Body Image 23 (2017) 45–49

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Body Image
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bodyimage

Brief research report

Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the

Body Appreciation Scale-2
Magdalena Razmus a,∗ , Wiktor Razmus b
a
Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Plac Litewski 5, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
b
Institute of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Raclawickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Poland

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study aimed to investigate the factor structure and psychometric properties of a Polish version of
Received 10 February 2017 the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015). Data were collected from 721
Received in revised form 20 July 2017 individuals residing in various regions of Poland. There were two subsamples (n = 336, age M = 34.95,
Accepted 23 July 2017
SD = 10.83; and n = 385, age M = 35.38, SD = 10.83). Both principal-axis and confirmatory factor analyses
supported the one-dimensional structure of BAS-2 scores. Moreover, full scalar invariance of the BAS-2 in
Keywords:
Poland across sex was demonstrated. Scores on the Polish BAS-2 had adequate internal consistency. Con-
Body appreciation
vergent validity was demonstrated through significant correlations between BAS-2 scores and variables
Positive body image
Scale validation
related to body image (body and appearance self-conscious emotions), well-being (self-esteem, positive
Measurement invariance affect, and positive orientation), and body mass index. These results indicate that the Polish BAS-2 is an
Poland appropriate and psychometrically-sound measure of body appreciation.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction (Swami, Stieger, Haubner, & Voracek, 2008), but a two-factor

A growing interest in positive body image, which cannot be
treated as simply the opposite of negative body image or a lack
of body dissatisfaction, has been recently observed in the literature
(Webb, Wood-Barcalow, & Tylka, 2015). One of the most widely-
studied aspects of positive body image is body appreciation, defined
as respect and approval for one’s own body, regardless of its weight,
shape, and imperfections (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015). An indi-
vidual who appreciates their own body accepts it, holds favourable
opinions toward their body, pays attention to its needs, takes care
of it by engaging in health-promoting behaviours, and rejects unre-
alistic body ideals presented in the media (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow,
2015; Webb et al., 2015).
To assess body appreciation, the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS)
was developed by Avalos, Tylka, and Wood-Barcalow (2005). The
BAS includes 13 items and scores in female college samples in
the United States (U.S.) were found to have a unidimensional
structure and adequate construct validity, internal consistency,
and test-retest reliability. The unidimensionality of the scale was
also supported in certain samples outside of the U.S., includ-
ing in Spain (Jáuregui Lobera & Bolaños Ríos, 2011) and Austria
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: magdalena.razmus@gmail.com (M. Razmus),
wrazmus@gmail.com (W. Razmus).
model has been reported in some cultural contexts, including in
Poland (Taylor, Szpakowska, & Swami, 2013) and Brazil (Swami
et al., 2011). Considering this lack of cross-cultural equivalence
and problematic psychometric properties of some items, as well
as advances in body appreciation conceptualisation, Tylka and
Wood-Barcalow (2015) developed the 10-item Body Apprecia-
tion Scale-2 (BAS-2) — an updated and refined version of the
BAS. Both exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses
(CFA) performed within the U.S. community and college samples
demonstrated the unidimensionality of BAS-2 scores. Adequate
internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and the con-
struct validity of BAS-2 scores were also supported (Tylka &
Wood-Barcalow, 2015). In addition, the factor structure and psy-
chometric properties of the scale have been examined in various
countries and linguistic groups. Studies in China (both with Can-
tonese and Standard Chinese translations; Swami & Ng, 2015;
Swami, Ng, & Barron, 2016), Iran (Atari, 2016), the Netherlands
(Alleva, Martijn, Veldhuis, & Tylka, 2016), Serbia (Jovic, Sforza,
Jovanovic, & Jovic, 2016), Iceland (Pálmarsdóttir & Karlsdóttir,
2016), France (Kertechian & Swami, 2017), and Spain (Swami,
García, & Barron, 2017) have found that BAS-2 scores reduce
to a single dimension with adequate internal consistency coeffi-
cients.
Here, we examined the psychometric properties of BAS-2 scores
in Poland for several reasons. First, Poland provides a useful context

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.07.004
1740-1445/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
46 M. Razmus, W. Razmus / Body Image 23 (2017) 45–49
to examine body appreciation, since it has experienced rapid socio-
cultural changes over the past several decades. As previous research
using the BAS has indicated (Taylor et al., 2013), modernisation of
the country and the influence of Western media in promoting a
beauty ideal may result in a lower positive body image in Polish
women. Second, there are no studies on body appreciation in Polish
men, which makes it important to investigate the psychometrics of
the BAS-2 in men. Third, the adaptation of the BAS-2 to another
language will extend the scope of cross-cultural research.
Through both EFA and CFA, we expected that scores on a Polish
version of the BAS-2 would demonstrate a one-factor structure.
Furthermore, in line with several studies (Kertechian & Swami,
2017; Swami et al., 2016, 2017; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015),
we predicted that BAS-2 scores would be invariant across sex.
Although the literature on sex differences in body appreciation
is equivocal, and some studies indicate no significant differ-
ences (Swami et al., 2016, 2017), we anticipated lower scores in
women as consistent with most previous reports (Atari, 2016;
Kertechian & Swami, 2017; Swami & Ng, 2015; Tylka & Wood-
Barcalow, 2015). In terms of convergent validity, we predicted
that Polish BAS-2 scores would be significantly and positively
correlated with scores on measures of well-being (self-esteem,
positive affect, and positive orientation) and negatively corre-
lated with body mass index (BMI), as demonstrated by previous
validations of the scale (Alleva et al., 2016; Atari, 2016; Swami
et al., 2017; Swami & Ng, 2015; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015).
To extend an analysis of the BAS-2 convergent validity, we exam-
ined associations of body appreciation with body and appearance
self-conscious emotions. We anticipated that BAS-2 scores would
be positively correlated with body-related hubristic and authen-
tic pride, yet negatively correlated with body-related shame and
guilt.
2. Method
2.1. Participants
The study involved two subsamples that varied in demographic
backgrounds, but were homogenous in terms of nationality and
ethnicity (all participants were Polish and White). Data from
the first subsample were used to examine the factor structure
of the BAS-2 using a principal-axis factor analysis. This sub-
sample consisted of 336 individuals from various geographic
areas of Poland (171 women) and ranging in age from 19–56
years (M = 34.95, SD = 10.83). Participants’ BMI, based on self-
reported weight and height, ranged from 15.46 to 39.86 kg/m2
(M = 24.31, SD = 3.78). Data from the second subsample were
used to examine the fit of a one-factor model of BAS-2
scores, to test measurement invariance across sex, as well as
to investigate internal consistency and convergent validity of
BAS-2 scores. The second subsample consisted of 385 individ-
uals (212 women) ranging in age from 18–57 years (M = 35.38,
SD = 10.83). Their BMI ranged from 16.53 to 38.87 kg/m2 (M = 23.91,
SD = 3.72).
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Body appreciation
A Polish translation of the BAS-2 (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015)
was used (see Appendix for link to online Supplementary Materi-
als). The scale comprises 10 items rated on a 5-point scale, ranging
from 1 (Never) to 5 (Always).
2.2.2. Self-esteem
We used the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg,
1965), adapted in Polish by Łaguna, Lachowicz-Tabaczek, and
Dzwonkowska (2007). Items were rated on a 4-point scale, ranging
from 1 (Strongly agree) to 4 (Strongly disagree). An overall score was
computed as the mean of all 10 items. Higher scores reflect high lev-
els of self-esteem. The Polish version of the RSES has been shown
to have an adequate internal consistency and construct validity
(Łaguna et al., 2007). In the present study, Cronbach ˛ was .85.
2.2.3. Body-related emotions
Participants completed the Body and Appearance Self-
Conscious Emotions Scale (BASES; Castonguay, Sabiston, Crocker,
& Mack, 2014; Polish translation: Stachyra, Razmus, & Razmus,
2017), which measures four body-related emotions: shame, guilt,
hubristic pride, and authentic pride.1 Each subscale includes 4
items rated on a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 (Never) to 5
(Always). Scores were averaged, with higher scores indicating
greater intensity of the above-mentioned emotions. Here, the
BASES demonstrated adequate internal consistency (˛ = .87 for
Shame, ˛ = .81 for Guilt, ˛ = .91 for Hubristic pride, and ˛ = .91 for
Authentic pride).2
2.2.4. Positive affect
Positive affect was measured with the Positive and Negative
Affect Schedule — Expanded Form (PANAS-X; Watson & Clark,
1994; Polish translation: Fajkowska & Marszał-Wiśniewska, 2009).
The 10-item General Positive Affect scale was used. Respondents
were asked to assess the extent to which they had felt in a particular
way within the last week, using a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 (Very
slightly) to 5 (Very much). The scores were averaged, with higher
results demonstrating the greater intensity of positive affect. Vali-
dation of the Polish version of the PANAS-X provided evidence for
adequate convergent and discriminate validity, as well as adequate
internal consistency and good test-retest reliability (Fajkowska &
Marszał-Wiśniewska, 2009). Here, Cronbach ˛ was .87.
2.2.5. Positive orientation
The Positivity Scale (P Scale; Caprara et al., 2012; Polish trans-
lation: Łaguna et al., 2011) was used. The participants’ task was to
rate the extent to which they agree with each statement on a 5-
point scale, ranging from 1 (Strongly disagree) to 5 (Strongly agree).
Scores on all 8 items were computed by averaging; higher results
represent higher levels of positive orientation. Scores on the Polish
P Scale showed a one-factor solution with good fit indices, adequate
convergent validity, and internal consistency (Łaguna et al., 2011).
Here, Cronbach ˛ was .87.
2.2.6. Demographic items
Demographic items included participants’ sex, age, height, and
weight.
2.3. Procedure
The BAS-2 was translated into Polish by three professional
translators. The translations were compared and discussed by the
1
Factorial validity of the Polish BASES was analysed using CFA on data from a
sample of 325 participants (54% women) aged 20–28, Mage = 22.45; SDage = 1.30. The
model had acceptable fit, 2 (96) = 302.278, p < .001, 2 normed = 3.149; RMSEA = .081
with 90% CI = .071–.092; CFI = .944; SRMR = .073. All factor loadings were significant
and high (from .64 to .93), and the composite reliabilities exceeded .60 (from .84 to
.91) (Stachyra et al., 2017).
2
In the present study, we examined model fit of the BASES scores using data
from the second subsample. The hypothesized four-factor model with two error
covariances (between Items 11 and 13; and Items 2 and 9) provided an adequate
fit to the data, 2 (96) = 301.312, p < .001, 2 normed = 3.139; RMSEA = .075 with 90%
CI = .065–.084; CFI = .952; SRMR = .048 (see Statistical analysis section for details
about the model evaluation). The factor loadings of the items related to the same
underlying construct were all high (from .61 to .89).
 M. Razmus, W. Razmus / Body Image 23 (2017) 45–49 47

authors. The agreed version was then back-translated (Sousa &
Rojjanasrirat, 2011) by two other psychologists who were flu-
ent in English. The translations were reviewed by the authors
and some minor modifications were implemented. To assess
item and score equivalence of English and Polish versions of the
BAS-2, a study was conducted in a bilingual group of English
Studies Master’s degree students (53 women, 17 men). Cor-
relation coefficients between the item scores in both versions
ranged from .69 to .90. Pearson’s correlation between total
scores was .95. There was no statistically significant difference
between the mean total scores of English (M = 3.52; SD = 0.79)
and Polish (M = 3.57; SD = 0.79) versions, t(69) = 1.67, p = .100,
d = 0.06.
Data from both subsamples were collected in January and
February 2017 by five assistants of the authors. Participants were
recruited via personal contacts of data collectors using direct
solicitation. Before participants completed an anonymous paper-
and-pencil version of the questionnaires, they gave informed
consent. Questionnaires were delivered to participants at their
homes or work sites and collected from them in sealed envelopes.
Participation in the study was voluntary and respondents did not
receive any reward. Participants from the first subsample only com-
pleted the BAS-2, whereas individuals from the second subsample
completed all measures described above. The latter were informed
that the research investigated various aspects of human function-
ing.
2.4. Statistical analyses
A two-stage factor analytic approach was adopted to examine
the factor structure of the BAS-2. Data from the first subsam-
ple was analysed using a principal-axis factor analysis (without
rotation) for women and men separately, whereas data from the
second subsample was analysed by means of CFA using AMOS v.22
(Arbuckle, 2005). We used the 2 Goodness-of-Fit Statistic, the
normed 2 , the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), the Root Mean Square
Error of Approximation (RMSEA), and the Standardized Root Mean
Square Residual (SRMR) to assess model fit (Schweizer, 2010). To
test measurement invariance, we first examined the factor struc-
ture of the BAS-2 for men and women separately. After the fit of
the model was established, the Multigroup Confirmatory Factor
Analysis (MGCFA) was used. Measurement invariance was tested
by fitting a sequence of increasingly restrictive models. The abso-
lute difference in RMSEA (RMSEA), in SRMR (SRMR), and in CFI
(CFI) was calculated. A change of .010 in CFI, supplemented by a
change of .015 in RMSEA or a change of .030 in SRMR would indi-
cate non-invariance (Chen, 2007). An independent-samples t-test
was performed to compare scores of men and women. Cronbach’s
˛ was used to investigate the internal consistency of Polish BAS-2
scores. Pearson correlation coefficients between body appreciation
and self-esteem, body-related emotions, positive affect, positive
orientation, and BMI were calculated to establish the convergent
validity of the scale.
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary analyses
There were no missing data in BAS-2 scores. For other vari-
ables, maximum of 0.5% items were missing completely at random,
Little’s MCAR test: 2 (886) = 777.55, p = .996. The normality of dis-
tribution for all BAS-2 items and total score in both subsamples was
examined. Skewness and kurtosis did not exceed the critical limits
(Kline, 2010). The two subsamples did not differ significantly in sex,
2 (1) = 1.25, p = .295, age, t(717) = −0.53, p = .598, d = 0.04, and BMI,
t(716) = 1.42, p = .156, d = 0.11.
3.2. Principal-axis factor analysis
3.2.1. Female sample (n = 171)
The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy
(.94) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity, 2 (45) = 1175.84, p < .001, sug-
gested sampling adequacy for the analysis. The analysis revealed
one factor with an eigenvalue above Kaiser’s criterion of 1 (5.99),
explaining 59.90% of the variance. Factor loadings of items ranged
from .62 to .83. They are presented with means and standard devi-
ations in the Supplementary materials. The internal consistency
coefficient was adequate (Cronbach ˛ = .94).
3.2.2. Male sample (n = 165)
The KMO measure of sampling adequacy was .95 and Bartlett’s
test of sphericity was significant, 2 (45) = 1568.24, p < .001, demon-
strating adequate factorability. The single factor had an eigenvalue
of 7.08 and explained 70.8% of the total variance. Factor loadings
of items ranged from .80 to .90 (see Supplementary materials). The
internal consistency coefficient was adequate (Cronbach ˛ = .96).
3.3. Confirmatory factor analysis
3.3.1. Hypothesized model fit
The one-factor structure of BAS-2 scores in the second sub-
sample had unacceptable model fit: 2 (35) = 184.993, p < .001,
2 normed = 5.286, CFI = .947, RMSEA = .106 with 90% CI = .091 – .121,
SRMR = .038. Next, the error covariances between Items 1 and 5,
Items 2 and 9, and Items 8 and 10 were added. The fit indices val-
ues were acceptable: 2 (32) = 106.232, p < .001, 2 normed = 3.320,
CFI = .974, RMSEA = .078 with 90% CI = .062 – .094, SRMR = .026.
Factor loadings for all items ranged from .61 to .88 (see Supple-
mentary materials). Cronbach’s alpha was .94 (.95 for men and .93
for women) and item-total correlations ranged from .62 to .85.
3.3.2. Measurement invariance across sex
Since the one-dimensional model had an acceptable fit in both
sex subsamples, MGCFA was performed (see Table 1). The fit of
the first model (M1) to the data was acceptable; thus, configu-
ral invariance is supported. Differences between configural and
metric model, as well as between metric and scalar model, indi-
cated full scalar equivalence. This allowed the use of a t-test to

Table 1
Measurement invariance across sex from the second subsample.

Models 2 df 2 normed p RMSEAa (90% CI) SRMRb CFIc Model comparison RMSEA SRMR CFI

Men (n = 173) 71.913 32 2.247 .001 .085 (.059, .112) .029 .970
Women (n = 212) 70.893 32 2.215 .001 .076 (.052, .100) .031 .974
M1. Configural invariance 142.814 64 2.231 .001 .057 (.044, .069) .029 .972 – – – –
M2. Metric invariance 149.331 73 2.046 .001 .052 (.040, .064) .035 .973 M2 vs M1 .005 .006 .001
M3. Scalar invariance 180.182 83 2.171 .001 .055 (.044, .066) .037 .966 M3 vs M2 .003 .002 .007
a
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation.
b
Standardized Root Mean Square Residual.
c
Comparative Fit Index.
48 M. Razmus, W. Razmus / Body Image 23 (2017) 45–49

Table 2
Participants’ mean scores and Pearson correlation coefficients between BAS-2 scores and scores on all other measures from the second subsample.

Variables M SD Pearson r

All Men Women All Men Women All Men Women

1. Body appreciation 3.72 3.72 3.72 0.77 0.81 0.73 – – –

2. Self-esteem 2.98 2.99 2.97 0.57 0.58 0.56 .55** .51** .59**
3. Shame 2.23 2.14 2.30 0.85 0.83 0.86 −.68** −.63** −.74**
4. Guilt 2.72 2.63 2.80 0.89 0.88 0.89 −.51** −.45** −.57**
5. Hubristic pride 3.02 3.10 2.95 0.97 1.02 0.92 .63** .63** .64**
6. Authentic pride 3.11 3.17 3.07 0.97 1.02 0.92 .60** .58** .62**
7. Positive affect 3.39 3.52 3.29 0.71 0.69 0.71 .49** .41** 56**
8. Positive orientation 3.74 3.79 3.70 0.67 0.69 0.65 .67** .67** .67**
9. BMI 23.91 25.41 22.69 3.72 3.01 3.79 −.20** −.32** −.14*
*
p < .05.
**
p < .001.

compare mean scores for men and women. There was no signifi-
cant between-group difference in total BAS-2 scores, t(383) = 0.04,
p = .970, d < 0.01, Mmen = 3.72, SD = 0.81, Mwomen = 3.72, SD = 0.73.
3.4. Convergent validity
The Polish BAS-2 scores showed good convergent validity
(Table 2). For the whole group, as well for men and women
separately, body appreciation was significantly and positively
correlated with self-esteem, body-related hubristic pride, body-
related authentic pride, positive affect, and positive orientation.
BAS-2 scores were significantly and negatively associated with
body-related shame, body-related guilt, and BMI.
4. Discussion
This study examined the factor structure and psychometric
properties of a Polish translation of the BAS-2. EFA and CFA sup-
ported a one-dimensional factor structure of the BAS-2, which is in
line with the original, English version of the scale (Tylka & Wood-
Barcalow, 2015). Furthermore, the analyses revealed full scalar
invariance across sex. Men and women did not differ significantly
in total scores, as found with Spanish (Swami et al., 2017) and Chi-
nese adults (Swami et al., 2016). This result is inconsistent with
most reports that demonstrate higher scores in men with small-
to-moderate effect sizes (Atari, 2016; Kertechian & Swami, 2017;
Swami & Ng, 2015; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015), suggesting the
need to explore sex differences in body appreciation across vari-
ous national and ethnic groups, considering other variables such as
socio-economic status. The research provided evidence of adequate
internal consistency, both for the entire sample and for male and
female subsamples. Evaluation of correlation coefficients between
BAS-2 scores and scores on other measures supported conver-
gent validity of the scale. Higher body appreciation was related to
positive body and appearance self-conscious emotions (hubristic
and authentic pride), as well as variables referring to well-being
(positive affect, self-esteem, and positive orientation), which is
in line with previous studies (Alleva et al., 2016; Atari, 2016;
Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015). As suggested in previous research,
individuals who appreciate their bodies present positive body-
related emotions (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015). On the other
hand, lower body appreciation was associated with body-related
shame and guilt. The results corroborate previously reported rela-
tionships of body appreciation with body dissatisfaction, negative
body-related emotions, and other negative characteristics (Tylka
& Wood-Barcalow, 2015). The present study, similarly to other
reports (Avalos et al., 2005; Swami et al., 2011), also found negative
correlations between body appreciation and BMI.
Despite the contribution this study makes to the assessment of
positive body image, it has its limitations. First, accidental but not
random sampling was used, which may have led to an under/over-
representation of certain groups within participants. Second, BMI
might have been biased by inaccuracies in self-reported weight
and height. Third, we did not examine test-retest reliability, which
is a more conservative method to estimate reliability than inter-
nal consistency coefficients. Fourth, other types of validity were
not assessed in the study, whereas evaluation of divergent validity
would result in a more comprehensive psychometric description of
the Polish BAS-2.
Although the findings are consistent with previous research,
corroborating the good psychometric properties of the BAS-2, we
discern two issues that are worthy of further exploration. First,
evidence for a one-factor structure of the BAS-2 in various coun-
tries suggests that cross-cultural comparisons of body appreciation
can be possible. However, more restrictive levels of measurement
invariance should be tested. Second, future studies on scale valid-
ity are essential using behavioural indicators (e.g., engagement in
physical activity or healthy food consumption). Nonetheless, it may
be concluded that the Polish BAS-2 is a psychometrically appropri-
ate measure of body appreciation in Polish-speaking population.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Prof. Tracy Tylka for her support in our
study. We also thank Reviewers and Associate Editor Prof. Viren
Swami for their helpful comments and suggestions during the revi-
sion process.
Appendix Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in
the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.07.
004.
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