INFLOW PERFORMANCE

RELATIONSHIP
The flow performance of reservoir fluid from the reservoir
to the wellbore

1
 Inflow Performance Relationship
Near Wellbore Condition

□ Representing the flow

Porous Media Open hole, Perforation,
(porosity, permeability, Damage Zone, Fracturing
rock compressibility, and Azidizing

rate from the reservoir

etc)

to the bottom of the

well
Pr Pr

□ The production
Pwf

performance shows the Reservoir Fluids:

relationship between Gas, Oil and Water Number of Phases

flow rate to the bottom

Wellbore
hole pressure
□ Its is assumed that the
reservoir fluid flow
follows single well radial Reservoir
model Boundary Flow
direction
2
 Fluid Flow Modelling in a Single Well

Near Wellbore Condition

Porous Media Open hole, Perforation,
(porosity, Damage Zone,
permeability, rock Fracturing and Azidizing
compressibility, etc)

Pr Pr
Pwf

Reservoir Fluids:
Gas, Oil and
Water Number of Phases
3
Mathematical Representation
Fluid Flow to the Wellbore
□ Basic partial differential equation
for fluid flow in a radial porous
media,
□ The equation is considered as non-
linear, since the implicit pressure
dependence of density,
compressibility, and viscosity.
□ The solution of the PDE can be
obtained after imposing the
boundary equation.
□ The boundary condition is
 = f(P) □ Steady state condition, so dp/dt = 0
= f(P) Or
c = f(P) □ Semi steady state condition, so dp/dt = C
□ Both boundary conditions yield
different solution.
□ The solutions are shown on the next
slide.

4
 Solution for Single Phase (Oil) Flow

Note :
• Pe is pressure at the boundary
• P bar is average reservoir pressure
•Q is production rate
• r is distance from the well
• re is distance of reservoir boundary
• rw is wellbore radius
Note :
•  is viscosity
• k is reservoir permeability
• h is thickness of reservoir
• S is skin factor, that show the condition
near the wellbore

5
Drainage Area Shape Factors

6
 Inflow Performance Relationship

□ For single phase (oil) semi steady state solution,

based on average reservoir pressure

• The inflow performance relationship shows

the relation between pressure at the
wellbore (Pwf) and production rate (q)
• At a certain time, the rest of variables are
constant
7
 Inflow Performance Relationship
□ IPR could also be represented by
Productivity Index, i.e.:
□ The ability of reservoir to produce oil
(bbl/day) for one psi drawdown

• PI : productivity Index, bbl/d/psi

• Drawdown is (Pe – Pwf)

8
 The Well Productivity Using IPR
□ The slope of graph represent 3000
the productivity index (PI)
□ At Pwf = Pr, the production rate 2500
Pr

Tekanan Alir dasar Sumur, psi

is zero
2000
□ At Pwf = 0, the production rate
is maximum 1500 Slope is PI
□ Using the IPR curve, for certain
flowing bottom hole pressure 1000
the corresponding rate could
be obtained, vise versa 500
qmax
□ The IPR is very important to
determine the ability of well to
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
produce Laju produksi, stb/d

9
 Class Problem - IPR

□ The pressure build up test data □ Construct the IPR Curve

obtained the following data:
□ Determine the
□ The average reservoir
pressure is 1542 psi
maximum flow rate
□ The corresponding □ Calculate the flow rate
production rate to the at Pwf = 980 psi
flowing bottom hole
pressure is 255 bbl/d to 1109
psi
□ The bubble point pressure is
low, about 50 psi
□ Water cut is considered very
low

10
 The Limitations of Oil IPR

□ In real conditions, most of the 3000

well produced two or three
phase of reservoir fluid.
2500
□ Two phase IPR represents gas

Tekanan Alir dasar Sumur, psi

and oil flow in the reservoir 2000
□ Three phase IPR represents gas,
oil, and water flow in the reservoir 1500
□ In multiphase flow in reservoir, the
following phenomenons are 1000
occurred:
□ When the pressures at the reservoir fall
500
below the bubble point pressure, then
the gas coming out from the solution,
and flows in the porous medium 0
□ Gas and oil flow is determined by the 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
relative permeability of gas and oil
Laju produksi, stb/d
□ At this condition the single phase
(oil) IPR does not valid

11
 Two Phase Flow Conditions in the Reservoir

Skin
P(r) > Pb
Pwf
Oil Phase Pr
P(r < rx) > PbP(rx) = Pb P(r > rx) > Pb
rx
Pwf
Gas + Oil Oil Phase Pr
P(r) < Pb
Pwf
Oil Phase Pr
12
Two Phase (gas & oil) IPR

□ In a oil system , the gas is dissolved in oil

phase, when the reservoir pressure
above the bubble point pressure.
□ When the pressure below the bubble
point pressure, gas will out from the
solution, become free gas. This situation
will cause the oil viscosity increases.
□ The free gas fill rock pores, it will
increase the gas saturation and
decreasing the oil saturation
□ If gas saturation increases, the value of
gas relative permeability increases. On
the other hands, the oil relative
permeability decreases due to oil
saturation decreases.
□ Therefore, the relationship between
production rate to the bottom hole
flowing pressure is not linear.

13
 Two-Phase Flow Equation

□ Two-Phase Flow (Oil + Gas) in Porous

Medium

14
 Two Phase (Oil & Gas) IPR

□ Refer to reservoir condition, where

Linear section Pr > Pb,
□ This makes the IPR curve
deviating from the linear trend
below bubble-point pressure
Pb □ The lower the pressure, the larger
the deviation. If the reservoir
Non-Linear section pressure is below the initial
bubble-point pressure, oil and gas
two phase flow exists in the whole
reservoir domain and the reservoir
is referred as a ‘‘two-phase
reservoir.’’

15
 Vogel’s Dimensionless IPR (no-skin factor)
2
qo P  P 
= 1.0  0.2 wf   0.8 wf 
Qmax  Pr   Pr 

Two-Phase IPR Curve could be constructed by applying pressure build

up test data, that are reservoir pressure, and oil production with
corresponding flowing bottom hole pressure.
qo (test )
Qmax = 2
 Pwf (test )   Pwf (test )  IPR curve Equation:
1.0  0.2   0.8 
 r (test ) 
P  Pr (test )    Pwf   Pwf  
2

qo = Qmax 1.0  0.2   0.8  

  Pr   Pr  

16
 Two Phase IPR with Skin

Sukarno & Jurgantono (Tugas Akhir):

- 4 < Faktor Skin > 10
Qo Pwf Pwf Pwf
= 1  0.14( )  0.44( ) 2  0.42( )3
Qmax Pr Pr Pr

2
Qo  Pwf   Pwf 
= 1  0.0446   - 1.0446  
Qmax  Pr   Pr 
 Mathematical Modelling for 3-Phase IPR

□ Model Pengembangan IPR 3 – fasa

□ Sukarno (Disertation) and Wiggins (SPE 124041)

Gas, Oil and Water

Sumur Gas, oil, and water flow simultaneously

Sw = 1 – So - Sg

Method of Calculation IMPES

18
 Wiggins’ Three Phase Dimensionless IPR

3000 Oil Dimensionless IPR

qo
2500
qw qo P P
= 1  0.519167( wf )  0.481092( wf ) 2
Tekanan Dasar Sumur, psi

qt
2000 qo,max Pr Pr

1500
Water Dimensionless IPR
1000
qw P P
= 1  0.722235( wf )  0.284777( wf ) 2
500 q w,max Pr Pr

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Laju Produksi, stb/d
Predicting future production rate of a well is very important,
especially for designing artificial lift equipment specification,
production allocation for each well, and to estimate the
production rate or flowing bottom hole pressure.

FUTURE IPR CURVES

20
Two-Phase Production Rate Equation

As a function of pressure

So = f(P)

Kro as function of
Oil saturation

Changing to time

21
 Future Two-Phase IPR
□ The changing of two-phase IPR curve is
represented by the changing of slope of the
curve, that means the productivity index, J.
□ For two-phase IPR, the productivity index
could be represented by dq/dPwf = J
□ This statement could be applied to predict
the future two-phase IPR

22
The Changing of Productivity Index (1)

23
The Changing of Productivity Index (2)

□ Muskat stated that the ratio

of Productivity Index at two
consequtive time could be
represented by the mobility
ratio
dq
□ Productivity Index is defined J=
of the slope of IPR curve
dPwf

24
 The Changing of Productivity Index (3)

Based on Vogel’s Equation, the Productivity Index, (dq/dPwf)

could be represented by

J p 
*
=
1.8Qo max
Pr

Subscript “p” represent at present time

Therefore , the ratio of future
and present J could be
represented by the ratio of
Mobility at the future and
present.
25
 Fetkovich Formulation

□ Assuming that kro/oBo  k ro 

is linear to pressure,  
therefore kro/oBo ratio   o Bo  Pr Pr
of mobility at two =
different pressure is  k ro  Pri
 
equal to the pressure   o Bo  P
ratio. ri
J 1 Pr 1
=
J 2 Pr 2

□ Therefore the
productivity index ratio
is equal to the reservoir
pressure ratio.

26
 Persamaan Fetkovich
Using Fetkovich’s Equation, and by
assuming J and n are constants thru time

qo = J Pr f P  P  2
rf
2 n
wf 
J Pri P Prf
= ri J Pr f = J Pri
J Pr f Prf Pri

P  P 
qo = J Pr i
Prf 2 2 n

The value of J and n are

rf wf
P ri

obtained from isochronal

test
27
 Eckmeir’s Equation to Predict IPR

□ Assuming “n” equal to 1.0, the ratio of maximum flow rate of

two reservoir pressure could be represented as follows:

3
Qo max2  Pr 2 
=  
Qo max1  Pr 1 
3
 Prf 
Qo max f = Qo max i  

 Pri 

28
 Future IPR Curve - Sukarno

7.08  10 3 kh
qo =
r 
  
m Pr   m Pwf
ln e   0.5  S
 rw 

The Qmax ratio is equal to

For Pwf = 0 then Qo,max:

7.08  10 3 kh
Qo max =
 re 
m Pr  Qo max f
=
 
m Prf
ln   0.5  S
 rw  Qo maxi m  Pri 

29
 Future IPR Curve - Sukarno

API > 40

  = 0.015215 exp 4.152343 Prf 

m Prf
m Pri   Pri 

Qo max f = Qo maxi
 
m Prf
m  Pri 
API < 40
  = 0.033210 exp 3.429922 Prf 
m Prf
m Pri  
 Pri 

2
Qo  Pwf   Pwf 
= 1  0.0446   - 1.0446  
Qmax  Pr   Pr 

30
 The Changing of IPR Curve Due to The
Changing of Reservoir Pressure

2000 2000

1800 1800 Aw al

Tekanan Alir dasar Sumur, psi

Np= 8601
1600 1600 Np=17202
Tekanan Reservoir, psi

1400 Np=25804
1400
Np=34405
1200 1200 Np=43006

1000 1000

800 800

600 600

400 400

200 200

0 0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Produksi Kumulatif, stb
Laju Produksi, stb/d

31
 Persamaan peramalan kurva ipr
2000 Pr-i
Pr-f1800 Aw al
Tekanan Alir dasar Sumur, psi

Np= 8601
1600 Np=17202
Np=25804
1400
Np=34405
1200 Np=43006

1000

800 3
 Prf 
600 Q o max f = Q o max i  
400  Pri 
200

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Laju Produksi, stb/d

Q-max-f Q-max-i

32
 The Valid Assumption in the Application of Future
IPR

□ The well producing from solution gas drive reservoir

□ The well have not changed the producing formation
□ The well had never been stimulated (acidizing or fracturing)

33
END OF MEETING

34