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три тысячи лет. Его архитектура и произведения искусства оказали огромное влияние на мировую
культуру. Развалины античного Форума и Колизея демонстрируют былое величие Римской
империи. Ватикан, резиденция руководства Римско-католической церкви, пользуется огромной
популярностью у туристов благодаря собору Святого Петра и многочисленным музеям. Среди них
– Сикстинская капелла, где можно увидеть знаменитые фрески Микеланджело.
As in 2019 Rome is ranked as an Alpha - global city in the Globalization and World Cities Research
Network.[12] In 2016, Rome ranked as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the
European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy.[13] Its historic centre is listed by
UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.[14] Host city for the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rome is the seat of
several specialized agencies of the United Nations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
the World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The
city also hosts the Secretariat of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean[15]
(UfM) as well as the headquarters of many international business companies such as Eni, Enel, TIM,
Leonardo S.p.A., and national and international banks such as Unicredit and BNL. Its business district,
called EUR, is the base of many companies involved in the oil industry, the pharmaceutical industry, and
financial services. Rome is also an important fashion and design centre thanks to renowned international
brands centered in the city. Rome's Cinecittà Studios have been the set of many Academy Award–
winning movies.[16]
Contents
1 1Etymology
2History
2.1Earliest history
3.1Local government
8 4.1Location
9 4.2Topography
2 5Climate
6Demographics
1 6.1Ethnic groups
7Religion
2 7.1Vatican City
3 7.2Pilgrimage
8Cityscape
8.1Architecture
1 8.1.1Ancient Rome
2 8.1.2Medieval
3 8.1.3Renaissance and Baroque
4 8.1.4Neoclassicism
5 8.1.5Fascist architecture
4 8.2Parks and gardens
5 8.3Fountains and aqueducts
6 8.4Statues
7 8.5Obelisks and columns
8 8.6Bridges
9 8.7Catacombs
3 9Economy
4 10Education
11Culture
Etymology[edit]
History[edit]
Main articles: History of Rome and Timeline of the city of Rome
Historical affiliations
Earliest history[edit]
Main article:Â Founding of Rome
There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000
years ago, but the dense layer of much younger debris obscures Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites.[6]Â
Evidence of stone tools, pottery, and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence.
Several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine
Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the bronze age and the
beginning of the Iron age, each hill between the sea and the Capitol was topped by a village (on the
Capitol Hill, a village is attested since the end of the 14th century BC).[21]Â However, none of them had
yet an urban quality.[21]Â Nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city developed gradually
through the aggregation ("synoecism") of several villages around the largest one, placed above the
Palatine.[21]Â This aggregation was facilitated by the increase of agricultural productivity above theÂ
subsistence level, which also allowed the establishment of secondary and tertiary activities. These in
turn boosted the development of trade with the Greek colonies of southern Italy (mainly Ischia andÂ
Cumae).[21]Â These developments, which
Monarchy, republic, empire[edit]
Main articles: Ancient Rome, Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, and Roman Empire
The conquest of Gaul made Caesar immensely powerful and popular, which led to a second civil war
against the Senate and Pompey. After his victory, Caesar established himself as dictator for life.[32] His
assassination led to a second Triumvirate among Octavian (Caesar's grandnephew and heir), Mark
Antony and Lepidus, and to another civil war between Octavian and Antony.[33] The former in 27 BC
became princeps civitatis and got the title of Augustus, founding the principate, a diarchy between the
princeps and the senate.[33] During the reign of Nero, two thirds of the city was ruined after the Great
Fire of Rome and the persecution of Christians commenced.[34][35][36] Rome was established as a de
facto empire, which reached its greatest expansion in the second century under the Emperor Trajan.
Rome was confirmed as caput Mundi, i.e. the capital of the world, an expression which had already been
given in the Republican period. During its first two centuries, the empire saw as rulers, emperors of the
Julio-Claudian,[37] Flavian (who also built eponymous amphitheatre, known as the Colosseum)[37] and
Antonine dynasties.[38] This time was also characterised by the spread of the Christian religion,
preached by Jesus Christ in Judea in the first half of the first century (under Tiberius) and popularized by
his apostles through the empire and beyond.[39] The Antonine age is considered the apogee of the
Empire, whose territory ranged from the Atlantic Ocean to the Euphrates and from Britain to Egypt.[38]
Augustus ᄃ
Julius Caesar ᄃ