PRELIMINARY

1.1 Book Identity

Book title : The Facts On file Illustrated Guide To Be Human

Body
Author : Stephen Rudd
Publishing City : New York
Publisher : Libabry Of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication
Data
The self-review chapter : Chapter two about nutrients and diet
Publication Year : 2005
Page thickness : One hundred and three pages
ISBN : 0-8160-5979-9

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 CHAPTER II

FILL IN

2.1 Calories and diets

 Counting calories
The measure used in talking about food and human energy needs is the
kilocalorie (kcal), or calorie. A typical number of calories for a woman to
use up in a day is 2000. So this is the amount of energy her food must
supply, unless she is to run down her stored reserves.
 Western and Eastern diets
The West offers the most varied, cleanest, and most readily available
supply of food in the history of the world. However, despite the
opportunities for eating well, major nutritional problems including obesity,
diabetes (associated in some cases with excessive carbohydrate intake),
and digestive diseases associated with a lack of fiber, often occur. Also,
food additives may be over-used in the West. Seventy-five percent of the
world’s people live on a diet based on just one food, usually a cereal (such
as rice).
 Vegetarian diets
Strict vegetarians eat only plant products—fruit, vegetables, and cereals.
They do not eat any meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy produce, or, in some
cases, honey. Their main sources of nutrients are nuts, wholewheat flour,
legumes, pasta, brown rice, unrefined sugars, fruit, and vegetables (ideally
eaten raw for maximum nutritional value), and unrefined vegetable oils.
 Lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets
Lacto-ovo-vegetarians are those who eat all foods that come from plants,
and also dairy foods and eggs. This kind of diet is nutritionally sound as
long as the ingredients are selected carefully. Eggs are an even better
source of protein than meat, and also contain a complete protein rarely
found in vegetables or fruit.

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2.2 Nutrients and diet
 Omnivorous diets
Omnivores eat food from all available sources, including meat, fish,
poultry, eggs, vegetables, fruit, and cereals.
 Macrobiotic diets
Foods in a macrobiotic diet are labelled either yin or yang, based on their
acid and alkali levels. For example, fruits and sugar are yin, meat and eggs
are yang. The ratio in which these foods are eaten is supposed to be 5:1.
 Adolescents
The nutritional requirements of adolescents are decided mostly by the
growth spurt at puberty. In boys, this is responsible for a gain in height of
about 8 inches (20 cm), and in weight of about 40 pounds (18 kg).

2.3 Eating problems

 Overeating
Children who do not get enough affection or attention often turn to food
for comfort, and this may lead to a dependence on food in all future times
of stress. Parents should never feel that a child is rejecting them by
rejecting their cooking, otherwise they can easily force the child into
eating too much and suppress the body’s signals of fullness.
 Effects of being overweight
Overweight people have a shorter life expectancy, and the greater their
excess weight, the more their life expectancy decreases. If the onset of
obesity begins before the age of 35, life expectancy is even lower, and if it
begins in childhood, the statistics are worse still.

2.4 Reducing weight

Reducing weight requires commitment and planning. The only way to
achieve a genuine weight loss is to use up more calories of energy than you
take in by eating. A cut of about 3,500 calories is needed to lose one pound
(0.45 kg) of body weight, so a person who would normally use 2,000 calories

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 per day should lose about two pounds (0.9 kg) per week on a 1,000 calorie
diet.

 Eating patterns
Overweight people are open to temptation from snacks, candy stores,
takeout foods, leftovers on plates, and eating while preparing food. One of
the keys to successful dieting is to remove sources of temptation or to
learn to overcome them. Help yourself to stop snacking by removing all
tempting food from the kitchen; have only low-calorie foods available.

2.5 Malnutrition and special diets

 Pregnancy
During pregnancy, a wellbalanced diet is essential for the development of
the fetus. A pregnant woman needs about 15 percent more calories, and
may need extra folic acid (the need doubles at this time), iron, and
calcium.
 Indigestion
Dyspepsia or indigestion is one of the most common digestive problems.
Symptoms are nausea, heartburn, abdominal pain, discomfort or
distension.
 Hypertension
Two dietary factors may predispose a person to high blood pressure
(hypertension)—obesity and a diet high in salt. Weight loss and a low
sodium diet are usually recommended to reduce blood pressure. Foods to
be avoided include butter, bacon, and canned fish.

2.6 Interesting things

how to lose weight by using calories instead of energy because a lot of
consuming food can cause excess food disease (obesity and high blood
pressure.

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2.7 List of vocabularies
1. Vegetarian: is a term for people who only eat plants and do not consume
foods that come from animals.
(vegetarian adalah sebutan bagi orang yang hanya makan tumbuh-
tumbuhan dan tidak mengkonsumsi makanan yang berasal dari hewan).
2. Nutrients: organic substances that are needed by the organism for normal
functioning of the body's system, growth, maintenance of health.
(Nutrisi: substansi organik yang dibutuhkan organisme untuk fungsi
normal dari sisitem tubuh, pertumbuhan, pemeliharaan kesehatan).
3. Calories: one of the basic human needs to be able to survive and carry out
daily activities.
(Kalori: salah satu kebutuhan pokok mnusia agar bisa bertahan hidup dan
menjalankan aktivitas sehari-hari).
4. Diet: a method of regulating food intake and drinks that enter the body to
achieve or maintain a controlled weight.
(Diet: metode yang mengatur asupan makanan dan minuman yang masuk
ke dalam tubuh guna mencapai atau menjaga berat badan yang
terkontrol).
5. Nutrition: an ingredient in a food.
(usur yang ada di dalam suatu makanan).
6. Obesity: a chronic condition due to a very high buildup of fat in the body.
(Obesitas: kondisi kronis akibat penumpukan lemak dalam tubuh yang
sangat tinggi).
7. Minerals: an inorganic agency that needs small amounts of food for
various bodily functions.
(Mineral: sebuah substansi anorganik yang diperlukan tubuh dalam
jumlah yang kecil guna berbagai fungsi tubuh).
8. Vitamins: one of the nutrients needed by the body
(Vitamin: salah satu unsur gizi yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh tubuh).
9. Depression: a condition described as a mood disorder.
(Depresi: kondisi yang digambarkan sebagai suatu kelainan mood).

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10. High blood pressure: a chronic medical condition with increased blood
pressure in the arteries.
(Darah ttinggi: kondisi mediss kronis dengan tekanan darah di arteri
meningkat).

and dietsCalories and diets Calories and dies

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ATTACHMENT TO THE CHAPTER READ

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rudd, Stephen. 2005. The Facts On File Illustrated Guide To Be Human Body.
New York: Library Of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data

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