BACTERIA

Bacterial skin infections

caused by gram-positive strains of Staphylococcus and
Streptococcus
Bacterial skin infections are treated with oral or topical antibiotics depending on the
strain causing the infection.

1. Disease: Cellulitis
- causes a painful, red infection that is usually warm to the touch. Cellulitis occurs most often
on the legs, but it can appear anywhere on the body.

The symptoms of cellulitis may include:

 pain and tenderness in the affected area

 redness or inflammation of your skin

 a skin sore or rash that appears and grows quickly

 a tight, glossy, swollen appearance of the skin

 a feeling of warmth in the affected area

 a central area that has an abscess with pus formation

 a fever

Some common symptoms of a more serious cellulitis infection are:

 shaking
 chills
 a feeling of illness
 fatigue
 dizziness
 lightheadedness
 muscle aches
 warm skin
 sweating

Symptoms such as the following could signal that cellulitis is spreading:

 drowsiness
 lethargy
 blistering
 red streaks

Preventive and Control measure

People with poor circulation or who have preexisting conditions that put them at risk for
cellulitis should take extra precautions, including:
 keeping skin moist to prevent cracking
 promptly treating superficial skin infections, such as athlete’s foot
 wearing protective equipment when working or playing
 inspecting feet daily for signs of injury or infection

 Rest the area.

 Elevate the area to help reduce swelling and relieve discomfort.
 Use over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol)
or ibuprofen (Motrin) to ease the pain, as well as keep your fever
down.

2. Disease: Folliculitis

- is an infection of the hair follicles that causes red, swollen bumps

that look like pimples. Improperly treated pools or hot tubs can
harbor bacteria that cause folliculitis
SYMPTOMS

Folliculitis signs and symptoms include:

 Clusters of small red bumps or white-headed pimples that develop

around hair follicles

 Pus-filled blisters that break open and crust over

 Itchy, burning skin

 Painful, tender skin

 A large swollen bump or mass

PREVENTIVE AND CONTROL MEASURE

You can try to prevent folliculitis from coming back with these tips:

 Avoid tight clothes. It helps to reduce friction between your skin and clothing.

 Dry out your rubber gloves between uses. If you wear rubber gloves regularly,
after each use turn them inside out, rinse with soap and water, and dry
thoroughly.

 Avoid shaving, if possible. For men with razor bumps (pseudofolliculitis),

growing a beard may be a good option if you don't need a clean-shaven face.

 Shave with care. If you shave, adopt habits such as the following to help control
symptoms by reducing the closeness of the shave and the risk of damaging
your skin:

o Shaving less frequently

 o Washing your skin with warm water and antibacterial soap before
shaving

o Using a washcloth or cleansing pad in a gentle circular motion to raise

embedded hairs before shaving

o Applying a good amount of shaving lotion before shaving

o Shaving in the direction of hair growth, though one study found that
men who shaved against the grain had fewer skin bumps. See what
works best for you.

o Avoiding shaving too close by using an electric razor or guarded blade

and by not stretching the skin

o Using a sharp blade and rinsing it with warm water after each stroke

o Applying moisturizing lotion after you shave

o Avoiding the sharing of razors, towels and washcloths

 Considering hair-removing products (depilatories) or other methods of hair

removal. Though they, too, may irritate the skin.

 Use only clean hot tubs and heated pools. And if you own a hot tub or a
heated pool, clean it regularly and add chlorine as recommended.

 Talk with your doctor. Depending on your situation and frequency of

recurrences, your doctor may suggest controlling bacterial growth in your nose
with a five-day regimen of antibacterial ointment and using a body wash with
chlorhexidine (Hibiclens, Hibistat). Further study is needed to prove the
effectiveness of these steps.
 3. Disease: Impetigo
- causes oozing sores, usually in preschool-aged children. The bullous form of
impetigo causes large blisters while the non-bullous form has a yellow,
crusted appearance.

SYMPTOMS

Classic signs and symptoms of impetigo involve red sores that quickly rupture, ooze for
a few days and then form a yellowish-brown crust. The sores usually occur around the
nose and mouth but can be spread to other areas of the body by fingers, clothing and
towels. Itching and soreness are generally mild.

A less common form of the disorder, called bullous impetigo, may feature larger blisters
that occur on the trunk of infants and young children.
A more serious form of impetigo, called ecthyma, penetrates deeper into the skin —
causing painful fluid- or pus-filled sores that turn into deep ulcers.

Preventive and control measure

Keeping skin clean is the best way to keep it healthy. It's important to wash cuts, scrapes, insect
bites and other wounds right away.

To help prevent impetigo from spreading to others:

 Gently wash the affected areas with mild soap and running water and then cover lightly
with gauze.

 Wash an infected person's clothes, linens and towels every day and don't share them with
anyone else in your family.

 Wear gloves when applying antibiotic ointment and wash your hands thoroughly
afterward.

 Cut an infected child's nails short to prevent damage from scratching.

 Wash hands frequently.

 Keep your child home until your doctor says he or she isn't contagious.
 4. Disease: Boils
- are deep skin infections that start in hair follicles. Boils are firm, red, tender

bumps that progress until pus accumulates underneath the skin.

 Foodborne Bacterial
Infections
Bacteria that cause food poisoning include:

 Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a diarrheal illness often accompanied by cramps

and fever.

 Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) is a potentially life-threatening bacterium that

produces powerful neurotoxins.

 Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 is a diarrheal (often bloody) illness that may be

accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal cramps.

 Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) causes fever, muscle aches, and

diarrhea. Pregnant women, elderly individuals, infants, and those with weakened

immune systems are most at risk for acquiring this infection.

 Salmonella causes fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Symptoms typically last

between 4 and 7 days.

 Vibrio causes diarrhea when ingested, but it can also cause severe skin infections

when it comes in contact with an open wound.

 Sexually Transmitted
Bacterial Infections
Many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by harmful bacteria. Sometimes, these

infections aren't associated with any symptoms but can still cause serious damage to the

reproductive system. Common STDs caused by bacterial infections include:

 Chlamydia is an infection in men and women caused by an organism called Chlamydia

trachomatis. Chlamydia increases the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women.

 Gonorrhea, also known as "clap" and "the drip," is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Men and

women can be infected. Gonorrhea also increases the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

in women.

 Syphilis can affect men and women and is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum.

Untreated, syphilis is potentially very dangerous and can even be fatal.

 Bacterial vaginosis, which causes an overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria in the vagina (the CDC

does not consider this a STD; see second text reference).

 Harmful bacteria can affect almost any area of the body. Other types of bacterial

infections include:

 Bacterial meningitis is a severe infection of the meninges, the lining of the brain.

 Otitis media is the official name for an infection or inflammation of the middle ear. Both

bacteria and viruses can cause ear infections, which commonly occur in babies and

small children.

 Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection of the bladder, urethra, kidneys, or

ureters.

 Respiratory tract infections include sore throat, bronchitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia.

Bacteria or viruses may be responsible for respiratory tract infections. Tuberculosis is a

type of bacterial lower respiratory tract infection.

Skin INFECTIONS

Impetigo

Folliculitis, boils and carbuncle

Abscess

Empyema

Wound infections

Pyomyositis

Postpartum mastitis

Ear, nose, and throat

Otitis media

Sinusitis

Parotitis

Mastoiditis

Lymphatic system

Lymphadenopathy
Systemic infections

Endocarditis (Staphylococci are the most common causative

pathogen of infective endocarditis!)

Osteomyelitis

Pneumonia

Meningitis

Sepsis
FUNGI