Variables in Research and Evaluation

Research is a process of finding out something systematic in a relatively long time by using scientific
methods and rules that apply. So that the research process will run smoothly, and can succeed well, the
research is completed to make the research. In determining the research design, what needs to be
discussed is all research components that must be reviewed in a harmonious and orderly manner.

One component of research that has important meaning in the discussion with supported study
processes is the research variable. Variables are attributes of attractions that are the focus of research.
An important component in the conclusion or inference of a study.

There are several types of variables in research. The independent variables include: independent and
independent variables, active variables and attribute variables, continuous variables and categorical
variables including latent variables. Besides the criteria or requirements for a good variable in
development must be understood and understood properly according to the basis and development of
research variables.

There are several types of variables in research. The independent variables include: independent and
independent variables, active variables and attribute variables, continuous variables and categorical
variables including latent variables. Besides the criteria or requirements for a good variable in
development must be understood and understood properly according to the basis and development of
research variables.

Definition of Research Variables

Variable is something that is the object of research, often also referred to as a factor that plays a role in
the research or discussion to be discussed. According to Kerlinger (2006: 49), variables are constructs or
traits that will be obtained that have varying values. Kerlinger also said that a variable is a symbol /
symbol that we must discuss any value or number. According to Sugiyono (2009: 60), variables are
everything that forms what is determined by researchers to be obtained so that information is obtained
about it, then conclusions are drawn. Furthermore according to Suharsimi Arikunto (1998: 99), the
research variable is the object of research or what is of concern at the focus of a study. Starting from the
opinion of the experts above, it can be concluded that the research variables are attributes and values or
people, factors, considerations of objects or activities that have certain variations determined by
researchers to be studied and their conclusions obtained.

Types of Research Variables

Variables can be grouped in various ways, but there are three types of three types of grouping of
variables that are very important and get emphasis. Karlinger, (2006: 58) include:
The independent variable and the dependent variable

The independent variable is often called independent, stimulus variable, predictor, antecedent. The
independent variable is the variable that influences or is the cause of the change or the appearance of
the dependent variable. Dependent or dependent variable or called output variable, criterion,
consequent, is a variable that is affected or which is due, because of the independent variable.
Dependent variables are not manipulated, but rather observed variations as predicted results derived
from independent variables. Usually the dependent variable is the condition that we want to explain.

In experiments, the independent variable is a variable that is manipulated ("played") by the experiment
maker. For example, when researchers in the field of education study the effects of various teaching
methods, researchers can manipulate methods as (independent variables) by using various methods. In
non-experimental research, what is used as independent variables is those that "logically" cause certain
effects on a dependent variable. For example, in research on smoking and lung cancer, smoking (which
has indeed been done by many subjects) is an independent variable, while lung cancer is a result of
smoking or as a dependent variable. So the independent variable is the causative variable, whereas the
dependent variable is the result. In the field of education the most common dependent variable is, for
example, achievement or "learning outcomes". To find out students' learning achievement, researchers
have a large number of possible independent variables, among others: intelligence, social class, learning
methods, personality types, motivational types (rewards / rewards and punishments), attitudes toward
school, class atmosphere and so on. To be more easily understood the following schema is displayed
regarding the explanation above.

Active variables and attribute variables

The active variable is a free variable that is manipulated. Any manipulated variable is an active variable.
For example, researchers provide positive reinforcement for certain types of behavior and do different
things to other groups or give different instructions to the two groups or researchers use different
learning methods, or give rewards to subjects in other groups, or create anxiety with instructions
unsettling instructions, the researcher is actively manipulating the method, reinforcement, and anxiety
variables.

Attribute variables are those that cannot be manipulated or in other words variables that are already
inherent and are characteristic of the research subjects. For example: intelligence, gender talent, socio-
economic status, attitude, geographical area of a region, and so on. When we conduct research or study
research subjects we have brought these variables (attributes). What forms the individual or subject of
the study are the environment, heredity, and other situations.

Definition and Types of Variables in Research and Evaluation

Eureka Education. Research is a process of finding out something systematically in a relatively long time
using scientific methods and the rules that apply. So that the research process will run smoothly, and can
succeed well, the researcher is emphasized to make a research design. In determining research design,
the thing to remember is that all components of the research must be harmoniously and orderly
intertwined.

One component of research that has important meaning in relation to the study process
comprehensively is the research variable. Variables are attributes as well as objects that are the focus of
research. The components mentioned are important in drawing conclusions or inferences from a study.

There are several types of variables in research. The intended variables include: independent and
dependent variables, active variables and attribute variables, continuous variables and categorical
variables including latent variables. Besides the criteria or conditions of a good variable in its
development must be understood and understood well so that it becomes the basis for the identification
and development of research variables.

Definition of Research Variables

Variable is something that is the object of research observation, often also referred to as a factor that
plays a role in research or symptoms to be studied. According to Kerlinger (2006: 49), variables are
constructs or traits to be learned that have values varies. Kerlinger also said that a variable is a symbol /
symbol on which we put any value or number. According to Sugiyono (2009: 60), variables are anything
in the form of what is determined by researchers to be studied so that information is obtained about it,
then conclusions are drawn. Furthermore according to Suharsimi Arikunto (1998: 99), the research
variable is the object of research or what is the concern of a research point of interest. Starting from the
opinion of the experts above, it can be concluded that the research variable is an attribute and the
nature or value of people, factors, treatment of objects or activities that have certain variations
determined by researchers to be studied and then conclusions drawn.

Types of Research Variables

Variables can be grouped in various ways, but there are three types of three types of grouping of
variables that are very important and get emphasis. Karlinger, (2006: 58) include:

The independent variable and the dependent variable

The independent variable is often called independent, stimulus variable, predictor, antecedent. The
independent variable is the variable that influences or is the cause of the change or the appearance of
the dependent variable. Dependent or dependent variable or called output variable, criterion,
consequent, is a variable that is affected or which is due, because of the independent variable.
Dependent variables are not manipulated, but rather observed variations as predicted results derived
from independent variables. Usually the dependent variable is the condition that we want to explain.

In experiments, the independent variable is a variable that is manipulated ("played") by the experiment
maker. For example, when researchers in the field of education study the effects of various teaching
methods, researchers can manipulate methods as (independent variables) by using various methods. In
non-experimental research, what is used as independent variables is those that "logically" cause certain
effects on a dependent variable. For example, in research on smoking and lung cancer, smoking (which
has indeed been done by many subjects) is an independent variable, while lung cancer is a result of
smoking or as a dependent variable. So the independent variable is the causative variable, whereas the
dependent variable is the result. In the field of education the most common dependent variable is, for
example, achievement or "learning outcomes". To find out students' learning achievement, researchers
have a large number of possible independent variables, among others: intelligence, social class, learning
methods, personality types, motivational types (rewards / rewards and punishments), attitudes toward
school, class atmosphere and so on. To be more easily understood the following schema is displayed
regarding the explanation above.

Active variables and attribute variables

The active variable is a free variable that is manipulated. Any manipulated variable is an active variable.
For example, researchers provide positive reinforcement for certain types of behavior and do different
things to other groups or give different instructions to the two groups or researchers use different
learning methods, or give rewards to subjects in other groups, or create anxiety with instructions
unsettling instructions, the researcher is actively manipulating the method, reinforcement, and anxiety
variables.

Attribute variables are those that cannot be manipulated or in other words variables that are already
inherent and are characteristic of the research subjects. For example: intelligence, gender talent, socio-
economic status, attitude, geographical area of a region, and so on. When we conduct research or study
research subjects we have brought these variables (attributes). What forms the individual or subject of
the study are the environment, heredity, and other situations.

The difference between active and attribute variables is general. However, the attribute variable can also
be an active variable. This feature makes it possible to research "same" relations in different ways. For
example we can measure the subject's anxiety. It is clear that in this case anxiety is an attribute. But we
can also manipulate anxiety. We can develop anxiety at different levels, by telling subjects included in
the experimental group (the group under study) that what they have to do is difficult, their intelligence
level will be measured and their future depends on the test score. Whereas to other subjects ordered
that work as well as possible but take it easy; test results are not very important and in no way affect
their future.

Continuous variables and categorical variables

A continuous variable has a set of prices that are organized in a certain range (range). The definition of
this definition is:

The prices of a continuous variable reflect at least a ranking order. The greater price for that variable
means that there are more specific traits (traits under study) that they contain, compared to variables
with lower prices. For example, prices obtained from a scale to measure dependency (depedence)
express dependency with different levels, ranging from high, medium / medium, to low.

Continuous measures of actual use are contained in a range, and each individual gets a score that is in
that range. For example a scale to measure dependency might have a range from 1 to 7.

Theoretically there is an infinite set of prices or values in that range. Thus the score of an individual may
very well be 4.72 and not 4 or 5.

Variable category variables related to a type of measurement are called nominal measurements. In
nominal measurements, there are two or more subsets that are part of the set (object) measured.
Individuals are categorized based on the ownership of certain characteristics which are determinants of
a subset. So the problem with this variable is between "yes" or "no". The easiest example is the
dichotomous categorical variable: gender, republic-democrat, white-black, and so on. Politomy, which is
a choice (partition) is quite common, especially in sociology and economics: religious models, education,
citizenship, employment choices, and so on.

The conditions that the categorical and nominal variables require are all all members of the subset
considered the same. For example, if the variable is a religious model, all Protestants are the same; all
Catholics are the same; and all "other" adherents are the same. If a Catholic, he is included in the
category "Catholic" and given a number (number) "1" in that category. This variable is "democratic"
meaning, it does not recognize the ranking order or the expression "bigger" or "smaller" than among its
categories. All members of the category have the same value or price, namely:

The expression of qualitative variables is sometimes used to refer to these categorical variables,
especially the dichotomy, perhaps also to contrast them with quantitative variables (continuous
variables). The use of this expression reflects a somewhat distorted notion of the nature of variables.
Variables can always be quarantined; otherwise this is certainly not a variable.

Previously it was explained that constructs are things that are not observable (non-observable) while the
definition of operational variables are things that are observable (observable). Kerlinger (2006: 66) adds
that what is meant is the "latent variable". A latent variable is an unobserved entity (entity) that is
thought to underlie observational variables. Researchers tend to be more interested in latent variables,
rather than relationships between observed variables; because researchers try to explain the
phenomenon and its relationships.

Other terms for expressing ideas that are roughly the same, for example construct are called intervening
variables. Intervention variable is a term that is made to refer to psychological processes that are internal
and unobservable, which in turn refers to behavior. an intervention variable "only exists in the
researcher's brain" cannot be seen, heard, or touched; deduced from behavior.

The Usability and Criteria of Research Variables

1. Use of Variables

To prepare data collection tools and methods

To prepare data analysis / processing methods

For testing hypotheses

2. Good research variables

Relevant to research objectives

Can be observed and can be measured

In a study, variables need to be identified, classified, and operationally defined clearly and decisively so
as not to cause errors in data collection and processing and in hypothesis testing.

Definition of Research Hypothesis

The Research Hypothesis is a temporary answer to research questions. Hypotheses can be explained
from various points of view, for example etymologically, technically, statistically, and so on.

a. Etymologically, the hypothesis comes from two hypo words meaning "less than" and a thesis meaning
opinion. So, the hypothesis is an opinion or conclusion that is not final, which must be tested for truth
(Djarwanto, 1994: 13).
b. Hypothesis is a temporary statement that is proposed to solve a problem, or to explain a symptom
(Donald Ary, 1992: 120).

c. The hypothesis is a temporary answer to a research problem whose truth must be tested empirically
(Moh. Nazir, 1998: 182).

d. Technically, the hypothesis is a statement about the state of the population to be tested based on data
obtained from the research sample (Sumadi Suryabrata, 1991: 49).

Research Hypothesis

Research Hypothesis or commonly called a research hypothesis is a temporary answer to research

questions. So the researchers will make a hypothesis in their research, which aims to make it as a
reference in determining the next steps in order to make conclusions about the research he was doing.

Quantitative research certainly requires a research hypothesis. While qualitative research does not
necessarily have a research hypothesis. Even if there is, in qualitative research, the hypothesis made is a
tentative hypothesis or also called a hypothetical approximation

Characteristics of the Research Hypothesis Formulation

There are several things that must be considered by researchers in formulating hypotheses (Sumadi
Suryabrata, 2000: 70), namely:

a. The hypothesis must state the interrelation between two or more variables (in one hypothesis form
there are at least two variables).

b. Hypotheses should be declared declaratively (statement sentences).

c. Hypotheses should be clearly formulated.

d. The hypothesis must be tested for truth.

Types of Research Hypotheses

There are several types of hypotheses. To facilitate learning, hypotheses can be classified based on their
formulation and acquisition process.
a. Judging from the formula, the research hypothesis can be divided into:

1) Working hypothesis, namely the "real" hypothesis which is a synthesis of the results of a theoretical
study. The working hypothesis is usually abbreviated as H1 or Ha.

2) The null hypothesis or statistical hypothesis, is the opposite of the working hypothesis and is often
abbreviated as Ho.

There are times when researchers formulate hypotheses in the form of H1 and Ho for one research
problem. This is based on the consideration that Ho "intentionally" prepared to be rejected, while H1
"prepared" to be accepted (Sudarwan Danim and Darwis, 2003: 171).

b. Judging from the process of acquisition, the research hypothesis can be divided into:

1) Inductive hypothesis, which is a hypothesis that is formulated based on observations to generate new
theories (in qualitative research)

2) Deductive hypothesis, a hypothesis that is formulated based on existing scientific theories (in
quantitative research).

The relationship between hypotheses with observations and scientific theories on inductive and
deductive hypotheses can be visualized as follows (Trochim, 2005).

Research Hypothesis

Research Hypothesis

Based on the long explanation above about the hypothesis, starting from the definition of hypotheses to
the types of hypotheses, the statisticians try to make conclusions about the article Hypothesis or which
in Indonesian is better known as the Hypothesis. The following conclusions:

The research hypothesis is a temporary answer to a research question. If we do research, then we will be
faced with research hypotheses, especially in quantitative research. Research hypotheses are made by
researchers as a reference in determining the next steps that must be taken to make research
conclusions. Types of Research Hypotheses include: Work hypothesis, null hypothesis, inductive
hypothesis and deductive hypothesis.