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According to Gates
“learning is the modification of behavior through experience.”
From the analysis of the above definitions the meaning and nature of the learning
can be understood as follows:
3. Learning is universal
1. Maturation:
Maturation is the name of the process of organisational changes in body
functioning through the continuing action of heredity. it is a natural process
which takes place within the individual. The maturational changes are the results
of unfolding and ripening of inherited traits. It is developmental process within a
person where from time to time some traits manifest. These changes take place
automatically. They seem to unfold from within following an inner genetically
determined time table. Example: bird flying at a particular stage, a child learning
to stand on his own, a child learning to speak at a particular age
Important characteristics
Ex: When the child is able to speak teach him language, when the child is
able to stand teach him to walk, when the child is able to handle a pencil teach
him to write.
2. Attention
According to Ramanath Sharma
External conditions
Our attention is directed towards a loud sound, bright colour or light strong smell
etc. a large object catches our attention than a small object and a miniature
object also catches attention
3. Contrasting colours:
5 movement:
A moving stimulus catches our attention more than a stimulus that does not
move
6. Novelties:
Internal conditions
3. Mental set: It is the tendency or our bent of mind towards a person or an idea.
A person attends to those things for which he has his mind.
Attention puts one into a state of alertness and brings readiness physically and
mentally. Attention is responsible for bringing efficiency in learning. The deep
concentration during attention helps the teacher to achieve desired success.
teachers should use the following to make learning become easy.
12. Physical activities: the teacher should adopt the method which involves some
physical activities by the students
3. Motivation
Motivation is derived from the latin word “Movere” which means “To
Move”. Motivation is an essential condition of learning. “Why” of learning is
answered by motivation.
According to Bernard,
“Motivation is the stimulation of action towards a particular goal where
previously there was little or no attraction”.
According to Lowell,
“Motivation is a psychological or internal process initiated by some need,
which leads to the activity which will satisfy that need”.
From the above definitions we can say that motivation arouses and
maintains interest in learning. It concentrates the attention and energy of a
person on the activity. Human behaviour is motivated by biological, psychological
and social motives. Motivation is a state of the organism which involves the
existence of a need that drives the organism from within and directs his activities
to a goal that can satisfy the need. This we call as motivation cycle.
Motive
Relief Tension
Motivation cycle
Types of Motivation
Functions of Motivation
1. Arousal of Interest:
Motivation arouses interest in the individual towards a goal. Earlier there was no
interest but due to motivation he finds interest in the activity.
2. Direction of Interest:
All the interest is now directed towards the goal and no activity takes place till the
goal is reached.
3. Control of Behaviour:
All other irrelevant activities are kept aside and the total behaviour is towards the
goal. The behaviour will be controlled and directed.
Techniques of Motivation/Strategies to be adopted while motivating
students
1. Following child centred approach: If learning is linked to the needs, interests
and abilities of the children they will be intrinsically motivated which avoids any
external force in learning.
3. Using Audio-Visual aids: Good teaching stimulates the students for learning;
teacher should adopt progressive methods based on psychological principles to
teach. Use of audio-visual aids makes his teaching to become effective.
4. Goal should be fixed: Purposeful and definite goals should be set for students
which help them to work in a desirable direction.
6. Incentives should be used: Incentives like praise and rewards should be used to
bring desired behaviour among children. Punishment as a negative motive can
also be used to change the behaviours.
10. Using novel methods: Every novel thing creates interest in children; teacher
must introduce novelty into his teaching.
4. Remembering or memory
Meaning
According to Ryborn
“The power that we have to store our experiences and to bring them into
field of consciousness sometimes after the experiences have occurred is called
memory.” The term remembering and memory carry the same meaning. The
ability of retention and reputation is known as memory. It is a special activity of
our mind to store what is learned and to reproduce after sometime. The process
of memorization begins with learning and ends with its recalling. when we say a
an individual has got good memory that means he has got an ability to learn
easily, to retain it for a long time, to recognize it and recall it rapidly and
accurately. Therefore the ideal revival of past experiences as far as possible in the
manner and order in which they originally occurred is called remembering.
2. Disuse: By not repeating properly if we allow a memory trace to fall into disuse
it causes poor memory.
3 Repetition: Repetition of the material helps in better recall. The teacher should
repeat the important points and the student should read the material to be learnt
again and again.
7. Using more sense organs: More the sense organs involved in the process of
learning better will be the memory. Teacher should make use of audio visual aids
in his teaching.
8. Provision for Rest: Provision for rest should be there in between the periods
for better learning.
1. Registration:
This is the first stage of memory. Here the brain registers the information
whatever is received through the sense organs. For better remembrance better
registration is essential and for better registration attention and impression
should be better. If the first received message is strong then the process of
learning will be effective. It requires alertness perfect and strong motivation and
attention.
2. Retention:
Retention is nothing but the repetition of the content registered under several
situations. After registration it should be used repeatedly which leads to short
term memory and further continuation leads to long term memory. Regular
repetition requires less time and less effort which results in better memorization.
Without strong registration retention will fail. Registration is most needed as
basic foundation for further stages. Conscious efforts should be made to push the
short term memory into long term.
3. Recognition:
4. Recall:
Efficiency of memory is indicated in this step. Recalling means revoking the past
or the registered content. Recalling depends upon the previous three stages. With
strong impressed registration, regular retention and by recognizing recalling will
be easy with a little effort. Recalling becomes rapid and accurate according to the
experience.
If the process of learning is passed through all these stages, then the work of
brain will be systematic which may result in good remembrance and it is difficult
or no chance for forgetting.