventory reduction, centralized operations

Foreign and national trade Specialized Infrastructure

• Port • Air cargo centre

• Airport • Logistics Activity Zones

• Rail border • Multi-modal logistics platforms

• Road border • Freight modal interchanges

• Specific areas (infrastructure nodes associated • Freight urban distribution centres

External Trade and Multi-modal Transport

Logistics Chains Analysis

International trade regulation

• Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral agreements between two

Evolution of international maritime transportation

Real GDP International Transportation

Source: CNC and UNCTAD

Evolution of international maritime transportation (millions of tonnes)

5,5 M TEUs 15,5 M TEUs 2,5 M TEUs

12,1 M TEUs 5,2 M TEUs 4,2 M TEUs

Main “Round the World” routes

Source: Cepal 2006

Export value 1980 – 2012 in US$ millions

ARGENTINA 12.352 26.341 81.205 54% 308%

SINGAPORE 52.730 137.804 408.393 172% 296%

THAILAND 23.069 69.057 229.519 255% 332%

Source: World Trade Organization

LPI over-performers and under-performers in 2010, relative to income per capita

1.- Remove container /loading

Port agent Port operator Port

• INCOTERMS DO NOT GOVERN:

Main Transport Main Transport

Source: Future Events, Chile (2007)

Source: Future Events, Chile (2007)

Source: Future Events, Chile (2007)

Source: Future Events, Chile (2007)

Source: Future Events, Chile (2007)

Source: Future Events, Chile (2007)

Source: Future Events, Chile (2007)

+ Insurance $ Depends on place

Source: Future Events, Chile (2007)