JEHAR MOHAMED SAEED ALI

1.0 FLOOR FRAMING DESIGN

Situation 1.1.
Floor joists 50 mm wide by 200 mm high, simply supported on a 4-m span, carry a floor loaded
at 5 kN/m2.
Problem 1.1.1. Compute the center-line spacing between joists to develop a bending stress of 8
MPa.
Problem 1.1.2. What safe floor load could be carried on a center-line spacing of 0.40 m?
Problem 1.1.3. What is the maximum moment that can be applied?
SOLUTION:
 6𝑀
Fb = 𝑏𝑑2
6𝑀
8 MPa = (50)(200)2 𝑥106

M = 2.67 kN~m (answer)

Situation 1.2.
Timbers 8 inches wide by 12 inches deep and 15 feet long, supported at top and bottom, back
up a dam restraining water 9 feet deep. Water weighs 62.5 lb/ft3.
Problem 1.2.1. Compute the center-line spacing of the timbers to cause fb = 1000 psi.
Problem 1.2.2. Will this spacing be safe if the maximum fb, (fb)max = 1600 psi, and the water
reaches its maximum depth of 15 ft?
SOLUTION:
Situation 1.3.
Timbers 12 inches by 12 inches, spaced 3 feet apart on centers, are driven into the ground and
act as cantilever beams to back-up the sheet piling of a coffer dam.
Problem 1.3.1. What is the maximum moment appliedin terms of h (height) if water weighs =
62.5 lb/ft3.
Problem 1.3.2. What is the maximum safe height of water behind the dam if ( fb )max = 1200
psi?
Situation 1.4.
Timbers 8 inches wide by 12 inches deep and 15 feet long, supported at top and bottom, back
up a dam restraining water 9 feet deep. Water weighs 62.5 lb/ft3.
Problem 1.4.1. Compute the center-line spacing of the timbers to cause fb = 1000 psi.
Problem 1.4.2. Will this spacing be safe if the maximum fb, (fb)max = 1600 psi, and the water
reaches its maximum depth of 15 ft?
SOLUTION:
Situation 1.5.
The 18-ft long floor beams in a building are simply supported at their ends and carry a floor load
of 0.6 lb/in2. If the beams have W10 × 30 sections.
Problem 1.5.1. Compute the maximum moment produced by the given loads.
Problem 1.5.2. Determine the center-line spacing using an allowable flexural stress of 18 ksi.
SOLUTION:
Situation 1.6.
Select the lightest W shape sections that can be used for the beams and girders in Illustrative
below if the allowable flexural stress is 120 MPa. Neglect the weights of the members.

Problem 1.6.1. Determine the required section modulus to produce the given allowable flexural
stress.
Problem 1.6.2. Determine W shape section for the beams and girders of the floor plan.
SOLUTION:
Situation 1.7.
A portion of the floor plan of a building is shown below. The total loading (including live and
dead loads) in each bay is as shown. Select the lightest suitable W-shape if the allowable
flexural stress is 120 MPa.
Problem 1.7.1. Determine the required section modulus of member B-1.
Problem 1.7.2. Determine the required section modulus of member G-1.
SOLUTION:

Situation 1.9.
As shown in the figure, of a 75mm x 200mm floor joist,
Problem 1.9.1. What if the maximum safe spacing as determined by flexure?
Problem 1.9.2. Using the determined spacing, the maximum shear is most likely:
SOLUTION:
Assume “s” m – strip
Loadings:
Live Load = 2 KPa
Dead Load = .7 Kpa
Wt. Total = 2.7 Kpa
W=2.7s KN/m

4.5𝑤(2.25)
𝑅𝐴 = = 2.53𝑤
4
4.5𝑤(1.75)
𝑅𝑏 = = 1.97𝑤
4

1.97(1.97𝑤)
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 1.94𝑤
2
= 1.94(2.7𝑠) = 5.238𝑠
From flexure:
6𝑀
𝑓𝑏 =
𝑏𝑑2
6(5.238𝑠)(10)6
12 =
(75)(200)2

𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝒎
Maximum Shear:
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.03𝑤 = 2.03(2.7𝑠)
= 5.481(1.15)

𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟎𝑲𝑵
Situation 1.10.
Floor joists 100mm wide by 250mm deep, simply supported on a 6-m span, carry a floor loaded
at 6KN/m2.
Problem 1.10.1. If the maximum bending strength is 9 MPa, is the section adequate if the
centerline spacing is .4m?
Problem 1.10.2. What safe load (KN/m 2) could be carried on a centerline spacing of 0.4m.
SOLUTION:

𝑤𝑙 2 (6)(.4)(6)2
𝑀= =
8 8
𝑀 = 10.8 𝐾𝑁𝑚
6𝑀
𝑓𝑏 =
𝑏𝑑2
6(10.8)(10)6
𝑓𝑏 =
(100)(250)2

𝒇𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂 > 𝒇𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 = 𝟗𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆!

6𝑀
𝑓𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑏𝑑 2
6𝑀
9=
(100)(250)2

𝑀 = 9.375 𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑤(6)2
9.375 =
8
𝑤 = 2.083 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑤 = .4𝑝
2.083 𝐾 = .4𝑝

𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟏 𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐
2.0 DESIGN OF BEAMS AND GIRDER
Situation 2.1
A timber beam 4 m long is simply supported at both ends. It carries a uniform load of 10 kN/m
including its own weight. The wooden section has a width of 200 mm and a depth of 260 mm
and is made up of 80% grade Apitong. Use dressed dimension by reducing its dimensions by 10
mm.
Properties of Apitong
Bending and tension parallel to grain = 16.5 MPa
Shear parallel to grain = 1.73 MPa
Modulus of elasticity in bending = 7.31 GPa

Problem 2.1.1. What is the maximum flexural stress of the beam?

Problem 2.1.2. What is the maximum shearing stress of the beam?
Problem 2.1.3. What is the maximum deflection of the beam?
SOLUTION:
Situation 2.2.
A laminated beam is composed of five planks, each 6 in. by 2 in., glued together to form a
section 6 in. wide by 10 in. high. The allowable shear stress in the glue is 90 psi, the allowable
shear stress in the wood is 120 psi, and the allowable flexural stress in the wood is 1200 psi.
Determine the maximum uniformly distributed load that can be carried by the beam on a 6-ft
simple span.
Problem 2.2.1. What is the Maximum moment and shear for simple beam?
Problem 2.2.2. Determine the maximum uniformly distributed load that can be carried by the
beam on a 6-ft simple span. .
SOLUTION:

Situation 2.3.
A 150 mm by 300 mm wooden beam having a simple span of 6 meters carries a concentrated
load P at its midspan. It is notched at the supports as shown in the figure. For this problem, all
calculations are based on shear alone using the 2010 NSCP specification given below.
Allowable shear stress of wood, Fv = 1.0 MPa.
Problem 2.3.1.If P = 30 kN, calculate the maximum allowable depth (millimeters) of notches at
the supports.
Problem 2.3.2.If the depth of notches is 100 mm, what is the safe value of P (kiloNewton) the
beam can carry.
SOLUTION:
Situation 2.4.
A wood beam 6 in wide by 12 in deep is loaded as shown in the figure. If the maximum flexural
stress is 1200 psi, find the maximum values of wo and P which can be applied simultaneously?

Problem 2.4.1.find the maximum value of wo which can be applied.

Problem 2.4.2.find the maximum value of P which can be applied.
SOLUTION:
Situation 2.5.
A beam 100 mm wide is to be loaded with 3 kN concentrated loads spaced uniformly at 0.40 m
on centers throughout the 5 m span. The following data are given:
Allowable bending stress = 24 MPa
Allowable shear stress = 1.24 MPa
Allowable deflection = 1/240 of span
Modulus of elasticity = 18,600 MPa
Weight of wood = 8 kN/m3

Problem 2.5.1.Find the depth d considering bending stress only.

Problem 2.5.2.Determine the depth d considering shear stress only
SOLUTION:

Situation 2.6.
A cantilever beam 3m long has its ends resting on a rigid support and carries a total uniform
load of 5 KN/m. Its section is in the form of an I-beam framed by four 50mm x 200mm planks as
shown.
INA= 383.33x106 mm4
Q = 175 x104 mm3
Problem 2.6.1. What is the maximum concentrated load can the beam carry at its midspan if the
allowable bending stress is 12.50 MPa.
Problem 2.6.2. What is the maximum concentrated load can the beam carry at its midspan if the
allowable shearing stress is 0.82 MPa.
SOLUTION:
𝑊𝐿2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 1.5𝑃
2
(5)(3)2
= + 1.5𝑃
2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (22.5 + 1.5𝑃 ) 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑏 =
𝐼
(22.5 + 1.5𝑃 )(10002 )(150)
12.5 =
383.33x106
𝑷 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟎𝑲𝑵
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊𝐿 + 𝑃
= 3(5) + 𝑃
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (15 + 𝑃 )𝐾𝑁
 𝑉𝑄
𝑓𝐻 =
𝐼𝑏
[175 (10)4 (15 + 𝑃 )]1000
. 82 =
383.33x106(100)
𝑷 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟔 𝑲𝑵
Situation 2.7.
A 10m simply supported bridge consists of two logs of constant diameters. Each log must be
capable of supporting a uniform load of 10 kn/m. If the allowable stresses are 8.30 MPa in
bending and .69 MPa in shear and maximum deflection is L/240. Use E = 14000 Mpa. Neglect
log weight.
Problem 2.7.1. What is the required log diameter to be safe in bending?
Problem 2.7.2. What is the required log diameter to be safe in shear?

𝑊𝐿2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
8
(10)(10)2
=
8
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 125 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
32𝑀
𝑓𝑏 =
𝜋𝐷3
(32)(125)(10)6
8.30 =
𝜋𝐷3
𝐷 = 535.32 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦
𝑫 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑊𝐿
𝑉=
2
 (10)(10)
=
2
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 50𝐾𝑁
4𝑉
𝑓𝐻 =
3𝐴
4(50)(1000)
. 69 = 𝐷2
3𝜋 4

𝐷 = 3510.76 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦
𝑫 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎
Situation 2.8.
A simply supported beam carrying a uniform load has a span of 6m. Allowable stresses are for
bending = 12 MPa, for deflection = 1/240 of span; Ew=13x103MPa.

Problem 2.8.1. What is the depth of beam such that the allowable stresses are reached?
Problem 2.8.2. If the width of the beam is 300 mm how much total load can it carry?
SOLUTION:
𝐿
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 =
240
6000
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 =
240
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 25𝑚𝑚

For bending:
𝑊𝐿2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
8
𝑤(6)2
=
8
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4.5𝑤 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
 6𝑀
𝑓𝑏 =
𝑏𝑑2
(6)(4.5𝑤)(10)6
12 =
𝑏𝑑2
𝑏𝑑2 = 2250(10)3 𝑤 𝑒𝑞. 1
For deflection:
5𝑊𝐿4
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
384𝐸𝐼
5𝑊(6000)4
25 = 𝑏𝑑3
384(13𝑥103 )( 12 )

𝑏𝑑3 = 623.0769𝑤(10)6 𝑒𝑞. 2

𝑏𝑑3 623.0769𝑤(10)6
=
𝑏𝑑2 2250(10)3 𝑤
𝑑 = 276.92 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦
𝑫 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
From eq. 1:
𝑏𝑑2 = 2250(10)3 𝑤
300(300)2 = 2250(10)3 𝑤

𝒘 = 𝟏𝟐𝑲𝑵/𝒎
Situation 2.9.
A wooden beam simply supported at both ends has a span of 40d and carries a concentrated
load of 3000N located at midspan. Determine the dimensions of the beam which will have a
lisiting horizontal shearing stress of 1.12 MPa when the bending stress in the beam is 12.8
MPa.

3 KN

40d
Problem 2.9.1. Determine the maximum moment and shear for the simply-supported beam.
𝑑
Problem 2.9.2.Determine the section due to bending moment. With the assumption of b = 2 .

SOLUTION:
𝑃𝐿 3000(40𝑑)
M= 4
= 4
= 30000d N – mm(ans.)

Based on observation:
𝑃 3000
V=2= 1
= 1500 N(ans.)
6𝑀
fb = 𝑏𝑑2

6(30000𝑑) 3600000
12.8 = 𝑑 2 = 𝑑2
(𝑑 )
2

d = 167.7 mm, say 200 mm(ans.)

200
b= 2
𝑚𝑚 = 100 mm(ans.)

Situation 2.10.
A beam 100 mm wide is to be loaded with 5 kN concentrated loads spaced uniformly at 0.30 m
on centers throughout the 5 m span. The following data are given:
Allowable bending stress = 26 MPa
Allowable shear stress = 1.31 MPa
Allowable deflection = 1/240 of span
Modulus of elasticity = 19,000 MPa
Weight of wood = 9kN/m3
Problem 2.5.1.Find the depth d considering bending stress only.
Problem 2.5.2.Determine the depth d considering shear stress only.
SOLUTION:
5000
Wo = 400
+ 0.009d N/mm

𝑊𝑜𝐿2
M= 8

(12.5+ .009𝑑)(50002 )
M=
8

M = 39062500 + 28125𝑑
6𝑀
Fb = 𝑏𝑑2
6(39062500+28125𝑑)
26 MPa =
100𝑑2

d = 334.44mm (answer)
𝑊𝑜𝐿
V=R=
2

(12.5+.009𝑑)(5000)
V= 2

V = 2500(12.5+.009d)
3𝑉
Fv = 2𝑏𝑑
3(2500(12.5+.009𝑑))
1.31 =
2(100)(𝑑)

d = 482 mm (answer)
3.0 COMPOSITE FLEXURAL MEMBER
Situation 3.1.
A timber beam is reinforced with steel plates rigidly attached at the top and bottom as shown in
Fig. P-1002. By what amount is moment increased by the reinforcement if n = 15 and the
allowable stresses in the wood and steel are 8 MPa and 120 MPa, respectively?
Problem 3.1.1. Find the moment capacity of the beam without steel reinforcement.
Problem 3.1.2. Find the moment capacity of the beam with steel reinforcement.
SOLUTION:
Situation 3.2.
A timber joist 250mm x 300mm is reinforced on ts top and bottom surfaces by steel plates
10mm x 120mm wide. The composite beam is simply supported over a span of 4m and carries
a uniformly distributed load of 20kN/m. Modular ratio is 15.
Problem 3.2.1. Find the maximum stress in timber.
Problem 3.2.2. Find the maximum stress in steel.
SOLUTION:
Situation 3.3.
A timber joist 250mm x 300mm is reinforced on ts top and bottom surfaces by aluminum plates
10mm x 120mm wide. The composite beam is simply supported over a span of 4m and a
modular ratio is 5. Compute the moment capacity of the timber and the aluminum.
Problem 3.3.1. Compute the moment capacity of the beam without the reinforcement.
Problem 3.3.2. Compute the the increase in moment capacity with the aluminum
reincforcement.
SOLUTION:
Situation 3.4.
A timber beam 6 in. by 10 in. is reinforced only at the bottom by a steel plate. Determine the
concentrated load that can be applied at the midspan if the span of the beam is 18 ft..modular
ratio = 20, fs = 18ksi and fw = 1200psi.
Problem 3.4.1. Find the distance of the Neutral axis from the top.
Problem 3.4.2. Compute the Moment of Inertia at the Neutral axis.
SOLUTION:
Situation 3.5.
Determine the width b of the 1/2-in. steel plate fastened to the bottom of the beam that will
simultaneously stress the wood and the steel to their permissible limits of 1200 psi and 18 ksi,
respectively.
Problem 3.5.1. Find the distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam.
Problem 3.5.2. What is the width of the beam without exceeding the stress given?
SOLUTION:
Situation 3.6.
A uniformly distributed load of 300 lb/ft (including the weight of the beam) is simply supported on
a 20-ft span. The beam is 6 in. by 10 in. with a reinforcement 4 in. wide and 0.5 in. thick. If n =
20, determine the maximum stresses produced in the wood and the steel.
Problem 3.6.1. Determine the stress of the wood.
Problem 3.6.2. Determine the stress of the steel.
SOLUTION:
Situation 3.7
.A timber beam 150 mm wide by 250 mm deep is to be reinforced at the top and bottom by steel
plates 10 mm thick. Assume that n = 15 and the allowable stresses in the wood and steel are
10 MPa and 120 MPa, respectively.
Problem 3.7.1. Compute the width of the steel plates using the allowable stress of the steel.
Problem 3.7.2.Compute the width of the steel plates using the allowable stress of the wood.
Situation 3.8.
A timber beam 150 mm wide by 200 mm deep is to be reinforced at the top and bottom by
aluminum plates 6 mm thick. Tthe beam is to resist a moment of 14 kN·m. Assume n = 5.
Problem 3.8.1. If the allowable stress of the aluminum is 80 MPa, determine the minimum width
of the aluminum plates.
Problem 3.8.2. If the allowable stress of the wood is 10 MPa, determine the minimum width of
the aluminum plates.
SOLUTION:
Situation 3.9.
A pair of C254 × 30 steel channels are securely bolted to wood beam 200 mm by 254 mm..If
bending occurs about the x-axis (1-1). n = 20
Problem 3.9.1. Determine the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis(1-1).
Problem 3.9.2. Determine the safe allowable moment capacity of the beam.
SOLUTION:
Situation 3.10.
Steel and aluminum plates are used to reinforced an 80 mm by 150 mm timber beam. The three
materials are fastened firmly as shown so that there will be no relative movement between
them.
Problem 3.10.1. Determine the modular ratio between the steel and the aluminum with wood.
SOLUTION:

Problem 3.10.2 Determine the centroid and area of the transformed section.
4.0 BOLTED AND NAIL SECTIONS
Situation 4.1.
A concentrated load P is carried at midspan by a simply supported 4-m span beam. The beam
is made of 40-mm by 150-mm timber screwed together, as shown. The maximum flexural stress
developed is 8.3 MPa and each screw can resist 890 N of shear force.
Problem 4.1.1. Determine the spacing of screws at A.
Problem 4.1.2 Determine thespacing of screws at B.
SOLUTION:
Situation 4.2.
A beam is built up by nailing together 25 mm thick planks to form a 200 mm × 250 mm box
section as shown. The nails are spaced 125 mm apart and each can carry a shearing force of
up to 1.3 kN. The beam is simply supported for a span of 3.6 m and to carry a concentrated
load P at the third point of the span. The allowable shearing stress of the section is 0.827 MPa.

Problem 4.2.1. Determine the largest value of P that will not exceed the allowable shearing
stress of the beam or the allowable shearing force of the nails.
Problem 4.2.2. What is the maximum flexural stress of the beam for the load P computed in Part
(1)?
SOLUTION:
Situation 4.3.
A wide flange section is formed by bolting together three planks, each 80 mm by 200 mm,
arranged as shown in the figure.

Problem 4.3.1. Determine the shear acting on the section so as to cause a maximum shearing
stress of 1.4 MPa.
Problem 4.3.2. If each bolt can withstand a shearing force of 8 kN, determine the pitch.
Situation 4.4.
A box beam, built up as shown in Fig. P-593, is secured by screws spaced 5 in. apart. The
beam supports a concentrated load P at the third point of a simply supported span 12 ft long.

Problem 4.4.1. Determine the maximum value of P that will not exceed fv = 120 psi in the beam
or a shearing force of 300 lb in the screws.
Problem 4.4.2. What is the maximum flexural stress in the beam?
SOLUTION:
Situation 4.5.
A distributed load of wo lb/ft is applied over a middle 6 ft of a simply supported span 12 ft long.
The beam section is that in Prob. 593, but used here so that the 8-in dimension is vertical. if fb ≤
1200 psi, fv ≤ 120 psi, and the screws have a shear strength of 200 lb and a pitch of 2 in.
Problem 4.5.1. Determine the maximum value of wo based on allowable flexure stress.
Problem 4.5.2. Determine the maximum value of wo based on allowable shear stress.
Situation 4.6.
A concentrated load P is carried at midspan by a simply supported 4-m span beam. The beam
is made of 50-mm by 150-mm timber screwed together, as shown. The maximum flexural stress
developed is 9MPa and each screw can resist 800 N of shear force.

Problem 4.6.1. Determine the spacing of screws at A.

Problem 4.6.2 Determine the spacing of screws at B.
SOLUTION:
200(200)3 100(100)3
𝐼= −
12 12
𝐼 = 125 000 000 𝑚𝑚 4

𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑏 =
𝐼
𝑀(100)
9=
125x106
𝑀 = 11.25 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑃𝐿
𝑀=
4
𝑃4
11.25 =
4
𝑃 = 11.25 𝐾𝑁
Spacing of Screws:
𝑅𝐼
𝑠=
𝑉𝑄

𝑄 = 200(50)(75) = 750 000 𝑚𝑚 3

𝑅 = 2 (800) = 1600 𝑁
(1600)(125 000 000)
𝑠=
(11250)(750 000 )
𝑠 = 23.7 𝑚𝑚
 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎

𝑄 = 100(50)(75) = 375 000 𝑚𝑚 3

𝑅 = 2 (800) = 1600 𝑁
(1600)(125 000 000)
𝑠=
(11250)(375 000 )
𝑠 = 47.41𝑚𝑚
𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒔 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Situation 4.7.
A wide flange section is formed by bolting together three planks, each 100 mm by 200 mm,
arranged as shown in the figure.

Problem 4.7.1. Determine the shear acting on the section so as to cause a maximum shearing
stress of 1.4 MPa.
Problem 4.7.2. If each bolt can withstand a shearing force of 10kN, determine the pitch.
SOLUTION:
𝑓𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.5𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑄𝑁𝐴 = 200(100)(150) + 100(100)(50) = 3 500 000 𝑚𝑚 3

200(400)3 200(200)3
𝐼= −
12 12
𝐼 = 933 333 333 𝑚𝑚 4

𝑏 = 100 𝑚𝑚
Thus,
𝑉(3 500 000)
1.5 =
(933 333 333)(100)
𝑉 = 40𝐾𝑁
Spacing of bolts
𝑉𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑅= 𝑒
𝐼
(40000)[200(100)(150)]
10(1000) = 𝑒
933 333 333
𝒆 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎

Situation 4.8.
A beam is built up by nailing together 50 mm thick planks to form a 250 mm ×400 mm box
section as shown. The nails are spaced 150 mm apart and each can carry a shearing force of
up to 1.4kN. The beam is simply supported for a span of 4 m and to carry a uniformly distributed
load w along the span.

Problem 4.8.1. Determine the largest value of w that will not exceed the allowable shearing
force of the nails.
Problem 4.8.2. What is the maximum flexural stress of the beam for the load w computed in Part
(1)?
SOLUTION:
250(400)3 150(300)3
𝐼= −
12 12
𝐼 = 995833 333 𝑚𝑚 4
Maximum shear :
𝑊𝐿
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑊
𝑅 = 2(1400) = 2800 𝑁
 𝑄𝑁𝐴 = 150(50)(175) = 1312500 𝑚𝑚 3

𝑅𝐼
𝑠=
𝑉𝑄
2800(995 833 333)
150 =
2𝑤(1 312 500)
𝑤 = 7.08 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝑙 2 (7.08)(4)2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 14.16 𝐾𝑁𝑚
8 8
𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑏 =
𝐼
14.16(200)(1000)2
𝑓𝑏 =
995 833 333
𝒇𝒃 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Situation 4.9.
A beam is built up by bolting together 3 100mm x 50 mm section as shown. The nails can each
carry a shearing force of up to 1.8kN. The beam is simply supported for a span of 3 m.
Problem 4.9.1. If the maximum shear developed along the span is 9KN, Determine the spacing
of bolts.
Problem 4.9.2. If the spacing of bolts is 30 mm,Determine the maximum shear the beam can
carry.
SOLUTION:
100(1503 )
𝐼= = 28125000𝑚𝑚 3
12
𝑅𝐼
𝑠=
𝑉𝑄
𝑄𝑁𝐴 = 100(75)(37.5) = 281 250 𝑚𝑚 3
 1800(28 125 000)
𝑠= = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎
9000(281 250)
𝑅𝐼
𝑠=
𝑉𝑄
1800(28 125 000)
30 =
𝑉(281 250)
𝑽 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵
Situation 4.10.
A beam is built up by nailing together 25 mm thick planks to form a 200 mm × 250 mm box
section as shown. The nails can each carry a shearing force of up to 1200 N.

Problem 4.10.1. If the maximum shear developed along the span is 8.3KN, Determine the
spacing of bolts.
Problem 4.10.2.If the spacing of bolts is 100mm, Determine the maximum shear the beam can
carry.
SOLUTION:
250(2503 ) 150(2003 )
𝐼= − = 160 416 666.7𝑚𝑚 3
12 12
𝑅𝐼
𝑠=
𝑉𝑄
𝑄 = 150(25)(112.5) = 421 875𝑚𝑚 3
𝑅 = 2(1200) = 2400 𝑁
2400(160416666.7)
𝑠= = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎
8300(421875)
𝑅𝐼
𝑠=
𝑉𝑄
2400(160416666.7)
100 =
𝑉(421875)
𝑽 = 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟗 𝑵