LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

TERM-PAPER
OF
ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
ON
ANALOG V/S DIGITAL FORMATS

MEENAL BHATNAGAR
10802615
RC6802A04
B.TECH-M.TECH(ECE)

ABSTRACT ruler. Our string example is not a

In this term-paper, Analog v/s
Digital Formats is reported. In
this we are going to discuss
about the difference between
analog and digital with the help
of basic difference between
them.
1. INTRODUCTION
What is Analog?
A string tied to a doorknob
would be an 'analog' system.
Analog systems are what I call
wave systems. They have a
value that changes steadily over
time and can have any one of an
infinite set of values in a range.
If you put a measuring stick or
ruler at a specific point along the
string, you can measure the
string's value every so many
seconds at that point. When you
watch it move, you will see it
moves constantly. It doesn't
instantly jump up and down the
digital system. Also, it describes
a device or system that
represents changing values as
continuously variable physical
quantities. A typical analog
device is a clock in which the
hands move continuously around
the face. Such a clock is capable
of indicating every possible time
of day. In contrast, a digital
clock is capable of representing
only a finite number of times
(every tenth of a second, for
example). In general, humans
experience the world
analogically. Vision, for
example, is an analog experience
because we perceive infinitely
smooth gradations of shapes and
colors.
When used in reference to data
storage and transmission, analog
format is that in which
information is transmitted by
modulating a continuous
transmission signal, such as
amplifying a signal's strength or
varying its frequency to add or
take away data. For example,
telephones take sound vibrations
and turn them into electrical
vibrations of the same shape
before they are transmitted over
traditional telephone lines.
Radio wave transmissions work
in the same way. Computers,
which handle data in digital
form, require modems to turn
signals from digital to analog
before transmitting those signals
over communication lines such
as telephone lines that carry only
analog signals. The signals are
turned back into digital form
(demodulated) at the receiving
end so that the computer can
process the data in its digital
format.
What is Digital?
A digital system would be to
flick the light switch on and off.
There's no 'in between' values,
unlike our string. If the switch
you are using is not a dimmer
switch, then the light is either
on, or off. In this case, the
transmitter is the light bulb, the
media is the air, and the receiver
is your eye. This would be a
digital system.
DIGITAL
Also, it describes any system
based on discontinuous data or
events. Computers are digital
machines because at their most
basic level they can distinguish
between just two values, 0 and
1, or off and on. There is no
simple way to represent all the
values in between, such as 0.25.
All data that a computer
processes must be encoded
digitally, as a series of zeroes
and ones.
The opposite of digital is analog.
A typical analog device is a
clock in which the hands move
continuously around the face.
Such a clock is capable of
indicating every possible time of
day. In contrast, a digital clock is
capable of representing only a
finite number of times (every
tenth of a second, for example).
In general, humans experience
the world analogically. Vision,
for example, is an analog
experience because we perceive
infinitely smooth gradations of
shapes and colors. Most analog
events, however, can be
simulated digitally. Photographs
in newspapers, for instance,
consist of an array of dots that
are either black or white. From
afar, the viewer does not see the
dots (the digital form), but only
lines and shading, which appear
to be continuous. Although
digital representations are
approximations of analog
events, they are useful because
they are relatively easy to store
and manipulate electronically.
The trick is in converting from
analog to digital, and back again.
This is the principle behind
compact discs (CDs). The music
itself exists in an analog form, as
waves in the air, but these
sounds are then translated into a
digital form that is encoded onto
the disk. When you play a
compact disc, the CD player
reads the digital data, translates
it back into its original analog
form, and sends it to the
amplifier and eventually the
speakers.
Internally, computers are digital
because they consist of discrete
units called bits that are either
on or off. But by combining
many bits in complex ways,
computers simulate analog
events. In one sense, this is what
computer science is all about.
2.) Analog vs. Digital: A
Comparison
Unfortunately, the science guys
have to go and confuse things.
They talk about digital systems
having a 'square wave'
appearance, and they are correct.
The light doesn't instantly turn
on, but it does happen so fast
that we humans don't normally
see the light actually in the
process of 'lighting up'. We see it
either lit, or unlit. When a
signaling system changes that
fast between specific values, its
usually called a 'digital' system,
especially when a computer is
hooked up at either end.
Another example of a digital
system would be the digital
voice telephone system. The
phone system uses something
called Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM). PCM uses 256 discrete
voltage states to represent
specific values or symbols. The
phone system uses these discrete
symbols to represent various
values of sound on the phone
line. Because there are only 256
symbols, the phone system can't
reproduce the sound exactly, but
it can sample it 8,000 times a
second. Some of the sound of a
human voice is lost but enough
is captured that another human
being at the other end can
recognize the voice and what is
being said. The same thing
occurs with digital photography.
The camera can only record a
limited number of colors, not the
billions of colors our eyes can
perceive. This is why digital
photos sometimes look washed
out, flat or off-color compared to
the real thing. This loss in
conversion from analog to a
digital format is referred to as
digital noise.
Technologically speaking analog
and digital are kinds of
processes used for the
transmission of any electric
signals. Usually the information
which transformed into electric
signal is either audio or video.
This is done via the translation
of any information into different
types of electric signals. For the
analog format, the translation of
data is in electric pulses,which
varies in amplitude while for the
digital format, the translation of
data is in the binary format with
two distinct amplitudes represent
each bit.
Devices come with built-in
‘translation’ facilities so you
have equipment like analog or
digital phones, fax machines,
modems, clocks, watches etc. A
microphone and speaker are
good examples for analog
devices.
Analog technology is older and
has been used for decades. It is
cheap too but the problem with
analog signals is that there is a
limitation on the size of the data
that can be transmitted at any
given point of time.
Digital technology has changed
how most of our equipment
works. It changes all data into
binary code at the point of
transmission and this binary
code is reassembled back into
data as original at the reception
point of the transmission. Since
digital signals can be
manipulated by software, it
gives you way more options than
an analog one. In
telecommunication, as compared
to analog signals since digital
signals have an original
blueprint that has to be
replicated at the conclusion
point of the transmission, it is
more accurate and clear.
However, another difference
between the digital and analog
technology is that of quality.
Since digital devices are
translating and reassembling
data, the quality is not that good.
But advancement in computing
technology allows to artificially
remove possible errors and
disturbances in any digital
signals. Digital is still quite
expensive as compared to the
analog one. Global technology
giants are working on reducing
the price though.
The most efficient use of the
digital technology has been
realized in the cellular phone
industry with analog becoming
redundant though the sound
quality is better in the latter. It
can be said that all natural
signals are analog. For instance
when human speech is
transformed directly to electric
signals it is an analog signal. But
converting it to digital format
opens up an endless possibilities
of usage, like a simple act of
saving that in a computer.
3.) Analog recording
format vs. digital
recording format
Analog recording versus digital
recording compares the two
ways in which sound is recorded
and stored. Actual sound waves
consist of continuous variations
in air pressure. Representations
of these signals can be recorded
using either digital or analog
techniques.
An analog recording is one
where a property or
characteristic of a physical
recording medium is made to
vary in a manner analogous to
the variations in air pressure of
the original sound. Generally,
the air pressure variations are
first converted (by a transducer
such as a microphone) into an
electrical analog signal in which
either the instantaneous voltage
or current is directly
proportional to the instantaneous
air pressure (or is a function of
the pressure). The variations of
the electrical signal in turn are
converted to variations in the
recording medium by a signal, in contrast, is discrete in
recording machine such as a tape
recorder or record cutter—the
variable property of the medium
is modulated by the signal.
Examples of properties that are
modified are the magnetization
of magnetic tape or the deviation
(or displacement) of the groove
of a gramophone disc from a
smooth, flat spiral track.
A digital recording is produced
by converting the physical
properties of the original sound
into a sequence of numbers,
which can then be stored and
read back for reproduction.
Usually (virtually always), the
sound is transduced (as by a
microphone) to an analog signal
in the same way as for analog
recording, and then the analog
signal is digitized, or converted
to a digital signal, through an
Analog-to-Digital converter (an
electronic device) either
integrated into the digital audio
recorder or separate and
connected between the recorder
and the analog source. An
electrical digital signal has
variations in voltage and/or
current which represent discrete
numbers instead of being
continuously mathematically
related as a function to the air
pressure variations of sound.
There are two chief distinctions
between an analog and a digital
signal. The first is that the
analog signal is continuous in
time, meaning that it varies
smoothly over time no matter
how short a time period you
consider, whereas the digital
time, meaning it has distinct
parts that follow one after
another with definite,
unambiguous division points
(called signal transitions)
between them.
Digital recording itself produces
truer audio and video, and the
systems developed for playing
them also help eliminate
interference. The most familiar
audio system, the compact disc,
uses a laser beam player to read
the digital information coded on
the disc. Digital audio tape
(DAT) became available in the
late 1980s. It uses magnetic tape
and a specialized DAT recorder
with a microprocessor to convert
audio signals to digital data
during recording and to switch
the data back to analog signals
for playback. DAT systems are
available to the average
consumer but are used
extensively by professionals.
Digital compact cassette (DCC)
recorders can play both DAT
tapes and the analog tape
cassettes that are more common.
Video systems parallel the audio
methods. Compact discs for
video recordings were initially
considered impractical because
of the complexities of carrying
both images and sound, so larger
diameter laser discs that also use
a laser beam player to decode
information on the discs were
one system of playing back
video. Laser discs (also called
videodiscs) store audio
information in digital form and
video as analog data. Video
tapes in Beta and VHS formats
(both analog forms) were easier
to mass produce at smaller cost.
Another portion of the video
problem was that video could be
recorded on compact discs, but
the level of fidelity of the disc
was better than any television
could reproduce. The video
recording industry had to wait
for televisions to catch up. In the
late 1990s, high-density
television (HDTV) became
available, and the digital video
disc (DVD) and DVD players
rapidly became more popular in
anticipation of better television
technology. The DVD (also
called the digital versatile disc)
can accommodate all the sound
and light needed for a Star Wars
movie, for example, because it
holds almost five billion bytes of
data and may soon hold over
eight billion data bytes; a typical
CD-ROM for home computer
use stores only 650 million
bytes. Digital cameras were also
introduced in 1997, the same
year that DVD players were first
widely sold. Improvement of
HDTV was given a push by
government; a phase-out of non
digital TV signals is to occur
over 10 years (beginning in
1998) to be replaced by the
digital images from satellites,
digital network broadcasts, and
DVD sources. Cable systems are
also converting to digital signals.
Advances in the home computer
industry are closely linked with
audio and video digital
recording systems. First, home
computers have increasingly
included audio and video
playback systems. Second, the
mergers of audio and video
giants with Internet firms have
shown that all these services
may soon be provided directly to
our homes through one cable,
phone line, or other shared
system. And third, the
technology for putting more and
better information on a compact
disc has made the disc the
leading medium for sound
recordings (as the compact disc),
video (in the form of DVDs),
and information (CDROMs and
recordable and erasable CDs for
data, sound, and video). Erasable
and recordable compact discs
are called CD-Es and CD-Rs,
respectively; following their
introduction in the late 1990s,
the equipment for using them
(with home sound systems and
computers) quickly became
affordable. The DVD also has a
close relative for computer data
storage called the DVD disc
drive that replaces the CD-ROM
in some personal computers
(PCs). Eventually, technology
may produce a single type of
disc that can be encoded and
played back by computer, audio
recorder/players, and video
recorder/players (depending, of
course, on the information on
the disc).
Main differences
It is a subject of debate whether
analog audio is superior to
digital audio or vice versa. The
question is highly dependent on
the quality of the systems
(analog or digital) under review,
and other factors which are not
necessarily related to sound
quality. Arguments for analog
systems include the absence of
fundamental error mechanisms
which are present in digital
audio systems, including
aliasing, quantization noise, and
the absolute limitation of
dynamic range. Advocates of
digital point to the high levels of
performance possible with
digital audio, including excellent
linearity in the audible band and
low levels of noise and
distortion (Sony Europe 2001).
Accurate, high quality sound
reproduction is possible with
both analog and digital systems.
Excellent, expensive analog
systems may outperform digital
systems, and vice versa; in
theory any system of either type
may be surpassed by a better,
more elaborate and costly
system of the other type, but in
general it tends to be less
expensive to achieve any given
standard of technical signal
quality with a digital system,
except when the standard is very
low. One of the most limiting
aspects of analog technology is
the sensitivity of analog media
to minor physical degradation;
however, when the degradation
is more pronounced, analog
systems usually perform better,
often still producing
recognizable sound, while
digital systems will usually fail
completely, unable to play back
anything from the medium. The
principal advantages that digital
systems have are very uniform
source fidelity, inexpensive
media duplication (and
playback) costs, and direct use
of the digital 'signal' in today's
popular portable storage and
playback devices. Analog
recordings by comparison
require comparatively bulky,
high-quality playback equipment
to capture the signal from the
media as accurately as digital.
Error correction allows digital
formats to tolerate quite a bit
more media deterioration than
analog formats. That is not to
say poorly produced digital
media are immune to data loss.
Laser rot was most troublesome
to the Laserdisc format, but also
occurs to some pressed
commercial CDs, and was
caused in both cases by
inadequate disc manufacture.
(Note that Laserdisc, despite
using a laser optical system that
has become commonly
associated with digital disc
formats, is an old analog format,
except for its optional digital
audio tracks; the video image
portion of the content is always
analog.) There can occasionally
be difficulties related to the use
of consumer
recordable/rewritable compact
discs. This may be due to poor-
quality CD recorder drives, low-
quality discs, or incorrect
storage, as the information-
bearing dye layer of most CD-
recordable discs is at least
slightly sensitive to UV light and
will be slowly bleached out if
exposed to any amount of it.
Most digital recordings rely at
least to some extent on
computational encoding and
decoding and so may become
completely unplayable if not
enough consecutive good data is
available for the decoder to
synchronize to the digital data
stream, whereas any intact
fragment of any size of an
analog recording is usually
playable.
Unlike analog duplication,
digital copies are usually exact
replicas, which can be
duplicated indefinitely without
degradation, unless imposed
DRM restrictions apply or
mastering errors occur. Digital
systems often have the ability
for the same medium to be used
with arbitrarily high or low
quality encoding methods and
number of channels or other
content, unlike practically all
analog systems which have
mechanically pre-fixed speeds
and channels. Most higher-end
analog recording systems offer a
few selectable recording speeds,
but digital systems tend to offer
much finer variation in the rate
of media usage.
There are also several non-sound
related advantages of digital
systems that are practical.
Digital systems that are
computer-based make editing
much easier through rapid
random access, seeking, and
scanning for non-linear editing.
Most digital systems also allow
non-audio data to be encoded
into the digital stream, such as
information about the artist,
track titles, etc., which is often
convenient. (However, it is
technically possible, and not
difficult, to implement analog
systems with integrated digital
metadata channels. In fact, it is
possible to record digital
metadata onto one track of an
analog multitrack recording
using any home computer from
the 1980s, such as a Commodore
64, that can record data on
cassettes.)
Noise and
distortion
In the process of recording,
storing and playing back the
original analog sound wave (in
the form of an electronic signal),
it is unavoidable that some
signal degradation will occur.
This degradation is in the form
of linear errors (consistent
changes of the amplitude or
phase within a specified
passband) and non-linear errors
(noise and distortion). Noise is
unrelated in time to the original
signal content, while distortion
is in some way related in time to
the original signal content.
Noise performance
For electronic audio signals,
sources of noise include
(unavoidable) mechanical,
electrical and thermal noise in
the recording and playback cycle
(from mechanical transducers
(microphones, loudspeakers),
amplifiers, recording equipment,
the mastering process,
reproduction equipment, etc.).
Whether an audio signal is, at
some stage, converted into a
digital form will affect how
much effective noise is added,
due to the partial immunity to
noise that the digital
regenerative effect provides. The
actual process of digital
conversion will always add
some noise, however small in
intensity; the bulk of this in a
high-quality system is
quantization noise, which cannot
be theoretically avoided, but
some will also be electrical,
thermal, etc. noise from the
analog-to-digital converted
device.
The amount of noise that a piece
of audio equipment adds to the
original signal can be quantified.
Mathematically, this can be
expressed by means of the signal
to noise ratio (SNR). Sometimes
the maximum possible dynamic
range of the system is quoted
instead. In a digital system, the
number of quantization levels, in
binary systems determined by
and typically stated in terms of
the number of bits, will have a
bearing on the level of noise and
distortion added to that signal.
The 16-bit digital system of Red
Book audio CD has 216= 65,536
possible signal amplitudes,
theoretically allowing for an
SNR of 98 dB (Sony Europe
2001) and dynamic range of
96 dB.
4.) Analog Formats
advantages
It can be argued that analog
formats retain some inherent
advantages over digital formats.
The relevance of these
advantages depends on the
quality of specific digital or
analog equipment. The
advantages of analog systems
are summarised below:
• Absence of aliasing
distortion
• Absence of quantization
noise
• Behaviour in overload
conditions
o Aliasing
Unlike digital audio systems,
analog systems do not require
filters for bandlimiting. These
filters act to prevent aliasing
distortions in digital equipment.
Early digital systems may have
suffered from a number of signal
degradations related to the use of
analog anti-aliasing filters, e.g.,
time dispersion, nonlinear
distortion, temperature
dependence of filters etc.
(Hawksford 1991:8).
Overload conditions and
dynamic range
There are some differences in
the behaviour of analog and
digital systems when high level
signals are present, where there
is the possibility that such
signals could push the system
into overload. With high level
signals, analog magnetic tape
approaches saturation, and high
frequency response drops in
proportion to low frequency
response. While undesirable, the
audible effect of this can be
reasonably unobjectionable
(Elsea 1996). In contrast, digital
PCM recorders show non-benign
behaviour in overload (Dunn
2003:65); samples that exceed
the peak quantization level are
simply truncated, clipping the
waveform squarely, which
introduces distortion in the form
of large quantities of higher-
frequency harmonics. The
'softness' of analog tape clipping
allows a usable dynamic range
that can exceed that of some
PCM digital recorders. (PCM, or
pulse code modulation, is the
coding scheme used in Compact
Disc, DAT, PC sound cards, and
many studio recording systems.)
Counter-arguments
Aliasing distortion
The mentioned disadvantages of
digital audio systems have been
the subject of discussion. With
regard to aliasing distortion,
Hawksford (1991:18)
highlighted the advantages of
digital converters which operate
at higher than the Nyquist rate
(i.e., oversampling converters).
Using an oversampling design
and a modulation scheme called
sigma-delta modulation (SDM),
analog anti-aliasing filters can
effectively be replaced by a
digital filter. This approach has
several advantages. The digital
filter can be made to have a
near-ideal transfer function, with
low in-band ripple, and no aging
or thermal drift.
Quantization
It is possible to make
quantization noise more audibly
benign by applying dither. To do
this, a noise-like signal is added
to the original signal before
quantization. Dither makes the
digital system behave as if it has
an analog noise-floor. Optimal
use of dither (triangular
probability density function
dither in PCM systems) has the
effect of making the rms
quantization error independent
of signal level (Dunn 2003:143),
and allows signal information to
be retained below the least
significant bit of the digital
system.
Digital formats - the sound quality but decreases
Advantages And
Complexities Of
Digital Recording
Recording, particularly of music
and video images, consumes
massive amounts of digital
memory. High-density discs are
ideal for these types of
recording. Direct digital
recordings can play back
recorded or modulated sound.
Tape recording, though
convenient and easy, could not
store digital data until the
development of the DAT tape.
Carrier signals in digital
recording are always pulse
waves that alternate between
voltages (analog signals).
Consequently, the modulation
method in most digital systems
for music is pulse code
modulation (PCM). On CDs and
other disc formats read by laser,
the physical structure uses
islands or raised points and pits
or low points as the zeros and
ones; in pulse modulation, the
high ends of the pulses are easily
represented as the islands, and
the low pulses are the pits. Pulse
code modulation is actually an
old development in the history
of recordings.
The conversion of sampling
frequency from analog to digital
is critical to sound recording.
The frequency is measured or
sampled many times per second
and then averaged to produce the
single piece of data for the
digital input. Increasing the
sampling frequency improves
the storage economy especially
on tapes. Resolution is another
important specification and
describes the number of bits
used to represent the amplitude
of an instant on the recording.
Each bit doubles the possibility
for representing instantaneous
amplitude levels. Typically, 14-
bit resolution is used to give a
range of 16,384 possibilities for
representing instantaneous
amplitude values. Quantization
is the process that converts the
collection of values into the
amplitude the listener hears.
Recording media are all
imperfect, thanks to specks of
dust or other contamination that
prevents equipment from
imprinting the data on the
medium. Data on CD and DAT
tape are even more tightly
compressed than those on analog
tapes, so loss of data is
effectively magnified. To fix
this, special error correction
codes are built into the data
stream to weave the sample
values throughout the data.
Some of these error correction
codes can be very complex, and,
of course, they also consume
valuable storage space on the
CD or tape. The recording
engineer must compromise the
number of error codes to make
enough storage for the sound
data.
5.) Disadvantages of
Analog formats
Analog systems also have the
disadvantage that, when a
recording is played back and
rerecorded, distortion is
increased by about 0.5 %. Each
subsequent copy will be worse.
Analog discs and tape are also
nonlinear and do not record all
sounds equally, leading to
inaccurate reproduction. In a
digital recording system, this
distortion does not occur. The
master recording may have
minimal quantization errors, but
these do not compound when
copies are made. In this case, the
absolute zero-orone character of
the digital world works to an
advantage because the copy is
equally absolute unless the
digital recording is reconverted
to an analog signal. Thousands
of copies can be made from a
digital master without distortion;
similarly, digital media on CDs
can be played back thousands of
times without distortion.
6.) The Future Of
Digital Recording
formats
Recordable and erasable CDs
are giving the compact disc
greater versatility. Compact disc
recorders allow the user to
record audio from various
sources on CDs. The recorders
require attentive use because the
recording procedure depends on
the type, quality, and input
device of the source material. If
the source is a CD that can be
played on a machine with digital
optical output, it can be
connected directly to the CD
recorder as input and be dubbed
like an audio tape. The recorder
evaluates the sonic range of the
original and digitally
synchronizes it; if tracks are
recorded from several CDs, the
recorder must resynchronize
with each track.
Erasable CDs followed
recordable CDs quickly.
Erasable CDs or CD-Es can be
overwritten when the data on
them becomes obsolete. High-
density CD-Rs and CD-Es are
also being developed and are
anticipated by the music
industry because they can store
music detail more completely.
Enhanced audio CDs include
music videos, lyrics, scores that
the home musician can play, and
interviews with the musicians.
Enhanced audio CDs can be
played on a CD-ROM drive and
viewed on a monitor or
connected television set. High
Definition Compatible Digitals
or HDCDs are also being
marketed on a limited basis.
They produce more realistic
sound but require a CD player
with a built-in decoder. Tapes in
a high-density format are also on
the horizon; analysts expect
HDTV videocassette recorders
to be less expensive than
conventional VCRs eventually
because the design and concept
are simpler while producing
higher quality video
reproduction. Ultimately, the
changes in computer architecture
and the uniting of computers
with communications systems
will bring all types of recordings
of the best digital quality into
the home from many media
sources.
7.) CONCLUSION
Complicating the discussion is
that recording professionals
often mix and match analog and
digital techniques in the process
of producing a recording.
Analog signals can be subjected
to digital signal processing or
effects, and inversely digital
signals are converted back to
analog in equipment that can
include analog steps such as
vacuum tube amplification.
For modern recordings, the
controversy between analog
recording and digital recording
is becoming moot. No matter
what format the user uses, the
recording probably was digital at
several stages in its life. In case
of video recordings it is moot for
one other reason; whether the
format is analog or digital,
digital signal processing is likely
to have been used in some stages
of its life, such as digital
timebase correction on playback.
10.)ACKNOWLEDGEM
ENT
I would like to thank all
those who have encouraged
me to do project on “ between-analog-and-
Analog v/s Digital
Formats”.. I am grateful to
Mr. Ravi Sankar, who acted
as a source of inspiration
throughout my project. My
special thanks go to my
classmates and my friends
without their involvement
this project would not have
been possible for me.
10.)REFERENCES
• Ashihara, K. et al.
(2005). "Detection
threshold for distortions
due to jitter on digital
audio", Acoustical
Science and Technology,
Vol. 26 (2005) , No. 1
pp. 50–54.
• Blech, D. & Yang, M.
(2004). "Perceptual
Discrimination of Digital
Coding Formats", Audio
Engineering Society
Convention Paper 6086,
May 2004.
• Croll, M. (1970). "Pulse
Code Modulation for
High Quality Sound
Distribution: Quantizing
Distortion at Very Low
Signal Levels", Research
Department Report No.
1970/18, BBC.
• en.wikipedia.org/.../Anal
og_recording_vs._digital
_recording
• www.inetdaemon.com/tu
torials/.../analog_vs_digit
al.shtml
• www.differencebetween.
net/.../difference-
digital/