Design Guide For Midas Civil CAN CSA S6-14

DESIGN GUIDE
for midas Civil
CAN/CSA S6-14
Prestressed Concrete Girder Design
Steel Composite I-Girder Design
Steel Composite Box Girder Design
The objective of this design guide is to outline the design
algorithms which are applied in midas Civil finite element
analysis and design system. The guide aims to provide
sufficient information for the user to understand the
scope, limitations and formulas applied in the design
features and to provide relevant references to the clauses
in the Design standards.
The design guide covers prestressed concrete girder, steel

composite I-girder and steel composite box girder as per
CAN/CSA S6-14.
It is recommended that you read this guide and review

corresponding tutorials, which are found on our web site,
http://www.MidasUser.com, before designing. Additional
information can be found in the online help available in
the program’s main menu.
DISCLAIMER
Developers and distributors assume no responsibility for
the use of MIDAS Family Program (midas Civil, midas FEA,
midas FX+, midas Gen, midas Drawing, midas SDS, midas
GTS, SoilWorks, midas NFX ; hereinafter referred to as
“MIDAS package”) or for the accuracy or validity of any
results obtained from the MIDAS package.
Developers and distributors shall not be liable for loss of

profit, loss of business, or financial loss which may be
caused directly or indirectly by the MIDAS package, when
used for any purpose or use, due to any defect or
deficiency therein. Accordingly, the user is encouraged to
fully understand the bases of the program and become
familiar with the users manuals. The user shall also inde-
pendently verify the results produced by the program.
Foreword
The objective of this design guide is to outline the design algorithms
which are applied in midas Civil finite element analysis and design
system. The guide aims to provide sufficient information for the user to
understand the scope, limitations and formulas applied in the design
features and to provide relevant references to the clauses in the Design
standards.
The design guide covers prestressed concrete girder, steel composite

I-girder and steel composite box girder as per CAN/CSA S6-14.
It is recommended that you read this guide and review corresponding

tutorials, which are found on our web site, http://www.MidasUser.com,
before designing. Additional information can be found in the online
help available in the program’s main menu.
Organization
This guide is designed to help you quickly become productive with
the design options of CAN/CSA S6-14.
Chapter 1 provides detailed descriptions of the design parameters,

ULS/SLS checks, design outputs used for prestressed concrete
girder design to CAN/CSA S6-14.

ULS/SLS checks, design outputs used for steel composite I-girder
design to CAN/CSA S6-14.

ULS/SLS checks, design outputs used for steel composite box girder
design to CAN/CSA S6-14.
Contents
Chapter 1.
Prestressed Concrete Girder Design (CAN/CSA-S6-14) 01
Strength Limit States
1. Flexural resistance 03
2. Shear resistance 14
3. Torsion resistance 21
Serviceability Limit States

1. Stress for cross section at a construction stage 26
2. Stress for cross section at service loads 31
3. Tensile stress for Prestressing tendons 34
4. Principal stress at a construction stage 37
5. Principal stress at service loads (Excluding torsional shear stress) 39
6. Principal stress at service loads 40
7. Check crack 42
Chapter 2.
Steel Composite I - Girder Design (CAN/CSA-S6-14) 47
Introduction
1. CAN/CSA S6-14 Steel Composite I-Girder 49
2. Considerations Steel Composite Design 51
3. Calculation of Plastic Moment and Yield Moment 51
Modeling and Design Variables

1. Modeling Design Variables 55
Application of CAN/CSA S6-14

1. Composite I Girder 72
2. Shear Connector 86
3. Constructibility of a composite I Girder 88
4. Horizontally curved Box girders 94
Steel Composite Design Result
1. Ultimate Limit State Result 97
2. Service Limit State Result 100
3. Constructibility Result 101
4. Fatigue Limit State Result 103
5. Shear Connector Result 104
6. Stiffener Result 105
7. Total Checking 106
Chapter 3.
Steel Composite Box Girder Design (CAN/CSA S6-14) 107
Introduction
1. CAN/CSA S6-14 Steel Composite Box Girder 109
2. Considerations Steel Composite Design 111
3. Calculation of Plastic Moment and Yield Moment 111
Modeling and Design Variables

1. Modeling Design Variables 115
Application of CAN/CSA S6-14

1. Composite Box Girder 132
2. Shear Connector 148
3. Constructibility of a composite Box Girder 150
4. Horizontally curved Box girders 158
Steel Composite Design Result

1. Ultimate Limit State Result 163
2. Service Limit State Result 166
3. Constructibility Result 167
4. Fatigue Limit State Result 169
5. Shear Connector Result 170
6. Stiffener Result 171
7. Total Checking 172
Chapter 1.
Prestressed Concrete
Girder Design
CAN/CSA S6 -14
Chapter 1.
Prestressed Concrete Girder Design (CAN/CSA S6-14)
Prestressed concrete girder needs to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.
Ultimate Limit States

Flexural Resistance
Shear Resistance
Torsion Resistance
Serviceability Limit States

Stress for cross section at a construction stage
Stress for cross section at service loads
Tensile stress for Prestressing tendons
Principal stress at a construction stage
Principal stress at service loads
Check crack
Chapter 1. Prestressed Concrete Girder Design : CSA-S6-14
Strength Limit State

1. Flexural resistance
For the flexural resistance design limit, Mf ≤Mr shall be satisfied
where Mf : factored moment at a section

Mr : factored flexural resistance of a section in bending
1.1 Material resistance factors CAN/CSA-S6-14

(8.4.6)
[Fig.1. 1] Material resistance factors
In CSA, regardless of applied members, resistant forces are calculated with the
corresponding material resistance factors.
1.2 Calculate neutral axis depth. (by Iteration approach)

Neutral axis is iteratively calculated by the following steps.
Initial c = H/2
Assume neutral axis depth, c
(H=Section Height)
Calculate Cc (Concrete) (1)
Calculate Ts, Cs (Reinforcement) (2)
Calculate Tps (Tendon) (3)
(4)
NO
Cc+Cs-(Ts+Tps)=0?
YES
Get neutral axis depth, c
[Fig.1. 2] Flow chart to calculate neutral axis depth, c
Chapter 1. Prestressed Concrete Girder Design 3

(1) Calculate force of concrete, Cc.
CAN/CSA-S6-14
midas Civil assumes a rectangular stress distribution in the stress and strain relationship of (8.8.3)
concrete. Note that the maximum strain is assumed εcu = 0.0035
[Fig.1. 3] Flow chart to calculate neutral axis depth, c
Cc  1c f 'c Ac (1.1)
where
1  0.85  0.0015 f 'c  0.67
c : Material resistance factors for concrete
f 'c : Specified compressive strength of concrete
Ac : Concrete area of compressive zone  ab  (1c)b

1  0.97  0.0025 f 'c  0.67
c : Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis.
b : Width
f’c value applied in calculation is inputted as shown below.
▶ PSC>PSC Design Data> PSC Design Material…
Concrete Material
Property
Reinforcement
Material Property
[Fig.1. 4] PSC Design Material
Concrete and reinforcement data are entered in the PSC Design Materials dialog box.
Selection of design standard and the type of concrete to be used determine the Specified
Compressive Strength, which is the f’c value in PSC design.
4 Design Guide for midas Civil

Similarly for concrete, selection of design standard and the type of steel to be used
determine the yield stress for longitudinal reinforcements and shear reinforcements, and
these values are used in PSC design.
Input tendon profile data for PSC design in the dialog box below.
▶ Load>Temp./Prestress>Section Manager
>Tendon Profile
Tendon data can be entered in the 2D or 3D coordinate

system.
Tendon position which is placed at the farthest position

from the extreme compression fiber will be used to
calculate the strain.
[Fig.1. 5] Tendon Profile
Input longitudinal reinforcement data for PSC design in the dialog box below.
▶ Properties>Section Manager>Reinforcements
Rebar coordinate
at section
Entered rebar data
[Fig.1. 6] Input Longitudinal reinforcement
Once reinforcement is entered at the PSC section, the rebar which is placed at the farthest
position from the extreme compression fiber will be used to calculate the strain. In short,
the rebar at the bottom most is used under the sagging moment while the rebar at the top
most is used under the hogging moment.

(2) Calculate force of reinforcement, Ts, Cs.
Ts  s As f s , Cs  s As ' f s ' (1.2)
where
Φs : Material resistance factor for steel
As, As’ : the cross sectional area of tensile and compressive reinforcements.
fs , fs’: the stress of tensile and compressive reinforcements.
In order to calculate the tensile stress of reinforcements at a section, strain of the

reinforcements is first obtained based on the strain compatibility condition. The
corresponding stresses are then computed by the stress-strain relationship. The equations
are shown below.
▪ Strain
dt  x x  dc
s   cu ,  s '   cu (1.3)
x x
where
εs : the strain of tensile reinforcement.
εs’ : the strain of compressive reinforcement.
εcu : the ultimate compressive strain in the concrete. (ε cu = 0.0035)
x : the neutral axis depth.
dt : distance from the extreme compression fiber to the rebar at the bottom most
dc : distance from the extreme compression fiber to the rebar at the top most
▪ Stress
Once the yield stress is reached, the yield stress is applied for stress in steel. εs x Es is,
otherwise, used.
 s Es ( fs  f y )  s ' Es ( fs '  f y )
fs   , fs '   (1.4)
 fy ( fs  f y )  fy ( fs '  f y )
where
Es : Elastic modulus of steel
Fy : Yield stress of steel
(3) Calculate force of tendon, Tps.
Tps   p  Ap f ps (1.5)
where
Φp : Material resistance factors for tendon
Ap : the cross sectional area of tendon
fps : the stress of tendon.

Tendon-related data can be entered in the Tendon Property dialog box. CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.8.4.2)
▶ Load>Temp./Prestress>Section Manager>Tendon Property
Tendon Type
Total Tendon Area
fpu
fpy
Bond Type
[Fig.1. 7] Tendon Property Dialog
▪ Tendon Type
Select one among Pre-Tension, Post-Tension, and External Tension.
Internal(Pre-Tension) : Tendon is tension-stressed prior to the placement of concrete and
unloaded after the concrete has hardened. This introduces compression through adhesive
bonds between concrete and tendon.
Internal(Post-Tension) : Compression is introduced by tensioning tendons after concrete
has hardened. The tendons are wedged after achieving a desired level of stress.
External : Tendons are placed external to concrete members and stressed
▪ Bond Type
Bonded : This defines a perfect bond between concrete and tendon. The case of
Internal(Pre-Tension) defines the Bond Type as Bonded.
Unbonded : In this case, tendon is not well bonded with concrete, allowing relative
movements to the concrete. The case of External defines the bond Type as Unbonded.
Bond type can be classified as shown in Table1.1 below, depending on the Tendon Type.
[Table1. 1] Bond Type Depending on Tendon Type

Tendon Type Bond Type
Internal (Pre-tension) Bonded
Bonded
Internal (Post-tension)
Unbonded
External Unbonded
▪ Total Tendon Area

Enter the area of Tendon (Ap).
Select the number of tendon cable and the size o f its diameter via button.
▪ fpu, fpy
Enter the ultimate strength fpu and yield strength fpy of the prestressing steel.
Stress fps differs depending on the Bond Type. For the case of the Bonded Type, depending
on the ratio c/dp, fps is calculated differently as well.

[Table1. 2] calculation method of fps
Bond Type Classification Tensile stress
c/dp ≤0.5 Bonded Type의 fps
Bonded Type
c/dp >0.5 Strain compatibility
Unbonded Type - Unbonded Type의 fps
Where c: Distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face
dp : Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid
of the prestressing tendons
▪ fps in Bonded Type
 c 
f ps  f pu 1  k p  (1.6)
 d p 

where
Kp : 0.3 for low-relaxation strands
0.4 for smooth high-strength bars
0.5 for deformed high-strength bars
fpu : Specified tensile strength of tendon (MPa)
Tendon Type can be assigned as shown in a red box below.
▶ PSC> Design Parameter> Parameters…
[Fig.1. 8] PSC Design Parameter Dialog – Tendon Type
For clarification, notations used in a Civil dialog and in Design Code are summarized in
Table1.3.
[Table1. 3] Tendon Type

Civil Dialog Design Code
Low Relaxation Tendons Low Relaxation Strand
Stress Relieved Tendons smooth high-strength Bar
Prestressing Bar deformed high-strength Bar

▪ fps in Unbonded Type
f ps  f se (1.7)
where fse : effective stress in prestress steel after losses
▪ fps by Strain compatibility CAN/CSA-S6-00

When bending strength is calculated using strain compatibility condition, (C 8.8.3.2)
Stress-strain equation of Tendon is used.

When εp ≤ 0.008 : fps = Epεp
When εp > 0.008 :
0.433
(Grade 1760 Strands) f ps  1749   0.98 f pu
 p  0.00614
(1.8)
0.517
(Grade 1860 Strands) f ps  1848   0.98 f pu
 p  0.0065
(4) Check if a resultant force is Zero.

Until equilibrium between compressive forces (C=Cc+Cs) and tensile forces(T=Ts+Tps) is
satisfied within a certain level of convergence criterion, iterative calculations are performed
by changing the c value.
Convergence criterion is applied as shown in the following equation
• Convergence condition :
C
 1.0  0.001 (Tolerance ) (1.9)
T
1.3 Calculate moment resistance (Mr)

Once the neutral axis is computed, the axial forces obtained in 1.2.1(1)~(3) are multiplied by the
distance from their individual acting point to the neutral axis. These obtained moments are
summed to obtain the total moment resistance Mr.
M r  Cc ac  Cs as ' Ts as   Tps a pi  (1.10)
where
ac, as, as’, api : the distance from neutral axis depth, c to concrete, reinforcement rebar, tendon.
0.85f’c
Cs
As’
a
Cc
c
as'
ac
ap
as
Ap Tps
As
Ts
[Fig.1. 9] Forces and distances from neutral axis depth for Mn

If tendon is located above the neutral axis, the moment due to this tendon will generate a
negative moment and it will be subtracted in the equation.

M r  Cc ac  Cs as ' Ts as   Tps a pi  Tps' a 'pi  (1.8)
1.4 Minimum Reinforcement

Process to check the minimum reinforcement is the following.
CAN/CSA-S6-14
1. Mr≥4/3Mf is checked, (8.8.4.3)
If Mr≥4/3Mf , the minimum reinforcement ratio needs to be checked
2. Calculate cracked moment Mcr
3. if Mr≥1.2Mcr , the minimum reinforcement is satisfied.
▪ Cracked moment( Mcr)

Civil applies a below equation for a cracked moment.
CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.8.4.4)
M cr  ( fcr  fcpe )Sc (1.9)
Where, in midas Civil

fcr : 0.4 f 'c CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.4.1.8.1)
Sc : modulus of section on the tension side
fcpe : Compressive stress of the section in elastic state due to effective prestress.
Equation used in the program is shown below.
f cpe 
A f
ps e

A fe
ps e p
(1.13)
Ag S
where
f e : Effective prestress forces in tendon reinforcement
e p : Distance from the neutral axis to the centroid of tendon reinforcement
Aps : Area of tendon reinforcement
Ag : Gross cross-sectional area
S : Section modulus on the compression side
1.5 Maximum Reinforcement

If c/d ≤0.5, it is considered that the requirement for the maximum reinforcement is satisfied.
where CAN/CSA-S6-14
c = Distance from the neutral axis to the extreme compression fiber (8.8.4.5)
d = Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the center of tension force.
Equation used in program is shown below.
Aps f ps d p  As f s d s
d (1.10)
Aps f ps  As f s
Where,
dp : Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centriod of tensile tendon
ds : Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centriod of tensile reinforcement

1.6 Check Component of Flexural Resistance
If c/dp > 0.5, it is considered that the calculated flexural resistance can be ignored. The users can
check the results with the table. There is the calculated value for c/dp, and if c/dp > 0.5, it will be
shown with dash(-).
The tendon stress (fps) will be calculated by fps equation of Bonded type, depending on the value
for c/dp.
Bond Type Value Calculation method
c/dp ≤ 0.5 fps for Bonded Type
Bonded Type
c/dp > 0.5 Strain compatibility
Unbonded Type - fps for Unbonded Type
1.7 Check moment resistance

The user needs to select load combination cases to be used to check the strength limit with
respect to bending moments as shown in Figure1.10.
▶ Results>Load combinations>Concrete Design tab
Active:
Strength/Stress
Active:
Serviceability
[Fig.1. 10] Load Combinations dialog
Load combinations for PSC design can be entered within the Concrete Design tab of
the Load Combination dialog.
For load combinations with Strength/Stress defined in the Active column, bending strength is
checked in terms of positive and negative bending moments. In addition, these load
combinations are applied to check strength limits for shear and twist.
For load combinations with Serviceability defined in the Active column, serviceability limits are
checked.
There are two cases to be considered in the verification of moment

▪ When not required to satisfy minimum reinforcement requirements
Mr≥Mu and (c/d≤0.5) need to be satisfied.
▪ When required to satisfy minimum reinforcement requirements
Mr≥Mu, Mr≥Mcr and (c/d≤0.5) need to be satisfied.

1.8 Moment resistance verification
1.8.1 by Result Tables

The results can be checked as shown in the table below.
▶Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Check Flexural Strength…
[Fig.1. 11] Result table for moment resistance
Elem : Element number

Part : Check location (I-End, J-End) of each element.
Positive/Negative : Positive moment, negative moment.
LCom Name : Load combination name.
Type : Displays the set of member forces corresponding to moving load case or settlement load case for
which the maximum stresses are produced.
CHK : Flexural strength check for element
Mf : factored moment
Mcr : Cracked Moment
Mr : factored flexural resistance
Ratio : Mf/ Mr, (less than 1, ok)
min(4/3Mf, 1.2Mcr)/Mr : verification of minimum reinforcement ratio(less than 1, ok)
C/D : verification of maximum reinforcement ratio (less than 0.5, ok)
c/dp : Component of Flexural Resistance CHK(less than 0.5, ok)

1.8.2 by Excel Report
Detailed verification results with the basis of calculation can be checked in an excel report as
shown in Figure 1.12.
▶Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Calculation…
[Fig.1. 12] Excel Report for moment resistance

2 Shear resistance
Pure shear without the effects of torsion is verified with the following equation. (for shear with
the effects of torsion, refer to 1.3 Torsion resistance)
Limit state of Shear resistance needs to satisfy Vf ≤Vr.

Where Vf = factored Shear force
Vr = factored Shear resistance
2.1 Parameters for shear
2.1.1 Effective web width(bv)

Effective web width (bv) is taken as web thickness. For PSC multi-cell girder, web thickness can
be automatically taken as a summation of thickness for all webs. Also this value can be entered
by the user directly as shown in the figure below.
▶ Property > Section Property > Section >PSC
[Fig.1. 13] Effective web width
1) When the user directly enters values for web thickness

Apply the minimum value among the entered web thickness values.
2) When “Auto” option is selected

Apply the minimum web thickness among t1, t2, and t3. These values are automatically taken as
a summation of thickness for both webs at the stress point, Z1, Z2, and Z3.
2.1.2 Effective shear depth (dv)

Effective shear depth is considered as follows.
CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.9.1.5)
dv  min  0.9d , 0.72h  (1.11)

where
Aps f ps d p  As f s d s
d
Aps f ps  As f s
dp : Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of tendon reinforcements
ds : Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of tensile reinforcements
2.1.3 Longitudinal strain (εx)

Longitudinal strain εx is computed with the following equation.
M f / dv  V f  Vp  0.5 N f  Aps f fpo

x  (1.12)
2( Es As  E p Aps )
where
Vf and Mf are positive
Mf ≥ (Vf-Vp)dv
Nf is posive for tension and negative for compression
fpo is 0.7fpu for the bonded type, and is equal to fpe for the unbounded type
εx is bounded inbetween : 0   x  0.003
As and Aps are the area of tensile reinforcements and tendon reinforcements, respectively
2.2 The factored shear resistance, Vn

Vn is determined as the lesser of the results from Equations 1.15 and 1.16.
Vr  Vc  Vs  Vp (1.13) CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.9.3.3)
Vr  0.25c fc'bv dv  Vp (1.14)
Where
Φc : Material resistance factors for concrete
Vc : factored shear resistance by concrete
Vs : factored shear resistance by shear reinforcement
Vp : shear resistance component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing
force.
In midas Civil, shear resistance due to prestressing force, Vp, includes primary prestress force.
The secondary effects from prestressing shall be included in the design shear force obtained
from the load combinations.
2.3 The factored shear resistance by concrete, Vc

2.3.1 Determination β and Φ by general method
Design for shear allows to use two methods (Simplified method and General method) to
calculate β and Φ. In midas Civil, the general method is applied.
 0.4  1300 
    (1.15)
1  1500 x  1000  S ze  CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.9.3.7)
 S ze 
  (29  7000 x )  0.88   (1.20)
 2500 

where
S ze  300mm ( Av  Av,min )
35S z
  0.85S z ( Av  Av ,min )
15  ag
Sz : dv (refer to clause 8.9.3.6)
ag : 25.4mm (f’c ≤ 60Mpa)
0mm (f’c ≥ 70Mpa)
60~70 by linear interpolation (60MPa < f’c < 70Mpa)
* 25.4mm is taken as an equivalent value of 1inch used in AASHTO standard.
[Fig.1. 14] θ and dv for shear
2.3.2 Vc
CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.9.3.4)
Vc  2.5  c fcr bv dv (1.21)
where fcr  min(0.4 f 'c , 3.2MPa)
2.4 The factored shear resistance by transverse reinforcement, V s

The angle of inclination of transverse reinforcements is considered in the calculation of the
factored shear resistance by transverse reinforcement, Vs.
s Av f y dv (cot   cot  )sin  CAN/CSA-S6-14

Vs  (1.16) (8.9.3.5)
s
where
α = Enter the angle of transverse reinforcement as shown in Fig1.14
s = Enter the spacing as shown in Fig1.14

Transverse
reinforcement
data
[Fig.1. 15] Diagonal Reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement data are entered as follows.

- Pitch : spacing of transverse reinforcements
- Angle : angle of inclination of transverse reinforcements
- Aw : total area of all transverse reinforcements in the web
2.5 Minimum amount of transverse reinforcement
bv s
Av ,min  0.15 f cr (1.17) CAN/CSA-S6-14
fy (8.9.1.3)
Where,
fcr  0.4 f 'c
Compare the calculated Av,min with the Aw shown in Fig.1.15. If Av,min > Aw, which means the
requirement is not satisfied, a message “NG” (not good) is printed in the report.
2.6 Maximum spacing for transverse reinforcement (smax)

The maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement can be checked according to the following
steps:
1. Below equation is checked.

CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.9.1.2)
V f  0.20c fcr bv dv  0.5 pVp (1.24)
Where,
fcr  min(0.4 f 'c , 3.2MPa)
2. If the above equation is applicable, then transverse reinforcements are required and the
maximum spacing(smax) needs to be computed.
3. Compare the calculated smax with the entered s. If s > smax, which means the requirement is
not satisfied, a message “NG” (not good) is printed in the report.

The maximum spacing(smax) for transverse reinforcements is computed with the following
equation.
smax  min(0.33dv ,300mm) (0.1c f 'c bv dv  Vp V f )

(1.25)
 min(0.75dv , 600mm) (0.1c f 'c bv dv  Vp V f )
2.7 Longitudinal reinforcement Check
▪ Flexural Tension Side

It is verified if tensile reinforcements and tendons are capable enough to resist applied CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.9.3.11)
tension induced by bending moment and shear forces.
Mf
Flt   0.5 N f  (V f  0.5Vs  Vp ) cot  (1.26)
dv
Ft   p Aps f ps  s As f s (1.18)
If Ft ≥ Flt , OK
▪ Flexural Compression Side

CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.9.3.12)
It is verified if compressive reinforcements are capable enough to resist applied
compression induced by bending moment and shear forces.
Mf
Flc  0.5 N f  (V f  0.5Vs  Vp ) cot   (1.19)
dv
Fc  s A 's f 's (1.20)
If Fc ≥ Flc , OK

2.8 Interface shear Check
midas Civil checks if the shear-friction reinforcement of the girder can resist against the shear
force generated between the girder and the slab for the composite section.
▶ PSC > PSC Design > Interface Shear
midas Civil calculates Vri_Concrete and compare with Vfi.
If Vri_Concrete > Vfi, the concrete can resiste against the shear
force.
In case that the concrete fail to resiste against the shear-friction
force, midas Civil calculates the Shear-friction reinforcement,
Vri_reinforcement and compare with Vfi. If Vri_reinforcement > Vfi,
the reinforcement can resist against the shear force.
𝑉𝑓
𝑉𝑓𝑖 = 𝑏 Concrete
𝑣𝑖 ∙𝑑𝑣
𝑁 surface
𝑉𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = ∅𝑐 (𝑐 + 𝜇 )
𝐴𝑐𝑣
𝑁
𝑉𝑟𝑖_𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ∅𝑐 (𝑐 + 𝜇(𝜌𝑣 𝑓𝑦 + 𝐴 ) Interface
𝑐𝑣
Shear
𝑉𝑟𝑖 ≤ min⁡(0.25∅𝑐 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ⁡⁡, 6.5𝑀𝑃𝑎)
2.9 Check shear resistance
midas Civil checks the shear strength limit state for the Vmax and Vmin cases among the Active:
Strength/Stress load combinations, which are defined in the Load Combinations dialog as in
Fig.1.10.
2.10 Check Shear resistance results

Shear resistance results can be checked as shown in the table below
▶ Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Check Shear Strength…
[Fig.1. 16] Result table for shear resistance

Part : Check location (I-End, J-End) of each element
Max./Min. : Maximum shear, minimum shear
LCom. Name : Load combination name.
Type : Displays the set of member forces corresponding to moving load case
or settlement load case for which the maximum stresses are produced.
CHK : Shear strength check for element
Vf : Maximum shear force among Strength/Stress load combinations
Vc : factored shear resistance by concrete
Vs : factored shear resistance by shear reinforcement
Vp : Shear force of the effective prestressing force
Ft : Tension resistant force by tensile reinforcements and tendon
Fc : Compression resistant force by compressive reinforcements

Flt : Tension developed due to bending moment and shear forces
Flc : Compression developed due to bending moment and shear forces
Vui : Interface Shear force
Vri : Shear resistance force of concrete or shear-friction reinforcement
Interface Shear CHK : Interface shear check

Detailed results with basis of calculation can be found in an excel report.
▶ Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Calculation…
[Fig.1. 17] Excel report table for shear resistance

3. Torsion resistance
Check combined shear and torsional resistance.
3.1 Dimension of section for torsion

The following is nomenclature used in the torsion check.
Where,
Aoh : Area enclosed by the centerline of exterior
closed transverse torsion reinforcement (mm2)
Ph : Perimeter of the centerline of the closed tranverse torsion reinforcement (mm)
Acp : Total area enclosed by outside Perimeter of the concrete section (mm2)
P : The length of the outside perimeter of concrete section (mm)
[Fig.1. 18] Dimension of section for torsion
3.2 Calculate torsional resistance

Torsional resistance can be checked according to the following steps:
1) Calculate torsional cracking moment (Tcr)
2) Determine the need of consideration of the torsional effects by comparing the factored
torsional moment with 0.25 Tcr
3) In case where the torsional effects are included, Calculate torsional resistance, then
compare it (Tr) with Tf
3.2.1 Torsional cracking moment (Tcr)
0.5
Acp2  f ce  CAN/CSA-S6-14
Tcr  0.8c f cr 1   (1.30) (8.9.1.1)
pc  0.8c fcr 
Where,
fcr : 0.4 f 'c

fce is calculated as follows.
When the centroid is in the flange: calculate at the junction of the flange and the web
meet.
f ce 
A ps ef

Aps e pfe
y jo int (1.31) CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.4.1.8.1)
Ag Ig
Where,
yjoint: the distance from the centroid to the junction of the web and flange

When the centroid is in the web: calculate at the centroid of the cross-section.
f ce 
A ps e f
(1.32)
Ag
3.2.2 Determination of inclusion of torsional effects

CAN/CSA-S6-14
T f  0.25Tcr : torsional effects ignored (8.9.1.2)
T f  0.25Tcr : torsional effects considered
3.2.3 Torsional resistance

Torsion resistance is calculated as follows.
2 Aos At f y cot  CAN/CSA-S6-14

Tr  (1.33) (8.9.3.17)
s
ad
where
Ao : 0.8Aoh
At : Awt value within the torsional reinforcements in Section Manager > Reinforcements is applied
s : Spacing (pitch) value within the torsional reinforcements in Section Manager > Reinforcements
is applied
 S ze 
  (29  7000 x )  0.88   (1.34)
 2500 
where
Sze : Refer to Clause 1.3.3.1
M f / dv  V f  Vp  0.5 N f  Aps f fpo

x  (1.35)
2( Es As  E p Aps )
For details regarding εx, refer to Section 1.3.1.3 in this document
 2 
 0.9 phT f  
Mf  V  Vp 
2
  dv (1.36)
 f
 2 Ao  
 

Torsional reinforcement data can be checked as in the following figure.
Torsional
reinforcement
data
[Fig.1. 19] Diagonal Reinforcement
CAN/CSA-S6-14
- Pitch : spacing of transverse torsional reinforcement (8.9.3.19)
- Awt : area of transverse torsional reinforcement
(the area of a single stirrup among the outer closed stirrups)
- Alt : area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement
(the area of all reinforcing steels which are close against the outer closed stirrups)
3.3 Check combined torsional and shear CAN/CSA-S6-14

(8.9.3.18)
There are two types of sections that require a check of stress due to shear and torsion;
they are a box section and a solid section.
▪ Box section
It is considered safe if the following is satisfied.
 V f  Vp   T f  Aoh
   0.25c f c if t 
'
 (1.37)
 bv dv   1.7 Aoht  ph
 V f  Vp   Tu ph  Aoh
  2 
 0.25c fc' if t  (1.38)
 bv dv   1.7 Aoh  ph
‘t’ in the above equations is the thickness of the box section, which can be entered as red-
marked in Fig.1.20. When “Auto” is checked, it is taken as the smallest value among t1, t2, and
t3.
To consider the maximum combined stress, absolute values are taken in the calculation of the
above equations.
▪ Solid section
It is considered safe if the following is satisfied.
2 2
 V f  Vp   Tu ph 
   2 
 0.25c f c' (1.39)
 bv dv   1.7 Aoh 
PSC box data can be entered in the Section Data dialog as shown in Fig.1.20.

▶ Property > Section Property > Section >PSC
[Fig.1. 20] PSC section data dialog

Cell type sections are defined as a box section in the PSC section data dialog.
3.4 Check torsional moment resistance

midas Civil checks the combined shear and torsional strength limit state for the Vmax, Vmin and
Tmax cases among the Active: Strength/Stress load combinations, which are defined in Fig.1.10
Load Combinations dialog.
3.5 Check torsional resistance results

Torsional resistance results can be checked as shown in the table below.
▶ Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Check Combined Shear and Torsion

Strength…
[Fig.1. 21] Result Table for torsional resistance

Max./Min.: Maximum torsion/shear, minimum torsion/shear
LCom Name: Load combination name.
Type: Displays the set of member forces corresponding to moving load case
or settlement load case for which the maximum stresses are produced.
CHK: Shear and torsion strength check for element
Tf : torsional moment for the corresponding Lcom
0.25Tcr : a value to check where to include the torsional effects
Tr : factored torsional resistance
Sig_comb : stress due to combination of bending moment and shear forces
0.25phiF : limit value (= 0.25Φsfc’) compared with the combined stress

Detailed torsional resistance results can be checked with the basis of calculation in an excel
report.
[Fig.1. 22] Excel report for torsional resistance

Chapter 1. Prestressed Concrete Girder Design : CSA-S6-14
Serviceability Limit State

1. Stress for cross section at a construction stage
The allowable stress at a construction stage differs depending on the generated stress
because the pre-compressed tensile zone is defined differently depending on the generated
stress. Therefore, the generated stress at every stage and step is compared to the
corresponding allowable stress, and the most unfavorable ratio of the generated stress to
the allowable stress is searched and checked against the criteria.
That is to say, calculate the ratio of generated stress to allowable stress for every stage and
see if the highest ratio meets the criteria.
1.1 Allowable stress of concrete
(1) Allowable compressive stress of concrete CAN/CSA-S6-14

(8.8.4.6)
σca = 0.60 f’ci (1.40)
Refer to 2.1.3 for the definition of f’ci.
(2) Allowable tensile stress of concrete

Allowable tensile stress in midas Civil is applied as shown in Table 2.1.
CAN/CSA-S6-14
[Table1.4] Allowable tensile stress at construction stage (8.8.4.6)
Construction Type Case Allowable Stress To be checked
No Reinforcement бta = 0 Concrete Stress
Segment & Joint TS ≦ 0.5fcri бta = 0.5fcri Steel Stress
Reinforcement
TS > 0.5fcri бta = 0.5fcri Concrete Stress
No Reinforcement бta = 0.5fcri Concrete Stress
All else TS > 0.5fcri Steel Stress
Reinforcement
TS ≦ 0.5fcri бta = 0.5fcri Concrete Stress
Tensile Stress : TS

The following is an explanation of classification of allowable stress
1) Segmental construction
Assign the construction type as shown in the figure in red. (select Segmental for the
Construction Type)
[Fig.2.1] PSC Design parameter Dialog - Construction Type
Segmental : this applies to post-tensioned girders made of match-cast or cast-in-place

concrete segments.
Non-Segmental : this applies to those that do not belong to the segmental case.
2) Joint/non-Joint
In midas Civil, joints can be defined in the dialog below:
▶ PSC> PSC Segment Assignment
[Fig.2.2] PSC Segment Assignment
As shown in Fig.2.2, if elements 1, 2 and 3 are assigned as one segment, i-end of element 1
and j-end of element 3 become the joints and the rest become the non-joints.

3) Effectiveness of reinforcement
If reinforcements exist in a tension region with respect to the centroid, the reinforcements
are considered effective. In the case of a negative moment (tension in top and
compression in bottom), for example, if a concrete section contains reinforcements only in
the bottom with respect to the centroid, the reinforcements are considered ineffective.
As stated in Table 2.1, one of the two cases below needs to be checked.
1) Check the stress in concrete

① Tensile stress developed in the considered section is compared with an allowable
stress.
② It is considered safe when the tensile stress is less than the allowable stress.
2) Check the stress in reinforcement

① Compute the concrete triangular stress block on the tension zone, using the
extreme fiber tension stress and the extreme fiber compression stress of concrete.
② Compute the tension force of concrete(TTFc) by multiplying the compression stress
by the area of the concrete triangular stress block.
③ Compute the tension force of reinforcement(TTFs) by multiplying the area of
reinforcement and tendon, which are included in the triangular stress block, by the
specific stress(240Mpa).
④ If the tension force of reinforcement is larger than that of concrete, it is concluded
that the tensile stress of reinforcement satisfies the regulation.
1.2 f’ci
The Code defines f’ci as:
f’ci is compressive strength of concrete at transfer
midas Civi computes the compressive strength of concrete (f’ci) during construction stages CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.3)
according to the construction days defined in Fig.2.4 and the function of concrete strength
in Fig.2.5.
The days for each construction stage can be defined in Fig2.3.
▶ Load> Construction Stage> Compose construction Stage…
Stage Additional
Steps
Activation
[Fig.2.3] Compose construction Stage dialog

Stage>Duration:
Enter the duration of the construction stage.
It is the basic unit where elements become active or inactive, boundary conditions become
active or inactive and loads are applied or removed
Additional Step>age:
Define the specific days for the analysis steps within the construction stage.
Within a construction stage where the model and boundary conditions remain unchanged,
changes in load application timing or additional loads may be incorporated through additional
steps.
Activation>Group List>age:
Select relevant element groups, which are applicable to the current stage, in the Group List and
activate the selected groups by moving them to Activation Group List. Specify the Age of the
selected element groups.
The age entered here will be used to reflect the effects of creep and shrinkage that took place
prior to the current construction stage. The age of the element, which is casted at the start of
the current construction stage, is zero. The age typically represents the time span from the time
of concrete casting to the time of removal of formwork during which the concrete is considered
as a structural element, that is to say the curing period of concrete.
Based on the inputs shown in Fig.2.4, midas Civil takes the following days for the construction
stage analysis:
① The duration of the construction stage CS1 is 30 days, the duration of the additional
step within CS1 is 15 days, and the Activation age is 5 days.
② The actual duration of CS1 is 35 days (Stage Duration + Activation age).
③ The compressive strength of concrete is computed at 5 days, 20 days and 35 days for
CS1.
④ If the next stage CS2 is defined with the duration of 20 days, CS2 starts at 35 days and
ends at 55 days.
The development of concrete compressive strength with days is defined in the dialog
below
▶ Properties> Time Dependent Materials>Comp. Strength…
[Fig.2.4] Time Dependent Materials dialog
Development of Strength:
Define a function to compute the compressive strength of concrete at construction stages. It
can be defined by selecting ACI,CEF-FIP or the Structural Concrete Design Code, or by directly
defining a value for the strength.

Variation of the elastic modulus of concrete with its age needs to be considered in the
calculation of the compressive strength.
For CS1 the compressive strengths of concrete are computed at 5 days, 20 days and 35 days,
and they are compared to the corresponding stresses.
1.3 Check stress for cross section at a construction stage
 c   ca
,
 t   ta (or TTFs  TTFc) (1.41)
1.4 Check stress results for cross section at a construction stage

Results can be checked as shown in the table below.
▶ Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Check stress for cross section

at a construction stage.
[Fig.2.5] Result table for stress at a construction stage

Girder/Slab : Girder or Slab Stress ( “-” if Non Composite Section)
Comp./Tens.: Compression or Tension Stress

Stage: Construction stage at which stresses are maximum at the corresponding section.
CHK : Combined stress check for construction stages
FT : Combined Stress due to My and axial force at Top fiber
FB : Combined Stress due to My and axial force at Bottom fiber
FTL : Combined Stress due to My, Mz and axial force at Top Left fiber
FBL : Combined Stress due to My, Mz and axial force at Bottom Left fiber
FTR : Combined Stress due to My, Mz and axial force at Top Right fiber
FBR : Combined Stress due to My, Mz and axial force at Bottom Right fiber
FMAX : Maximum combined stress out of the above six components.
ALW : Allowable stress of cross section at construction stage.
TTFc : Tensile resistance of concrete corresponding to the triangular block
TTFs : Tensile resistance of tensile reinforcement

Verification results can be checked in an excel report.
▶ Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Calculation>Check stress for cross section at a
construcion stage…
[Fig.2.6] Excel Report for allowable stresses in concrete construction stage
2. Stress for cross section at service loads

The element stress at service loads after losses shall meet the following conditions:
The maximum compressive stress at service loads after losses ≤ allowable compressive stress of
concrete: σc ≤ σca
The maximum tensile stress at service loads after losses ≤ allowable tensile stress of concrete: σt
≤ σta
Load combinations that are defined as “Serviceability” in the Load Combination dialog (As
shown in Fig.2.7) are verified as per their serviceability limit states.
▶ Results>Load combinations>Concrete Design tab
Active:
Serviceability
[Fig.2.7] Load Combinations dialog

2.1 Allowable stress of concrete
(1) Allowable compressive stress of concrete
CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.8.4.6)
σca = 0.60 f’c (1.36)
(2) Allowable tensile stress of concrete

CAN/CSA-S6-14
midas Civil calculates the allowable tensile stress of concrete using the design code, as (8.8.4.6)
summarized in the table below.
[Table.1.5] Allowable stress of concrete at service load

Construction
Case Allowable Stress To be checked
Type
No Reinforcement 0 Concrete Stress
Segment & Joint
Reinforcement fcr Concrete Stress
All else - fcr Concrete Stress
Refer to Section 2.1.1 for the classification of allowable stress.

2.2 Check stress for cross section at a service loads
 c   ca  t   ta (1.42)
,
2.3 Check stress results for cross section at service loads

▶ Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Check stress for cross section at service
loads…
[Fig.2.8] Result table for stress at a service loads
Elem: Element number

Part: Check location (I-End, J-End) of each element
Girder/Slab : Girder or Slab Stress ( “-” if Non Composite Section)
Comp./Tens.: Compression or Tension Stress

LCom Name: Load Combination Name
Type: Displays the set of member forces corresponding to moving load case
or settlement load case for which the maximum stresses are produced

CHK: Combined stress check for Service loads
FT: Combined Stress due to My and axial force at Top fiber
FB: Combined Stress due to My and axial force at Bottom fiber
FTL: Combined Stress due to My, Mz and axial force at Top Left fiber
FBL: Combined Stress due to My, Mz and axial force at Bottom Left fiber
FTR: Combined Stress due to My, Mz and axial force at Top Right fiber
FBR: Combined Stress due to My, Mz and axial force at Bottom Right fiber
FMAX: Maximum combined stress out of the above six components.
ALW: Allowable stress in concrete at service limit state.

Verification results can be checked in an excel report as shown in the table below.
[Fig.2.9] Excel Report for stress at service loads

3. Tensile stress for Prestressing tendons
Compare the stress in tendon with the allowable stress for each tendon group.
After immediate losses at anchorages, the maximum stress in tendon ≤ allowable stress.
Elsewhere away from anchorages, the maximum stress in tendon ≤ allowable stress.
After all losses, the maximum stress in tendon ≥ 0.45fpu
3.1 Allowable stress of tendon

The Code presents the following stress limits for tendons depending on the tendon types:
CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.7.1)
[Fig.2.10] Allowable stress of tendon
Tendon Type can be specified in Fig1.8 Design parameter dialog.

Pre/Post tensioning can be specified in Fig1.7 Tendon Property dialog.
Midas Civil checks the following:

Stress in tendon reflecting the initial losses at anchorages (FDL1)
Stress in tendon immediately after anchor set elsewhere (FDL2)
Stress in tendon at service limit state after all losses (FLL1)
Allowable stresses corresponding to the described stresses above are set based on Fig.2.11 as
follows.
(1) Allowable stress in tendon immediately after anchor set at anchorages (AFDL1)
It is the maximum allowable stress in tendon at anchorages after immediate losses. The values
for “At transfer > Pretensioning and Post-tensioning > At anchorages and couplers” in Fig.2.11.
It is considered safe when FDL1 ≤ AFDL1.
(2) Allowable Stress in Tendon immediately after anchor set elsewhere (AFDL2)
CAN/CSA-S6-14
This is the maximum allowable stress immediately after anchor set elsewhere. The values for (8.7.1)
“At transfer > Post-tensioning > Elsewhere” in Fig.2.11. It is considered safe when FDL2 ≤
AFDL2.
(3) Allowable stress in tendon at service limit state after losses (AFLL1)
This is the maximum allowable stress at service limit state after all losses. It is stated in the code
that it should be at least 0.45fpu. It is considered safe when FLL1 ≥ AFLL1.

3.2 Check the stress in Prestressing tendons
3.2.1 Tendon Time-dependent Loss Graph

▶ Result>Bridge>Tendon Loss Graph
[Fig.2.11] Tendon Time-dependent Loss Graph
Stress in tendon can be checked with the Tendon Time-dependent Loss Graph.
Verification results can be checked in an excel format as shown in the table below.
▶Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Check tensile stress for Prestressing
tendons
[Fig.2.12] Result table for tensile stress for prestressing tendons
Tendon: Tendon profile name.

For Post-tensioned:
FDL1: Stress in tendon at anchorages.
The maximum stress in tendon at anchorages after immediate losses
AFDL1: Allowable stress in tendon immediately after anchor set at anchorages. The allowable stress
for FDL1
FDL2: Maximum stress in tendon along the length of the member away from anchorages, immediately
after anchor set.
The maximum stress in tendon elsewhere along length of member away from anchorages
immediately after anchor set
AFDL2: Allowable stress in tendon immediately after anchor set elsewhere.
The allowable stress for FDL2
FLL1: Maximum stress in tendon after all losses at the last stage.
The maximum stress in tendon at service limit state after all losses
AFLL1: Allowable stress in tendon at service limit state after losses.
The allowable stress for FLL1(=0.45fpu)
Elem : Element number for the Tendon
Part : Element location for the Tendon (I, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, J)
For Pre-tensioned:
FDL1: Stress in tendon.
FDL2: -
FLL1: Maximum stress in tendon after all losses at the last stage.
AFDL1: Allowable stress in tendon prior to transfer.
AFDL2: -
AFLL1: Allowable stress in tendon at service limit state after losses.
Elem : Element number for the Tendon
Part : Element location for the Tendon (I, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, J)

Verification results can be checked in an Excel report as shown in the table below.
▶ Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Calculation> Check tensile stress for Prestressing

tendons…
[Fig.2.13] Excel Report for tensile stress for prestressing tendons

4. Principal stress at a construction stage
Find the maximum principal tensile stress among the stress check points 1~10 of the cross-
section at a construction stage and compare it to the allowable stress. In other words,
maximum principal tensile stress ≤ allowable stress.
4.1 Allowable tensile stress
 ta  0.110 fci'
AASHTO LRFD12
(1.43) (5.9.4.1.2)
Where f’ci is identical to that in Section 2.1.2.
4.2 Maximum principal stress

The maximum principal tensile stress for each point at a constructions stage is computed as
follows:
 ps 
1
 x   z    x   z 2  4 s   t   p 2  (1.44)
2  
where
σx : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
σz : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
τs : Shear stress due to shear.
τt : Shear stress due to torsion.
τp : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
4.2.1 Beam stresses of PSC

The stress components to compute the maximum principal tensile stress can be checked in a
result table as shown below:
▶ Results>Result Tables>Beam>Stress(PSC)…
[Fig.2.14] Beam stresses of PSC
Sig-xx (Axial): Axial stress due to the axial force (Fx) in the ECS x-direction
Sig-xx (Moment-y): Stress due to My (moment about the ECS y-axis) in ECS x-direction
Sig-xx (Moment-z): Stress due to Mz (moment about the ECS z-axis) in ECS x-direction
Sig-xx (Bar): Axial stress due to shear steel bars in the ECS x-direction
Sig-xx (Summation): Sum of the axial stress in the ECS x-direction and the axial stress
due to shear steel bars in the ECS x-direction
Sig-zz: Stress in the ECS z-direction
Sig-xz (shear): Sum of shear stresses due to shear force and shear steel bars
Sig-xz (torsion): Shear stress due to torsion
Sig-xz (bar): Shear stress due to shear steel bars

Sig-Is (shear): Diagonal stress due to shear force
Sig-Is (shear+torsion): Diagonal stress due to torsion and shear force
Sig-Ps1: Maximum principal stress
Sig-Ps2: Minimum principal stress
4.3 Check principal stress at a construction stage
 ps   ta (1.45)
4.4 Check the principal stress results at a construction stage

▶ Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Principal stress at a construction stage …
[Fig.2.16] Result table for principal stress at a construction stage
Elem: Element number.

Part: Check location (I-End, J-End) of each element.
Comp./Tens.: Compression or Tension Stress.
Stage: Construction stage.
CHK: Principal stress check for construction stages.
Sig_P1: Principal Stress at the left top of top flange.
Sig_P2: Principal Stress at the right top of top flange.
Sig_P3: Principal Stress at the right bottom of bottom flange.
Sig_P4: Principal Stress at the left bottom of bottom flange.
Sig_P5: Principal Stress at the top of left web.(at Z1 Level)
Sig_P6: Principal Stress at the top of right web.(at Z1 Level)
Sig_P7: Principal Stress at the neutral axis in left web.(at Z2 Level)
Sig_P8: Principal Stress at the neutral axis in right web.(at Z2 Level)
Sig_P9: Principal Stress at the bottom of left web.(at Z3 Level)
Sig_P10: Principal Stress at the bottom of right web.(at Z3 Level)
Sig_MAX: The maximum Principal stress among P1-P10.
Sig_AP: Allowable principal stress at neutral axis in the web.
When the user select Result Table, in case of composite section, all Principal Stress will be
deactivated, and if the composite and noncomposite sections are modelled together, all
principal stress will be activated. In case of noncomposite section, CHK and allowable
stress(Sig_AP) will not be presented.

Verification results can be checked in an Excel report as shown in the figure below.
[Fig.2.17] Excel Report for principal stress at a construction stage

5. Principal stress at service loads(Excluding torsional shear
stress)
section at service loads and compare it to the allowable stress. In other words, maximum
principal tensile stress ≤ allowable stress.
Note that in this calculation, the shear effects due to torsion are excluded.

The code does not present allowable stress values regarding the maximum principal tensile
stress during construction stage. The program refers to AASHTO-LRFD12 for this particular
case.
 ta  0.110 fc' (1.46)

The maximum principal tensile stress for each point at a construction stage is computed as
follows:
 ps 
1
 x   z    x   z 2  4 s   t   p 2  (1.47)
2  
where,

The stress components to compute the maximum principal tensile stress can be checked from a
result table shown below:
Refer to 2.4.2.1 Beam stresses of PSC.
5.3 Check principal stress at service loads
 ps   ta (1.48)
5.4 Check the principal stress results at service loads

▶ Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables> Result table for principal stress at service
loads(excluding torsional shear stress)…
[Fig.2.18] Result table for principal stress at service loads (excluding torsional shear stress)


[Fig.2.19] Excel Report for principal stress at service loads (excluding torsional shear stress)
6. Principal stress at service loads

section at service loads and compare it to the allowable stress. Here both shear and torsion will
be reflected in the stress calculation. In other words, maximum principal tensile stress ≤
allowable stress.
 ta  0.110 fc' (1.49)

The maximum principal tensile stress for each point at a construction stage is computed as
follows:
 ps 
1
 x   z    x   z 2  4 s   t   p 2  (1.50)
2  
where,

The stress components to compute the maximum principal tensile stress can be checked from a
result table shown below:
Refer to 2.4.2.1 Beam stresses of PSC.
6.3 Check principal stress at service loads
 ps   ta (1.51)
6.4 Check the principal stress results at service loads

▶ Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Principal stress at service loads…
[Fig.2.20] Result table for principal stress at service loads


[Fig.2.21] Excel Report for principal stress at service loads

7. Check crack
Maximum crack width is compared with a calculated (expected) crack width for the crack limit
state check. In other words, calculated crack width ≤ maximum crack width
7.1 Calculate crack widths

CAN/CSA-S6-14
(1) Determine srm (8.12.3.2)
db
srm  50  0.25kc (1.52)
c
where
kc : 0.5 for bending
db : Diameter of outer reinforcement(tendon) (bottom row)
As
c  for bending
Act
As : the area of reinforcement contained within Act
Act : the effective tension area of concrete cross-section in hc,ef.
 h x
hc ,ef  min  2.5  h  d  , (1.53)
 3 
[Fig.2.22] effective tension area of concrete cross-section
(2) Determine εsm
fs   fw  
2
 sm  1     (1.54)
Es   f s  
 
where
fs : stress in reinforcement at the serviceability limit state on the basis of crack section
midas Civil uses the stress, at service loads, of reinforcement(or tendon) located at a greatest
distance from the extreme compression fiber.
fw : stress in reinforcement under the conditions causing initial cracking on the basis of crack section
Stress of reinforcement at initial crack is calculated with the following steps. Strain of
concrete is first calulcated based on the crack strength(f cr).
εc = Ec/fcr (1.55)
εc is the strain of concrete at crack strengthas well as the strain of concrete at the extreme
tension fiber.

1) Using εc, the strain (εs) of the outer reinforcement is computed.
2) Stress of reinforcement is calculated based on its strain(εs).
fw = Es εs (1.56)
3) Determine w
w  kb c srm sm (1.57)
Where
Kb : 1.2 for epoxy-coated reinforcing steel
1.0 for all other component
Coating condition of reinforcement can be entered in the PSC Design parameter dialog.
[Fig.2.23] PSC Design parameter Dialog – Reinforcing Rebar
βc : 1.7 when cracking is caused by load
7.2 Maximum crack width, wmax

CAN/CSA-S6-14
(8.12.3.1)
Wmax is determined depending on the type of exposure as shown in the table below.
[Fig.1.45] Maximum crack width, wmax

Environmental Exposure (type of exposure) can be entered in the Design parameter dialog.
[Fig.2.24] PSC Design parameter Dialog – Environmental Exposure
Wmax is determined depending on the type of exposure as shown in the table below.
[Table1.6 ]Coefficient k2
Type of Exposure wmax
(a) De-icing Chemical 0.15
(b) No deicing chemical 0.2
(c) Exposed to earth or fresh water 0.2
(d) Exposed to swamps maash, salt
water, 0.15
or aggressive back fill
(e) Cast against and Permanently 0.2
(f) various 0.2
7.3 Check crack width results at service loads

▶ Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Check crack width at service loads…
[Fig.2.25]Result table for crack width at service loads
Elem: Element number

Part: Check location (I-End, J-End) of each element
Top/Bottom: At top of element, at bottom of element

LCom. Name: Load combination name.
Type: produce maximum and minimum member force components for the load
combinations including moving load cases or settlement load cases.
Check:OK/NG
FT : Stress at the top (+ compression, - tension)
FB : Stress at the bottom (+ compression, - tension)
Wk : calculated crack width
Wmax : Maximum crack width

[Fig.2.26]Excel Report for crack width at service loads

Chapter 2.
Steel Composite
I - Girder Design
CAN/CSA S6 -14
Chapter 2.
Steel Composite I-Girder Design (CAN/CSA S6-14)
Steel composite I-girder needs to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.
Steel Composite I-Girder Bridge

Check Ultimate Limit State
Check Serviceability Limit State
Check Fatigue Limit State
Check Constructability
Check Shear Connector
Check Longitudinal Stiffener

Chapter 2. Steel Composite I-Girder Design : CAN/CSA S6-14
Introduction
1. CAN/CSA S6-14 Steel Composite I-Girder
1.1 Check List of CAN/CSA S6-14 Steel Composite I-Girder
For CAN/CSA S6-14 Steel Composite Design, Limit State Design is applied. The criteria that Steel
Composite I-Girder must follow for Limit State Design is as follows.
(1) Ultimate Limit State

Review on bending strength, lateral torsional buckling and shear strength
(2) Serviceability Limit State

Review on permanent deformation
(3) Constructibility
Review on bending and shear occurring from load combinations during construction stages
(4) Fatigue Limit State

Review on fatigue in steel and concrete materials in Steel Composite girder
1.2 Classification of Steel Composite

Steel Composite section can be categorized by the following classification groups.
(1) Section Shape Type

There are three main section shape types in midas Civil; I, Box and Tub shapes. In the case of
box and tub sections, there are two more cases, single or multiple box section.
I Box Tub
Figure 1.1 Section Shape Type
(2) Moment Type : Positive / Negative

For continuous beams, negative moments may occur around interior supports. Design code
may apply different formulas for these cases.
(3) Bridge Type : Straight / Curved

Based on the horizontal alignment of a bridge, it can be classified as either straight or
curved. The program recognizes curved bridges based on the input of the girder radius for
each element.
Chapter2. Steel Composite I-Girder Design – CAN/CSA S6-14 49

(4) Classification of Cross-sections: Class 1 / Class 2 / Class 3 / Class 4
Structural sections shall be designated as Class 1, 2, 3, or 4 depending on the width-to-
thickness ratio of the elements that make up the cross-section and on the conditions of
loading.
Table 1.1 Steel Section Classification CAN/CSA S6-14

10.9.2.1
Type Description
A Class 1 section is one that will attain the plastic moment capacity,
Class 1 adjusted for the presence of axial force if necessary, and permit
subsequent redistribution of bending moment.
Class 2 adjusted for the presence of axial force if necessary, but not necessarily
permit subsequent moment redistribution.
A Class 3 section is one that will attain the yield moment capacity,
Class 3
adjusted for the presence of axial force if necessary.
A Class 4 section is one in which the slenderness of the elements
Class 4
making up the cross-section exceeds the limits of Class 3.
1.3 Stiffeners of Steel Composite

The program considers transverse and longitudinal stiffeners.
Table 1.2 Types of Stiffeners
Type Description
Transverse stiffeners are usually provided to increase shear resistance by

tension field action. These work as anchors for the tension so that post
Transverse buckling shear resistance can be developed.
Stiffeners
It should be noted that elastic web shear buckling cannot be prevented
by transverse stiffeners.
Longitudinal stiffeners may be provided to increase flexural resistance
by preventing local buckling. These work as restraining boundaries for
compression elements so that inelastic flexural buckling stress can be
Longitudinal
developed in a web.
Stiffeners
It consists of either a plate welded longitudinally to one side of the web,
or a bolted angle.
Figure 1.2 Longitudinal Stiffener and Transverse Stiffener

2. Considerations of Steel Composite Design
2.1 Construction Stage for steel composite
During the construction of a steel composite bridge, the steel girder is constructed before the
construction of the concrete deck of the upper part of the structure. The steel composite section
is divided into three major steps.
Table 1.3 Construction Stage for Steel Composite Section

Construction stage
Description
for steel composite section
Only Steel Girder Only the steel girder has been

(non-composite) constructed.
Although the concrete deck has been

Steel girder and
constructed, it has not hardened yet.
concrete deck
Therefore, the weight of the wet
as load
concrete is applied to the steel girder
(non-composite)
as a load condition.
After concrete is hardened, the

Steel girder and
strength and stiffness are formed.
concrete deck
Hereafter, the steel girder and
as member
concrete deck work as a complete
(composite)
composite section.
2.2 Time Dependent Material

▪ Steel composite section is composed of steel and concrete. Concrete is a time dependent
material and transforms due to creep and shrinkage. Also, the restraints imposed by the shear
connectors cause additional stresses within the composite section. Therefore, time dependent
characteristics (creep and shrinkage) must be taken into consideration.
▪ Modular ratio is the ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete. The short-term
modular ratio "n" is used for transient loads in the program. Long-term modular ratio "3n" is used
for permanent loads acting after composite action.
3. Calculation of Plastic Moment and Yield Moment

3.1 Section Classification
CAN/CSA S6-14
The steel section is classified in accordance with Clause 10.9.2. The classification is carried 10.9.2.1
out separately for positive and negative bending for both composite and non-composite
sections. The classification of a cross-section depends on the width to thickness ratio of the
parts subject to compression. A cross-section is classified according to the highest (least
favorable) class of its compression parts.
For calculating the limiting width-to-thickness ratios of the web of monosymmetric steel CAN/CSA S6-14
sections, h is replaced by 2dc. However, for the classification of composite section, the h is 10.10.2.1
Chapter 2. Steel Composite I-Girder Design - CAN/CSA S6-14 51

used for the web.
The resistance of the top flange of the composite section under positive moment is assumed
as not being limited by its local buckling resistance since it is restrained by effective
attachment to a concrete flange by shear connectors. The top flange is always classified as
Class 1.
3.2 Plastic Moment (Mp) of Composite Section in Positive Flexure

If the positive moment is applied on a class 1 or class 2 section, MP is calculated as shown in
Table 1.4.
Figure 1.3 Case of calculation of Mp in positive moment
̅ and Mp for section in Positive Flexure

Table 1.4 Calculation of 𝐘
Case PNA Condition ̅ and

Y Mp
 D  P  Pc  Ps  Prt  Prb
Y   [ t  1]
Pt  Pw 2 Pw
Ⅰ In Web  Pc  Ps  Prb  Prt
P  2
M   w [Y  (t  Y ) 2 ] +
 2D 
 [ Ps d s  Prt d rt  Prb d rb  Pw d w  Pt d t ]
t c Pw + Pt − Ps − Prt − Prb
̅
Y = ( )[ + 1]
2 Pc
In Top Pt  Pw  Pc
Ⅱ P  2
flange  Ps  Prb  Prt
M   c [Y  (t  Y ) 2 ]
 2t c 
Pc + Pw + Pt − Prt − Prb
Pt  Pw  Pc ̅
Y = (t s ) [ ]
Ps
Concrete c 
Ⅲ Deck,   rb  Ps  Prb  Prt Y 2P 
Below Prb  ts  M  s 
 2t s 
 
 [ Prt d rt  Prb d rb  Pc d c  Pw d w  Pt d t ]
Y  C rb
Pt  Pw  Pc  Prb
Concrete
Ⅳ Deck, c 
at Prb   rb  Ps  Prt  Y 2P 
 ts  M  s   [ Prt d rt  Pc d c  Pw d w  Pt d t ]
 2t s 
 

 P  Pw  Pt  Prt  Prb 
Y  (t s )  c 
Concrete Pt  Pw  Pc  Prb  Ps 
Ⅴ
Deck, c   Y 2P 
Above Prb   rt  Ps  Prt
t  M  s 
Below Prt  s   2t s 
 
Pt  Pw  Pc  Prb  Prt Y  C rt
Concrete
Ⅵ Deck, c 
at Prt   rt  Ps  Y 2P 
 ts  M  s   [ Prb d rb  Pc d c  Pw d w  Pt dt ]
 2t s 
 
P  P  P  P  P 
Y  (t s )  rb c w t rt 
Pt  Pw  Pc  Prb  Prt  Ps 
Concrete
Ⅶ Deck, c   Y 2P 
  rt  Ps
Above Prt M  s 
 ts   2t s 
 
 [ Prt drt  Prbdrb  Pc dc  Pwd w  Pt dt ]
Where,
𝒅𝒓𝒕 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to the centerline of the top layer of longitudinal concrete
deck.
𝒅𝒓𝒃 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to the centerline of the bottom layer of longitudinal
concrete deck.
𝒅𝒕 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to the midthickness of the tension flange.
𝒅𝒘 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to middepth of the web.
𝒅𝒄 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the compression flange.
𝒅𝒔 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the concrete deck.
𝑃𝑟𝑡 = 𝐹𝑦𝑟 𝐴𝑟𝑡 (by reinforcement)

𝑃𝑟𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦𝑟 𝐴𝑟𝑏 (by reinforcement)
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑏𝑓𝑡 𝑡𝑓𝑡 𝐹𝑦𝑡 (by steel girder)
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐷 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦𝑤 (by steel girder)
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑏𝑓𝑐 𝑡𝑓𝑐 𝐹𝑦𝑐 (by steel girder)
𝑃𝑠 = 0,85 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑠 𝑡𝑠 (by concrete slab)
3.3 Plastic Moment (Mp) of Composite Section in Negative Flexure

Under negative moment, Mp is calculated by either of the two following methods. Please
refer to Table 1.5 for the equations.
Figure 1.4 Case of calculation of Mp in Negative Moment

̅ and Mp for section in Negative Flexure
Y Mp
D P − Pt − Prt − Prb
̅ = ( )[ c
Y + 1]
2 Pw
In
Ⅰ Pc  Pw  Pt  Prb  Prt
Web Pw 2
Mp = ̅ + (D − Y
[Y ̅)2 ]
2D
+[Prt drt + Prb drb + Pt dt + Pc dc ]
t P + Pc − Prt − Prb
̅ = ( t) [ w
Y + 1]
2 Pt
In Top
Ⅱ Pc  Pw  Pt  Prb  Prt
flange Pt 2
Mp = ̅ + (t t − ̅
[Y Y)2 ]
2t
+[Prt drt + Prb drb + Pw dw + Pc dc ]
Where,
𝑃𝑟𝑡 = 𝐹𝑦𝑟𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑡 (by reinforcement)
𝑃𝑟𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦𝑟𝑏 𝐴𝑟𝑏 (by reinforcement)
𝑃𝑐 = 𝐹𝑦𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑡𝑐 (by steel girder)
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝐷𝑡𝑤 (by steel girder)
𝑃𝑡 = 𝐹𝑦𝑡 𝑏𝑡 𝑡𝑡 (by steel girder)

Modeling and Design

Variables
1. Modeling Design Variables
In this chapter, the design variable values, the meaning behind the design requirements, and the design process for
Steel Composite Design in midas Civil are explained.
1.1. Composite Section Data

The steel composite section is mainly composed of steel girder and concrete slab. Stiffeners can be added to steel
girder section while longitudinal reinforcement can be added to reinforce concrete slab. In this section, the input
methods for these sections and the meaning and application of design variables are explained.
Contents Explanation
1.1.1 Composite Section 1.1.1 Composite Section

(1) Composite Section Data (1) Composite Section Data
▶ Properties > Section > Section Properties> Add > 1) The value of Bc for the slab is used as the
effective width of the concrete deck.
Composite Tab
2) Multiple Modulus of Elasticity Option
To design the steel composite section, the
modulus of elasticity for short-term and long-
term effect in creep and shrinkage can be input.
The modulus of elasticity input here is applied
for construction stage analysis of Steel
Composite section as shown in Figure 1.6.
Figure 1.6 Elastic Modulus ratio for Construction Stage
Figure 1.5 Section Data Dialog Box
Chapter2. Steel Composite I-Girder Design – CAN/CSA S6-14 55

(2) Section Stiffener (2) Section Stiffener (Longitudinal)

▶ Properties > Section > Section Properties> Add > 1) Types of longitudinal stiffeners that are
Composite Tab > Stiffeners Button... useable are Flat, Tee, and U-Rib.
2) For I sections, stiffeners can be added on
either side of the web. For Box/Tub sections,
upper and lower flanges can be installed as well
as the web panel.
3) When the check box under c column is
checked on, the stiffness value of the stiffener
is considered in analysis. Otherwise, the value
is not considered for analysis. Regardless of
whether or not the check box is checked on or
off, longitudinal stiffeners are considered in
design.
It is also required for classifying the interior
panels in shear check as stiffened/unstiffened.
Figure 1.7 Section Stiffener Dialog Box
1.1.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement 1.1.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement

▶Design > Composite Design > Longitudinal In a steel composite section, the longitudinal
Reinforcement ... reinforcements are arranged within the concrete
deck. The moment resistance is calculated as
shown in Table 1.6.
Table 1.6 Applicability of concrete and reinforcement for

the calculation of moment resistance
Positive Negative
Case
Bending Bending
Figure
Figure 1.8 Longitudinal Reinforcement Dialog Box

Concrete
Applied None
Slab
Rebar Applied Applied

1.1.3 Transverse Stiffener 1.1.3 Transverse Stiffener

(1) Transverse Stiffener Figure 1.9 shows the window in which users can
arrange transverse stiffeners in steel composite
▶ Design > Composite Design > Transverse Stiffener ...
section. When the transverse stiffeners are
installed, the existence and spacing between
stiffeners determine whether the web is stiffened
or unstiffened under ultimate limit state.
Figure 1.9 Transverse Stiffener Dialog Box
Figure 1.11 Transverse Stiffener Parameters
Stiffener Type
1) One / Two Stiffener Option Button
Choose between one or two stiffeners.
Transverse stiffeners can be provided on one or
both sides of the web.
2) Pitch
Pitch refers to transverse stiffener spacing. At
the ultimate limit state, this can be used to
distinguish between stiffened and unstiffened
webs or calculate shear strength of the web.
Figure 1.10 Stiffener Type Dialog Box

1.2. Design Material Data
For the design of steel composite section, construction stage and time dependent material properties of concrete can
be applied. In this section, the input method for the time dependent properties of concrete and material data for steel
composite section is explained.
1.2.1 Time Dependent Material 1.2.1 Time Dependent Material

(1) Creep/Shrinkage (1) Creep/Shrinkage
▶ Properties > Time Dependent Material > The time dependent properties of concrete,
such as creep and shrinkage, are defined. During
Creep/Shrinkage ...
construction stage analysis of bridges, these
properties are utilized for concrete material.
Figure 1.12 Add/Modify Time Dependent Material Dialog Box

(Creep/Shrinkage)
(2) Comp. Strength

(2) Comp. Strength
▶ Properties > Time Dependent Material > Comp. In order to reflect the change in the modulus of
Strength ... elasticity of concrete, the change in compressive
strength or modulus of elasticity is defined.
Aging effects may vary for each construction

stage since concrete is poured at different
locations.

(Compression Strength)

1.2.2 Modify Composite Material 1.2.2 Modify Composite Material

The materials utilized for steel composite
sections are provided in the SRC material
properties. The materials should be defined as
SRC Type.
(1) Modify Composite Material (1) Modify Composite Material

▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Material ... Figure 1.14 shows the dialog box where users
can type in material characteristics for the steel
composite section design. The material property
values entered will have a priority over the
values entered in the Material Data dialog box.
1) Steel Material Selection

Define modulus of elasticity, yield strength
and tensile strength of steel for design
purpose. In the current version, different
yield strengths for different thicknesses of
steel are not supported.
2) Concrete Material Selection

Define compressive strength of concrete slab
for design purpose.
3) Reinforcement Selection
Define yield strength of reinforcement in the
slab.
Figure 1.14 Modify Composite Material Dialog Box

1.3. Design Parameters for Composite Section
1.3.1 Design Parameter 1.3.1 Design Parameter

▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Parameters ...
(1) Strength Resistance Factor
Strength Resistance Factor is defined.
By clicking , the resistance factors
are automatically set to the default values defined
in CAN/CSA S6-14. The values can also be
modified or entered manually.
(2) Girder Type for Box/Tub Section

If Single Box Section is selected, the following
clauses are applied for the box/ tub girder design.
10.12.8.4 Moment resistances
10.12.8.5 Combined shear and torsion
(3) Options For Construction Stage

If this option is checked, ULS check for steel
section only during construction is performed.
(4) Design Parameters

Design and result outputs are generated for the
limit states checked in the Design Parameters.
Figure 1.15 Composite Steel Girder Design Parameter Dialog Box
1.3.2 Unbraced Length 1.3.2 Unbraced Length

▶ Design > Composite Design > Unbraced Length ... Unbraced length for steel composite section is
considered. The value input here has higher priority
than the value calculated from Span Group.
(1) Lb
Laterally Unbraced Length is used to calculate
lateral torsional buckling resistance in
compression flange of I Girder or top flange of Tub
Girder. Laterally Unbraced Length is automatically
determined using ‘Span Information’ and by
assigning member type of cross-frames as ‘Brace’
using the Common Parameter > Modify Member
Type function. The user can define/modify the
laterally unbraced lengths.
Figure 1.16 Unbraced Length Dialog Box

1.3.3 Shear Connectors 1.3.3 Shear Connectors

▶ Design > Composite Design > Shear Connectors ... In this program, studs are used for shear connectors.
The parameters used for calculation are shown
below.
(1) Category
Category for fatigue check, it is fixed as D.
(2) Fu
Minimum tensile strength of the stud steel
(3) Shear Connector Parameters
Figure 1.18 Shear Connector Parameters
(4) Length Between Maximum Moment and Zero

Moment
The Length between Maximum Moment and Zero
Moment needs to be inputted by users to verify
Figure 1.17 Shear Connector Dialog Box
pitch as per ultimate limit state.

1.3.4 Fatigue Parameter 1.3.4 Fatigue Parameter

▶ Design > Composite Design > Fatigue Parameter ... (1) Weight of Truck(W)
Load level in CL-W, kN
(2) Design Life(y)

Design life, years
(3) Number of Stress Cycles(Nd)

Number of design stress cycles experienced for
each passage of the design truck
(4) Reduction Factor(ρ)
(5) Average Daily Truck Traffic
Figure 1.19 Fatigue Parameters Dialog Box

1.3.5 Span Information
The elements of composite sections are defined as
▶ Structure > Wizard > Composite Bridge > Span one Span Group. The Span Group will serve the
Information ... following functions.
- Calculation of Unbraced Length

When assigning a span group, support properties
are considered for calculating the unbraced
length.
The unbraced length can also be manually
inputted once the corresponding support
conditions under the support column are
selected. Using the span parameters inputted, the
unbraced length can be calculated automatically.
However, if the unbraced length is inputted in
Section 1.3.2, this value will be applied as the
unbraced length first.
Figure 1.20 Span Information Dialog Box

1.3.6 Curved Bridge Information 1.3.6 Curved Bridge Information

▶ Design > Composite Design > Curved Bridge Info ... Once the girder radius value of the element units in
the steel composite section is entered, the
corresponding elements are categorized as curved
bridges.
(1) Radius is used to determine the factored

bending moment in the flange due to torsional
warping.
(2) In the current version, the curve type of

convex or concave is not used.
Figure 1.21 Curved Bridge Information Dialog Box
1.3.7 Design Force/Moment 1.3.7 Design Force/Moment

This feature displays design member forces (strong
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Tables > Design
axis moment, My), weak-axis moment (Mz) and
Force/Moment... shear stress (VU) for the local axis of elements under
selected load combination of steel composite
section.
Figure 1.22 Design Force/Moment Dialog Box

1.4 Load Combination for steel composite section
1.4.1 Application of load combination in midas Civil for CAN/CSA S6-14
(1) Application of load combinations and factors in midas Civil for CAN/CSA S6-14
The load combinations used for the review of each limit state are shown below.
Figure 1.23 Load factors and load combinations
Using the Auto Generation feature of the program, the load combinations regulated by the design code can be
automatically generated. Load factors are considered for each load combinations in this program.
Figure 1.24 Live load factors ultimate limit states
Figure 1.25 Permanent loads — Maximum and minimum values of load factors for ULS

(1) Auto Generation of Load Combinations (1) Auto Generation of Load Combinations
▶ Result > Combination > Load Combination > This feature automatically generates load
combinations under provision of CAN/CSA S6-14.
Composite Steel Girder Design > Auto Generation ...
1) Design Code
When load combinations are generated, they
strictly follow the design code selected by the
user.
2) Load Factors for Permanent Loads (αD, αE, αP)

The user can generate load combinations using
maximum value or minimum value or both. When
associated load type does not exist, these factors
are not activated.
Figure 1.26 Automatic Generation of Load Combinations

Dialog Box

1.4.2 Load combination type for steel composite design
Load combination type must be assigned before performing design. When load combinations are generated by
auto-generation, the load combination type is automatically assigned, but when load combinations are defined
manually or modified, the load combination type should be assigned by the user.
Load combinations used in the steel composite section design are categorized under Load Combination Type.
(1) Load Combination Type (1) Load Combination Type

1) Ultimate Limit State
▶ Design > Composite Design > Load Combination Type...
Choose load combinations for use under
review of ultimate limit state.
2) Service Limit State

Choose load combinations for review of
serviceability limit state.
3) Fatigue Limit State

Choose load combinations for review in
fatigue limit state.
Figure 1.27 Load Combination Type Dialog Box
1.5 Modeling Steel Composite Sections for Construction Stage Analysis

In this section, methods of construction stage modeling, implementation of time-dependent material properties of
concrete in steel composite section and 3 types of design member forces applied to steel composite section design are
explained. Construction stages of steel composite section can be implemented differently for case 1 to 3 as in Table 1.7.
Table 1.7 Modeling Construction Stage Cases for Steel Composite Design
Case Construction Stage Time Dependent Material(Creep / Shrinkage)
Case 1 Defined
Defined
Case 2 Not Defined (Apply modular ratio of 3n)
Case 3 Not Defined Not Defined (Apply modular ratio of 3n)
1.5.1 Member forces and stresses used in steel composite section design
(1) Member forces
For design of steel composite section, member forces per construction stage of steel composite section must be
calculated. The program considers two main factors for design and review of construction stage of steel
composite section.
▪Construction stages of steel composite section
▪Time dependent material properties of Concrete (Creep, Shrinkage and Compressive Strength)

Design member forces used for design of steel composite section are divided into three main categories.
Table 1.8 Design Force and Moment for Steel Composite Design
Design Force/Moment Description
Member forces due to permanent loads occurring before the concrete deck is
Dead (Before) activated. Only steel section properties are used to calculate stresses.
ex) Self weight of steel and concrete deck
Member forces due to permanent loads occurring after concrete deck is activated
Dead (After) Long term section properties of composite section are used.
ex) Self weight of wearing surface and barrier
Member forces from the post-construction state and load cases not included in
Short Term the above categories. Short term section properties of composite section are used.
ex) Traffic loads, wind loads
When construction stages are included in the model in midas Civil, the design moments for Dead (Before) are
taken as the moments of steel section due to Dead Load (CS) and Erection Load (CS) whose load type is Dead
Load (D) and the design moments for Dead (After) are taken as the moments of composite section due to
Erection Load (CS) whose load type is Dead Load of Component and Attachments (DC) or Dead Load of Wearing
Surfaces and Utilities (DW).
Example:
Analysis results Design forces
Load
Permanent Loads Load Type Stage 1 Stage 2 Dead Dead
Factor
Steel only Composite (Before) (After)
Self Weight of Steel Dead Load (CS) 100 100 1.1 110
Self Weight of Concrete Erection (D) 100 100 1.2 120
Self Weight of Barrier Erection (DC) 0 100 1.2 120
Self Weight of Wearing
Erection (DW) 0 100 1.5 150
Surface
Sum 230 270
Above rule has changed in Civil 2018 (v1.2) in order to account for various erection sequence of slab. The design
moments for Dead (Before) and Dead (After) are determined as shown in the table below.
Dead Load (CS) Erection Load (CS)
Moments applied to steel section Dead (Before) Dead (Before)
Moments applied to composite section Ignored Dead (After)
(2) Stress
Bending stress used for design of steel composite section is calculated as follows:
Where,
Md : bending moment at SLS due to dead load, steel section only
Msd : bending moment at SLS due to superimposed dead load, composite section
ML : bending moment at SLS due to live load, composite section
S : elastic section modulus of steel section
S3n : elastic modulus of section comprising the steel beam and the concrete slab, calculated using a modular ratio of 3n,
long-term load, positive moment

Sn : elastic modulus of section comprising the steel beam and the concrete slab, calculated using a modular ratio of n,
short-term load, positive moment
S’ : elastic modulus of composite section comprising the steel section and reinforcement, negative moment
1.5.2 Case 1
In Case 1, construction stages and time dependent material properties of concrete (Creep/Shrinkage) are defined
and Multiple Modulus of Elasticity is not checked on in the Section Data dialog. The effects of creep and shrinkage
of concrete are directly calculated and checked by Creep Secondary (CS) or Shrinkage Secondary (CS) load cases.
The Composite sections for Construction Stage function must be defined. Otherwise, the sections shall be excluded
from design. Note that if time dependent material property information is inputted as well as long-term modulus of
elasticity, long-term modulus of elasticity has higher priority in consideration of calculation.
▣ Define Composite Section for Construction Stage
Composite Section for Construction Stage Composite Section for Construction Stage
▶ Load >Load Type> Construction Stage > Composite For definition of composite section for
construction stage, information in this window
Section for C.S...
must be defined.
(1) Active Stage

Construction stage where steel composite
section should be activated is inserted.
(2) Construction sequence

1) "Material Type" column
□ By choosing Element, material property of
the element is used.
□ By selecting Material, material information

chosen under "Material" Column is applied
with higher priority.
Figure 1.28 Add/Modify Composite Section for 2) Composite Stage column

Construction stages where steel girder and
Construction Stage Dialog
concrete slab should be activated are chosen
separately.
3) Age column
Age information when each part is activated is
input. Information in this column has higher
priority over the age input during definition of
construction stage.

▣Define Erection Load
(1) Define Erection Load (1) Define Erection Load

▶Analysis > Analysis Control > Construction Stage > Load Cases Erection Load is defined.
to be Distinguished from Dead Load for C.S Output >Add
(Modify/delete)... 1) Load Type for C.S
Determine the Load Type for the
construction stages of the composite
section. Load types are considered by
the software for auto generation of load
combinations.
2) Assignment Load Cases

Define Erection Load by selecting and
moving the Load Cases desired from the
List of Load Case panel to the Selected
Load Case panel.
Figure 1.29 Define Erection Load Dialog
1.5.3 Case 2
In Case 2, construction stages are defined without the time dependent material property (Creep/Shrinkage)
information. Long term effects are considered using the long term modular ratio entered in the Section Data dialog
box. Sections for different construction stages must be defined and differentiated using the Composite Section for
Construction Stage definition. Otherwise, they will not be considered for the design check.
(1) Member forces under Dead (Before)

Dead (Before) is applied before the concrete deck is activated. (Refer to Table 1.8 in the "Introduction") Self
weight of steel and concrete belongs to Dead (Before).
(2) Member forces under Dead (After)

The effects of Creep/Shrinkage are reflected by applying the ratio of elastic modulus that is inputted in the
Section Data (Refer to Section 1.1.1 (1)) for the long-term stage. In other words, the Creep/Shrinkage effects are
reflected by using the section information with the ratio of elastic modulus that considers the time dependent
material property for the analysis and design. These long term modular ratios defined for considering creep and
shrinkage, automatically generate Section Stiffness Scale Factors for the sections in which these are inputted.
Section Stiffness Scale Factors need to be activated in the construction stages in accordance with the Composite
Section for Construction Stage definition, i.e. the Section Stiffness Scale Factors are activated when the
corresponding section becomes composite as per the definition of composite section for CS. Super-imposed dead
loads, i.e. wearing surface, barrier belong to Dead (After).
(3) Short term member forces

The ratio of elastic modulus of the composite section is calculated using the DB value inputted. All the load cases
which are not activated in the Construction Stage are considered as the short-term loads.

1.5.4 Case 3
In case the construction stages are not defined, users can model and define steel composite sections by using the
Load Case for Pre-Composite Section function.
▶ Load > Load Type > Settlement/Misc. > Misc. > Pre-composite Section.
For this case, short- and long-term ratios of elastic modulus defined in the section data (Refer to Section 1.1.1 (1))
are used. In this case, instead of member forces per construction stages, member forces under Dead (Before) is used
to check the constructibility of the model.
(1) Member force under Dead (Before)

In the Load Cases for Pre-Composite Section dialog box, users can define which load cases to account for the
member forces and apply as Dead (Before) in design. Since this is for pre-composite state, the steel only section
properties are used (Refer to Section 1.1.1 (1)).
Dead Load (Before)

Figure 1.30 Load Cases for Pre-Composite Section

Member forces under Dead (After) use the long term section properties. These loads should be separated from
the short term member forces by the use of Analysis > Analysis Control > Boundary Change Assignment.
1) Data Selection
Check the box corresponding to Section Stiffness Scale Factor. As explained earlier, Section Stiffness Scale
Factors are used for considering the long term section properties.
2) Boundary Group Combination

Create a boundary group combination considering the appropriate boundary groups from the boundary
group list. The created boundary group combinations need to be selected for the post composite long term
load cases. For the static load cases assigned with the section stiffness scale factor boundary groups, long
term section property will be used.

Dead Load (After)
Figure 1.31 Load Cases for Post-Composite Section
(3) Short-term member forces

The ratio of elastic modulus from the database is used for the short-term loads of the composite section. All load
cases are considered for the short-term loads except the ones considered for the Dead (Before) and Dead (After).

Application of
CAN/CSA S6-14
1. Composite I Girder
1.1. ULS
1.1.1 Bending
(1) Positive Moment
- Class 1 & 2 sections
CAN/CSA S6-14
Width-to-thickness ratio of elements in compression 10.11.5.1
 Top Flange 10.9.2
The flange is assumed to be restrained by concrete slab. Thus, it is considered as Class
1.
 Web
Stress distribution CAN/CSA S6-14

Fully plastic stress distribution as shown in Figure 1.32. 10.11.5.2.1
Chapter 2. Steel Composite I-Girder Design – CAN/CSA S6-14 72

Figure 1.32 Class 1 and 2 sections in positive moment regions
Factored moment resistance, Mr

Mr is calculated as shown in Table 1.9.

Case PNA Condition ̅

Y and Mp
Y   [ t  1]
P  2
M   w [Y  (t  Y ) 2 ] +
 2D 
t c Pw + Pt − Ps − Prt − Prb
̅
Y = ( )[ + 1]
2 Pc
Ⅱ P  2
M   c [Y  (t  Y ) 2 ]
 2t c 
Pt  Pw  Pc ̅
Y = (t s ) [ ]
Ps
Concrete c 
Ⅲ Deck,   rb  Ps  Prb  Prt Y 2P 
Below Prb  ts  M  s 
 2t s 
 

Y  C rb
Pt  Pw  Pc  Prb
Concrete
Ⅳ Deck, c 
 2t s 
 
Y  (t s )  c 
Ⅴ
Deck, c   Y 2P 
t  M  s 
 
Y  C rt
Pt  Pw  Pc  Prb  Prt
Concrete
Ⅵ Deck, c 
at Prt   rt  Ps  Y 2P 
 2t s 
 
P  P  P  P  P 
Y  (t s )  rb c w t rt 
Concrete
Ⅶ Deck, c   Y 2P 
  rt  Ps
 ts   2t s 
 
Where,
deck.
𝒅𝒓𝒃 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to the centerline of the bottom layer of longitudinal concrete
deck.

𝑃𝑠 = 𝛼1 𝜑𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑠 𝑡𝑠 (by concrete slab)
- Class 3 sections
Width-to-thickness ratio of elements in compression CAN/CSA S6-14
10.11.6.1
 Top Flange 10.9.2
1.
 Web

CAN/CSA S6-14
For composite sections in which the depth of the compression portion of the web of the steel
10.11.6.2.1
section, calculated on the basis of a fully plastic stress distribution, equals or is less than 10.11.5.2
850𝑤⁄√𝐹𝑦, the factored moment resistance is determined in the same way as Class 1 & 2
under positive moment.
When the depth of the compression portion of the web of the steel section, calculated on the CAN/CSA S6-14
basis of a fully plastic stress distribution, exceeds 850𝑤⁄√𝐹𝑦 , the factored moment 10.11.6.2.2
resistance, Mr, of the composite section is calculated on the basis of fully plastic stress blocks,
as shown in Figure 1.34, as follows:
The area of the steel section in compression, A‘sc , includes the top flange and a web area of
(850𝑤 2 )⁄√𝐹𝑦 , and the area of the steel section in tension, A‘st , is calculated as follows:
Figure 1.34 Class 3 Sections in positive moment regions
- Class 4 sections
This section is not valid. Therefore, the moment resistance check is skipped.
-Stiffened plate girders

10.11.7.1
 Top Flange 10.10.4.1
The flange is assumed to be restrained by concrete slab. Thus, it is considered as Class 10.10.4.2
1.
 Web
The width-to-thickness ratio of a transversely stiffened web, h/w without longitudinal
stiffeners, shall not exceed 3150⁄√Fy . If this requirement is not satisfied, the
section is not valid. Therefore, the moment resistance check is skipped.
The following provision of CAN/CSA S6-14 is not supported in the program.
“In determining a width-to-thickness ratio, Fy may be replaced by the maximum
compressive stress due to the factored ULS loads if the maximum shear at the FLS
does not exceed Vr calculated in accordance with Clause 10.10.5.1, taking Ft = 0 and
φs = 1.0.”
When a longitudinal stiffener is provided, the width-to-thickness ratio, h/w, shall not
exceed 6000⁄√Fy. If this requirement is not satisfied, the section is not valid.
Therefore, the moment resistance check is skipped.

For composite sections in which the depth of the compression portion of the web of the steel CAN/CSA S6-14
section, calculated on the basis of a fully plastic stress distribution, does not exceed 10.11.7.2.1
10.11.5.2
850𝑤⁄√𝐹𝑦, the factored moment resistance is determined in the same way as Class 1 & 2
CAN/CSA S6-14
When the depth of the compression portion of the web of the steel section, calculated on the
10.11.7.2.2
basis of a fully plastic stress distribution, exceeds 850𝑤⁄√𝐹𝑦 , whether or not longitudinal 10.11.6.2.2
stiffeners are provided, the factored moment resistance, Mr, of the composite section is
calculated in the same way as Class 3 under positive moment.
(2) Negative Moment

CAN/CSA S6-14
Width-to-thickness ratio of elements in compression
10.11.5.1
 Bottom Flange 10.9.2
 Web

When it is braced against lateral torsional buckling, Mr is calculated on the basis of a fully
plastic stress distribution in the structural steel and reinforcement, as shown in Table 1.10.

Y Mp
̅ = ( )[ c
Y + 1]
2 Pw
In
Web Pw 2
Mp = ̅ + (D − Y
[Y ̅)2 ]
2D
Ⅱ
In Top
Pc  Pw  Pt  Prb  Prt ̅ = ( t) [ w
Y + 1]
flange 2 Pt

Pt 2
Mp = ̅ + (t t − Y
[Y ̅)2 ]
2t
Where,
For laterally unbraced members, Mr is based on its lateral torsional buckling resistance. The CAN/CSA S6-14
unbraced bending resistance of the structural steel section alone is used. For a section 10.11.5.3.1
subjected to bending about its major axis and laterally unbraced over a length, L, the factored 10.10.2.3
moment resistance, Mr, is calculated as
The critical elastic moment, Mu, of a monosymmetric section is taken as
where
where
Mmax = maximum absolute value of factored bending moment in unbraced segment, N•
mm
Ma = factored bending moment at one-quarter point of unbraced segment, N•mm
Mb = factored bending moment at midpoint of unbraced segment, N•mm
Mc = factored bending moment at three-quarter point of unbraced segment, N•mm
L = length of unbraced segment of beam, mm
where
βx= coefficient of monosymmetry
For doubly symmetric sections,

βx= 0.0
B1 = 0.0
so that
CAN/CSA S6.1-14
The general expression for the critical elastic moment and formulas for β x, J, and Cw for I- 10.10.2.3
girder as specified in Clause C10.10.2.3 of CSA S6.1 are used.
𝐼𝑦𝑐 𝐼 2
𝑦
𝛽𝑥 = 0.9𝑑1 [2 𝐼𝑦
− 1] [1 − (𝐼 ) ]
𝑥
1
𝐽 = (𝑏1 𝑡13 + 𝑏2 𝑡23 + 𝑑1 𝑤 3 )
3
𝑑12 𝑏13 𝑡1 𝑏23 𝑡2
𝐶𝑤 =
12 (𝑏13 𝑡1 +𝑏23 𝑡2 )

where
Iyc : minor axis moment of inertia of the compression flange only
Iy : minor axis moment of inertia of the cross-section
Ix : major axis moment of inertia of the cross-section
- Class 3 sections
10.11.6.1
 Web
Stress distribution
CAN/CSA S6-14
Linear stress distribution at first yielding or buckling, as shown in Figure 1.36 10.11.6.3.1.1
Figure 1.36 Class 3 Sections in negative moment regions

CAN/CSA S6-14
The following requirements are checked:
10.11.6.3.1.2
where S and S‘ are the elastic section moduli with respect to the bottom fibre, 𝐹𝑐𝑟 =
𝑀𝑟 ⁄𝜑𝑠 𝑆, and Mr is determined as follows, based on the steel section. Mr is provided in the
design result table.
where
where
mm
where

βx= 0.0
B1 = 0.0
so that
CAN/CSA S6.1-14
The general expression for the critical elastic moment and formulas for β x, J, and Cw for I- 10.10.2.3
𝐼𝑦𝑐 𝐼 2
𝑦
𝛽𝑥 = 0.9𝑑1 [2 𝐼𝑦
− 1] [1 − (𝐼 ) ]
𝑥
1
𝐽 = 3 (𝑏1 𝑡13 + 𝑏2 𝑡23 + 𝑑1 𝑤 3 )
𝑑12 𝑏13 𝑡1 𝑏23 𝑡2
𝐶𝑤 =
12 (𝑏13 𝑡1 +𝑏23 𝑡2 )
where

where S and S‘ are the elastic section moduli with respect to the top fibre of the steel section.
where S‘ is the elastic section modulus with respect to the centroid of the top layer of
longitudinal slab reinforcement.
Fatigue limit check for longitudinal reinforcement is not supported. The requirement of
10.11.5.3.2 of CAN/CSA S6-14 is not supported.
- Class 4 sections

 Bottom Flange 10.11.7.1
10.10.4.1
10.10.4.2
 Web
compressive stress due to the factored ULS loads if the maximum shear at the
FLS does not exceed Vr calculated in accordance with Clause 10.10.5.1, taking Ft
= 0 and φs = 1.0.”

CAN/CSA S6-14
The factored moment resistance, Mr is calculated in the same way as Class 3 under negative
10.11.7.3.1
moment. If longitudinal stiffeners are not provided and 2𝑑𝑐 ⁄𝑤 > 1900⁄√𝐹𝑦 , the factored 10.11.6.3.1
moment resistance, calculated for the compression flange, is reduced by the following factor. 10.10.4.3
1.1.2 Shear CAN/CSA S6-14

(1) Factored shear resistance 10.11.2
The factored shear resistance of the web of a flexural member, Vr , is taken as CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.5.1
where Aw, the shear area, is calculated using d for rolled shapes and h for fabricated or
manufactured girders, and Fs , the ultimate shear stress, is equal to Fcr + Ft , where Fcr and Ft
are taken as follows:
For unstiffened webs, a/h is considered infinite, so that kv = 5.34.

At girder end panels and adjacent to large openings in the web, the resistance shall be
calculated using Ft = 0. However, there is no consideration about the end panels and openings
in the web in the program.
(2) Combined shear and moment CAN/CSA S6-14

10.10.5.2
When subject to the simultaneous action of shear and moment, transversely stiffened webs
that depend on tension field action to carry shear, i.e., with ℎ⁄𝑤 > 502√𝑘𝑣 ⁄𝐹𝑦 , are
proportioned so that

(3) Intermediate transverse stiffeners
CAN/CSA S6-14
The distance between stiffeners, a, shall not exceed 67500ℎ⁄(ℎ⁄𝑤)2when h/w is greater 10.10.6.1
than 150 and shall not exceed 3h when h/w is less than or equal to 150.
Intermediate transverse stiffeners provided on one or both sides of the web are proportioned
CAN/CSA S6-14
so that 10.10.6.2
I is taken about an axis at the mid-plane of the web for stiffener pairs or at the near face
of the web for single stiffeners.
Vf / Vr = the ratio at the end of element
D = 1.0 for stiffeners provided in pairs

= 2.4 for single-plate stiffeners
Single-angle stiffeners are not supported.
The width of a plate used as a stiffener shall not be less than 50 mm plus h/30 and shall not be
less than one-quarter of the full width of the flange.
The width-to-thickness ratio of intermediate transverse stiffeners shall not exceed 200⁄√𝐹𝑦 .
The projecting stiffener width shall not exceed 30t.
(4) Longitudinal web stiffeners

The spacing, a, of transverse stiffeners of longitudinally stiffened webs shall not exceed 1.5hp , CAN/CSA S6-14
where hp is the maximum subpanel depth. The total web depth, h, is used in determining the 10.10.7.1
shear capacity, Vr, of longitudinally stiffened girders.
Longitudinal stiffeners shall be proportioned so that CAN/CSA S6-14

(a) the stiffener width-to-thickness ratio does not exceed 200⁄√𝐹𝑦 ; 10.10.7.2
(b) the projecting stiffener width is less than or equal to 30t;
where I and r are calculated about a centroidal axis parallel to the web for a section
comprising the stiffener or stiffeners and a strip of web 10w wide on each side.
Additional requirements of transverse stiffeners for longitudinally stiffened webs are not
checked by the program.
(5) Bearing stiffeners

Bearing stiffener check is not supported in the program.

1.2 Serviceability Limit State
1.2.1 Control of permanent deflections CAN/CSA S6-14
For composite beams and girders, the normal stress in either flange of the steel section due to 10.11.4
serviceability dead and live loads shall not exceed 0.90 Fy. The following requirements shall be
satisfied:
(a) in positive moment regions:
(b) in negative moment regions:
1.3 Fatigue Limit State

1.3.1 General
The FLS considered includes direct live load effects, i.e., live load-induced fatigue. The effects
of local distortion within the structure, i.e., distortion-induced fatigue are not taken into
account in the program.
(1) Fatigue check location

Fatigue of the base metal at the connection plate welds to the flanges at the intermediate
cross-frame
o Bottom surface of top flange
o Top surface of bottom flange
Fatigue of the base metal at the stud shear-connector weld to the top flange
o Top surface of top flange
Fatigue resistance of high-strength bolts loaded in tension is not supported.

Fatigue resistance of stud shear connectors is supported and explained in the separate clause
in this document.
1.3.2 Calculation of stress range CAN/CSA S6-14

10.17.2.1
The stress range for load-induced fatigue is calculated as the difference between the
maximum stress and minimum stress at a given location due to live load.
At locations where the stresses resulting from the permanent loads are compressive, load-
induced fatigue is disregarded when the compressive stress is at least twice the maximum
tensile live load stress.
1.3.3 Design criteria

For load-induced fatigue, each detail shall satisfy the requirement that CAN/CSA S6-14
10.17.2.2
where
CL = 1.0 when W ≤ 625 kN
CL = 0.20 + 500/W when W > 625 kN
fsr = calculated fatigue stress range at the detail due to passage of the CL-W Truck
The load-indueced fatigue check in bridge decks is not supported.
1.3.4 Fatigue stress range resistance

(1) Fatigue stress range resistance of a member or detail CAN/CSA S6-14
The fatigue stress range resistance of a member or a detail, Fsr , other than for shear studs, is 10.17.2.3.1
calculated as follows:
Fsr = fatigue resistance

where
γ , γ ‘ = fatigue life constants pertaining to the detail category and specified in Table 1.11
Fsrt = constant amplitude threshold stress range, MPa
where
y = design life (equal to 75 years)
Nd = number of design stress cycles experienced for each passage of the design truck, as
specified in Table 1.12
ADTTf = single-lane average daily truck traffic, which is estimated as p (ADTT), where p is
1.0, 0.85, or 0.80 for the cases of one, two, or three or more lanes available to trucks,
respectively, and ADTT shall be as specified in Table 1.13
Table 1.11 Fatigue life constants and constant amplitude threshold stress ranges
Table 1.12 Values of Nd
The values of Nd can be defined either by the program or user input. For the auto-calculation,
the span length should be defined from the ‘Span Information’ function.
Table 1.13 Average daily truck traffic

1.3.5 Detail categories
CAN/CSA S6-14
The detail categories used in the design are as follows:
10.17.2.4
-Bottom surface of top flange & Top surface of bottom flange
Detail category C1, Example 6
-Top surface of top flange
Detail category C, Example 13
Table 1.14
Detail categories for load-induced fatigue

2. Shear Connector
2.1. ULS
2.1.1 Shear connector resistance
(1) General
The ULS check of shear connectors is performed by checking if the number of shear CAN/CSA S6-14
10.11.8.3.1
connectors applied in each shear span exceeds the minimum number of shear connectors.
The number of shear connectors applied in the shear span, Nuse, is calculated as follows:
𝑁𝑢𝑠𝑒 = floor(𝐿⁄𝑝)N𝑠𝑐
where a shear span, L, is a segment between points of maximum and zero moment at the ULS
and it should be entered by the user.
p = pitch of shear connectors
floor function rounds a number down to the nearest integer.
Nsc = number of shear connectors in a row
The minimum number of shear connectors in each shear span is calculated as follows:
P is determined as follows:
(a) for positive moment:
(i) when the plastic neutral axis is in the concrete slab: P = φ𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 ; and
(ii) when the plastic neutral axis is in the steel section: P = 𝛼1 φ𝑐 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑐 + 𝜑𝑟 𝐴𝑟 𝑓𝑦 ; and
(b) for negative moment: P = φ𝑟 𝐴𝑟 𝐹𝑦 .
(2) Stud connectors in cast-in-place deck slab CAN/CSA S6-14

The factored shear resistance, qr , of a headed stud shear connector with h/d ≥ 4 is taken as 10.11.8.3.2
where
Fu = minimum tensile strength of the stud steel
Asc = cross-sectional area of one stud shear connector
The program checks if the spacing of shear connectors is not less than 4d, nor greater than 600
mm.
(3) Stud connectors in full-depth precast panels

This is not supported in the program.
(4) Channel connectors in cast-in-place deck slab

Channel connectors are not supported in the program.
2.1.2 Longitudinal shear CAN/CSA S6-14

The longitudinal shear check along potential shear planes is not supported. 10.11.8.4
2.2. FLS
CAN/CSA S6-14
2.2.1 Fatigue resistance of stud shear connectors 10.17.2.7
Stud shear connectors are designed for the following stress range, τ rs :
where
CL = 1.0 when W ≤ 625 kN
= 0.20 + 500/W when W > 625 kN
Vsc = range of design shear force at the section along the length of the beam where the
fatigue resistance of the shear connectors is being evaluated, N

Q = first moment of area of the transformed section at the interface between the concrete
slab and the steel section, mm3
s = shear stud group spacing, mm
Asc = cross-sectional area of a shear stud, mm2
n = number of shear studs in the group at the cross-section being evaluated
It = moment of inertia of the transformed composite section about the axis of bending, mm4
𝐹𝑠𝑟𝐷= fatigue stress range resistance for Category D, as determined as follows:
Fatigue life constant, γ = 721 × 109

Fatigue life constant, γ’ =1.66 × 1015
Fsrt = constant amplitude threshold stress range, MPa
where
Table 1.15
Values of Nd
When stud shear connectors are not provided in negative moment regions, additional
connectors, Na in number, shall be provided at each location of contraflexure, where
This requirement is not considered in the program.

3. Constructibility of a composite I Girder
3.1. ULS
3.1.1 Bending
(1) Class 1 & 2 sections
- Width-to-thickness ratios of elements in compression
 Flange
CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.2.1
10.9.2
 Web
dc = depth of compression portion of web in flexure, mm
- Laterally supported members
CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.2.2
- Laterally unbraced members
For a section subjected to bending about its major axis and laterally unbraced over a length, L,
the factored moment resistance, Mr, is calculated as
CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.2.3
where
where
Mmax = maximum absolute value of factored bending moment in unbraced segment
Ma = factored bending moment at one-quarter point of unbraced segment
Mb = factored bending moment at midpoint of unbraced segment
Mc = factored bending moment at three-quarter point of unbraced segment
where

βx= 0.0
B1 = 0.0
so that

The general expression for the critical elastic moment and formulas for β x, J, and Cw for I-
𝐼𝑦𝑐 𝐼 2
𝑦
𝛽𝑥 = 0.9𝑑1 [2 − 1] [1 − ( ) ] CAN/CSA S6.1-14
𝐼𝑦 𝐼𝑥 10.10.2.3
1
𝐽 = (𝑏1 𝑡13 + 𝑏2 𝑡23 + 𝑑1 𝑤 3 )
3
𝑑12 𝑏13 𝑡1 𝑏23 𝑡2
𝐶𝑤 = 12 (𝑏13 𝑡1 +𝑏23 𝑡2 )
where
- Bending about the minor axis

For a section subjected to bending about its minor axis, whether laterally braced or unbraced,
the factored moment resistance, Mr, is calculated as CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.2.4
(2) Class 3 sections

- Width-to-thickness ratio of elements in compression
 Flange
CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.3.1
 Web 10.9.2

When continuous lateral support is provided to the compression flange of a member subject
to bending about its major axis, the factored moment resistance, Mr, is calculated as CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.3.2

For a section subjected to bending about its major axis and laterally unbraced over a length, L,
the factored moment resistance, Mr , is calculated as
CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.3.3
where
The critical elastic moment, Mu, of doubly symmetric and monosymmetric sections is taken as
where
where
L = length of unbraced segment of beam
where

βx= 0.0
B1 = 0.0
so that
The general expression for the critical elastic moment and formulas for β x, J, and Cw for I-
𝐼𝑦𝑐 𝐼𝑦 2
𝛽𝑥 = 0.9𝑑1 [2 𝐼𝑦
− 1] [1 − (𝐼 ) ] CAN/CSA S6.1-14
𝑥
1 10.10.2.3
𝐽 = (𝑏1 𝑡13 + 𝑏2 𝑡23 + 𝑑1 𝑤 3 )
3
𝑑12 𝑏13 𝑡1 𝑏23 𝑡2
𝐶𝑤 = 12 (𝑏13 𝑡1 +𝑏23 𝑡2 )
where

(3) Class 4 sections
CAN/CSA S6-14
For beams and girders with continuous lateral support provided to the compression flange, 10.10.3.4
with webs that meet the requirements of Class 3, and whose flanges exceed the slenderness
limits of Class 3, the factored moment resistances is computed as for a Class 3 section, except
that the elastic section modulus, S, is replaced by an effective section modulus, Se,
determined using an effective projecting flange width of 200𝑡 ⁄√𝐹𝑦 , for flanges supported
along one edge. However, the projecting flange width shall not exceed 30t.

For a section subjected to bending about its minor axis, whether laterally braced or unbraced, CAN/CSA S6-14
the factored resistance, Mr, shall be calculated as 10.10.3.5
(4) Stiffened plate girders

- Width-to-thickness ratio of flanges
The program checks if stiffened plate girders have Class 1, 2, or 3 flanges. CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.4.1
- Width-to-thickness ratios of webs
The width-to-thickness ratio of a transversely stiffened web, h/w, without longitudinal CAN/CSA S6-14
stiffeners, shall not exceed 3150⁄√Fy . If this requirement is not satisfied, the section is not 10.10.4.1
10.17.2.5
valid. Therefore, the moment resistance check is skipped.
“In determining a width-to-thickness ratio, Fy may be replaced by the maximum compressive
stress due to the factored ULS loads if the maximum shear at the FLS does not exceed Vr
calculated in accordance with Clause 10.10.5.1, taking Ft = 0 and φs = 1.0.”
When a longitudinal stiffener is provided, the width-to-thickness ratio, h/w, shall not exceed
6000⁄√Fy. If this requirement is not satisfied, the section is not valid. Therefore, the moment
resistance check is skipped.

- Moment resistance
The moment resistance, Mr is calculated in the same way as Class 3 sections. If longitudinal CAN/CSA S6-14
stiffeners are not provided and 2𝑑𝑐 ⁄𝑤 > 1900⁄√𝐹𝑦 , the moment resistance, calculated for 10.10.4.3
the compression flange, is reduced by the following factor.
3.1.2 Shear
(1) Factored shear resistance
The factored shear resistance of the web of a flexural member, Vr , is taken as CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.5.1

(2) Combined shear and moment

CAN/CSA S6-14
When subject to the simultaneous action of shear and moment, transversely stiffened webs 10.10.5.2

The distance between stiffeners, a, shall not exceed 67500ℎ⁄(ℎ⁄𝑤)2when h/w is greater
CAN/CSA S6-14
Intermediate transverse stiffeners provided on one or both sides of the web are proportioned 10.10.6.1
so that CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.6.2


The spacing, a, of transverse stiffeners of longitudinally stiffened webs shall not exceed 1.5hp ,
where hp is the maximum subpanel depth. The total web depth, h, is used in determining the CAN/CSA S6-14
shear capacity, Vr, of longitudinally stiffened girders. 10.10.7.1
Longitudinal stiffeners shall be proportioned so that

(a) the stiffener width-to-thickness ratio does not exceed 200⁄√𝐹𝑦 ; CAN/CSA S6-14
(b) the projecting stiffener width is less than or equal to 30t; 10.10.7.2


4. Horizontally curved I-girders
4.1 Non-composite girder design
4.1.1 Limits of applicability
The following requirements shall apply:
(a) The absolute value of the ratio of the torsional warping normal stress to the normal flexural CAN/CSA S6-14
10.13.6.1.1
stress shall, as far as possible, not exceed 0.5 at any point in the girder. This should be checked
separately by the user.
(b) The unbraced length between cross-frames shall not exceed 25 times the width of the
flange or 0.1 times the mean radius of the girder. This should be checked separately by the
user.
(c) Flanges shall be Class 3 or better. This is checked by the program.
4.1.2 Flanges
Flanges are proportioned to satisfy the following requirements:
(a) Strength of either flange: CAN/CSA S6-14
10.13.6.1.2
where
Mfx = factored bending moment due to flexure
Mrx = φsFy Sx
where
Sx = elastic section modulus of the girder about its major axis
Mfw = factored bending moment in the flange due to torsional warping. Mfw is taken as
𝑤𝑟 𝐿2 ⁄10 regardless of the intermediate lateral restraint.
Where
L = the distance between lateral restraints
wr = the lateral load on the flange is a distributed lateral load, wr = Mfx/hR.
Mfx = the moment in the vertical plane on the girder
h = the clear depth of web between flanges
R = the radius of curvature of the girder web (user input)
Mry = φsFy Sy
where
Sy = elastic section modulus of the flanges only about an axis in the plane tangent to
the web of the girder
(b) Stability of compression flange:
where
where
wc = 0.5 where the lateral bending moment in the flange has major reversals, but 1.0
where the lateral bending moment does not have major reversals

4.1.3 Webs
The factored shear resistance is calculated in accordance with the provision for straight
CAN/CSA S6-14
girders. The following requirements are also applied: 10.13.6.1.3
(a) Webs without stiffeners: Tension-field action is neglected in webs without transverse
stiffeners.
(b) Webs with transverse stiffeners only:
(i) Tension-field action is included in the calculated resistance when the geometry satisfies
all of the following:
(1) web slenderness h/w ≤ 160;
(2) ratio of braced length to radius of horizontal curvature of the girder, Lb/R ≤ 0.1; and
(3) transverse stiffener spacing a/h ≤ 3.
(ii) When subject to the simultaneous action of shear and moment, transversely stiffened
webs that depend on tension-field action to carry shear is proportioned so that
(c) Webs with transverse and longitudinal stiffeners:

When the longitudinal stiffeners are provided at a distance 0.2h from the compression flange,
the program checks the web slenderness ratio satisfies the following condition.
When longitudinal stiffeners are located 0.2h from both the compression flange and the
tension flange, the program checks if the web slenderness ratio does not exceed 6000⁄√𝐹𝑦 .
Tension-field action is neglected.
(d) Proportioning of transverse web stiffeners: the program checks if stiffeners are
I is taken about an axis at the mid-plane of the web for stiffener pairs, or at the near face of
the web for single stiffeners.
Where transversely stiffened webs depend on tension-field action to carry the applied shear,
the program also checks if the transverse stiffeners are proportioned so that.


(e) The program checks if longitudinal stiffeners are proportioned so that

(a) the stiffener width-to-thickness ratio does not exceed 200⁄√𝐹𝑦 ;
(f) Monosymmetric sections: the program does not check if the slenderness ratio of the
compression portion of webs of monosymmetric sections with an axis of symmetry in the
plane of loading does not exceed one-half of the applicable value specified in Item (a), (b), or
(c). This should be separately checked by the user.
4.2 Composite I-girders

4.2.1 Webs
CAN/CSA S6-14
The web of the steel girder is designed to carry the entire vertical shear in accordance with
10.13.6.2.2
Clause 4.1.3 of this document. 10.13.6.1.3
4.2.2 Flanges
The program checks if flanges are Class 3 or better and meet the strength and stability
CAN/CSA S6-14
requirements of Clause 4.1.2 of this document. 10.13.6.2.3
10.13.6.1.2
4.2.3 Shear connectors
The program checks if shear connectors meet the requirements of Clauses 2.1 and 2.2 of this
CAN/CSA S6-14
document. 10.13.6.2.4
10.11.8
10.17.2.7

Steel Composite Design

Result
1. Ultimate Limit State Result
1.1 Flexure
(1) Result Table
As shown in the table below, the results can be checked in the result table.
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Ultimate Limit State (flexure)…
Figure 1.37 Result Table for Ultimate Limit State of Flexure

Where,
Type: Load combination type (Fx-max, Fx-min, ... Mz-min). When a moving load case is included, there
are 12 sets of concurrent forces. Load combination type shows which sets of concurrent forces give
critical forces.
Top Class: Class of top flange
Bot Class: Class of bottom flange
Web Class: Class of web
My : yield moment
Mp : plastic moment. This is provided for Class 1 and 2 sections only.
Mf : factored bending moment
Mr : factored moment resistance of member

(2) Excel Report
The results can be viewed in an Excel Report as shown below.
Figure 1.38 Excel Report for Ultimate Limit State of Negative Moment

1.2 Shear
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Ultimate Limit State (shear)…
Figure 1.39 Result Table for Ultimate Limit State of Shear
Where,
Vf : factored shear force
Vr : factored shear resistance
Vf/Vr : shear check ratio
Comb. : combined shear and moment check ratio
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.40 Excel Report for Ultimate Limit State of Shear

2. Service Limit State Result
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Service Limit State…
Figure 1.41 Result Table for Service Limit State

Where,
Stress
0.90Fy : limit stress in the flange of the steel section to control permanent deflections
S3n : elastic modulus of section comprising the steel beam and the concrete slab, calculated using a
modular ratio of 3n, long-term load, positive moment
Sn : elastic modulus of section comprising the steel beam and the concrete slab, calculated using a
modular ratio of n, short-term load, positive moment
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.42 Excel Report for Serviceability Limit State

3. Constructibility Result
3.1 Flexure
(1) Result Table
The results can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Construction Stage (flexure)...
Figure 1.43 Result Table for Constructibility Limit State of flexure
Where,
Mfy : factored bending moment about the y-axis of the cross-section
Mry : factored moment resistance about the y-axis of the cross-section
Mfz : factored bending moment about the z-axis of the cross-section
Mrz : factored moment resistance about the z-axis of the cross-section
Comb.1 : strength check ratio of flange for the combined moments
Comb.2 : stability check ratio of compression flange for the combined moments
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.44 Excel Report for Constructibility of Negative Moment

3.2 Shear
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Construction Stage (shear)...
Figure 1.45 Result Table for Constructibility of Shear

Where,
Mf/Mr : moment check ratio
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.46 Excel Report for Constructibility of Shear

4. Fatigue Limit State Result
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Fatigue Limit State...
Figure 1.47 Result Table for Fatigue Limit State

Where,
Lcom : Load combinations used in the calculation
fsr : calculated FLS stress range at the detail due to passage of the CL-W Truck
Fsr : fatigue stress range resistance
tau_rs: fatigue shear stress range for the stud shear connectors
Vsc : range of design shear force at the section along the length of the beam where the fatigue
resistance of the shear connectors is being evaluated
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.48 Excel Report for Fatigue Limit State

5. Shear Connector Result
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Shear Connector...
Figure 1.49 Result Table for Shear Connector

Where,
h/d : height to diameter ratio of shear connector
qr : factored shear resistance of shear connectors
N : number of shear connectors entered in shear span
Nreq : required number of shear connectors in shear span
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.50 Excel Report for Shear Connector

6. Stiffener Result
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Transverse Stiffener...
Figure 1.51 Result Table for Stiffener

Where,
h/w : ratio of clear depth of web to web thickness
h/w_lim : 150, Web stiffeners are not required when the unstiffened shear resistance exceeds the factored
shear and h/w ≤ 150.
a : stiffener spacing
a_lim : limit of stiffener spacing as per clause 10.10.6.1
As : area of stiffener or pair of stiffeners
It : moment of inertia of transverse stiffener
It_lim : limit of moment of inertia of transverse stiffener as per clause 10.10.6.2
w/t : width-to-thickness ratio of intermediate transverse stiffeners
200/sqrt(Fy) : limit of width-to-thickness ratio of intermediate transverse stiffeners as per clause
10.10.6.2
wp : projecting stiffener width
30t : limit of projecting stiffener width as per clause 10.10.6.2
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.52 Excel Report for Stiffener

7. Total Checking
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Table...
Summary results for each member can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
Figure 1.53 Result Table for Toal Checking

Chapter 3.
Steel Composite
Box Girder Design
CAN/CSA S6 -14
Chapter 3.
Steel Composite Box Girder Design (CAN/CSA S6-14)
Steel composite box girder needs to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.
Steel Composite Box-Girder Bridge

Check Ultimate Limit State
Check Serviceability Limit State
Check Fatigue Limit State
Check Constructability
Check Shear Connector
Check Longitudinal Stiffener

Chapter 3.Steel Composite Box Girder Design : CAN/CSA S6-14
Introduction
1. CAN/CSA S6-14 Steel Composite Box Girder
1.1 Check List of CAN/CSA S6-14 Steel Composite Box Girder
For CAN/CSA S6-14 Steel Composite Design, Limit State Design is applied. The criteria that Steel
Composite Box-Girder must follow for Limit State Design is as follows.
(1) Ultimate Limit State

Review on bending strength, lateral torsional buckling and shear strength
(2) Serviceability Limit State

Review on permanent deformation
(3) Constructibility
Review on bending and shear occurring from load combinations during construction stages
(4) Fatigue Limit State

Review on fatigue in steel and concrete materials in Steel Composite girder
1.2 Classification of Steel Composite

Steel Composite section can be categorized by the following classification groups.
(1) Section Shape Type

There are three main section shape types in midas Civil; I, Box and Tub shapes. In the case of
box and tub sections, there are two more cases, single or multiple box section.
I Box Tub
Figure 1.1 Section Shape Type
(2) Moment Type : Positive / Negative

For continuous beams, negative moments may occur around interior supports. Design code
may apply different formulas for these cases.
(3) Bridge Type : Straight / Curved

Based on the horizontal alignment of a bridge, it can be classified as either straight or
curved. The program recognizes curved bridges based on the input of the girder radius for
each element.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Box Girder Design – CAN/CSA S6-14 109

(4) Classification of Cross-sections: Class 1 / Class 2 / Class 3 / Class 4
Structural sections shall be designated as Class 1, 2, 3, or 4 depending on the width-to-
thickness ratio of the elements that make up the cross-section and on the conditions of
loading.
Table 1.1 Steel Section Classification CAN/CSA S6-14

10.9.2.1
Type Description
Class 1 adjusted for the presence of axial force if necessary, and permit
subsequent redistribution of bending moment.
Class 2 adjusted for the presence of axial force if necessary, but not necessarily
permit subsequent moment redistribution.
A Class 3 section is one that will attain the yield moment capacity,
Class 3
adjusted for the presence of axial force if necessary.
A Class 4 section is one in which the slenderness of the elements
Class 4
making up the cross-section exceeds the limits of Class 3.
1.3 Stiffeners of Steel Composite

The program considers transverse and longitudinal stiffeners.
Table 1.2 Types of Stiffeners
Type Description
Transverse stiffeners are usually provided to increase shear resistance by

tension field action. These work as anchors for the tension so that post
Transverse buckling shear resistance can be developed.
Stiffeners
It should be noted that elastic web shear buckling cannot be prevented
by transverse stiffeners.
Longitudinal stiffeners may be provided to increase flexural resistance
by preventing local buckling. These work as restraining boundaries for
compression elements so that inelastic flexural buckling stress can be
Longitudinal
developed in a web.
Stiffeners
It consists of either a plate welded longitudinally to one side of the web,
or a bolted angle.
Figure 1.2 Longitudinal Stiffener and Transverse Stiffener

2. Considerations of Steel Composite Design
2.1 Construction Stage for steel composite
During the construction of a steel composite bridge, the steel girder is constructed before the
construction of the concrete deck of the upper part of the structure. The steel composite section
is divided into three major steps.
Table 1.3 Construction Stage for Steel Composite Section

Construction stage
Description
for steel composite section
Only Steel Girder Only the steel girder has been

(non-composite) constructed.
Although the concrete deck has been

Steel girder and
constructed, it has not hardened yet.
concrete deck
Therefore, the weight of the wet
as load
concrete is applied to the steel girder
(non-composite)
as a load condition.
After concrete is hardened, the

Steel girder and
strength and stiffness are formed.
concrete deck
Hereafter, the steel girder and
as member
concrete deck work as a complete
(composite)
composite section.
2.2 Time Dependent Material

▪ Steel composite section is composed of steel and concrete. Concrete is a time dependent
material and transforms due to creep and shrinkage. Also, the restraints imposed by the shear
connectors cause additional stresses within the composite section. Therefore, time dependent
characteristics (creep and shrinkage) must be taken into consideration.
▪ Modular ratio is the ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete. The short-term
modular ratio "n" is used for transient loads in the program. Long-term modular ratio "3n" is used
for permanent loads acting after composite action.
3. Calculation of Plastic Moment and Yield Moment

3.1 Section Classification
CAN/CSA S6-14
The steel section is classified in accordance with Clause 10.9.2 of CAN/CSA S6-14. The 10.9.2.1
classification is carried out separately for positive and negative bending for both composite
and non-composite sections. The classification of a cross-section depends on the width to
thickness ratio of the parts subject to compression. A cross-section is classified according to
the highest (least favorable) class of its compression parts.
For calculating the limiting width-to-thickness ratios of the web of monosymmetric steel CAN/CSA S6-14
sections, h is replaced by 2dc. However, for the classification of composite section, the h is 10.10.2.1

used for the web.
The resistance of the top flange of the composite section under positive moment is assumed
as not being limited by its local buckling resistance since it is restrained by effective
attachment to a concrete flange by shear connectors. The top flange is always classified as
Class 1.
3.2 Plastic Moment (Mp) of Composite Section in Positive Flexure

If the positive moment is applied on a class 1 or class 2 section, MP is calculated as shown in
Table 1.4.


Y Mp
Y   [ t  1]
P  2
M   w [Y  (t  Y ) 2 ] +
 2D 
t P + Pt − Ps − Prt − Prb
̅ = ( c) [ w
Y + 1]
2 Pc
Ⅱ P  2
M   c [Y  (t  Y ) 2 ]
 2t c 
̅ = (t s ) [
Y ]
Pt  Pw  Pc Ps
Concrete
Ⅲ Deck, c  Y 2P 
  rb  Ps  Prb  Prt
Below Prb M  s 
 ts   2t s 
 
Pt  Pw  Pc  Prb Y  Crb
Concrete
Ⅳ Deck, c 
 2t s 
 

Y  (t s )  c 
Ⅴ
Deck, c   Y 2P 
t  M  s 
 
Pt  Pw  Pc  Prb  Prt Y  C rt
Concrete
Ⅵ Deck, c 
at Prt   rt  Ps  Y 2P 
 2t s 
 
P  P  P  P  P 
Y  (t s )  rb c w t rt 
Concrete
Ⅶ Deck, c   Y 2P 
  rt  Ps
 ts   2t s 
 
Where,
deck.
𝒅𝒓𝒃 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to the centerline of the bottom layer of longitudinal
concrete deck.

𝑃𝑠 = 0,85 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑠 𝑡𝑠 (by concrete slab)
3.3 Plastic Moment (Mp) of Composite Section in Negative Flexure

Under negative moment, Mp is calculated by either of the two following methods. Please
refer to Table 1.5 for the equations.

Y Mp
̅ = ( )[ c
Y + 1]
2 Pw
In
Web Pw 2
Mp = ̅ + (D − Y
[Y ̅)2 ]
2D
̅ = ( t) [ w
Y + 1]
2 Pt
In Top
flange Pt 2
Mp = ̅ + (t t − ̅
[Y Y)2 ]
2t
Where,

Chapter 3. Steel Composite Box Girder Design : CAN/CSA S6-14
Modeling and Design

Variables
1. Modeling Design Variables
In this chapter, the design variable values, the meaning behind the design requirements, and the design process for
Steel Composite Design in midas Civil are explained.
1.1. Composite Section Data

The steel composite section is mainly composed of steel girder and concrete slab. Stiffeners can be added to steel
girder section while longitudinal reinforcement can be added to reinforce concrete slab. In this section, the input
methods for these sections and the meaning and application of design variables are explained.
1.1.1 Composite Section 1.1.1 Composite Section

(1) Composite Section Data (1) Composite Section Data
▶ Properties > Section > Section Properties> Add > 1) The value of Bc for the slab is used as the
effective width of the concrete deck.
Composite Tab
2) Multiple Modulus of Elasticity Option
To design the steel composite section, the
modulus of elasticity for short-term and long-
term effect in creep and shrinkage can be input.
The modulus of elasticity input here is applied
for construction stage analysis of Steel
Composite section as shown in Figure 1.6.
Figure 1.6 Elastic Modulus ratio for Construction Stage
Figure 1.5 Section Data Dialog Box

(2) Section Stiffener (2) Section Stiffener (Longitudinal)

▶ Properties > Section > Section Properties> Add > 1) Types of longitudinal stiffeners that are
Composite Tab > Stiffeners Button... useable are Flat, Tee, and U-Rib.
2) For I sections, stiffeners can be added on
either side of the web. For Box/Tub sections,
upper and lower flanges can be installed as well
as the web panel.
3) When the check box under ‘c’ column is
checked on, the stiffness value of the stiffener
is considered in analysis. Otherwise, the value
is not considered for analysis. Regardless of
whether or not the check box is checked on or
off, longitudinal stiffeners are considered in
design.
It is also required for classifying the interior
panels in shear check as stiffened/unstiffened.
Figure 1.7 Section Stiffener Dialog Box
1.1.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement

1.1.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement
In a steel composite section, the longitudinal
▶Design > Composite Design > Longitudinal reinforcements are arranged within the concrete
Reinforcement ... deck. The moment resistance is calculated as
shown in Table 1.6.
Table 1.6 Applicability of concrete and reinforcement for

the calculation of moment resistance
Positive Negative
Case
Bending Bending
Figure
Figure 1.8 Longitudinal Reinforcement Dialog Box

Concrete
Applied None
Slab
Rebar Applied Applied

1.1.3 Transverse Stiffener

1.1.3 Transverse Stiffener Figure 1.9 shows the window in which users can
(1) Transverse Stiffener arrange transverse stiffeners in steel composite
section. When the transverse stiffeners are
▶ Design > Composite Design > Transverse Stiffener ...
installed, the existence and spacing between
stiffeners determine whether the web is stiffened
or unstiffened under ultimate limit state.
Figure 1.9 Transverse Stiffener Dialog Box
Figure 1.11 Transverse Stiffener Parameters
Stiffener Type
1) One / Two Stiffener Option Button
Choose between one or two stiffeners.
Transverse stiffeners can be provided on one or
both sides of the web.
2) Pitch
Pitch refers to transverse stiffener spacing. At
the ultimate limit state, this can be used to
distinguish between stiffened and unstiffened
webs or calculate shear strength of the web.
Figure 1.10 Stiffener Type Dialog Box

1.2. Design Material Data
For the design of steel composite section, construction stage and time dependent material properties of concrete can
be applied. In this section, the input method for the time dependent properties of concrete and material data for steel
composite section is explained.
1.2.1 Time Dependent Material 1.2.1 Time Dependent Material

(1) Creep/Shrinkage (1) Creep/Shrinkage
▶ Properties > Time Dependent Material > The time dependent properties of concrete,
such as creep and shrinkage, are defined. During
Creep/Shrinkage ...
construction stage analysis of bridges, these
properties are utilized for concrete material.

(Creep/Shrinkage)
(2) Comp. Strength

(2) Comp. Strength
▶ Properties > Time Dependent Material > Comp. In order to reflect the change in the modulus of
Strength ... elasticity of concrete, the change in compressive
strength or modulus of elasticity is defined.
Aging effects may vary for each construction

stage since concrete is poured at different
locations.

(Compression Strength)

1.2.2 Modify Composite Material 1.2.2 Modify Composite Material

The materials utilized for steel composite
sections are provided in the SRC material
properties. The materials should be defined as
SRC Type.
(1) Modify Composite Material (1) Modify Composite Material

▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Material ... Figure 1.14 shows the dialog box where users
can type in material characteristics for the steel
composite section design. The material property
values entered will have a priority over the
values entered in the Material Data dialog box.
1) Steel Material Selection

Define modulus of elasticity, yield strength
and tensile strength of steel for design
purpose. In the current version, different
yield strengths for different thicknesses of
steel are not supported.
2) Concrete Material Selection

Define compressive strength of concrete slab
for design purpose.
3) Reinforcement Selection
Define yield strength of reinforcement in the
slab.
Figure 1.14 Modify Composite Material Dialog Box

1.3. Design Parameters for Composite Section
1.3.1 Design Parameter 1.3.1 Design Parameter

▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Parameters ...
(1) Strength Resistance Factor
Strength Resistance Factor is defined.
By clicking , the resistance factors
are automatically set to the default values defined
in CAN/CSA S6-14. The values can also be
modified or entered manually.
(2) Girder Type for Box/Tub Section

If Single Box Section is selected, the following
clauses are applied for the box/ tub girder design.
10.12.8.4 Moment resistances
10.12.8.5 Combined shear and torsion
(3) Options For Construction Stage

If this option is checked, ULS check for steel
section only during construction is performed.
(4) Design Parameters

Design and result outputs are generated for the
limit states checked in the Design Parameters.
Figure 1.15 Composite Steel Girder Design Parameter Dialog Box
1.3.2 Unbraced Length 1.3.2 Unbraced Length

▶ Design > Composite Design > Unbraced Length ... Unbraced length for steel composite section is
considered. The value input here has higher priority
than the value calculated from Span Group.
(1) Lb
Laterally Unbraced Length is used to calculate
lateral torsional buckling resistance in
compression flange of I Girder or top flange of Tub
Girder. Laterally Unbraced Length is automatically
determined using ‘Span Information’ and by
assigning member type of cross-frames as ‘Brace’
using the Common Parameter > Modify Member
Type function. The user can define/modify the
laterally unbraced lengths.
Figure 1.16 Unbraced Length Dialog Box

1.3.3 Shear Connectors 1.3.3 Shear Connectors

▶ Design > Composite Design > Shear Connectors ... In this program, studs are used for shear connectors.
The parameters used for calculation are shown
below.
(1) Category
Category for fatigue check, it is fixed as D.
(2) Fu
Minimum tensile strength of the stud steel
(3) Shear Connector Parameters
Figure 1.18 Shear Connector Parameters
(4) Length Between Maximum Moment and Zero

Moment
The Length between Maximum Moment and Zero
Moment needs to be inputted by users to verify
Figure 1.17 Shear Connector Dialog Box
pitch as per ultimate limit state.

1.3.4 Fatigue Parameter 1.3.4 Fatigue Parameter

▶ Design > Composite Design > Fatigue Parameter ... (1) Weight of Truck(W)
Load level in CL-W, kN
(2) Design Life(y)

Design life, years
(3) Number of Stress Cycles(Nd)

Number of design stress cycles experienced for
each passage of the design truck
(4) Reduction Factor(ρ)
(5) Average Daily Truck Traffic
Figure 1.19 Fatigue Parameters Dialog Box

The elements of composite sections are defined as
▶ Structure > Wizard > Composite Bridge > Span one Span Group. The Span Group will serve the
Information ... following functions.
- Calculation of Unbraced Length

When assigning a span group, support properties
are considered for calculating the unbraced
length.
The unbraced length can also be manually
inputted once the corresponding support
conditions under the support column are
selected. Using the span parameters inputted, the
unbraced length can be calculated automatically.
However, if the unbraced length is inputted in
Section 1.3.2, this value will be applied as the
unbraced length first.
Figure 1.20 Span Information Dialog Box

1.3.6 Curved Bridge Information 1.3.6 Curved Bridge Information

▶ Design > Composite Design > Curved Bridge Info ... Once the girder radius value of the element units in
the steel composite section is entered, the
corresponding elements are categorized as curved
bridges.
(1) Radius is used to determine the factored

bending moment in the flange due to torsional
warping.
(2) In the current version, the curve type of

convex or concave is not used.
Figure 1.21 Curved Bridge Information Dialog Box
1.3.7 Design Force/Moment 1.3.7 Design Force/Moment

This feature displays design member forces (strong
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Tables > Design
axis moment, My), weak-axis moment (Mz) and
Force/Moment... shear stress (VU) for the local axis of elements under
selected load combination of steel composite
section.
Figure 1.22 Design Force/Moment Dialog Box

1.4 Load Combination for steel composite section
1.4.1 Application of load combination in midas Civil for CAN/CSA S6-14
(1) Application of load combinations and factors in midas Civil for CAN/CSA S6-14
The load combinations used for the review of each limit state are shown below.
Figure 1.23 Load factors and load combinations
Using the Auto Generation feature of the program, the load combinations regulated by the design code can be
automatically generated. Load factors are considered for each load combinations in this program.
Figure 1.24 Live load factors ultimate limit states
Figure 1.25 Permanent loads — Maximum and minimum values of load factors for ULS

(1) Auto Generation of Load Combinations (1) Auto Generation of Load Combinations
▶ Result > Combination > Load Combination > This feature automatically generates load
combinations under provision of CAN/CSA S6-14.
Composite Steel Girder Design > Auto Generation ...
1) Design Code
When load combinations are generated, they
strictly follow the design code selected by the
user.
2) Load Factors for Permanent Loads (αD, αE, αP)

The user can generate load combinations using
maximum value or minimum value or both. When
associated load type does not exist, these factors
are not activated.
Figure 1.26 Automatic Generation of Load Combinations

Dialog Box

1.4.2 Load combination type for steel composite design
Load combination type must be assigned before performing design. When load combinations are generated by
auto-generation, the load combination type is automatically assigned, but when load combinations are defined
manually or modified, the load combination type should be assigned by the user.
Load combinations used in the steel composite section design are categorized under Load Combination Type.
(1) Load Combination Type (1) Load Combination Type

1) Ultimate Limit State
▶ Design > Composite Design > Load Combination Type...
Choose load combinations for use under
review of ultimate limit state.
2) Service Limit State

Choose load combinations for review of
serviceability limit state.
3) Fatigue Limit State

Choose load combinations for review in
fatigue limit state.
Figure 1.27 Load Combination Type Dialog Box
1.5 Modeling Steel Composite Sections for Construction Stage Analysis

In this section, methods of construction stage modeling, implementation of time-dependent material properties of
concrete in steel composite section and 3 types of design member forces applied to steel composite section design are
explained. Construction stages of steel composite section can be implemented differently for case 1 to 3 as in Table 1.7.
Table 1.7 Modeling Construction Stage Cases for Steel Composite Design
Case Construction Stage Time Dependent Material(Creep / Shrinkage)
Case 1 Defined
Defined
Case 2 Not Defined (Apply modular ratio of 3n)
Case 3 Not Defined Not Defined (Apply modular ratio of 3n)
1.5.1 Member forces and stresses used in steel composite section design
(1) Member forces
For design of steel composite section, member forces per construction stage of steel composite section must be
calculated. The program considers two main factors for design and review of construction stage of steel
composite section.
▪Construction stages of steel composite section
▪Time dependent material properties of Concrete (Creep, Shrinkage and Compressive Strength)

Design member forces used for design of steel composite section are divided into three main categories.
Table 1.8 Design Force and Moment for Steel Composite Design
Design Force/Moment Description
Member forces due to permanent loads occurring before the concrete deck is
Dead (Before) activated. Only steel section properties are used to calculate stresses.
ex) Self weight of steel and concrete deck
Member forces due to permanent loads occurring after concrete deck is activated
Dead (After) Long term section properties of composite section are used.
ex) Self weight of wearing surface and barrier
Member forces from the post-construction state and load cases not included in
Short Term the above categories. Short term section properties of composite section are used.
ex) Traffic loads, wind loads
When construction stages are included in the model in midas Civil, the design moments for Dead (Before) are
taken as the moments of steel section due to Dead Load (CS) and Erection Load (CS) whose load type is Dead
Load (D) and the design moments for Dead (After) are taken as the moments of composite section due to
Erection Load (CS) whose load type is Dead Load of Component and Attachements (DC) or Dead Load of
Wearing Surfaces and Utilities (DW).
Example:
Analysis results Design forces
Load
Permanent loads Load Type Stage 1 Stage 2 Dead Dead
Factor
Steel only Composite (Before) (After)
Self Weight of Steel Dead Load (CS) 100 100 1.1 110
Self Weight of Concrete Erection (D) 100 100 1.2 120
Self Weight of Barrier Erection (DC) 0 100 1.2 120
Self Weight of Wearing
Erection (DW) 0 100 1.5 150
Surface
Sum 230 270
Above rule has changed in Civil 2018 (v1.2) in order to account for various erection sequence of slab. The design
moments for Dead (Before) and Dead (After) are determined as shown in the table below.
Dead Load (CS) Erection Load (CS)
Moments applied to steel section Dead (Before) Dead (Before)
Moments applied to composite section Ignored Dead (After)
(2) Stress
Bending stress used for design of steel composite section is calculated as follows:
Where,
S3n : elastic modulus of section comprising the steel beam and the concrete slab, calculated using a modular ratio of 3n,
long-term load, positive moment

Sn : elastic modulus of section comprising the steel beam and the concrete slab, calculated using a modular ratio of n,
short-term load, positive moment
1.5.2 Case 1
In Case 1, construction stages and time dependent material properties of concrete (Creep/Shrinkage) are defined
and Multiple Modulus of Elasticity is not checked on in the Section Data dialog. The effects of creep and shrinkage
of concrete are directly calculated and checked by Creep Secondary (CS) or Shrinkage Secondary (CS) load cases.
The Composite sections for Construction Stage function must be defined. Otherwise, the sections shall be excluded
from design. Note that if time dependent material property information is inputted as well as long-term modulus of
elasticity, long-term modulus of elasticity has higher priority in consideration of calculation.
▣ Define Composite Section for Construction Stage
Composite Section for Construction Stage Composite Section for Construction Stage
▶ Load >Load Type> Construction Stage > Composite For definition of composite section for
construction stage, information in this window
Section for C.S...
must be defined.
(1) Active Stage

Construction stage where steel composite
section should be activated is inserted.
(2) Construction sequence

1) "Material Type" column
□ By choosing Element, material property of
the element is used.
□ By selecting Material, material information

chosen under "Material" Column is applied
with higher priority.
Figure 1.28 Add/Modify Composite Section for
Construction Stage Dialog
2) Composite Stage column
Construction stages where steel girder and
concrete slab should be activated are chosen
separately.
3) Age column
Age information when each part is activated is
input. Information in this column has higher
priority over the age input during definition of
construction stage.

▣Define Erection Load
(1) Define Erection Load (1) Define Erection Load

▶Analysis > Analysis Control > Construction Stage > Load Cases Erection Load is defined.
to be Distinguished from Dead Load for C.S Output >Add
(Modify/delete)... 1) Load Type for C.S
Determine the Load Type for the
construction stages of the composite
section. Load types are considered by
the software for auto generation of load
combinations.
2) Assignment Load Cases

Define Erection Load by selecting and
moving the Load Cases desired from the
List of Load Case panel to the Selected
Load Case panel.
Figure 1.29 Define Erection Load Dialog
1.5.3 Case 2
In Case 2, construction stages are defined without the time dependent material property (Creep/Shrinkage)
information. Long term effects are considered using the long term modular ratio entered in the Section Data dialog
box. Sections for different construction stages must be defined and differentiated using the Composite Section for
Construction Stage definition. Otherwise, they will not be considered for the design check.
(1) Member forces under Dead (Before)

Dead (Before) is applied before the concrete deck is activated. (Refer to Table 1.8 in the "Introduction") Self
weight of steel and concrete belongs to Dead (Before).

The effects of Creep/Shrinkage are reflected by applying the ratio of elastic modulus that is inputted in the
Section Data (Refer to Section 1.1.1 (1)) for the long-term stage. In other words, the Creep/Shrinkage effects are
reflected by using the section information with the ratio of elastic modulus that considers the time dependent
material property for the analysis and design. These long term modular ratios defined for considering creep and
shrinkage, automatically generate Section Stiffness Scale Factors for the sections in which these are inputted.
Section Stiffness Scale Factors need to be activated in the construction stages in accordance with the Composite
Section for Construction Stage definition, i.e. the Section Stiffness Scale Factors are activated when the
corresponding section becomes composite as per the definition of composite section for CS. Super-imposed dead
loads, i.e. wearing surface, barrier belong to Dead (After).
(3) Short term member forces

The ratio of elastic modulus of the composite section is calculated using the DB value inputted. All the load cases
which are not activated in the Construction Stage are considered as the short-term loads.

1.5.4 Case 3
In case the construction stages are not defined, users can model and define steel composite sections by using the
Load Case for Pre-Composite Section function.
▶ Load > Load Type > Settlement/Misc. > Misc. > Pre-composite Section.
For this case, short- and long-term ratios of elastic modulus defined in the section data (Refer to Section 1.1.1 (1))
are used. In this case, instead of member forces per construction stages, member forces under Dead (Before) is used
to check the constructibility of the model.
(1) Member force under Dead (Before)

In the Load Cases for Pre-Composite Section dialog box, users can define which load cases to account for the
member forces and apply as Dead (Before) in design. Since this is for pre-composite state, the steel only section
properties are used (Refer to Section 1.1.1 (1)).
Dead Load (Before)

Figure 1.30 Load Cases for Pre-Composite Section

Member forces under Dead (After) use the long term section properties. These loads should be separated from
the short term member forces by the use of Analysis > Analysis Control > Boundary Change Assignment.
1) Data Selection
Check the box corresponding to Section Stiffness Scale Factor. As explained earlier, Section Stiffness Scale
Factors are used for considering the long term section properties.
2) Boundary Group Combination

Create a boundary group combination considering the appropriate boundary groups from the boundary
group list. The created boundary group combinations need to be selected for the post composite long term
load cases. For the static load cases assigned with the section stiffness scale factor boundary groups, long
term section property will be used.

Dead Load (After)
Figure 1.31 Load Cases for Post-Composite Section
(3) Short-term member forces

The ratio of elastic modulus from the database is used for the short-term loads of the composite section. All load
cases are considered for the short-term loads except the ones considered for the Dead (Before) and Dead (After).
1.5.5 Torsional constant of tub girder before composite section

The torsional constant of a tub girder before the concrete slab is activated is somewhere between open section
and closed section. Top flanges of tub section are restrained by the top lateral bracing system. The behaviour of a
tub girder before the concrete deck has cured may be analyzed as a quasi-closed section by replacing the lateral
bracing with an equivalent plate. In this version, the quasi-closed section method is not supported. The torsional
constant is calculated based on closed section using the thickness of top flange. It is recommend that the user
adjust the torsional constant using Stiffness Scale Factor.

Application of
CAN/CSA S6-14
1. Composite Box Girder
1.1 Overview
1.1.1 General
This design function applies to the design of simple and continuous composite box girder
bridges of spans up to 110 m, consisting of one or more straight steel single-cell box girders,
acting compositely with a concrete deck, and symmetrical about a vertical axis.
The top of the box may be open with twin steel flanges or closed with a steel flange plate.
(1) Proportioning
The program checks if the steel section alone is proportioned to support all factored loads
applied before the concrete is activated. The lateral restraint conditions existing when the
different loads are applied are taken into account.
The web of the steel section is designed to carry the total vertical shear and is proportioned in
accordance with the requirements of Clauses 10.10.5 to 10.10.8 of CAN/CSA S6-14.
The control of cracking of the slab is not taken into account.
The program assumes that the whole width of slab is effective.
(2) Effects of creep and shrinkage

To account for the effect of creep due to that portion of dead load that is applied after the
concrete slab is activated, time-dependent material properties can be applied or a modular
ratio of 3n can be used in calculating the section properties.
1.1.2 Effective width of tension flanges

The effective width of bottom flange plates in tension shall be taken as not more than one-
fifth of the span for simply supported structures and not more than one-fifth of the distance
between points of contraflexure under dead load for continuous structures. The program
assumes that the whole width of tension flanges is effective.
1.1.3 Web plates

Webs are proportioned in accordance with Clause 10.10 of CAN/CSA S6-14 and, for single box
girders, both the web plates and the shear connectors are proportioned for the sum of the
factored shears due to bending and torsion. The shear force to be considered on each web is
Vf /cosθ , where Vf is one-half of the total vertical shear force at the ULS on one box girder and
θ is the angle of inclination of the web plate to the vertical.
The inclination of the web plates shall not exceed 1 horizontal to 4 vertical. The program does
not check the inclination of the web plates.
Chapter 3. Steel Composite Box Girder Design – CAN/CSA S6-14 132

1.1. ULS
1.1.1 Bending
The factored moment resistance of the composite section is determined as follows:
(1) Positive Moment
10.9.2
1.
 Web
Stress distribution
Fully plastic stress distribution as shown in Figure 1.32. CAN/CSA S6-14
10.11.5.2.1
Figure 1.32 Class 1 and 2 sections in positive moment regions

 Single box girder CAN/CSA S6-14
The factored moment resistance of single box girders, Mr is calculated as shown in Table 10.12.5.1.2
1.9 using a reduced normal stress, Rv Fy , for the tensile resistance of the bottom flange in 10.11
place of Fy. It is assumed that the whole width of tension flange is effective. 10.12.2
10.12.8.4



Y Mp
Y   [ t  1]
P  2
M   w [Y  (t  Y ) 2 ] +
 2D 
t P + Pt − Ps − Prt − Prb
̅ = ( c) [ w
Y + 1]
2 Pc
Ⅱ P  2
M   c [Y  (t  Y ) 2 ]
 2t c 
̅ = (t s ) [
Y ]
Pt  Pw  Pc Ps
Concrete
Ⅲ Deck, c  Y 2P 
  rb  Ps  Prb  Prt
Below Prb M  s 
 ts   2t s 
 
Pt  Pw  Pc  Prb Y  Crb
Concrete
Ⅳ Deck, c 
 2t s 
 
Y  (t s )  c 
Ⅴ
Deck, c   Y 2P 
t  M  s 
 
Concrete
Ⅵ Deck, Pt  Pw  Pc  Prb  Prt Y  C rt
at Prt

c   Y 2P 
  rt  Ps M  s   [ Prb d rb  Pc d c  Pw d w  Pt dt ]
 ts   2t s 
 
P  P  P  P  P 
Y  (t s )  rb c w t rt 
Concrete
Ⅶ Deck, c   Y 2P 
  rt  Ps
 ts   2t s 
 
Where,
deck.
𝒅𝒓𝒃 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to the centerline of the bottom layer of longitudinal concrete
deck.

𝑃𝑠 = 𝛼1 𝜑𝑠 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑠 𝑡𝑠 (by concrete slab)
 Multiple box girder

Same method as single box girder is applied except that the tensile resistance of the bottom
flange is not reduced by Rv.
- Class 3 sections
The flange is assumed to be restrained by concrete slab. Thus, it is considered as Class 10.9.2
1.
 Web

 Single box girder
CAN/CSA S6-14
For composite sections in which the depth of the compression portion of the web of the 10.12.5.1.2
steel section, calculated on the basis of a fully plastic stress distribution, equals or is less 10.12.2
than 850𝑤⁄√𝐹𝑦 , the factored moment resistance of single box girders is determined in 10.12.8.4
10.11.6.2.1
the same way as Class 1 & 2 under positive moment. 10.11.5.2
When the depth of the compression portion of the web of the steel section, calculated on CAN/CSA S6-14
the basis of a fully plastic stress distribution, exceeds 850𝑤⁄√𝐹𝑦 , the factored moment 10.12.5.1.2
10.11.6.2.2
resistance, Mr, of the single box girders is calculated on the basis of fully plastic stress
blocks, as shown in Figure 1.34, using a reduced normal stress, Rv Fy , for the tensile
resistance of the bottom flange in place of Fy. It is assumed that the whole width of
tension flange is effective.

where
fs : coexisting shear stress due to warping torsion
The area of the steel section in compression, A‘sc , includes the top flange and a web area of
(850𝑤 2 )⁄√𝐹𝑦 , and the area of the steel section in tension, A‘st , is calculated as follows:
Figure 1.34 Class 3 Sections in positive moment regions

Same method as single box girder is applied except that the tensile resistance of the
bottom flange is not reduced by Rv.
- Class 4 sections

CAN/CSA S6-14
The flange is assumed to be restrained by concrete slab. Thus, it is considered as Class 10.10.4.1
1. 10.10.4.2
 Web
compressive stress due to the factored ULS loads if the maximum shear at the FLS
does not exceed Vr calculated in accordance with Clause 10.10.5.1, taking Ft = 0 and
φs = 1.0.”

For composite sections in which the depth of the compression portion of the web of the CAN/CSA S6-14
10.12.5.1.2
steel section, calculated on the basis of a fully plastic stress distribution, does not exceed 10.11.7.2.1
850𝑤⁄√𝐹𝑦, the factored moment resistance is determined in the same way as Class 1 & 2 10.11.5.2
CAN/CSA S6-14
When the depth of the compression portion of the web of the steel section, calculated on 10.12.5.1.2
the basis of a fully plastic stress distribution, exceeds 850𝑤⁄√𝐹𝑦 , whether or not 10.11.7.2.2
10.11.6.2.2
longitudinal stiffeners are provided, the factored moment resistance, Mr, of the composite
section is calculated in the same way as Class 3 under positive moment.

Same method as single box girder is applied except that the tensile resistance of the
bottom flange is not reduced by Rv.
(2) Negative Moment

10.9.2
 Web

When it is braced against lateral torsional buckling, Mr is calculated on the basis of a fully
plastic stress distribution in the structural steel and reinforcement, as shown in Table 1.10.

Y Mp
Ⅰ
In
Pc  Pw  Pt  Prb  Prt ̅ = ( )[ c
Y + 1]
Web 2 Pw

Pw 2
Mp = ̅ + (D − Y
[Y ̅)2 ]
2D
̅ = ( t) [ w
Y + 1]
2 Pt
In Top
flange Pt 2
Mp = ̅ + (t t − ̅
[Y Y)2 ]
2t
Where,
For laterally unbraced members, Mr is based on its lateral torsional buckling resistance. The CAN/CSA S6-14
10.11.5.3.1
unbraced bending resistance of the structural steel section alone is used. For a section 10.10.2.3
subjected to bending about its major axis and laterally unbraced over a length, L, the factored
moment resistance, Mr, is calculated as
where
where
mm
where

βx= 0.0
B1 = 0.0
so that

The general expression for the critical elastic moment and formulas for β x, J, and Cw for open-
CAN/CSA S6.1-14
top box girder as specified in Clause C10.10.2.3 of CSA S6.1 are used.
10.10.2.3
1
𝛽𝑥 = ∫𝐴 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 + 2𝑒
𝐼𝑥𝑥
𝑏2 𝑏𝑡 2 𝑏12
∫𝐴 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2)𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦2 𝐴𝑓2 (122 + 𝑦22 ) − 𝑦1 𝐴𝑓1 ( 2
+
6
+ 2𝑦12 ) +
4𝑐𝑠 1 𝑠 2
(𝑤 [𝑐 2 (𝑦22 − 𝑦12 ) − (𝑦23 + 𝑦13 ) + (1 + ( ) ) (𝑦24 − 𝑦14 )])
3𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑏2 𝑦2𝑠
𝑐= +
2 𝑑
1
𝐽 = (2𝑏1 𝑡13 + 2𝑑𝑤 𝑤 3 + 𝑏2 𝑡23)
3
2 𝐴𝑓2 𝐴𝑓1
𝐶𝑤 = (𝐾12 + (𝐾12 + 𝐾22 − 𝐾1 𝐾2)𝐴𝑤 + (4𝐾22 + (𝐾2 − 𝐾3 )2 + (𝐾2 + 𝐾3 )2 ))
3 2 2
where
𝑒 ′ 𝑏𝑏
𝐾1 =
2
𝑑𝑏𝑡
𝐾2 = − 𝑠(𝑒 ′ + 𝑑 + 𝑡2 ) − 𝐾1
2
𝑏1
𝐾3 = (𝑒 ′ + 𝑑 + 𝑡2 ) 2
′ 𝑏𝑡 𝐴𝑤 𝑏𝑏 𝑑12 𝑤
𝑒 = (𝑏2 𝑑 (𝐴𝑓1 2
+ 6
(𝑏𝑡 +
2
)) −
6
𝐴𝑓1 )⁄𝐼𝑦𝑦
𝑒= (𝑒 ′+ 𝑦2 ) + 𝑡2 , positive when S on compression side of C
Iyy : minor axis moment of inertia of the cross-section

Same method as single box girder is applied.
- Class 3 sections
CAN/CSA S6-14
Width-to-thickness ratio of elements in compression 10.11.6.1
 Web
Stress distribution CAN/CSA S6-14

Linear stress distribution at first yielding or buckling, as shown in Figure 1.36 10.11.6.3.1.1

Figure 1.36 Class 3 Sections in negative moment regions

The following requirements are checked: CAN/CSA S6-14
10.12.5.1.2
10.11.6.3.1.2
where S and S‘ are the elastic section moduli with respect to the bottom fibre. Fcr is
determined as follows.
Unstiffened compression flanges
CAN/CSA S6-14
i) when 𝑏/𝑡 ≤ 510/√𝐹𝑦: 10.12.5.2
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝐹𝑦
ii) when 510/√𝐹𝑦 < 𝑏/𝑡 ≤ 1100/√𝐹𝑦 :
iii) when 𝑏/𝑡 > 1100/√𝐹𝑦:
Compression flanges stiffened longitudinally

CAN/CSA S6-14
i) when 𝑏𝑠 /𝑡 ≤ 255√𝑘1 ⁄𝐹𝑦 : 10.12.5.3
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝐹𝑦
ii) when 255√𝑘1 ⁄𝐹𝑦 < 𝑏𝑠 /𝑡 ≤ 550√𝑘1 ⁄𝐹𝑦 :
iii) when 𝑏𝑠 /𝑡 > 550√𝑘1 ⁄𝐹𝑦 :
The buckling coefficient, k1, is determined as follows:

For n = 1:

For n > 1:
where
n = number of longitudinal stiffeners
Is = moment of inertia of each stiffener about an axis parallel to the flange and at the
base of the stiffener
Compression flanges stiffened longitudinally and transversely

This is not supported in this version.
where S and S‘ are the elastic section moduli with respect to the top fibre of the steel
section.
where S‘ is the elastic section modulus with respect to the centroid of the top layer of
longitudinal slab reinforcement.
Fatigue limit check for longitudinal reinforcement is not supported. The requirement of
10.11.5.3.2 of CAN/CSA S6-14 is not supported.

- Class 4 sections
-Stiffened plate girders CAN/CSA S6-14

Width-to-thickness ratio of elements in compression 10.12.5.1.2
10.10.4.1
10.10.4.2
 Web
= 0 and φs = 1.0.”

Factored moment resistance, Mr CAN/CSA S6-14
10.12.5.1.2
 Single box girder 10.11.7.3.1
The factored moment resistance, Mr is calculated in the same way as Class 3 under 10.11.6.3.1
negative moment. If longitudinal stiffeners are not provided and 2𝑑𝑐 ⁄𝑤 > 1900⁄√𝐹𝑦 , 10.10.4.3
the factored moment resistance, calculated for the compression flange, is reduced by the
following factor.

1.1.2 Shear
(1) Factored shear resistance CAN/CSA S6-14
The factored shear resistance of the web of a flexural member, Vr , is taken as 10.11.2
CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.5.1


CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.5.2
(3) Combined shear and torsion CAN/CSA S6-14

The web plates are proportioned for the sum of the factored shears due to bending and 10.12.8.5
torsion.

The distance between stiffeners, a, shall not exceed 67500ℎ⁄(ℎ⁄𝑤)2when h/w is greater CAN/CSA S6-14
than 150 and shall not exceed 3h when h/w is less than or equal to 150. 10.10.6.1
Intermediate transverse stiffeners provided on one or both sides of the web are proportioned CAN/CSA S6-14
so that 10.10.6.2


CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.7.1
where hp is the maximum subpanel depth. The total web depth, h, is used in determining the
CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.7.2


1.2 Serviceability Limit State

1.2.1 Control of permanent deflections CAN/CSA S6-14
For composite beams and girders, the normal stress in either flange of the steel section due to 10.11.4
serviceability dead and live loads shall not exceed 0.90 Fy. The following requirements shall be
satisfied:
(a) in positive moment regions:
(b) in negative moment regions:
1.3 Fatigue Limit State

1.3.1 General
The FLS considered includes direct live load effects, i.e., live load-induced fatigue. The effects
of local distortion within the structure, i.e., distortion-induced fatigue are not taken into
account in the program.
(1) Fatigue check location

Fatigue of the base metal at the connection plate welds to the flanges at the intermediate
cross-frame
o Bottom surface of top flange
o Top surface of bottom flange
Fatigue of the base metal at the stud shear-connector weld to the top flange
o Top surface of top flange
Fatigue resistance of high-strength bolts loaded in tension is not supported.

Fatigue resistance of stud shear connectors is supported and explained in the separate clause
in this document.
(2) Longitudinal warping normal stress

For single box girders, longitudinal warping normal stresses shall be taken into account for
fatigue. This is not taken into account in this version.
1.3.2 Calculation of stress range CAN/CSA S6-14

The stress range for load-induced fatigue is calculated as the difference between the 10.17.2.1
maximum stress and minimum stress at a given location due to live load.
At locations where the stresses resulting from the permanent loads are compressive, load-
induced fatigue is disregarded when the compressive stress is at least twice the maximum
tensile live load stress.

1.3.3 Design criteria
For load-induced fatigue, each detail shall satisfy the requirement that
CAN/CSA S6-14
10.17.2.2
where
CL = 1.0 when W ≤ 625 kN
CL = 0.20 + 500/W when W > 625 kN
fsr = calculated fatigue stress range at the detail due to passage of the CL-W Truck
The load-indueced fatigue check in bridge decks is not supported.
1.3.4 Fatigue stress range resistance

(1) Fatigue stress range resistance of a member or detail
The fatigue stress range resistance of a member or a detail, Fsr , other than for shear studs, is CAN/CSA S6-14
calculated as follows: 10.17.2.3.1
Fsr = fatigue resistance
where
γ , γ ‘ = fatigue life constants pertaining to the detail category and specified in Table 1.11
Fsrt = constant amplitude threshold stress range
where
Table 1.11 Fatigue life constants and constant amplitude threshold stress ranges

Table 1.13 Average daily truck traffic
1.3.5 Detail categories CAN/CSA S6-14

The detail categories used in the design are as follows: 10.17.2.4
-Bottom surface of top flange & Top surface of bottom flange
Detail category C1, Example 6
-Top surface of top flange
Detail category C, Example 13
Table 1.14 Detail categories for load-induced fatigue

2. Shear Connector
2.1. ULS
2.1.1 Shear connector resistance
(1) General CAN/CSA S6-14
The ULS check of shear connectors is performed by checking if the number of shear 10.11.8.3.1
connectors applied in each shear span exceeds the minimum number of shear connectors.
The number of shear connectors applied in the shear span, Nuse, is calculated as follows:
𝑁𝑢𝑠𝑒 = floor(𝐿⁄𝑝)N𝑠𝑐
where a shear span, L, is a segment between points of maximum and zero moment at the ULS
and it should be entered by the user.
p = pitch of shear connectors
floor function rounds a number down to the nearest integer.
Nsc = number of shear connectors in a row
The minimum number of shear connectors in each shear span is calculated as follows:
P is determined as follows:
(a) for positive moment:
(i) when the plastic neutral axis is in the concrete slab: P = φ𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 ; and
(ii) when the plastic neutral axis is in the steel section: P = 𝛼1 φ𝑐 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑐 + 𝜑𝑟 𝐴𝑟 𝑓𝑦 ; and
(b) for negative moment: P = φ𝑟 𝐴𝑟 𝐹𝑦 .
(2) Stud connectors in cast-in-place deck slab

CAN/CSA S6-14
The factored shear resistance, qr , of a headed stud shear connector with h/d ≥ 4 is taken as 10.11.8.3.2
where
Fu = minimum tensile strength of the stud steel
Asc = cross-sectional area of one stud shear connector
The program checks if the spacing of shear connectors is not less than 4d, nor greater than 600
mm.
(3) Stud connectors in full-depth precast panels

This is not supported in the program.
(4) Channel connectors in cast-in-place deck slab

Channel connectors are not supported in the program.
2.1.2 Longitudinal shear CAN/CSA S6-14

The longitudinal shear check along potential shear planes is not supported. 10.11.8.4
2.2. FLS
2.2.1 Fatigue resistance of stud shear connectors CAN/CSA S6-14
Stud shear connectors are designed for the following stress range, τ rs : 10.17.2.7
where
CL = 1.0 when W ≤ 625 kN
= 0.20 + 500/W when W > 625 kN
Vsc = range of design shear force at the section along the length of the beam where the fatigue
resistance of the shear connectors is being evaluated. The shear connectors are proportioned

for the sum of the factored shears due to bending and torsion.
Q = first moment of area of the transformed section at the interface between the concrete
slab and the steel section
s = shear stud group spacing
Asc = cross-sectional area of a shear stud
n = number of shear studs in the group at the cross-section being evaluated
It = moment of inertia of the transformed composite section about the axis of bending
𝐹𝑠𝑟𝐷= fatigue stress range resistance for Category D, as determined as follows:
Fatigue life constant, γ = 721 × 109

Fatigue life constant, γ’ =1.66 × 1015
Fsrt = constant amplitude threshold stress range
where
respectively, and ADTT shall be as specified in Table 1.13.
When stud shear connectors are not provided in negative moment regions, additional
connectors, Na in number, shall be provided at each location of contraflexure, where
This requirement is not considered in the program.

3. Constructibility of a Composite Box Girder
3.1. ULS
3.1.1 Bending
(1) Positive moment (Tub girder)
- Width-to-thickness ratios of elements in compression CAN/CSA S6-14
10.9.2
 Web
- Factored moment resistanc, Mr

The factored moment resistance, Mr is calculated based on the equation below. CAN/CSA S6-14
12.5.1.1
10.10.2.2
The tensile resistance of the bottom flange is reduced to Rv Fy and it is assumed that the
whole width of tension flange is effective.

For a section subjected to bending about its major axis and laterally unbraced over a CAN/CSA S6-14
length, L, the factored moment resistance, Mr, is calculated as 10.10.2.3
where
where
where

βx= 0.0
B1 = 0.0
so that
The general expression for the critical elastic moment and formulas for β x, J, and Cw for open- CAN/CSA S6.1-14
top box girder as specified in Clause C10.10.2.3 of CSA S6.1 are used. 10.10.2.3
1
𝛽𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴 + 2𝑒
𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝐴
𝑏2 𝑏𝑡 2 𝑏12
∫𝐴 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2)𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦2 𝐴𝑓2 (122 + 𝑦22 ) − 𝑦1 𝐴𝑓1 ( 2
+ 6
+ 2𝑦12 ) +
4𝑐𝑠 1 𝑠 2
(𝑤 [𝑐 2 (𝑦22 − 𝑦12 ) − (𝑦23 + 𝑦13 ) + (1 + ( ) ) (𝑦24 − 𝑦14 )])
3𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑏2 𝑦2𝑠
𝑐= +
2 𝑑
1
𝐽 = (2𝑏1 𝑡13 + 2𝑑𝑤 𝑤 3 + 𝑏2 𝑡23)
3
2 𝐴𝑓2 𝐴𝑓1
𝐶𝑤 = (𝐾12 + (𝐾12 + 𝐾22 − 𝐾1 𝐾2)𝐴𝑤 + (4𝐾22 + (𝐾2 − 𝐾3 )2 + (𝐾2 + 𝐾3 )2 ))
3 2 2
where
𝑒 ′ 𝑏𝑏
𝐾1 = 2
𝑑𝑏𝑡
𝐾2 = − 𝑠(𝑒 ′ + 𝑑 + 𝑡2 ) − 𝐾1
2
𝑏1
𝐾3 = (𝑒 ′ + 𝑑 + 𝑡2 )
2
𝑏𝑡 𝐴𝑤 𝑏𝑏 𝑑12 𝑤
𝑒 ′ = (𝑏2 𝑑 (𝐴𝑓1 + (𝑏𝑡 + )) − 𝐴𝑓1 )⁄𝐼𝑦𝑦
2 6 2 6
𝑒= (𝑒 ′+ 𝑦2 ) + 𝑡2 , positive when S on compression side of C
Iyy : minor axis moment of inertia of the cross-section
- Bending about the minor axis CAN/CSA S6-14

For a section subjected to bending about its minor axis, whether laterally braced or unbraced, 10.10.2.4
the factored moment resistance, Mr, is calculated as

- Class 3 sections
- Width-to-thickness ratio of elements in compression
CAN/CSA S6-14
10.9.2
 Web

CAN/CSA S6-14
Laterally supported members 10.10.3.2
When continuous lateral support is provided to the compression flange of a member
subject to bending about its major axis, the factored moment resistance, Mr, is calculated
as
The tensile resistance of the bottom flange is reduced to Rv Fy and it is assumed that the
whole width of tension flange is effective.
Laterally unbraced members CAN/CSA S6-14

For a section subjected to bending about its major axis and laterally unbraced over a 10.10.3.3
length, L, the factored moment resistance, Mr , is calculated as
where
The critical elastic moment, Mu, of doubly symmetric and monosymmetric sections is
taken as
where
where
L = length of unbraced segment of beam
where

βx= 0.0
B1 = 0.0
so that

The general expression for the critical elastic moment and formulas for β x, J, and Cw for CAN/CSA S6.1-14
open-top box girder as specified in Clause C10.10.2.3 of CSA S6.1 are used. 10.10.2.3
- Class 4 sections
For beams and girders with continuous lateral support provided to the compression flange, CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.3.4
determined using
(a) an effective flange width of 670𝑡 ⁄√𝐹𝑦 , for flanges supported along two edges; and
(b) an effective projecting flange width of 200𝑡 ⁄√𝐹𝑦 , for flanges supported along one edge.
However, the projecting flange width shall not exceed 30t.

For a section subjected to bending about its minor axis, whether laterally braced or unbraced, CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.3.5
the factored resistance, Mr, shall be calculated as
- Stiffened plate girders

- Width-to-thickness ratio of flanges CAN/CSA S6-14
The program checks if stiffened plate girders have Class 1, 2, or 3 flanges. 10.10.4.1
- Width-to-thickness ratios of webs

CAN/CSA S6-14
The width-to-thickness ratio of a transversely stiffened web, h/w, without longitudinal 10.10.4.1
stiffeners, shall not exceed 3150⁄√Fy . If this requirement is not satisfied, the section is not 10.17.2.5
valid. Therefore, the moment resistance check is skipped.
“In determining a width-to-thickness ratio, Fy may be replaced by the maximum compressive
stress due to the factored ULS loads if the maximum shear at the FLS does not exceed Vr
calculated in accordance with Clause 10.10.5.1, taking Ft = 0 and φs = 1.0.”
When a longitudinal stiffener is provided, the width-to-thickness ratio, h/w, shall not exceed
6000⁄√Fy. If this requirement is not satisfied, the section is not valid. Therefore, the moment
resistance check is skipped.
- Moment resistance
The moment resistance, Mr is calculated in the same way as Class 3 sections. If longitudinal CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.4.3
stiffeners are not provided and 2𝑑𝑐 ⁄𝑤 > 1900⁄√𝐹𝑦 , the moment resistance, calculated for
the compression flange, is reduced by the following factor.
(2) Negative moment (Tub girder)

- Class 1, 2 & 3 sections
- Width-to-thickness ratios of elements in compression
 Bottom Flange

 Web
h = dc = depth of compression portion of web in flexure, mm

The factored moment resistance of the steel section acting alone before the attainment of
CAN/CSA S6-14
composite action, whether laterally braced or unbraced, is determined as follows: 10.12.5.1.1
Top flange in tension

The factored moment resistance, Mr is calculated using the elastic section modulus of the
steel section alone.
𝑀𝑟 = 𝜑𝑠 𝑆𝑥 𝐹𝑦 = 𝜑𝑠 𝑀𝑦
Unstiffened compression flanges CAN/CSA S6-14

The factored moment resistance with respect to the compression flange is calculated as 10.12.5.2
follows:
i) when 𝑏/𝑡 ≤ 510/√𝐹𝑦:
ii) when 510/√𝐹𝑦 < 𝑏/𝑡 ≤ 1100/√𝐹𝑦 :
iii) when 𝑏/𝑡 > 1100/√𝐹𝑦:
Compression flanges stiffened longitudinally

The factored moment resistance with respect to the compression flange is calculated as
follows:
i) when 𝑏𝑠 /𝑡 ≤ 255√𝑘1 ⁄𝐹𝑦 : CAN/CSA S6-14
10.12.5.3
ii) when 255√𝑘1 ⁄𝐹𝑦 < 𝑏𝑠 /𝑡 ≤ 550√𝑘1 ⁄𝐹𝑦 :
iii) when 𝑏𝑠 /𝑡 > 550√𝑘1 ⁄𝐹𝑦 :

The buckling coefficient, k1, is determined as follows:
For n = 1:
For n > 1:
where
n = number of longitudinal stiffeners
Is = moment of inertia of each stiffener about an axis parallel to the flange and at the
base of the stiffener
Compression flanges stiffened longitudinally and transversely

This is not supported in this version.
- Class 4 sections
For beams and girders with continuous lateral support provided to the compression flange,
CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.3.4
determined using an effective flange width of 670𝑡 ⁄√𝐹𝑦 , for flanges supported along two
edges.

For a section subjected to bending about its minor axis, whether laterally braced or unbraced,
the factored resistance, Mr, shall be calculated as CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.3.5

 Bottom Flange
CAN/CSA S6-14
 Web 10.10.4.1
stiffeners, shall not exceed 3150⁄√Fy . If this requirement is not satisfied, the CAN/CSA S6-14
section is not valid. Therefore, the moment resistance check is skipped. 10.10.4.1
The following provision of CAN/CSA S6-14 is not supported in the program. 10.17.2.5
= 0 and φs = 1.0.”

The factored moment resistance, Mr is calculated in the same way as Class 1, 2 & 3 under
negative moment. If longitudinal stiffeners are not provided and 2𝑑𝑐 ⁄𝑤 > 1900⁄√𝐹𝑦 , CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.4.3

the factored moment resistance, calculated for the compression flange, is reduced by the
following factor.
3.1.2 Shear
(1) Factored shear resistance
The factored shear resistance of the web of a flexural member, Vr , is taken as
CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.5.1


proportioned so that CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.5.2

CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.6.1

CAN/CSA S6-14
The distance between stiffeners, a, shall not exceed 67500ℎ⁄(ℎ⁄𝑤)2when h/w is greater 10.10.6.2
Intermediate transverse stiffeners provided on one or both sides of the web are proportioned
so that

The width-to-thickness ratio of intermediate transverse stiffeners shall not exceed 200⁄√𝐹𝑦 . CAN/CSA S6-14
10.10.7.1

CAN/CSA S6-14
where hp is the maximum subpanel depth. The total web depth, h, is used in determining the 10.10.7.2



CAN/CSA S6-14
4. Horizontally curved box girders 10.13.7.1
4.1 Composite box girder
4.1.1 Torsional constant of tub girder before composite section
The torsional constant of a tub girder before the concrete slab is activated is somewhere
between open section and closed section. Top flanges of tub section are restrained by the top
lateral bracing system. The behaviour of a tub girder before the concrete deck has cured may
be analyzed as a quasi-closed section by replacing the lateral bracing with an equivalent plate.
In this version, the quasi-closed section method is not supported. The torsional constant is
calculated based on closed section using the thickness of top flange. It is recommended that
the user adjust the torsional constant using Stiffness Scale Factor.
4.1.2 Top flanges CAN/CSA S6-14

Top flanges shall be Class 3 or better. Flanges are proportioned to satisfy the following 10.13.7.3
10.13.6.1.2
requirements:
(a) Strength of either flange:
where
Mfx = factored bending moment due to flexure
Mrx = φsFy Sx
where
Sx = elastic section modulus of the girder about its major axis
Mfw = factored bending moment in the flange due to torsional warping. M fw is taken as
𝑤𝑟 𝐿2 ⁄10 regardless of the intermediate lateral restraint.
Where
L = the distance between lateral restraints
wr = the lateral load on the flange is a distributed lateral load, wr = M fx/hR.
Mfx = the moment in the vertical plane on the girder
h = the clear depth of web between flanges
R = the radius of curvature of the girder web (user input)
Mry = φsFy Sy
where
Sy = elastic section modulus of the flanges only about an axis in the plane tangent to
the web of the girder
(b) Stability of compression flange:
where
where
wc = 0.5 where the lateral bending moment in the flange has major reversals, but 1.0
where the lateral bending moment does not have major reversals CAN/CSA S6-14

10.13.7.4.1
4.1.3 Bottom flanges
(a) Tension flanges
The factored moment resistance with respect to the tension flange is determined using a
reduced normal stress, Rv Fy , in place of Fy , with Rv as follows:
CAN/CSA S6-14
10.13.7.4.2.1
It is assumed that total width is effective.
(b) Stiffened compression flanges

The following requirements shall apply to stiffened compression flanges:
 When the torsional shear stress When 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 0.75 𝐹𝑦 ⁄√3, the factored moment
resistance, Mr, is taken as
𝑏𝑠 𝑅1
 When 0.75𝐹𝑦 ⁄√3 < 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝐹𝑦 ⁄√3 and ≤ , the factored moment resistance,
𝑡 √𝐹𝑦
Mr, is taken as
where
k1 = the buckling coefficient, which shall not exceed 4.0
and, when at least one longitudinal stiffener is provided,
where

Is = moment of inertia of stiffener
(c) Unstiffened compression flanges CAN/CSA S6-14

The requirements of stiffened compression flange apply to unstiffened compression flanges, 10.13.7.4.2.2
except that the following values apply:
k1 = 4;
ks = 5.34; and
bs = b = width of flange between webs.
4.1.4 Webs CAN/CSA S6-14

The factored shear resistance is calculated in accordance with the provision for straight 10.13.6.1.3
girders. The following requirements are also applied:
(a) Webs without stiffeners: Tension-field action is neglected in webs without transverse
stiffeners.
(b) Webs with transverse stiffeners only:
(i) Tension-field action is included in the calculated resistance when the geometry satisfies
all of the following:
(1) web slenderness h/w ≤ 160;
(2) ratio of braced length to radius of horizontal curvature of the girder, Lb/R ≤ 0.1; and
(3) transverse stiffener spacing a/h ≤ 3.
(ii) When subject to the simultaneous action of shear and moment, transversely stiffened
webs that depend on tension-field action to carry shear is proportioned so that
(c) Webs with transverse and longitudinal stiffeners:

When the longitudinal stiffeners are provided at a distance 0.2h from the compression flange,
the program checks the web slenderness ratio satisfies the following condition.
When longitudinal stiffeners are located 0.2h from both the compression flange and the
tension flange, the program checks if the web slenderness ratio does not exceed 6000⁄√𝐹𝑦 .
Tension-field action is neglected.
(d) Proportioning of transverse web stiffeners: the program checks if stiffeners are

I is taken about an axis at the mid-plane of the web for stiffener pairs, or at the near face of
the web for single stiffeners.
Where transversely stiffened webs depend on tension-field action to carry the applied shear,
the program also checks if the transverse stiffeners are proportioned so that.

(e) The program checks if longitudinal stiffeners are proportioned so that

(f) Monosymmetric sections: the program does not check if the slenderness ratio of the
compression portion of webs of monosymmetric sections with an axis of symmetry in the
plane of loading does not exceed one-half of the applicable value specified in Item (a), (b), or
(c). This should be separately checked by the user.

Steel Composite Design

Result
1. Ultimate Limit State Result
1.1 Flexure
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Ultimate Limit State (flexure)…
Figure 1.37 Result Table for Ultimate Limit State of Flexure

Where,
Type: Load combination type (Fx-max, Fx-min, ... Mz-min). When a moving load case is included, there
are 12 sets of concurrent forces. Load combination type shows which sets of concurrent forces give
critical forces.
Top Class: Class of top flange
Bot Class: Class of bottom flange
Web Class: Class of web
My : yield moment
Mp : plastic moment. This is provided for Class 1 and 2 sections only.

(2) Excel Report
Figure 1.38 Excel Report for Ultimate Limit State of Negative Moment

1.2 Shear
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Ultimate Limit State (shear)…
Figure 1.39 Result Table for Ultimate Limit State of Shear
Where,
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.40 Excel Report for Ultimate Limit State of Shear

2. Service Limit State Result
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Service Limit State…
Figure 1.41 Result Table for Service Limit State

Where,
Stress
0.90Fy : limit stress in the flange of the steel section to control permanent deflections
S3n : elastic modulus of section comprising the steel beam and the concrete slab, calculated using a
modular ratio of 3n, long-term load, positive moment
Sn : elastic modulus of section comprising the steel beam and the concrete slab, calculated using a
modular ratio of n, short-term load, positive moment
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.42 Excel Report for Serviceability Limit State

3. Constructibility Result
3.1 Flexure
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Construction Stage (flexure)...
Figure 1.43 Result Table for Constructibility Limit State of flexure
Where,
Mfy : factored bending moment about the y-axis of the cross-section
Mry : factored moment resistance about the y-axis of the cross-section
Mfz : factored bending moment about the z-axis of the cross-section
Mrz : factored moment resistance about the z-axis of the cross-section
Comb.1 : strength check ratio of flange for the combined moments
Comb.2 : stability check ratio of compression flange for the combined moments
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.44 Excel Report for Constructibility of Negative Moment

3.2 Shear
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Construction Stage (shear)...
Figure 1.45 Result Table for Constructibility of Shear

Where,
Mf/Mr : moment check ratio
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.46 Excel Report for Constructibility of Shear

4. Fatigue Limit State Result
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Fatigue Limit State...
Figure 1.47 Result Table for Fatigue Limit State

Where,
Lcom : Load combinations used in the calculation
fsr : calculated FLS stress range at the detail due to passage of the CL-W Truck
Fsr : fatigue stress range resistance
tau_rs: fatigue shear stress range for the stud shear connectors
Vsc : range of design shear force at the section along the length of the beam where the fatigue
resistance of the shear connectors is being evaluated
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.48 Excel Report for Fatigue Limit State

5. Shear Connector Result
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Shear Connector...
Figure 1.49 Result Table for Shear Connector

Where,
h/d : height to diameter ratio of shear connector
qr : factored shear resistance of shear connectors
N : number of shear connectors entered in shear span
Nreq : required number of shear connectors in shear span
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.50 Excel Report for Shear Connector

6. Stiffener Result
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Transverse Stiffener...
Figure 1.51 Result Table for Stiffener

Where,
h/w : ratio of clear depth of web to web thickness
h/w_lim : 150, Web stiffeners are not required when the unstiffened shear resistance exceeds the factored
shear and h/w ≤ 150.
a : stiffener spacing
a_lim : limit of stiffener spacing as per clause 10.10.6.1
As : area of stiffener or pair of stiffeners
It : moment of inertia of transverse stiffener
It_lim : limit of moment of inertia of transverse stiffener as per clause 10.10.6.2
w/t : width-to-thickness ratio of intermediate transverse stiffeners
200/sqrt(Fy) : limit of width-to-thickness ratio of intermediate transverse stiffeners as per clause
10.10.6.2
wp : projecting stiffener width
30t : limit of projecting stiffener width as per clause 10.10.6.2
(2) Excel Report

Figure 1.52 Excel Report for Stiffener

7. Total Checking
(1) Result Table
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Table...
Summary results for each member can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
Figure 1.53 Result Table for Toal Checking

DESIGN GUIDE
for midas Civil
CAN/CSA S6-14

Design Guide For Midas Civil CAN CSA S6-14

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DESIGN GUIDE

for midas Civil

The design guide covers prestressed concrete girder, steel

It is recommended that you read this guide and review

Developers and distributors shall not be liable for loss of

The design guide covers prestressed concrete girder, steel composite

It is recommended that you read this guide and review corresponding

Chapter 1 provides detailed descriptions of the design parameters,

Chapter 2 provides detailed descriptions of the design parameters,

Chapter 3 provides detailed descriptions of the design parameters,

Serviceability Limit States

Modeling and Design Variables

Application of CAN/CSA S6-14

Modeling and Design Variables

Application of CAN/CSA S6-14

Steel Composite Design Result

Ultimate Limit States

Serviceability Limit States

Stress for cross section at service loads

Tensile stress for Prestressing tendons

Principal stress at a construction stage

Principal stress at service loads

Strength Limit State

where Mf : factored moment at a section

1.1 Material resistance factors CAN/CSA-S6-14

[Fig.1. 1] Material resistance factors

1.2 Calculate neutral axis depth. (by Iteration approach)

Calculate Cc (Concrete) (1)

Calculate Ts, Cs (Reinforcement) (2)

Calculate Tps (Tendon) (3)

Get neutral axis depth, c

[Fig.1. 2] Flow chart to calculate neutral axis depth, c

Chapter 1. Prestressed Concrete Girder Design 3

[Fig.1. 3] Flow chart to calculate neutral axis depth, c

Cc  1c f 'c Ac (1.1)

Ac : Concrete area of compressive zone  ab  (1c)b

f’c value applied in calculation is inputted as shown below.

▶ PSC>PSC Design Data> PSC Design Material…

[Fig.1. 4] PSC Design Material

4 Design Guide for midas Civil

Tendon data can be entered in the 2D or 3D coordinate

Tendon position which is placed at the farthest position

[Fig.1. 5] Tendon Profile

Entered rebar data

[Fig.1. 6] Input Longitudinal reinforcement

Chapter 1. Prestressed Concrete Girder Design 5

Ts  s As f s , Cs  s As ' f s ' (1.2)

In order to calculate the tensile stress of reinforcements at a section, strain of the

(3) Calculate force of tendon, Tps.

6 Design Guide for midas Civil

Total Tendon Area

[Fig.1. 7] Tendon Property Dialog

[Table1. 1] Bond Type Depending on Tendon Type

▪ Total Tendon Area

Chapter 1. Prestressed Concrete Girder Design 7

▪ fps in Bonded Type

Tendon Type can be assigned as shown in a red box below.

▶ PSC> Design Parameter> Parameters…

[Fig.1. 8] PSC Design Parameter Dialog – Tendon Type

[Table1. 3] Tendon Type

Prestressing Bar deformed high-strength Bar

8 Design Guide for midas Civil

where fse : effective stress in prestress steel after losses