Seminar on Sustainable

Development
Teacher: Prof. Ho-ChingLee
 CITIES
AS NON-PARTY
STAKEHOLDERS
Presented by

Riyan B. Sukmara Nguyen ThiThu Ha ManonLe Gléau

106382605 (Indonesia) 106385601 (Vietnam) 107326901 (France)
 Who are Non-Party Stakeholders?
At COP 20 in LIMA
Government establish Lina-Paris Action Agenda to demonstrate the commitment
of non-state actors and coalition of actor towards the goal of limiting global
temperature rise though short-term and long-term actions that support a new
legal agreement.
Agenda of Lima-Paris action, strengthened climate action throughout 2015 in
several ways:
 Mobilized robust global action towards low carbon and resilient societies;
 Provided enhanced support to existing initiatives, such as those launched
during the Secretary-General’s Climate Summit in September 2014; and
 Mobilized new partners and providing a platform for the visibility of their
actions, commitments and results in the run up to COP21.

By definition “Non- It is vital that as many

Parties” don’t sign up to
the Paris Agreement or to
any pledges.
In the Aggrement reached in
people and bodies as Paris (Dec 2016) introduces the
possible do everything
concept of Non-Party
they can avert Climate Stakeholders and Observers.
Change
So, who are Non-Party
Stakeholders?
Currently, a total of 9 constituencies are recognized,
there are:

Business and Environmental Research and

Industry NGOs NGOs Independent NGOs
(BINGOs) (ENGOs) (RINGOs)

Indigenous Women and

Youth NGOs People’s Gender
Organization Organization

Local Government
Trade Union NGOs and Municipal Farmers
Authorities
 Engaging Non-Party
Stakeholders
 Non-Party stakeholder can be instrumental in: monitoring and supporting the
intergovernmental process, translating information for external audiences and
promoting public acceptance, ownership and support, and fulfilling key information
needs as Parties develop process under Paris Agreement.
 Many submission focus on innovative ways ton engage non-party stakeholders in
strengthening the development of Paris Agreement implementation rule book, the
enhanced transparency framework, global stocktake and the implementation and
compliance mechanism.
 They highlight the key constituted bodies, processes and thematic areas that could
benefit from their expertise and experience. The proposals include:
 New partnerships, initiatives and approaches that could strengthen and facilitate
action and enhance ambition at the national level
 New opportunities for non-Party stakeholders to make substantive input to the
intergovernmental negotiating process and better utilize their expertise
 New practices, processes and methods, including new approaches to current
practices, that could enhance engagement in the coming years.

For detail information, can go here:

https://www.cbd.int/financial/2017docs/unfccc-nonstate2017.pdf
Non-Party Stakeholder
Engagement under
UNFCC

 Under UNFCCC, non-party stakeholders are able to apply for observer status and
participate in the meeting of COP (Conference of the Parties).
 Draft “Role of Procedures” (COP2 in 1996) provide that any “body or agency, whether
national or international, governmental or non-governmental” that has expertise in
matters relating to the convention may apply for observer status unless one-third of the
parties object”.

In 2016, more than 2000 NGOs

and 100 IGOs (Intergovermental
organization) are acreedited as
official observers
In COP22 (in Marrakesh) provided a specific opportunity at
the end of high-level segment for observers to make short
interventions not exceeding two minutes.
 Non-party stakeholders in action

Non-Party Stakeholders Provide

Inputs to the Talanoa Dialogue
April 2, 2018: Talanoa Dialogue Platform has been receiving submission from UNFCCC Parties as well
as Non-Party stakeholder on the three focal question:
Where are we? Where do we want to go? How do we get there?

• Current emission trajectories and
policies are not in line with long-
term goal of the Paris Agreement on
climate change
• Analysis from Worl Resources
Institute, (even) fully implemented,
NDCc would lead to between 2.7-
3.7oC of warming.
• Submission highlight the mession
reductions and mitigation actions
needed to achieve the goals of the
Paris Agreement. Adaptation and
resilience actions required to ensure
as safe future
• Ways in which the UN Climate
Change process can help you achieve
your vision and goals, and how
youractions can help in expediting
sustainable transitions to climate
neutral societies
• Significant gap between actions and
policies and that which is necessary
to achieve the goals of the Paris
Agreements.

For detail information, can go here:

http://sdg.iisd.org/news/non-party-stakeholders-provide-inputs-to-the-talanoa-dialogue/
Or Here : https://www.globalutmaning.se/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2018/11/COP24-Talanoa-Input-29-Oct-2018_final.pdf
Climate Change:
IMPLICATION FOR CITIES
Key Findings from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report
Key Findings

Many emerging climate change risks are concentrated in urban areas.

Climate change impacts on cities are increasing.

The world’s urban population is forecast almost to double by 2050,

increasing the number of people and assets exposed to climate change
risks.

Steps that build resilience and enable sustainable development in urban

areas can accelerate successful climate change adaptation globally.

The greatest potential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions may lie in rapidly
developing cities in industrializing countries.
 Cities on the front line of a
changing climate
Urban centers account for more than half of the world’s
population, most of its economic activity and the
majority of energy-related emissions. The role of cities
in reducing emissions and protecting their inhabitants is
therefore central to effective climate policies.

For detail information, can go here:

https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap8_FINAL.pdf
 Impact of Climate Change
Sea Level Rise
Two-thirds of cities with populations above 5 million are located in the Low
Elevation Coastal Zone. Rising sea levels and storm surge flooding could have
widespread effects on populations, property, and ecosystems, presenting threats
to commerce, business and livelihoods.

For detail information, can go here:

https://www.niwa.co.nz/natural-hazards/hazards/sea-levels-and-sea-level-rise
 Impact of Climate Change
Sea Level Rise

Adaptations:
 Improving early warning systems
 Strengthening coastal infrastructure, a significant degree of rezoning (including relocation
of critical services),
 Evacuation and crisis response management.

For detail information, can go here:

https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/causes-of-sea-level-rise.html
 Impact of Climate Change
Food Insecurity
All aspects of food security are potentially affected by climate change, including access to food, food
utilization and price stability. Climate change is likely to cause food production in some regions (including
the ocean due to warming and acidification) to decline.

ADAPTATIONS
 Green roofs, local markets
and enhanced social (food)
safety nets.
 Develop alternative food
sources, including inland
aquaculture, to replace
ocean-based resources under
threat

For detail information, can go here:

https://reliefweb.int/map/world/world-food-security-risk-index-2013
 Impact of Climate Change
Extreme Weather Event
Changes in extreme rainfall could cause the amount of sewage released to the environment from
combined sewage overflow spills and flooding to increase by 40% in some cities. Inland flooding is often
made worse by uncontrolled city development.

For detail information, can go here:

https://www.climateemergencyinstitute.com/extreme_weather.html
 Impact of Climate Change
Extreme Weather Event
ADAPTATIONS
 Localized migration, wastewater, storm water and runoff infrastructure and
management, and better emergency measures including
 Stockpiling fuel, water and food.

For detail information, can go here:

http://reports.weforum.org/outlook-global-agenda-2015/top-10-trends-of-2015/7-increasing-occurrence-of-severe-weather-events/
Impact of Climate Change
Freshwater Availability
Risks to freshwater resources, such as drought, can cause shortages of drinking water, electricity outages,
water-related diseases (through use of contaminated water), higher food prices and increased food
insecurity from reduced agricultural supplies.

ADAPTATIONS
 Encouraging water recycling and grey water
use, improving runoff management and
developing new/alternative water sources,
 Storage facilities and autonomously powered
water management and treatment
infrastructure.
 Mitigation Effort Can Have Positive
Impacts for Generation to Come

AFOLU : Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

For detail information, can go here:

https://journalistsresource.org/studies/environment/climate-change/united-nations-ipcc-working-group-iii-report-climate-change-mitigation/
Mitigation Effort Can Have Positive
Impacts for Generation to Come
Energy Reduction
Reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be achieved by the use of low-carbon technologies
including renewable, nuclear, and carbon capture and storage. Switching from coal to gas can be a
bridging solution.
Mitigation Effort Can Have Positive
Impacts for Generation to Come
Transportation
Emissions can be reduced by avoiding journeys, shifting to low-carbon transport systems, enhancing vehicle
and engine efficiency, and reducing the carbon intensity of fuels by substituting oil-based products with
natural gas, bio-methane or biofuels, or with electricity or hydrogen produced from low GHG sources.
Mitigation Effort Can Have Positive
Impacts for Generation to Come
Building
Retrofitting existing buildings can reduce heating energy requirements by 50–75% in single-family housing
and 50–90% in multi-family housing at costs of about US Dollar 100 to 400 per square meter. In contrast,
substantial new construction in fast-growing regions presents a great mitigation opportunity as emissions
can be virtually eliminated for new builds.
Mitigation Effort Can Have Positive
Impacts for Generation to Come
Reduce Energy Demand
Increasing the efficiency of buildings, appliances and distribution networks will reduce energy demand.
Changes in the awareness and behavior of residents can also reduce demand. Projections suggest
demand may be reduced by up to 20% in the short term and 50% by 2050.
 Mitigation Effort Can Have Positive
Impacts for Generation to Come
Low Carbon Cities
Options for rapidly developing cities focus on shaping their urban and infrastructure development
trajectories. For mature cities, options lie in urban regeneration (compact, mixed-use development that
shortens journeys, promotes transit/walking/cycling, and adaptive reuse of buildings) and rehabilitation
and/or conversion to energy-efficient building designs.

For detail information, can go here:

https://lowcarbon.city/en/
Mitigation Effort Can Have Positive
Impacts for Generation to Come
Policy Instruments
Approaches include co-locating high residential with high employment densities, achieving high land-use
mixes, investing in public transit. The best plans for advancing sustainable urbanization and low carbon
development, especially in fast-growing parts of the world requires political will and institutional capacity.
 Resilience
Urban governments are at the heart of successful urban adaptation because so much of this
depends on local assessments and integrating adaptation into local investments, policies and
regulatory frameworks.
Planning
• There is no single approach to urban
adaptation planning because of the
complex, diverse and context-dependent
nature of climate change adaptation and
of cities themselves. Local governments
can play a central role addressing the
challenges of adaptation planning and
implementation in close partnership
with the public, low-income groups,
and civic and private sectors. Closer
integration of disaster risk management
and climate change adaptation, with the
incorporation of both into local, sub-
national, national and international
development policies
Funding Housing
• Large cities with strong economies and • Good quality, affordable, well-located
administrative capacity can best housing provides a strong base for city-
attract external funding and raise wide climate change adaptation that
internal funding for adaptation. Less minimizes current exposure and loss.
prosperous and smaller urban centers Possibilities for adapting the existing
and cities with fragmented governance building stock rest with owners and
structures or administrations lacking in public, private and civil society
capability have weaker prospects. Types organizations.
of financing that can be used to facilitate
adaptation include local revenue raising
policies (taxes, fees, charges), the use of
local bond markets, public-private-
partnership (PPP) contracts and
concessions, national or local financial
markets, national (or state/provincial)
revenue transfers or incentive
mechanisms, market-based investments
and grants and concessional financing
(such as an Adaptation Fund).
 Resilience
Urban governments are at the heart of successful urban adaptation because so much of this
depends on local assessments and integrating adaptation into local investments, policies and
regulatory frameworks.
Rising Temperature
• In response to increased
temperatures, cities may
develop urban planning heat
management strategies,
including green zones, wind
corridors, green roofs and water
features. This implies improved
building codes and the proofing of
infrastructure used by the weakest
population groups against high
temperatures – especially schools,
retirement facilities, and hospitals.
Basic Service
• Reducing basic service deficits
and building resilient
infrastructure systems (water
supply, sanitation, storm and waste
water drains, electricity, transport
and telecommunications, health
care, education, emergency
response) can significantly reduce
hazard exposure and vulnerability
to climate change, especially for
those most at risk or vulnerable.
Water Security
• Increased freshwater demand due to
increased temperatures will require
cities to look at water management
infrastructure and planning. Cities
can react to challenges in
freshwater availability and pollution
by creating strengthened,
distributed, autonomously powered
water management and treatment
infrastructure; by encouraging water
recycling, the use of grey water and
improved runoff management; and
by developing new/alternative
water sources and expanding
storage facilities. Energy generation
may also be affected, requiring cities
to expand water-independent
generation capacity.
 Resilience
Urban governments are at the heart of successful urban adaptation because so much of this
depends on local assessments and integrating adaptation into local investments, policies and
regulatory frameworks.
Rising Sea Level and Storm Surge
• Risk through sea-level rise and storm surge may lead
to cities strengthening coastal infrastructure,
especially ports and electricity generation capacity.
This will require the construction of storm surge
protection (barriers, floodgates, dikes) and a
significant degree of rezoning and upland
expansion, as well as the relocation of critical
services. Improved early warning,
evacuation, and crisis response
management will reduce the health
and livelihood risk to residents, as
will the development of alternative
intra-coastal transport routes and
modes and non-coastal, distributed
energy generation capacity.
Extreme Weather and Inland Flooding
• Extreme weather events will require that cities
develop distributed, resilient energy, healthcare and
command-and-control services. This will
include strengthening public
transport infrastructure, and
potentially stockpiling fuel, water
and food. Improved building standards can be
used to strengthen built infrastructure, with a
special focus on poorer communities. Wastewater,
stormwater and runoff infrastructure could be
improved.
Food Security
• Adaptation measures concerning urban food
security can reduce climate vulnerability especially
for low-income urban dwellers. Adaptive local
responses can include support for urban and peri-
urban agriculture, widespread green roofs, local
markets, and enhanced social safety nets.
Improving the efficiency of urban markets,
promoting farmers’ markets, investing in
infrastructure and production technologies may
all moderate food price increases. Food security
may be enhanced by support for street food
vendors, access to cheaper food and measures like
cash transfers (e.g. Brazil’s Bolsa Familia
Programme) or, for older groups, pensions. Initially
rural in focus, cash transfer programs have
expanded in urban areas, in some places reaching
much of the low-income population. Changes in the
availability of key resources from ocean-based
sources may require cities to develop alternative
food sources and strengthen logistics for the
acquisition and distribution of alternative
foodstuffs. This might also include the introduction
of inland aquaculture.
Climate Change:
CASE STUDY: Freiburg, Germany
City Overview

 City population: 222,203 inhibitants

 City area: 153 square kilometers
 Population density: 4,800 inhabitants per square
kilometer of settled area
For detail information, can go here:
http://www.electrical-efficiency.com/2013/05/freiburg-germany-sustainable-city-europe/
Leadership on Sustainability
Charter of European
Sustainable Cities
and Towns Towards
Sustainability

 1994 Aalborg Charter  Signed by Freiburg in 2006

 urban environment sustainability
initiative
 inspired by the Rio Earth Summit’s
Local Agenda 21 plan
 supported by more than 3,000 local
governments
 12 overarching policy areas, each
with 5 strategic objectives
 Freiburg awarded the German
Sustainability Award in 2012
Cornerstones of Sustainablity
Development in Freiburg
EDUCATION

URBAN Social
PLANNING justice
5
Sustainable
Development
Priorities

MOBILITY & CLIMATE &

TRANSPORT ENERGY
Cornerstones of SustainablityDevelopment in Freiburg
Education for Sustainable Development
and Lifelong Learning

Learning Life in Freiburg Freiburg’s Sustainability Achievement

• city government set up an
educational fund to
strengthen sustainability
education. In fact, equitable
access to education and
lifelong learning is key to
enable children and adults to
participate in sustainability
action
Education Cloverleaf • 2011 : the German
program Commission for UNESCO
recognized Freiburg as the
• Freiburg’s Sustainability Education
Cloverleaf program seeks to impart “City of the UN World Decade
for sustainable lifestyles for all of Education for Sustainable
citizens. The program illustrates Development”
key issues, such as energy, food,
transport, and consumption, from
four dimensions of sustainability:
environmental protection,
sustainable economic
development, social justice, and
culture.
Cornerstones of SustainablityDevelopment in Freiburg
Social Justice and Affordable Housing
one of the
country’s
fastest
growing
cities

Demand for
Build 1000 affordable Young
Apartment urban
Per Year housing is populations
increasing

Action Plan Of Social Inclusion:

 To ensurethatexistinginitiatives can
 continue to unfoldin the long term
Social
inclusion
 To enableprioritizationto addressnew
 Challenges and to reshapeexisting
 Infrastructure accordingly
Cornerstones of SustainablityDevelopment in Freiburg
A Climate Change –Neutral Municipality
Goal :
Halve the city’s emissions
by 2030 and Achieve
carbon neutral by 2050
Cornerstones of SustainablityDevelopment in Freiburg
A Climate Change –Neutral Municipality

Energy Efficient
3 Basic Pillars of Saving
Technolog
y
Freiburg’s Energy Policy

Renewable
Energy
Resources
Cornerstones of SustainablityDevelopment in Freiburg
A Climate Change –Neutral Municipality

Energy Saving

 One-third of German energy demand is in the building

sector
 Freiburg's building : 65 kWh/m²/yr
 National standard : 75 kWh/m²/yr
 Program for home insulation and energy retrofits
 About 1.2 million Euros in subsidies provided in 2002-2008,
complementing about 14 million Euros of investments
Cornerstones of SustainablityDevelopment in Freiburg
A Climate Change –Neutral Municipality
Biomass
16.6 million
kWh/year
Hydropower
1.9 million
kWh/year
Renewables
Renewable Energy Source (3.7% of the
city’s
electricity)
Wind
14 million
kWh/year
Solar
10 million
kWh/year
Cornerstones of SustainablityDevelopment in Freiburg
A Climate Change –Neutral Municipality
Reduce Its
Reliance on
Nuclear Power
from 60% to
30%

Increase in
CHP’s Share
from 3% to 50%

Combined
Efficient Energy Heat & Power
(CHP)
14 Large scale
and about 90
small scale CHP
Plant

50% Freiburg’s
Electricity
Cornerstones of SustainablityDevelopment in Freiburg
Mobility: City of Short Distance

2008
VEP 2020
1989
Transport
Traffic Developm
Avoidance ent Plan
1979
Prioritizes
environme
ntally
friendly
modes of
transport
Cornerstones of SustainablityDevelopment in Freiburg
Mobility: City of Short Distance
Cornerstones of SustainablityDevelopment in Freiburg
Active Urban Neighborhoods with High
Quality of Life
The Example of Vauban
 a former French
military
 41-hectare area
neighborhood for
 5,500 people
 "sustainable model
district"
Cornerstones of SustainablityDevelopment in Freiburg
Active Urban Neighborhoods with High
Quality of Life

Low Energy Building Traffic Calming

Terima Kasih - Cảm ơn bạn – Merci! - Xièxiè

“Sustainable development is the pathway to the

future we want for all. It offers a framework to
generate economic growth, achieve social justice,
exercise environmental stewardship and
strengthen governance”
Ban Ki Moon -8th Secretary-General of the UN