Synopsis on

A STUDY ON GLOBAL WARMING AND ITS EFFECT ON INDIAN

INDUSTRY

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the Award of the Degree of

“MASTER OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION”

BANGALORE CENTRAL
UNIVERSITY
 Submitted by: LOKESH R

Reg No: MB182845

Under The Guidance of

Prof VINODH .TS

VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT Dr. Rajkumar

road Rajajinagar Bengaluru -560055 2019-2020
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Definition of Global Warming:

Gradual increase in the earth's surface temperature.

What is global warming?

Basically, global warming is the recent increase in the average air and ocean
temperature of the Earth as well as its expected continuation. What is so
controversial about it is the actual potential for danger and its causes. Though
natural events like volcanoes and solar changes have caused small rises in
temperatures over time, many believe that greenhouse gas emissions have a
large part in this and that even if the emission levels stabilize, temperatures may
continue rising for another thousand years or more. It isi projected by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that the average global
surface temperature will probably rise another 1.1-6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during
this century. Right now the average temperature of the Earth is about 13 °C, or
56 °F.
Increasing temperatures can lead to rising sea levels, extreme weather events
and changes in precipitation. Global warming can also affect agriculture and
glacier retreat and can facilitate the spread of disease and the extinctions of
species.
Many countries have been working to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to
prevent global warming; some have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol for
this purpose. However, others feel that this is either ineffectual or unnecessary.
Nevertheless, it is important to get the main idea that the Earth is a precious
thing and needs taking care of. Whether the world is going to get flooded out or
not, we should take action and make decision for the good of the Earth.
With developed nations like the United States emitting the most greenhouse
gases, poorer countries like Africa are at the greatest risk of the effects of global
warming. Australia suffers because of the hole in the ozone directly above it.
Europe seems to be more interested in effecting change in the effects of global
warming than the United States is.
A lot of people are concerned that global warming may mean the end of the
world; some consider it doomsday.” Environmental groups have launched
campaigns to inform people of the possible effects of global warming.
However, many are trying to downplay the potential risks associated with global
warming. For instance, fossil fuel organizations like the American Petroleum
Institute and Exxon Mobil have launched campaigns reducing the bad image of
fuel.
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING:
Global Warming is increasing the earth’s average temperature. The Green house
gases are the main culprits of the global warming. The green house gases like
carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are playing hazards in the present
times. These green house gases trap heat in earth’s atmosphere and thus result in
increasing the temperature of earth. The excessive emission of these gases is the
major cause of global warming.

The major source of carbon dioxide is the power plants. These power plants
emit large amounts of carbon dioxide produced from burning of fossil fuels for
the purpose of electricity generation. Coal is the major fuel that is burnt in these
power plants. Coal produces around 1.7 times as much carbon dioxide per unit
of energy when flamed as does natural gas and 1.25 times as much as oil. The
coal gives out eighty percent more carbon per unit of energy it produces as
compared to natural gas. Another major source of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere is the emission from the cars and other vehicles.
About twenty percent of carbon dioxide emitted in the atmosphere comes from
burning of gasoline in the engines of the vehicles. This is true for most of the
developed countries. Moreover if sports bike and vehicles that are essentially
designed for rough terrain, emit more carbon dioxide when used for general
purpose on roads. It is always better to use vehicles designed for city driving on
the city roads.

Buildings, both commercial and residential represent a larger source of global

warming pollution than cars and trucks. Building of these structures requires a
lot of fuel to be burnt which emits a large amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
The second major greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, which causes global
warming, is Methane. Methane is more than 20 times as effectual as CO2 at
entrapping heat in the atmosphere. Methane is obtained from resources such as
rice paddies, bovine flatulence, bacteria in bogs and fossil fuel manufacture.

Almost in all parts of the world, rice is grown on flooded fields. When fields are
flooded, anaerobic situation build up and the organic matter in the soil decays,
releasing methane to the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide, which is a colorless gas
with a sweet odour, is another green house gas. The main sources of nitrous
oxide include nylon and nitric acid production, cars with catalytic converters,
the use of fertilizers in agriculture and the burning of organic matter. Greater
emissions of nitrous oxides in the recent decades are leading globalwarming.

Another major cause of global warming is deforestation. Deforestation is to be

blamed for 25% of all carbon dioxide release entering the atmosphere, by the
cutting and burning of about 34 million acres of trees each year. Trees collect
the CO2 that we breathe out and give away from various other sources, and they
give back oxygen that we breathe in. Thus, cutting of trees is leading to greater
concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Greater urbanization,
requirement of land for factories and buildings, requirement of timber are all
reasons that are leading to deforestation, which in turn is leading to global
warming.
Impacts of Global Warming:
Global warming will have serious impacts on the environment and on society.
Higher temperatures will cause a melting of ice in Greenland and Antarctica.
This will accelerate the rise of sea level. The speed at which global warming is
expected to occur in the 21st century is faster than most plant and animal
species will be able to cope with. Some will adapt but others will suffer and
may become extinct.

Global warming will affect agriculture. New crops will be able to be grown in
areas that are currently too cold to support them. However, more pests and
diseases may offset any benefits higher temperatures may have. Water resources
will also be affected. Some reservoirs may dry up if temperature increases,
especially if rainfall also decreases. Rising sea levels may pollute fresh
groundwater supplies with salt water.
Global warming will also affect human health. There may be more heat-related
illnesses in hotter summers, and increased breathing problems as higher
temperatures increase air pollution in cities, reducing air quality. The malaria
mosquito may also be able to spread to other regions of the world where it is
currently too cold to survive and breed.

More extreme weather, for example storms, floods and droughts will have
severe impacts on the environment and on society. The poorest people in
society will unfortunately be those least able to cope with the impacts of global
warming.

PREVENTION OF GLOBAL WARMING

Practical things you can do personally to help in the Global effort to save our
planet by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

 Make sure you re-cycle newspapers, glass bottles, tin cans, and
magazines.

 Reuse your shopping bag plastic instead of getting new ones each time
you go to the market.

 Place a brick or something heavy into a plastic bag and place it into your
toilet drum. This will cause it to fill faster and use less water each time
you flush.
 Donate your unwanted clothes.

 Turn off the faucet when you are brushing your teeth.

 Turn off electrical devices (lights, fans, TV,computers, etc.) when they
are not in use.

 Use “Energy Efficient” appliances. They will save you about a third on
their energy bill with similar savings of greenhouse gas emissions,
without sacrificing features, style or comfort.

 Check for leaks (toilets, faucets, pipes, irrigation systems, etc.).

 Install a low-flow shower head

 Car pool to work or school if possible.

  Ride your bike instead of driving. You’ll get your daily exercise while
you’re at it!

 Have showers instead of baths.

 Plant native and/or drought-tolerant plants. Some grasses, ground covers,

shrubs and trees do not need to be watered as frequently.

These are just a few things you can do. By having a conservation
awareness mind, you will find other ways to contribute to the effort of
saving our planet.

Global Warming
INTRODUCTION

Global Warming, increase in the average temperature of the atmosphere,

oceans, and landmasses of Earth. The planet has warmed (and cooled) many
times during the 4.65 billion years of its history. At present Earth appears to be
facing a rapid warming, which most scientists believe results, at least in part,
from human activities. The chief cause of this warming is thought to be the
burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which releases into the
atmosphere carbon dioxide and other substances known as greenhouse gases.
As the atmosphere becomes richer in these gases, it becomes a better insulator,
retaining more of the heat provided to the planet by the Sun.

The average surface temperature of Earth is about 15°C (59°F). Over the last
century, this average has risen by about 0.6 Celsius degree (1 Fahrenheit
degree). Scientists predict further warming of 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees (2.5 to
10.4 Fahrenheit degrees) by the year 2100. This temperature rise is expected to
melt polar ice caps and glaciers as well as warm the oceans, all of which will
expand ocean volume and raise sea level by an estimated 9 to 100 cm (4 to 40
in), flooding some coastal regions and even entire islands. Some regions in
warmer climates will receive more rainfall than before, but soils will dry out
faster between storms. This soil desiccation may damage food crops, disrupting
food supplies in some parts of the world. Plant and animal species will shift
their ranges toward the poles or to higher elevations seeking cooler
temperatures, and species that cannot do so may become extinct. The potential
consequences of global warming are so great that many of the world's leading
scientists have called for international cooperation and immediate action to
counteract the problem.

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

The energy that lights and warms Earth comes from the Sun. Most of the energy
that floods onto our planet is short-wave radiation, including visible light. When
this energy strikes the surface of Earth, the energy changes from light to heat
and warms Earth. Earth’s surface, in turn, releases some of this heat as long-
wave infrared radiation.

Much of this long-wave infrared radiation makes it all the way back out to
space, but a portion remains trapped in Earth’s atmosphere. Certain gases in the
atmosphere, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane, provide the
trap. Absorbing and reflecting infrared waves radiated by Earth, these gases
conserve heat as the glass in a greenhouse does and are thus known as
greenhouse gases. As the concentration of these greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere increases, more heat energy remains trapped below. All life on
Earth relies on this greenhouse effect—without it, the planet would be colder by
about 33 Celsius degrees (59 Fahrenheit degrees), and ice would cover Earth
from pole to pole. However, a growing excess of greenhouse gases in Earth’s
atmosphere threatens to tip the balance in the other direction—toward continual
warming.

TYPES OF GREENHOUSE GASES

Greenhouse gases occur naturally in the environment and also result from
human activities. By far the most abundant greenhouse gas is water vapor,
which reaches the atmosphere through evaporation from oceans, lakes, and
rivers.

Carbon dioxide is the next most abundant greenhouse gas. It flows into the
atmosphere from many natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions; the
respiration of animals, which breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide; and
the burning or decay of organic matter, such as plants. Carbon dioxide leaves
the atmosphere when it is absorbed into ocean water and through the
photosynthesis of plants, especially trees. Photosynthesis breaks up carbon
dioxide, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere and incorporating the carbon into
new plant tissue.
Humans escalate the amount of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere when
they burn fossil fuels, solid wastes, and wood and wood products to heat
buildings, drive vehicles, and generate electricity. At the same time, the number
of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis has been
greatly reduced by deforestation, the long-term destruction of forests by
indiscriminate cutting of trees for lumber or to clear land for agricultural
activities.

Ultimately, the oceans and other natural processes absorb excess carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere. However, human activities have caused carbon dioxide to be
released to the atmosphere at rates much faster than that at which Earth’s
natural processes can cycle this gas. In 1750 there were about 281 molecules of
carbon dioxide per million molecules of air (abbreviated as parts per million, or
ppm). Today atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are 368 ppm, which
reflects a 31 percent increase. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration
increases by about 1.5 ppm per year. If current predictions prove accurate, by
the year 2100 carbon dioxide will reach concentrations of more than 540 to 970
ppm. At the highest estimation, this concentration would be triple the levels
prior to the Industrial Revolution, the widespread replacement of human labor
by machines that began in Britain in the mid-18th century and soon spread to
other parts of Europe and to the United States.

Methane is an even more effective insulator, trapping over 20 times more heat
than does the same amount of carbon dioxide. Methane is emitted during the
production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane also comes from
rotting organic waste in landfills, and it is released from certain animals,
especially cows, as a byproduct of digestion. Since the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution in the mid-1700s, the amount of methane in the
atmosphere has more than doubled.

Nitrous oxide is a powerful insulating gas released primarily by burning fossil

fuels and by plowing farm soils. Nitrous oxide traps about 300 times more heat
than does the same amount of carbon dioxide. The concentration of nitrous
oxide in the atmosphere has increased 17 percent over preindustrial levels.

In addition, greenhouse gases are produced in many manufacturing processes.

Perfluorinated compounds result from the smelting of aluminum.
Hydrofluorocarbons form during the manufacture of many products, including
the foams used in insulation, furniture, and car seats. Refrigerators built in some
developing nations still use chlorofluorocarbons as coolants. In addition to their
ability to retain atmospheric heat, some of these synthetic chemicals also
destroy Earth’s high-altitude ozone layer, the protective layer of gases that
shields Earth from damaging ultraviolet radiation. For most of the 20th century
these chemicals have been accumulating in the atmosphere at unprecedented
rates. But since 1995, in response to regulations enforced by the Montréal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and its amendments, the
atmospheric concentrations of many of these gases are either increasing more
slowly or decreasing.

Scientists are growing concerned about other gases produced from

manufacturing processes that pose an environmental risk. In 2000 scientists
identified a substantial rise in atmospheric concentrations of a newly identified
synthetic compound called trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride. Atmospheric
concentrations of this gas are rising quickly, and although it still is extremely
rare in the atmosphere, scientists are concerned because the gas traps heat more
effectively than all other known greenhouse gases. Perhaps more worrisome,
scientists have been unable to confirm the industrial source of the gas.

MEASURING GLOBAL WARMING

As early as 1896 scientists suggested that burning fossil fuels might change the
composition of the atmosphere and that an increase in global average
temperature might result. The first part of this hypothesis was confirmed in
1957, when researchers working in the global research program called the
International Geophysical Year sampled the atmosphere from the top of the
Hawaiian volcano Mauna Loa. Their instruments indicated that carbon dioxide
concentration was indeed rising. Since then, the composition of the atmosphere
has been carefully tracked. The data collected show undeniably that the
concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are increasing.

Scientists have long suspected that the global climate, the long-term average
pattern of temperature, was also growing warmer, but they were unable to
provide conclusive proof. Temperatures vary widely all the time and from place
to place. It takes many years of climate observations to establish a trend.
Records going back to the late 1800s did seem to show a warming trend, but
these statistics were spotty and untrustworthy. Early weather stations often were
located near cities, where temperature measurements were affected by the heat
emitted from buildings and vehicles and stored by building materials and
pavements. Since 1957, however, data have been gathered from more reliable
weather stations, located far away from cities, and from satellites. These data
have provided new, more accurate measurements, especially for the 70 percent
of the planetary surface that is ocean water (see Satellite, Artificial). These more
accurate records indicate that a surface warming trend exists and that, moreover,
it has become more pronounced. Looking back from the end of the 20th
century, records show that the ten warmest years of the century all occurred
after 1980, and the three hottest years occurred after 1990, with 1998 being the
warmest year of all.

Greenhouse gas concentrations are increasing. Temperatures are rising. But

does the gas increase necessarily cause the warming, and will these two
phenomena continue to occur together? In 1988 the United Nations
Environment Program and the World Meteorological Organization established a
panel of 200 leading scientists to consider the evidence. In its Third Assessment
Report, released in 2001, this Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) concluded that global air temperature had increased 0.6 Celsius degree
(1 Fahrenheit degree) since 1861. The panel agreed that the warming was
caused primarily by human activities that add greenhouse gases to the
atmosphere. The IPCC predicted in 2001 that the average global temperature
would rise by another 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees (2.5 to 10.4 Fahrenheit
degrees) by the year 2100.

The IPCC panel cautioned that even if greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere ceased growing by the year 2100, the climate would continue to
warm for a period after that as a result of past emissions. Carbon dioxide
remains in the atmosphere for a century or more before nature can dispose of it.
If greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase, experts predict that carbon
dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere could rise to more than three times
preindustrial levels early in the 22nd century, resulting in dramatic climate
changes. Large climate changes of the type predicted are not unprecedented;
indeed, they have occurred many times in the history of Earth. However, human
beings would face this latest climate swing with a huge population at risk.

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

Scientists use elaborate computer models of temperature, precipitation patterns,

and atmosphere circulation to study global warming. Based on these models,
scientists have made several predictions about how global warming will affect
weather, sea levels, coastlines, agriculture, wildlife, and human health.

Weather

Scientists predict that during global warming, the northern regions of the
Northern Hemisphere will heat up more than other areas of the planet, northern
and mountain glaciers will shrink, and less ice will float on northern oceans.
Regions that now experience light winter snows may receive no snow at all. In
temperate mountains, snowlines will be higher and snowpacks will melt earlier.
Growing seasons will be longer in some areas. Winter and nighttime
temperatures will tend to rise more than summer and daytime ones.

The warmed world will be generally more humid as a result of more water
evaporating from the oceans. Scientists are not sure whether a more humid
atmosphere will encourage or discourage further warming. On the one hand,
water vapor is a greenhouse gas, and its increased presence should add to the
insulating effect. On the other hand, more vapor in the atmosphere will produce
more clouds, which reflect sunlight back into space, which should slow the
warming process (see Water Cycle).

Greater humidity will increase rainfall, on average, about 1 percent for each
Fahrenheit degree of warming. (Rainfall over the continents has already
increased by about 1 percent in the last 100 years.) Storms are expected to be
more frequent and more intense. However, water will also evaporate more
rapidly from soil, causing it to dry out faster between rains. Some regions might
actually become drier than before. Winds will blow harder and perhaps in
different patterns. Hurricanes, which gain their force from the evaporation of
water, are likely to be more severe. Against the background of warming, some
very cold periods will still occur. Weather patterns are expected to be less
predictable and more extreme.

Sea Levels

As the atmosphere warms, the surface layer of the ocean warms as well,
expanding in volume and thus raising sea level. Warming will also melt much
glacier ice, especially around Greenland, further swelling the sea. Sea levels
worldwide rose 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 in) during the 20th century, and IPCC
scientists predict a further rise of 9 to 88 cm (4 to 35 in) in the 21st century.

Sea-level changes will complicate life in many coastal regions. A 100-cm (40-
in) rise could submerge 6 percent of The Netherlands, 17.5 percent of
Bangladesh, and most or all of many islands. Erosion of cliffs, beaches, and
dunes will increase. Storm surges, in which winds locally pile up water and
raise the sea, will become more frequent and damaging. As the sea invades the
mouths of rivers, flooding from runoff will also increase upstream. Wealthier
countries will spend huge amounts of money to protect their shorelines, while
poor countries may simply evacuate low-lying coastal regions.

Even a modest rise in sea level will greatly change coastal ecosystems. A 50-cm
(20-in) rise will submerge about half of the present coastal wetlands of the
United States. New marshes will form in many places, but not where urban
areas and developed landscapes block the way. This sea-level rise will cover
much of the Florida Everglades.

Agriculture

A warmed globe will probably produce as much food as before, but not
necessarily in the same places. Southern Canada, for example, may benefit from
more rainfall and a longer growing season. At the same time, the semiarid
tropical farmlands in some parts of Africa may become further impoverished.
Desert farm regions that bring in irrigation water from distant mountains may
suffer if the winter snowpack, which functions as a natural reservoir, melts
before the peak growing months. Crops and woodlands may also be afflicted by
more insects and plant diseases.

Animals and Plants

Animals and plants will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effects of
warming because humans occupy so much land. Under global warming, animals
will tend to migrate toward the poles and up mountainsides toward higher
elevations, and plants will shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats
grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will prevent this
shift. Species that find cities or farmlands blocking their way north or south may
die out. Some types of forests, unable to propagate toward the poles fast
enough, may disappear.

Human Health

In a warmer world, scientists predict that more people will get sick or die from
heat stress, due less to hotter days than to warmer nights (giving the sufferers
less relief). Diseases now found in the tropics, transmitted by mosquitoes and
other animal hosts, will widen their range as these animal hosts move into
regions formerly too cold for them. Today 45 percent of the world’s people live
where they might get bitten by a mosquito carrying the parasite that causes
malaria; that percentage may increase to 60 percent if temperatures rise. Other
tropical diseases may spread similarly, including dengue fever, yellow fever,
and encephalitis. Scientists also predict rising incidence of allergies and
respiratory diseases as warmer air grows more charged with pollutants, mold
spores, and pollens.

DEBATES OVER GLOBAL WARMING

Scientists do not all agree about the nature and impact of global warming. A
few observers still question whether temperatures have actually been rising at
all. Others acknowledge past change but argue that it is much too early to be
making predictions for the future. Such critics may also deny that the evidence
for the human contribution to warming is conclusive, arguing that a purely
natural cycle may be driving temperatures upward. The same dissenters tend to
emphasize the fact that continued warming could have benefits in some regions.

Scientists who question the global warming trend point to three puzzling
differences between the predictions of the global warming models and the
actual behavior of the climate. First, the warming trend stopped for three
decades in the middle of the 20th century; there was even some cooling before
the climb resumed in the 1970s. Second, the total amount of warming during the
20th century was only about half what computer models predicted. Third, the
troposphere, the lower region of the atmosphere, did not warm as fast as the
models forecast. However, global warming proponents believe that two of the
three discrepancies have now been explained.

The lack of warming at midcentury is now attributed largely to air pollution that
spews particulate matter, especially sulfates, into the upper atmosphere. These
particulates, also known as aerosols, reflect some incoming sunlight out into
space. Continued warming has now overcome this effect, in part because
pollution control efforts have made the air cleaner.

The unexpectedly small amount of total warming since 1900 is now attributed
to the oceans absorbing vast amounts of the extra heat. Scientists long suspected
that this was happening but lacked the data to prove it. In 2000 the U.S.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) offered a new
analysis of water temperature readings made by observers around the world
over 50 years. Records showed a distinct warming trend: World ocean
temperatures in 1998 were higher than the 50-year average by 0.2 Celsius
degree (0.3 Fahrenheit degree), a small but very significant amount.

The third discrepancy is the most puzzling. Satellites detect less warming in the
troposphere than the computer models of global climate predict. According to
some critics, the atmospheric readings are right, and the higher temperatures
recorded at Earth’s surface are not to be trusted. In January 2000 a panel
appointed by the National Academy of Sciences to weigh this argument
reaffirmed that surface warming could not be doubted. However, the lower-
than-predicted troposphere measurements have not been entirely explained.

EFFORTS TO CONTROL GLOBAL WARMING

The total consumption of fossil fuels is increasing by about 1 percent per year.
No steps currently being taken or under serious discussion will likely prevent
global warming in the near future. The challenge today is managing the
probable effects while taking steps to prevent detrimental climate changes in the
future.

Damage can be curbed locally in various ways. Coastlines can be armored with
dikes and barriers to block encroachments of the sea. Alternatively,
governments can assist coastal populations in moving to higher ground. Some
countries, such as the United States, still have the chance to help plant and
animal species survive by preserving habitat corridors, strips of relatively
undeveloped land running north and south. Species can gradually shift their
ranges along these corridors, moving toward cooler habitats.

There are two major approaches to slowing the buildup of greenhouse gases.
The first is to keep carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere by storing the gas or
its carbon component somewhere else, a strategy called carbon sequestration.
The second major approach is to reduce the production of greenhouse gases.

Carbon Sequestration

The simplest way to sequester carbon is to preserve trees and to plant more.
Trees, especially young and fast-growing ones, soak up a great deal of carbon
dioxide, break it down in photosynthesis, and store the carbon in new wood.
Worldwide, forests are being cut down at an alarming rate, particularly in the
tropics. In many areas, there is little regrowth as land loses fertility or is
changed to other uses, such as farming or building housing developments.
Reforestation could offset these losses and counter part of the greenhouse
buildup.

Many companies and governments in the United States, Norway, Brazil,

Malaysia, Russia, and Australia have initiated reforestation projects. In
Guatemala, the AES Corporation, a U.S.-based electrical company, has joined
forces with the World Resources Institute and the relief agency CARE to create
community woodlots and to teach local residents about tree-farming practices.
The trees planted are expected to absorb up to 58 million tons of carbon dioxide
over 40 years.

Carbon dioxide gas can also be sequestered directly. Carbon dioxide has
traditionally been injected into oil wells to force more petroleum out of the
ground or seafloor. Now it is being injected simply to isolate it underground in
oil fields, coal beds, or aquifers. At one natural gas drilling platform off the
coast of Norway, carbon dioxide brought to the surface with the natural gas is
captured and reinjected into an aquifer from which it cannot escape. The same
process can be used to store carbon dioxide released by a power plant, factory,
or any large stationary source. Deep ocean waters could also absorb a great deal
of carbon dioxide. The feasibility and environmental effects of both these
options are now under study by international teams.

In an encouraging trend, energy use around the world has slowly shifted away
from fuels that release a great deal of carbon dioxide toward fuels that release
somewhat less of this heat-trapping gas. Wood was the first major source of
energy used by humans. With the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th
century, coal became the dominant energy source. By the mid-19th century oil
had replaced coal in dominance, fueling the internal combustion engines that
were eventually used in automobiles. By the 20th century, natural gas began to
be used worldwide for heating and lighting. In this progression, combustion of
natural gas releases less carbon dioxide than oil, which in turn releases less of
the gas than do either coal or wood.

Nuclear energy, though controversial for reasons of safety and the high costs of
nuclear waste disposal, releases no carbon dioxide at all. Solar power, wind
power, and hydrogen fuel cells also emit no greenhouse gases. Someday these
alternative energy sources may prove to be practical, low-pollution energy
sources, although progress today is slow.

National and Local Programs

The developed countries are all working to reduce greenhouse emissions.

Several European countries impose heavy taxes on energy usage, designed
partly to curb such emissions. Norway taxes industries according to the amount
of carbon dioxide they emit. In The Netherlands, government and industry have
negotiated agreements aimed at increasing energy efficiency, promoting
alternative energy sources, and cutting down greenhouse gas output.

In the United States, the Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection

Agency, product manufacturers, local utilities, and retailers have collaborated to
implement the Energy Star program. This voluntary program rates appliances
for energy use and gives some money back to consumers who buy efficient
machines. The Canadian government has established the FleetWise program to
cut carbon dioxide emissions from federal vehicles by reducing the number of
vehicles it owns and by training drivers to use them more efficiently. By 2004,
75 percent of Canadian federal vehicles are to run on alternative fuels, such as
methanol and ethanol.
Many local governments are also working against greenhouse emissions by
conserving energy in buildings, modernizing their vehicles, and advising the
public. Individuals, too, can take steps. The same choices that reduce other
kinds of pollution work against global warming. Every time a consumer buys an
energy-efficient appliance; adds insulation to a house; recycles paper, metal,
and glass; chooses to live near work; or commutes by public transportation, he
or she is fighting global warming.

International Agreements

International cooperation is required for the successful reduction of greenhouse

gases. In 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 150 countries
pledged to confront the problem of greenhouse gases and agreed to meet again
to translate these good intentions into a binding treaty.

In 1997 in Japan, 160 nations drafted a much stronger agreement known as the
Kyōto Protocol. This treaty, which has not yet been implemented, calls for the
38 industrialized countries that now release the most greenhouse gases to cut
their emissions to levels 5 percent below those of 1990. This reduction is to be
achieved no later than 2012. Initially, the United States voluntarily accepted a
more ambitious target, promising to reduce emissions to 7 percent below 1990
levels; the European Union, which had wanted a much tougher treaty,
committed to 8 percent; and Japan, to 6 percent. The remaining 122 nations,
mostly developing nations, were not asked to commit to a reduction in gas
emissions.

But in 2001 newly elected U.S. president George W. Bush renounced the treaty
saying that such carbon dioxide reductions in the United States would be too
costly. He also objected that developing nations would not be bound by similar
carbon dioxide reducing obligations. The Kyōto Protocol could not go into
effect unless industrial nations accounting for 55 percent of 1990 greenhouse
gas emissions ratified it. That requirement was met in 2004 when the cabinet of
Russian president Vladimir Putin approved the treaty, paving the way for it to
go into effect in 2005.

Some critics find the Kyōto Protocol too weak. Even if it were enforced
immediately, it would only slightly slow the buildup of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. Much stronger action would be required later, particularly because
the developing nations exempted from the Kyōto rules are expected to produce
half the world’s greenhouse gases by 2035. The most influential opponents of
the protocol, however, find it too strong. Opposition to the treaty in the United
States is spurred by the oil industry, the coal industry, and other enterprises that
manufacture or depend on fossil fuels. These opponents claim that the economic
costs to carry out the Kyōto Protocol could be as much as $300 billion, due
mainly to higher energy prices. Proponents of the Kyōto sanctions believe the
costs will prove more modest—$88 billion or less—much of which will be
recovered as Americans save money after switching to more efficient
appliances, vehicles, and industrial processes.

Behind the issue of cost lies a larger question: Can an economy grow without
increasing its greenhouse gas emissions at the same time? In the past, prosperity
and pollution have tended to go together. Can they now be separated, or
decoupled, as economists say? In nations with strong environmental policies,
economies have continued to grow even as many types of pollution have been
reduced. However, limiting the emission of carbon dioxide has proved
especially difficult. For example, The Netherlands, a heavily industrialized
country that is also an environmental leader, has done very well against most
kinds of pollution but has failed to meet its goal of reducing carbon dioxide
output.

After 1997 representatives to the Kyōto Protocol met regularly to negotiate a

consensus about certain unresolved issues , such as the rules, methods, and
penalties that should be enforced in each country to slow greenhouse emissions.
The negotiators designed a system in which nations with successful cleanup
programs could profit by selling unused pollution rights to other nations. For
example, nations that find further improvement difficult, such as The
Netherlands, could buy pollution credits on the market, or perhaps earn them by
helping reduce greenhouse gas emissions in less developed countries, where
more can be achieved at less expense. Russia, in particular, stood to benefit
from this system. In 1990 the Russian economy was in a shambles, and its
greenhouse gas emissions were huge. Since then Russia has already cut its
emissions by more than 5 percent below 1990 levels and is in a position to sell
emission credits to other industrialized countries, particularly those in the
European Union (E

NEED FOR THE STUDY

• To find out the impact of Global warming.

• To know the level of importance of industrial pollution, fossil
fuels, and agricultural practices
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There are numerous problems being faced by people in India due to climatic
changes and floods. The global warming is increasing global temperatures and
causing a board range of changes. Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion
of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice. Amounts and patterns of
precipitation are changing. The total annual power of hurricanes has already
increased. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the
frequency, duration, and intensity of other extreme weather events, such as
floods, droughts, heat waves, and tornadoes.
 CHAPTER -2
METHODOLOGY
TITLE OF THE STUDY:

A STUDY ON GLOBAL WARMING AND ITS EFFECT ON

INDIAN INDUSTRY

RESEARCH DESIGN

A research design is an arrangement of condition for collection and

analysis of the data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the
research purpose with economy in procedure.

The study is descriptive in nature i.e., descriptive research. Descriptive

research is concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual
or group. This includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The
main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the
variables; one can only report what has happened or what is happening. Thus, the
research design in case of descriptive study is a comparative design throwing light
on all the areas and must be prepared keeping the objectives of the study and the
resources available. This study involves collection of data from Junior level
Executives.
Primary data:

These are those which are collected a fresh (again but in a new
or different way) and for the first time and thus happen to be
original in character and known as Primary data.

It is based on primary source of information.

Secondary data :
It means that are already available that is they refer to the data,
which have already been collected and analyzed by someone
else for its own use and later the same data is used by a different
user or person.
It is based on secondary source of information

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• To understand the existing policies of pollution control board of

industries

• To imparting of modern professional and technical education in

communication and information.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

SOURCES OF DATA

PRIMARY DATA

Primary data will be collected through questionnaire, personal interview and

observations.

SECONDARY DATA

The major source of secondary data is through

• Books

• Journals

• Articles

PLAN OF ANALYSIS

The data collected for research is mainly on the basis of secondary data. The
area of the study for the research purpose is Bangalore. The study is conducted
by observations. The data will be collected through the personal interview and
will be analyzed. By studying write-ups, journals the detailed information will
be collected. An analysis will be undertaken to find out the impact of global
warming affecting the Indian industry.
 CHAPTER 3
SWOT ANALYSIS
SWOT Analysis

When we use SWOT analysis, Its often for strategic planning. It prepares
for decisions and gives an overall look at the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats of business. But SWOT analysis can also be
used to increase and build upon customer satisfaction.
To give a well-rounded overview of how to use SWOT analysis for a
boost in customer satisfaction, we’ll start with the Strengths
and Weaknesses first.

SWOT analysis, for any who may be unfamiliar, is a planning

method typically used in business strategy to identify
the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats that may face a
business or project.
A number of us have likely had the opportunity to either observe or
participate in this exercise for the broader business in which we work. A
quick overview of the core concepts:
Strengths and weaknesses
Strengths and weaknesses internal to the organization. Strengths
represent positive attributes or characteristics, factors that provide an
advantage. Weaknesses are attributes or characteristics that place the
business at a disadvantage relative to others.

Opportunities and threats

Opportunities and threats are external to the organization. Opportunities
represent external trends and chances to improve performance –
something happening in the outside environment that presents positive
potential. Threats are elements or trends in the outside environment that
could cause trouble for the business, place it at risk.

Strengths

 Global

 Strong R&D

 Specific competitive advantage

 Highly qualified personnel

 High re‐sale value

 Efficient process

 Location
Weaknesses

 High cost structure

 Too narrow focus

 Absence of strong marketing/accounting expertise

 Poor access to distribution

 Unreliable service

 High wages

 Special marketing expertise

 Poor after sales service

 Poor quality product

Opportunities

 Potential to diversify into related

 markets Changes in government actions

 Changes in government actions

 Change in population age

 Alternative delivery models

 Internet sales Mergers, acquisitions etc.

 Larger international markets

Threats

 Low cost competitors

 Economic slowdown

 Change in population age

 Competitor with a new subsitute product

 Competitor’s access to better

 distribution channels

 New taxes
 Chapter -4
Outcome of the study
OUTCOME OF THE STUDY

1. The growing population and the environmental deterioration face the

challenge of sustainable development.

2. produce changes in population size, composition, distribution and these

changes raise a number of important questions of cause and effect

3. Population growth and economic development are contributing to many

serious environmental calamities in India.

4. Environmental issues in India include various natural hazards,

particularly cyclones and annual monsoon floods, population growth,
increasing individual consumption, industrialization, infrastructural
development, poor agricultural practices, and resource maldistribution
have led to substantial human transformation of India’s natural
environment

5. An estimated 60% of cultivated land suffers from soil erosion,

waterlogging, and salinity.

6. It is also estimated that between 4.7 and 12 billion tons of topsoil are lost
annually from soil erosion

7. average annual per capita water availability declined by almost 70% to

1,822 cubic meters, and overexploitation of groundwater is problematic
in india
8. The increasing environmental ruin and pollution are causing huge harm to
all human life on earth

9. The rectification of past errors, wherever possible, has as its object the
provision of better opportunities for development and progress.

10.Water resources are badly polluted and emission of toxic fumes from
industry and vehicles has deprived us of clean air

11.It is clearly evident that 25 years after the first conference change in
lifestyles or the level of awareness.

12.Countries have put their own interests ahead of environmental protection

and the future of coming generations.

13.India having 18% of the world's population on 2.4% of world's total area
has greatly increased the pressure on its natural resources

14.The rapid growing population and economic development is leading to a

number of environmental issues in India because of the uncontrolled
growth of urbanization and industrialization
 Chapter 5

Learning experience CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Bibiliography

 LEARNING EXPERIENCE

This project gave me great opportunity to learn about the all aspects of the

GLOBAL WARMING EFFECTS

And helped me to know about current situation of the GLOBAL WARMING

The learning experience gained by me during the in plant training

was very much practical oriented. Mostly all the concepts which I studied
in the class, are applicable practically
I gained many new management skills and also got a chance to learn new things
on my own experience.
The overall study of the organization

1. Improve skills
One of the most important things you can gain from
internship is new knowledge and network and it helps to improve
many new skills and knowledge

2. Professional communications
It is the best way to learn how to
navigate the working world through real-life hands on experience
one of the most valuable skill you will gain from an internship is
the ability to speak with people in a professionals
 3. Making connections
The people who will be reference in the
future it will setup many new connections and build the
strong relationship

4. Independence
Internship will teach you to make your own
decision and do things on your own being able to work
independently with little guidence is very important in the
working world

I came to know what exactly needs wheather quality of work or quality of work
to be done or both. And also some extent I could understand the GLOBAL
WORMING work culture. Uniformity which is a essential element that
management should maintain it will also create an impression on the minds of
another about their taste, preference, values .I had a great time working on the
project, as it given insights into the working environment of an organization. The
environment is good. I have learn lot of thing there.

This project gave me a great learning experience and at the same time it gave me
enough scope to implement my educational ability. The information advice
presented in this project is based on secondary information.
SUGGESTION
1. An International agreement on deeper, global emissions reductions is
needed for the period after the Kyoto. Though the Kyoto Protocol was an
essential first step towards reducing the greenhouse gas emissions it is a
compromise formula accommodating the interests of the both the
developed and the developing nations. It is a mere beginning and is an
agreement without a future. Major developed countries have not ratified
Kyoto which results in the failure to meet both the standards and
objectives established by the international community under Kyoto
Protocol.
2. A global policy of adaptation is based on the “the polluted pay”
principle rather than the “polluter pays” principle. This is because
adaptation policies are typically national or sub national and require
resources and knowledge. Since the developed countries have resources
and knowledge, they will succeed in adapting to climate change. The
developing countries do not have resources and knowledge. They will
suffer the worst effects of climate change. So various institutions must
facilitate financial as well as technology transfer to them.
3. Developing country emissions are growing rapidly and threaten to
outweigh any emission reductions achieved by developed countries. This
means that action by developed countries alone will not suffice. So the
developing countries with the exception of the least developed countries
- should slow the rate of growth of their emissions as soon as possible
with the aim of keeping them to 15-30% below business as usual levels
in 2020. Developing countries must work towards reducing their
emissions below the business- as-usual path. But the wealthier nations
must first accept targets for 2020 that are more aggressive than the two
target discussed and should also support mitigation and adaptation efforts
in developing countries in a substantial way if they are serious about
reducing the threat of climate change.
4. To ensure an appropriate and effective contribution by developing
countries, all except the least developed countries should put forward
national low carbon development strategies, including specific actions to
 reduce emissions in key sectors. These strategies should set out a
credible pathway to limit the country’s emissions and identify the
external financial support required to implement actions that are too
expensive for the country itself. A new international Facilitative
Mechanism for Mitigation Support should assess the adequacy of the
actions planned and match them with appropriate bilateral and
multilateral funding mechanisms.
5. To ensure the CDM’s environmental integrity, the mechanism should be
reformed. In future only those projects that genuinely bring about
additional mission savings and that go beyond the cheapest options
should be able to generate emission credits. In addition, for advanced
developing countries and in highly competitive economic sectors, the
project-based CDM should be phased out and replaced by a crediting
mechanism covering whole sectors. This can also pave the way for the
development of cap and trade systems in the economically more
advanced developing countries.
6. A solution to climate change will only be at hand when developing and
developed countries are full partners in the atmospheric stabilization
process. Achieving full partnership will entail the augmentation of the
scientific and technological capabilities of developing countries by
expanding analytical resources and opportunities for technical education
and training at the post secondary and postgraduate levels. A means must
be found to affect the longterm development of a much broader,
geographically distributed, and more robust global energy R&D
capability.
7. As climate change affects almost every aspect of social and economic
life, and adaptation in particular cuts across various policy issues, such as
sanitation and health care, disaster relief, food security, poverty
eradication and sustainable development, various international
organizations that specifically address these issues must address climate
change adaptation in their working agendas and policymaking.

Other similar measures have been implemented by committing additional

resources and realigning new investments, thus putting economic development
on a climate-friendly path. Therefore, issues related to environment,
development, climate change and disasters risks have emerged out of the
imbalance which are occurring due to unplanned human interventions.
Environment has become more fragile and risks prone. Thus, the solutions must
flow from an integrated framework and it is equally important that all the
stakeholders-national and international must work together in respect of policy,
legislation and programmes on the ground so that the disturbed equilibrium of
the climate is restored or otherwise the consequences would be much more
disastrous.

CONCLUSIONS

Nowadays environmental issues are growing in size and complexity, threatening

the survival of mankind on earth. Environmental degradation is a result of the
dynamic inter play of socio-economic, institutional and technological activities.
Environmental changes may be driven by various factors including economic
growth, population growth, urbanization, intensification of agriculture, rising
energy use and transportation. The technology that people invent now have as
much of an effect on the environment as the forces of nature themselves. Even
if we discount items like smog, polluted water, depleted or poisoned soil for the
time being, we note that the atmosphere has developed two disturbing trends.
One is the warming of the earth’s lower atmosphere and surface, and the other,
the depletion of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere.
Environmental degradation has become a threat to mankind. Global warming
has emerged as one of the most important environmental issues ever to confront
humanity with implications for food production, natural ecosystems, fresh water
supply and health. The earth’s climate system has demonstrably changed on
both global and regional scales since the pre-industrial era.

Climate change is the most important global environmental challenge facing

humanity with implications for food production, natural ecosystems, fresh water
supply and health. The earth's climate system has demonstrably changed on
both global and regional scales since the pre-industrial era. The unequivocal
warming of the climate system is now evident from observations of increases in
global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice,
and rising global average sea level. Transportation, generation of electricity,
production of cement, steel, plastics and other materials and household cooking
are some of the causes where burning of fossil fuels for these activities and
deforestation releases carbon dioxide, which is one of the key gases that cause
global warming. Some other gases that contribute to warming include methane,
nitrous oxide, and chloro fluorocarbon, hydro fluorocarbons, and per
fluorocarbons. Global warming is about the growth of greenhouse gas emissions
due to the burning of fossil fuels, resulting mainly from industrial activities and
motor transportation, hence there is a buildup of the carbon dioxide levels in the
atmosphere.

The carbon dioxide build up is made worse by the increasing loss of forests,
which act as “carbon sinks” that absorb gases and prevent its release into the
atmosphere. Further, the increase of carbon dioxide and other gases in the
atmosphere also enhances the “Greenhouse Effect”, thus leading to
temperatures rising. Based on data from the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, it is estimated that a significant rise in temperature can trigger
several events, such as melting of the ice sheets, the death of some significant
marine life and other biodiversity, and effects on agriculture and human health.
It is already too late to avoid major consequences because of the inertia of the
ecosystem even if no more CO2 or other greenhouse gases are emitted by
humankind from tomorrow. The earth will still continue to warm up for some
decades, the sea will continue to rise for some centuries and the ice sheets will
continue to adjust for thousands of years. The world is already facing up to
increasing sea intrusions, floods, storms, droughts, heat waves, disease
transmissions and increase in environmental refugees.
BIBILOGRAPHY

BOOKS
1. GLOBAL WARMING – SPENCER
2. UNSTAPABLE GLOBAL WARMING

NEWSPAPER
1. THE INDIAN EXPRESS
2. THE HINDU

INTERNERT
1 WWW.GLOBALWARMINGININDIA.COM
3. WWW.EFFECTSOFWARMING.COM