BOARD 2018-MATHEMATICS -TR

3D GEOMETRY
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Derive the equation of the line passing through a point and II nd to a vector both in vector
and Cartesian form (5 Marks)
Z 
b

L
P
A
 
a r

X   
Let the line pass through the point A and IInd to b . Let ‘P’ be a point on the line let a and r
   
be the position vectors of A and P respectively. OA  a and OP  r .
      
Here AP || b  AP = b  OP OA   b
  
i.e r  a   b
  
i.e. r  a  b
Cartesian form:
 
Let A=(x1, y1, z1) and P=(x, y, z) be prints with position vectors a and r i.e.
  
ˆ and r  xiˆ  yj
a  x1ˆi  y1ˆj  z1k ˆ . Let b  aiˆ  bj
ˆ  zk ˆ.
ˆ  ck
  
Vector equation is r  a  b .

 

i.e. xiˆ  yj ˆ  a  x ˆi  y ˆj  z k
ˆ  zk ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
1 1 1   ai  bj  ck

 (x-x1) î +(y-y1) ĵ +(z-z1) k̂ =a î +b ĵ +c k̂

 x-x1=a, y-y1=b, z-z1=c
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
  ,   and 
a b c
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
∴  
a b c
2. Derive the equation of the time passing through 2 points [5 marks]
Pf:
Z

B L
P
A
 

r b
a

O Y

X
1
  
Let the line L pass through the points A and B with position vectors a and b respectively.

Let P be a point on the line with position vector r . P lies on the line if A, P, B are collinear
 
∴ AP  AB
    

 OP OA =  OB OA 
 
       
i.e. r  a  (b  a)  r  a (b  a)
Cartesian form:
  
Let A(x1, y1, z1) , B=(x2, y2, z2) and P=(x, y, z) be points with position vectors a , b and r
  
ˆ and r  xiˆ  yj
ˆ , b  x ˆi  y ˆj  z k
respectively. Then i.e. a  x1ˆi  y1ˆj  z1k ˆ . Vector
ˆ  zk
2 2 2
   
equation is i.e. r  a (b  a)

1    x2  x1  i   y2  y1  j   z2  z1  k 
ˆ  x ˆi  y ˆj  z k
xiˆ  yiˆ  zk ˆ  ˆ ˆ ˆ
1 1

 (x-x1) î +(y-y1) ĵ +(z-z1) k̂ =(x2-x1) î +(y1-y2) ĵ +(z2-z1) k̂

 x-x1 =(x2-x1), y-y1=(y2-y1), z-z1=(z2-z1)
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
  ,  , 
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
∴  
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the line passing through the point (5, 2, -4) and
which is parallel to the vector 3iˆ  2j ˆ.
ˆ  8k
 
Solution:(x1, y1, z1)=(5,2,-4)  a  5iˆ  2j ˆ , b  3iˆ  2j
ˆ  4k ˆ  (a, b, c) =(3, 2, -8)
ˆ  8k
  
(i) Vector equation is r  a  b

 

r  5iˆ  2j ˆ   3iˆ  2j
ˆ  4k ˆ
ˆ  8k

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
(ii) cartesian equation is  
a b x
x 5 y 2 z  4
i.e.  
3 2 8
2. Find the equation of the line in vector and cartesian form passing through the point (1, 2,
3) and IInd to 3iˆ  2j ˆ.
ˆ  2k
3. Find cartesian equation of the line passing through the point (-2, 4, -5) and IInd to the line
x3 y4 z8
 
5 5 6
Solution: (x1, y1, z1)=(-2, 4,-5)
(a, b, c)=(3, 5, 6)
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 z2 y 4 z5
Equation is     
a b c 3 5 6

2
4. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the points (-1, 0, 2)  (3, 4, 6)

ˆ
Solution:(x1, y1, z1)=(-1, 0, 2)  a  ˆi  2k

(x2, y2, z2_=(3, 4, 6)  b  3iˆ  4j ˆ
ˆ  6k
 
 
Equation is r  a   b  a 
 
= ˆi  2k 
ˆ   4iˆ  4j ˆ
ˆ  4k 
5. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the line that passes through the points (3, -2, -5)
and (3, -2, 6)

Solution: (x1, y1, z1)=(3,-2,-5) a  3iˆ  2j ˆ
ˆ  5k

(x2, y2, z2)=(3, -1, 6) b  3iˆ  2j ˆ
ˆ  6k
 
 
(i) vector equation is r  a   b  a 
 
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
(ii) cartesian equation is  
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
x 3 y 2 35
i.e.  
0 0 11

ANGLE BETWEEN THE LINES :

 
      b1 .b2
I) Angle between the lines r  a1   b1 and r  a2   b2 is cos =  
| b1 || b2 |
II) Angle between the lines a1x+b1y+c1z=d1 and a2x+b2y+xc2z=d2 is cos =
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
a12  b12  c12 a22  b22  c22

 

6. Find the angle between the lines r  3iˆ  2j ˆ +  ˆi  2j
ˆ  4k ˆ and
ˆ  2k

 

r  5iˆ  2j
ˆ   3iˆ  2j ˆ
ˆ  6k
 
Solution: b1  ˆi  2j ˆ , b  3iˆ  2j
ˆ  2k ˆ
ˆ  6k
2

 
b1 .b2 3  4  12 19 19
cos= =  =
 
1  4  4 9  4  36 3  7 21
| b1 || b2 |
 19 
∴ =cos-1  21 

7. Find the angle between the pair of lines

   
 
r  2iˆ  5j ˆ   3iˆ  2j
ˆ k ˆ and r  7iˆ  6k
ˆ  6k ˆ   ˆi  2j ˆ .
ˆ  2k

8. Find the angle between the pair of lines

x  3 y 1 3  3 x 1 y  4 z 5
  and  
3 5 4 1 1 2
Solution: (a1, b1, c1)=(3,5,4), (a2,b2,c2)=(1,1,2)

3
 a1a2  b1b2  c1c2 358 16 16
cos=   
a12  b12  c12 a22  b22  c22 9  25  16 1  1  4 50 6 5 2 2 3

16 8
= 
52 3 5 3
 8 
∴ =cos-1  
5 3 
9. Find the angle between the pair of lines
x  2 y 1 z  3 x 2 y  4 z 5
  and  
2 5 3 1 8 4
x 5 y 2 z x y z
10. Show that the lines   and   are perpendicular to each other.
7 5 1 1 2 3
Solution: (a1, b1, c1)=(7, -5, 1)
(a2, b2, c2) = (1, 2, 3)
a1a2 +b1b2 + c1c2 =7-10+3=0
∴ lines are perpendicular to each other.

SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN THE LINES

     
Shortest distance between the two lines r  a1   b1 and r  a2   b2 is distance =

   
 a2  a1  .  b1  b2 
   
 
b1  b2

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
   
ˆ b  2iˆ  ˆj  k,
Solution: a1  ˆi  ˆj, a2  2iˆ  ˆj  k, ˆ b  3iˆ  5j ˆ
ˆ  2k
1 2

ˆi ˆj ˆ
k
   
ˆ b  b  2 1 1  3iˆ  ˆj  k
a2  a1  ˆi  k. ˆ
1 2
3 5 2

 
b1  b2  9  1  1  11

     
 a2  a1  .  b1  b2   3  1  2
   
     
 a2  a1  .  b1  b2 
Shortest distance=      2
 
| b1  b2 | 11

 

2. Find the distance between the lines r  ˆi  2j ˆ   2iˆ  3j
ˆ  4k ˆ and
ˆ  6k

 

r  3iˆ  3j ˆ   2iˆ  3j
ˆ  5k ˆ
ˆ  6k
   
Solution: a1  ˆi  2j ˆ a  3iˆ  3j
ˆ  4k, ˆ b  2iˆ  3j
ˆ  5k, ˆ b  2iˆ  3j
ˆ  6k, ˆ
ˆ  6k
2 1 2

4
    
 a2  a1  .  b1  b2 
Shortest distance =  
 


| b1  b2 |

 

3. Find the shortest distance between the lines r  ˆi  2j ˆ   ˆi  ˆj  k
ˆ k ˆ and

 

ˆ   2iˆ  ˆj  2k
r  2iˆ  ˆj  k ˆ

   
Solution: a1  ˆi  2j ˆ a  2iˆ  ˆj  k,
ˆ  k, ˆ b  ˆi  ˆj  k,
ˆ b  2iˆ  ˆj  2k
ˆ
2 1 2

   
 a2  a1  .  b1  b2 
Shortest distance =  
 


| b1  b2 |

 

4. Find the shortest distance between the lines r  ˆi  2j ˆ   ˆi  3j
ˆ  3k ˆ and
ˆ  2k

 

r  4iˆ  5j ˆ   2iˆ  3j
ˆ  6k ˆ
ˆ k
   
Solution: a1  ˆi  2j ˆ a  3iˆ  3j
ˆ  4k, ˆ b  2iˆ  3j
ˆ  5k, ˆ b  2iˆ  3j
ˆ  6k, ˆ
ˆ  6k
2 1 2


 
b  a2  a1 
   293
Distance= 
7
|b|

PLANES
I) Derive the normal form of the plane in vector and cartesian form.
Pf:
Z

P

r
d N
n̂
Y
O

Vector form:

 
Let n̂ be the unit vector along ON and | ON | =d. P be a point with position vector r .

 

Here ON =| ON | unit vector =d n̂

 
 
 
ˆ
NP  OP  ON  r  dn

 
 
 

Since ON  NP , ON . NP =0

5
  
ˆ  =0
ˆ .  r  dn
dn
 

ˆ . r -d2 n.n
i.e. dn ˆ ˆ =0
  
ˆ  d  0  r .n
 d  r .n ˆd
 
Cartesian form

Let P=(x, y, z) be a point and r  xiˆ  yj ˆ
ˆ  zk

Let l, m, n be direction cosine of n̂ .

Then n̂  ˆi  mj ˆ
ˆ  nk

ˆd
Vector equation is r .n


i.e., xiˆ  yj ˆ . ˆi  mj
ˆ  zk 
ˆ d
ˆ  nk 
i.e. x  my  nz  d

6
1. Find the vector equation of the plane which is at a distance of from the origin and its
29
normal vector from the origin and its normal vector from the origin is 2iˆ  3j ˆ.
ˆ  4k
6  
ˆ  | n | 4  9  16  29
Solution: d= , n  2iˆ  3j
ˆ  4k
29
2iˆ  3j ˆ
ˆ  4k
∴ n̂ 
29
   ˆ
2i  3j ˆ
ˆ  4k 6
ˆ  d  r .
Vector equation is r .n 
 29  29
 

 

i.e. r  2iˆ  3j ˆ 6
ˆ  4k

2. Find the vector equation of the plane which is at a distance of 7 units from the origin and
normal to the vector 3iˆ  5j ˆ.
ˆ  6k
3. Find the distance of the plane 2x-3y+4z-6=0 from the origin
Solution: 2x-3y+4z=6
 by 4  9  16  29
2x 3 4 6
 y z
29 29 29 29
6
Comparing with  x+my+nz=d, we get d=
29

 

4. Find the direction cosines of the unit vector perpendicular to the plane r . 6iˆ  3j ˆ
ˆ  2k

+1=0
Passing through the origin.

   
 
Solution: r . 6iˆ  3j ˆ  1  0  r . 6iˆ  3j
ˆ  2k ˆ  1
ˆ  2k

 

i.e., r . 6iˆ  3j ˆ 1
ˆ  2k

 by 36  9  4  49  7

6
 
 6 ˆ 3 ˆ 2 ˆ  1
r . i  j  k =
 7 7 7  7

6 ˆ 3 ˆ 2 ˆ
ˆ  d , we get n̂ 
Comparing with r .n i  j k
7 7 7
6 3 2
∴ direction cosines are , ,
7 7 7

II) Derive the equation of the plane passing through a point and perpendicular to a
vector both in vector and cartesian form.
Solution: 
Z n
Vector form:
Let the plane pass through a point A
   P
with position vector a . i.e. OA  a . 
 r
Let P be a point on the plane with p.v r d A
      
i.e. OP  r . Here AP  OP  r  a a Y
 
O
given that AP  n
 
∴ AP.n  0
X
  
i.e. (r . a).n  0
Cartesian form:
 
Let A=(x1, y1, z1) and P=(x,y,z) be points on the plane with position vectors a and r
respectively
 
ˆ and r  xiˆ  yj
Then OA  x1ˆi  y1ˆj  z1k ˆ
ˆ  zk
 
Let a, b, c be direction ratios of n. n = aiˆ  bj ˆ
ˆ  ck

  
Vector equation is  r  a  .n  0
 

 
i.e.,  xiˆ  yj
ˆ  zk
1  1 1
  
ˆ  . aiˆ  bj
ˆ  x ˆi  y ˆj  z k ˆ
ˆ  ck 
i.e.  x  x1  ˆi   y  y1  ˆj   z  z1  k
  
ˆ . aiˆ  bj ˆ =0
ˆ  ck 
 a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS:

1. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the plan which passes through the point (5,2,-4)
and perpendicular to the line with direction ratios 2,3,-1.

Solution: A=(5,2,-4)=(x1, y1, z1) a  5iˆ  2j ˆ
ˆ  4k

(a, b, c)=(2, 3,-1) n  2iˆ  3j ˆ
ˆ k
  
(i) vector equation is (r  a).n  0


i.e.  r  5iˆ  2j

ˆ  4k


 
ˆ  . 2iˆ  3j ˆ 0
ˆk 
(ii) cartesian equation is a (x-x1)+b(y-y1)+c(z-z1)=0
i.e. 2(x-5)+3(y-2)-1(z+4)=0
7
 2x+3y-z=20
2. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 0, -2) and
ˆ
the normal to the plane is ˆi  ˆj  k

ˆ
Solution: (x1, y1, z1)=(1,0,-2)  a  ˆi  2k

ˆ  (a, b, c) = (1,1,-1)
n  ˆi  ˆj  k
  
Vector equation is  r  a  .n  0
 
 ˆ ˆ

 r  i  2K

 . ˆi  ˆj  kˆ =0
Cartesian equation is a(x-x1)+b(y-y1)+c(z-z1)=0
1(x-1)+1(y-0)-1(z+2)=0
x+y-z=3
3. Find the vector ad cartesian equation of the plane that passes through the point (1, 4, 6)
and normal vector to the plane is ˆi  2j ˆ
ˆ k
III. Derive the equation of the plane passing through three non collinear points both
in vector and cartesian form.
Z
Pf:
 
RS  RT

R
P
 
r a
S

b
 T Y
O c

Vector form:
  
Let R, S, T be three non collinear points on the plane with position vectors a, b, c
respectively.
     
Then OR  a, OS  b, OT  c
  
Let P be a point on the plane with position vector r . Then OP  r .
   
RS  RT is a vector perpendicular to RS and RT
 
∴ Equation of the plane passing through the point R and perpendicular to RS  RT is
     
 
 r  a  . RS  RT  0
 
   



  
 
i.e.  r  a  .  OS  OR  OT  OR   0
   

            
i.e.  r  a  .  b  a    c  a    0
     
Cartesian form
Let R=(x1, y1, z1), S=(x2, y2, z2), T=(x3, y3, z3) and P=(x, y, z) be points on the plane.
   
With position vectors a, b, c and r respectively.

8
  
ˆ , b  x ˆi  y ˆj  z k
Then a  x1ˆi  y1ˆj  z1k ˆ
2 2 2

            
Vector equation is  r  a  .  b  a    c  a    0
     
 
r  a   x  x1  ˆi   y  y1  ˆj  z  z1  k
ˆ
 
b  a   x2  x1  ˆi   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  k
ˆ
 
c  a   x3  x1  ˆi   y3  y1  ˆj  z3  z1  k
ˆ

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
∴ Equation is x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1  0
x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1

TWO OR THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the plane passing through the points (2,5,-3),
(-2,-3,-5) and (5,3,-7)
Solution:
  
a  2iˆ  5j ˆ b  2iˆ  3j
ˆ  3k, ˆ c  5iˆ  3j
ˆ  5k, ˆ
ˆ  7k
 
   

(i) Vector equation is: (r  a). (b  a)  (c  a)  0
 


i.e.  r  2iˆ  5j

ˆ
ˆ  3k  . (4iˆ  8jˆ  8k)
ˆ  (3iˆ  2j ˆ  0
ˆ  4k)


x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
(ii) cartesian equation is x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1  0
x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1
x 2 y 5 z 3
i.e. 4 8 8 =0
3 2 4
 (x-2)(32+16)-(y-5)(16-24)+(z+3)(8+24)=0
(x-2)48+(y-5)8+(z+3)32=0
 by 8, 6(x-2)+(y-5)+4(z+3)=0
6x+y+4z-5=0
2. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points
(a) (1,1,-1),(6,4,-5),(-4,-2,3)
(b) (1,1,0), (1,2,1),(-2,2,-1)
IV. Derive the equation of the plane in the intercept form
Z

R(0,0,c
)

Q(0, b,0)
Y

P(a,0,0)
o)o))
X
9
 Let the equation of the plane be Ax+By+Cz+D=0 ... (1)
Let the plane make intercepts a, b, c on the x, y and z axis respectively.
Hence the plane meet x-axis at (a,0,0) y-axis at (0, b, 0) and z-axis at (0, 0, c)
(1) passes through (a, 0, 0)  Aa+0+0=-D
D
∴ A=
a
(2) passes through (a, b, 0)  0+Bb+0=-D
D
∴ B=
b
(3) passes through (0, 0, c)  0+0+Cc =-D
D
∴ C=
c
Substituting in (1)
D D D
x  y  z  D
a b c
x y z
   1
a b c

Problems:
1. Find the equation of the plane with intercepts 2,3 and 4 on the x, y and x axis respectively.
x y z
Solution: Let the equation be   1
a b c
x y z
   1  6x+4y+3z=12
i.e.
2 3 4
2. Find the intercept cut off by the plane 2x+y-z=5
Solution :2x+y-z=5
2 y z x y z
 by 5, x    1    1
5 5 5 5 / 2 5 5
5
Intercepts are ,5, 5
2
V. Coplanarity of two lines 
Vector form: b2
Let the given lines be B L2
  
L1 : r  a1   b1 .............(1)
   L1
L2 : r  a2   b2 ..............(2) A
 
Let A be a point on L1 with position vector a1 and b1
     
B be a point on L2 with position vector a2 . Then AB  OB  OA  a2  a1
The given lines are coplanar if and only if
  
AB is perpendicular to b1  b2
  
i.e. AB .( b1  b2 )=0
   
i.e. ( a2  a1 ).( b1  b2 )=0

cartesian form:
 
Let A=(x, y1, z1) and B=(x2, y2, z3) be points with position vector a1 and a2 respectively.

10
  
ˆ and a = x ˆi  y ˆj  z k
Then a1 = x1ˆi  y1ˆj  z1k ˆ
2 2 2 2
 
∴ a2 - a1 =(x2-x1) î +(y2-y1) ĵ +(z2-z1) k̂

ˆ
Let a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 be the direction ratios of the two lines. Then b1 = a1ˆi  b1ˆj  c1k

ˆ
and b2 = a2ˆi  b2ˆj  c2k
   
Vector condition is ( a2  a1 ).( b1  b2 )=0
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
i.e. a1 b1 c1 =0
a2 b2 c2

Problems:
x  3 y 1 z 5 x 1 y 2 z 5
1. Show that lines   and   are coplanar
3 1 5 1 2 5
Solution: (x1, y1, z1)=(-3,1,5)
(x2, y2, z2)=(-1, 2, 5)
 
ˆ , b  ˆi  2j
b1 = 3iˆ  ˆj  5k ˆ
ˆ  5k
2

x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
Condition is a1 b1 c1 0
a2 b2 c2
2 1 0
LHS= 3 1 5 =2(5-10)-1(-15+5)+0
1 2 5
= -10+10=0
∴ The lines are coplanar

Angle between the planes:

 
    n1 .n2
(i) The angle between the planes r . n1  d1 and r . n2  d2 is cos =  
n1 . n2

(ii) The angle between the planes a1x+b1y+c1z=d1 and a2x+b2y+c2z=d2 is cos=
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
a12  b12  c12 a22  b22  c22

Problems:

 

(1) Find the angle between the planes whose vector equation are r . 2iˆ  2j ˆ =5 and
ˆ  3k

 

r . 3iˆ  3j ˆ 3
ˆ  5k
 
Solution: n1  2iˆ  2j ˆ , n  3iˆ  3j
ˆ  3k ˆ
ˆ  5k
2

 
n1 .n2 6  6  15 15
cos=  
 
| n1 |.| n2 | 4  4  9 9  9  25 17 43

11
 15  15 
i.e. cos =    cos1  
17 43  17 43 
2. find the angle between the planes (i) 2x+y-2z=5 and 3x-6y-2z=7. (ii) 3x-6y+2z=7 and
2x+2y-2z=5
Solution: (i) 2x+y-2z=5  (a1,b1,c1)=(2, 1, -2)
3x-6y-2z=7 (a2, b2, c2)=(3,-6,-2)
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2 664 4 4
Cos =   
a12  b12  c12 a22  b22  c22 4  1  4 9  36  4 3  7 21
 4 
∴ =cos-1  21 

(i) 3x-6y-2z=7 (a1,b1,c1)= (3,-6,2)

2x+2y-2z=5  (a2, b2, c2)= (2, 2, -2)
6  12  4 10 10 5 5 3
Cos =    
9  36  4 4  4  4 7 12 72 3 7 3 21
5 3 
 =cos-1  21 
 

Angle between line and plane:

 
    
b .n
Angle between the line r  a  b and the plane r .n  d is given by sin =  
| b || n |
Problems:
x 1 y z 3
1. Find the angle between the line   and the plane 10x+2y-11z=3
2 3 6
x 1 y z 3 
ˆ
Solution:   (a,b,c)=(2,3,6)  b  2iˆ  3j
ˆ  6k
2 3 6

10x+2y-11z=3  (a1, b1, c1)=(10,2,-11) n  10iˆ  2j ˆ
ˆ  11k

20  6  66 40 8
Sin =  
4  9  36 100  4  121 7  15 21
 8 
∴ =sin-1  21 

Distance of point from a plane:

 
 
a.n  d
Vector form: distance of the point (x1, y1, z1) from the plane r .n  d is distance = 
|n|
Cartesian form: Distance of the point (x1, y1, z1) from the plane ax+by+cz=d is distance=
ax1  by1  cz1  d
a2  b2  c2

Problems:

 

1. Find the distance of a point (2, 5, -3) from the plane r . 6iˆ  3j ˆ 4
ˆ  2k


Solution: (x1, y1, z1)=(2,5,-3)  a  2iˆ  5j ˆ
ˆ  3k

 
 
r . 6iˆ  3j ˆ  4  n  6iˆ  3j
ˆ  2k ˆ
ˆ  2k

12
  
a. n d 12  15  6  4 13 13
Distance = 
  
36  9  4 7 7
|n|
2. Find the distance of the point from the plane
(i) (0,0,0) to 3x-4y+12z=3
(ii) (3,-2,1) to 2x-y+2x+3=0
(iii) (2,3,-5) to x+2y-2z=9 [Ans:3]
(iv) (-6,0,0) to 2x-3y+6z-2=0 [Ans:2]
Solution:
(i). (x1, y1, z1)=(0,0,0) and 3x-4y+12z=3  (a, b, c)=(3,-4,12)
ax1  by1  cz1  d 0003 3 3
Distance =   
2
a b c 2 2 9  16  144 169 13
(ii).(x1, y1, z1)=(3, -2, 1), 2x-y+2z=-3  (a, b, c) =(2, -1, 2), d=-3
ax1  by1  cz1  d 6  2  2  (3) 13
Distance =  
2
a b c 2 2 4 1 4 3

13