ELECTRICAL MACHINERY

GENERALIZATIONS
• Rotating Machines
DC GENERATOR AND – Used for the purpose of converting energy
from one form to another
MOTOR PRINCIPLES – Examples are:
• Generators
Prepared by Engr. JP Timola • Motors
Reference: Electrical Machines • Rotary Converters
by Charles Siskind • Frequency Converters

Generators Prime Movers

• Converts mechanical energy to • Steam turbine
electrical energy • Gasoline engine
• An Electric motor
• Wh
When in
i operation,
ti it iis usually
ll ddriven
i • Hand-operated crank
by a mechanical machine usually
called prime mover

Generators • The rotating element is called

armature
• Conversion of energy is done by
placing a large number of properly
connected copper wires on a
cylindrical laminated steel core and
cylindrical,
mechanically rotating this structure
inside a set of carefully shaped
electromagnets
• The stationary set of electromagnets is • As the armature rotates, its copper
called field conductors cut the magnetic lines of
force

• The flux-cutting action in turn Principle of generator action

generates voltage
Requires
(1)Presence of magnetic lines of force,
and
(2) Motion
M ti off conductors
d t cutting
tti the
th flux
fl
before
Voltage is generated

Faraday’s Law Implication of Faraday’s Law

“The magnitude of • Higher voltages can be generated by
the generated
voltage is directly 1)Moving conductors more rapidly across
proportional to the lines of flux
rate at which a
conductor cuts 2) Increasing the number of flux lines
magnetic lines of
force.” 3) Doing both 1 & 2
Michael Faraday
 Generated Voltage in a
Armature and Poles
conductor
• 1 volt is generated for every
100 000 000 lines of flux cut per second


Eav 
where :
t  108
E av = average generated voltage in a conductor
 = total flux cut
t = time, seconds, during which cutting takes place

PROBLEM PROBLEM
• A four-pole dc generator has an • A four-pole machine generates 250 volts
armature winding containing a total of when operated at 1500 rpm. If the flux
648 conductors connected in two per pole is 1.85x106 maxwells, the
parallel paths
paths. If the flux per pole is armature slot is 45,
45 and the armature
0.321x106 maxwells and the speed of winding has two parallel paths,
rotation of the armature is 1800 rpm, calculate
calculate the average generated (a) the total armature conductors
voltage. (b) The number of conductors in each slot

Total Generated Voltage of a

PROBLEM
DC Generator
  P  rpm  Z • A six-pole dc generator has an
Eg  108 volts armature winding with 504 conductors
a  60 connected in six parallel paths.
w h ere : Calculate the generated voltage in
E g = to tal g en erated vo ltag e
this machine if each pole produces
 = flu x cu t p er p o le, m ax w ells
P = n u m b er o f p o les
1.65x106 maxwells and the armature
rp m = sp eed o f arm atu re speed is 1800 rpm.
Z = to tal n u m b er o f arm atu re co n d u cto rs
effectively u sed to ad d to resu ltin g vo ltag e
a = n u m b er o f arm atu re p ath s co n n ected in p arallel