Compilation of Experiments (Expts)

Technological Institute of the Philippines – Manila
Unit Operations Laboratory II, 1st Semester 2019-2020
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
DETERMINATION OF AIR PROPERTIES
Objective Resources
Equipment: Barometer
To determine the properties of air at
different heights and condition.
Materials: Tap Water
Discussion Sling Psychrometer
Cloth or Cotton
In a number of separation processes Stopwatch
and transport processes, it is necessary to
make calculations involving the properties of Procedure
mixtures of water vapor and air. These
1. Using the barometer, determine the
calculations involve knowledge of the
atmospheric pressure by placing the
concentration of water vapor in air under
barometer on the floor. Record the reading
various conditions of temperature and
after 5 minutes.
pressure, the thermal properties of these
mixtures, and the changes occurring when 2. Cover the bulb of one of the
these mixtures are brought into contact with thermometers in the sling psychrometer with
water or with wet solids in drying. wet cloth or cotton (of not permanently
attached).
Dry bulb temperature usually referred
to as the “air temperature”, is basically the 3. Rotate the sling thermometer
ambient air temperature. It is called dry bulb horizontal to the ground for five minutes.
because the air temperature is indicated by a
thermometer not affected by the moisture of 4. Record the dry bulb and wet bulb
the air. The wet bulb temperature on the other temperature reading.
hand, is the adiabatic saturation temperature. 5. Calculate the vapor pressure, absolute
The adiabatic evaporation of water from the humidity, saturation humidity, relative
thermometer bulb and the cooling effect is humidity, percentage humidity, humid
indicated by a "wet bulb temperature" lower volume, saturated volume and enthalpy of the
than the "dry bulb temperature" in the air. mixture.
The Dew Point is the temperature where
water vapor starts to condense out of the air. 6. Compare the results using
The Dew Point temperature is always lower psychrometric chart.
than the Dry Bulb temperature and will be
identical with 100% relative humidity 7. Repeat procedures 1-6 using four
different locations.
1
Data and results
LOCATION 1 2
Atmospheric LOCATION 3 4
Pressure (bar) 1.0230 1.0240 Atmospheric
Pressure (bar) 1.0245 1.0250
𝑻𝑾𝑩 (ºC) Wet
26 26 𝑻𝑾𝑩 (ºC) Wet
Bulb 26 27
Bulb
Temperature
Temperature
𝑻𝑫𝑩 (ºC) Dry
30 29 𝑻𝑫𝑩 (ºC) Dry
Bulb 28.5 29.5
Bulb
Temperature
Temperature
Vapor
4287.37 4047.32 Vapor Pressure
Pressure (Pa) 3931.72 4165.85
(Pa)
Absolute
0.02131 0.02129 Absolute
Humidity (H) 0.02128 0.02261
Humidity (H)
Saturation
Saturation
Humidity 0.02715 0.02554 0.02477 0.0263
Humidity (Hs)
(Hs)
Relative
Relative 0.86364 0.86463
0.792 0.83897 Humidity
Humidity
Percentage
Percentage 85.8966 85.9696
78.4858 83.3451 Humidity
Humidity
Humid Volume
Humid 0.88294 0.8877
0.88737 0.88442 (Vh)
Volume (Vh)
Saturated
Saturated 0.88774 0.89279
0.89545 0.89028 Volume (Vs)
Volume (Vs)
Enthalpy of
Enthalpy of 83.0055 87.4471
84.6555 83.5555 Mixture
Mixture
2
Guide Questions: 3. The partial pressure of water vapor in

a mixture of water vapor in a mixture
1. Define the following: if water vapor and air at a total
a.) Humidification is the process in pressure of 106.6 kPa and a
which moisture or water vapor is temperature of 60°C is 13.3 kPa.
added to the air without changing its Express the concentration of water
dry bulb temperature. vapor in:
b.) Dehumidification is the process a. Mole Fraction
of removing moisture or water vapor 29 kg dry air
from the air without changing its dry 0.09 kg H2 O 1 kmol dry air
bulb temperature. yH2 O = ⋅
kg dry air 18 kg H2 O
c.) Air conditioning is the process of 1 kmol water
controlling the humidity, cleanliness, kmol H2 O
yH2 O = 0.15
and temperature of a system to kmol dry air
maintain the requirements of the
space to be conditioned.
2. Air entering a drier has a temperature

(dry bulb) of 60°C and a dew point of
26.7°C. Using the psychrometric b. Volume fraction
chart, determine the actual humidity,
percentage humidity, humid heat and 13.3
v H2 O = × 106
humid volume in SI and English 106.6 − 13.3
VH O
units. v H2 O = 142,550.91 2
Vd.a.
English
SI Unit
Unit
c. Absolute Humidity
𝐻 kg H2 O lb H2 O
0.02 0.02
kg d.a. lb d.a.
18 13.3
%𝐻 H = ×
18% 18% 29 106.6 − 13.3
kg H2 O
H = 0.09
Humid kJ BTU kg dry air
119 kg 51.16
heat lb
m3
15.63 15.
0.99 ft3
d. Relative Humidity
𝑉𝐻 kg 86 lb
3
3816.44 Conclusion:
ln Psat = 23.1963 −
(273.15 + 60) − 46.13
ln Psat = 9.90 Upon performing this experiment on
Psat = 19,920.93 Pa air properties, we, therefore, conclude that
P the pressure decreases as the height increases.
%RH = The lower the height, the higher the pressure
Psat
13,300 𝑃𝑎 in that level. Also, with the decrease in height
%𝑅𝐻 = × 100%
19,920.93 𝑃𝑎 comes the decrease in temperature and
%𝑅𝐻 = 66.76% humidity of air.
𝑚 3 H2 O
e. Documentation
kg dry 𝑎𝑖𝑟
̂ = (2.83x10−3 + 4.56x10−3 (0.09))(60 + 273.15)

V
m3 H2 O
̂
V = 1.08
kg d. a.
4. An air-water vapor mixture has a dry

bulb temperature of 65.6°C and a wet
bulb temperature of 32.2 °C. What is
the humidity of the mixture?
Using the Psychrometric
chart, the Humidity of the mixture is
kg H O
0.02 kg dry2air.
5. The humidity of an air-water vapor

mixture is 0.030 kg water vapor per
kg dry air. The dry bulb temperature
of the mixture is 60°C. What is the
wet bulb temperature?
Using the Psychrometric
chart, the Wet Bulb temperature is
around 37°C.
4
5
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
DIFFUSION
I. Introduction stream passed through over the top of the

Diffusion is defined as the process of tube. All these are to ensure that the vapor
mass transfer of individual molecules of a partial pressure was been transferred from the
substance from one part of a system to surface of the liquid to the air stream by
another, carried by random molecular molecular diffusion.
motions, and is associated to forces such as II. Materials and Reagents
concentration gradient. a. Water Bath
Molecular diffusion is the transfer or b. 5 Capillary Tubes
movement of individual molecules through a c. Small Electric Fan
fluid by random molecular movements. In the d. Barometer
diffusion process, the molecules of interest e. Receptables for Capillary Tubes
flow from regions of high concentration to f. Vernier Caliper
low concentration. Molecular diffusion can g. Timer
occur in both directions with the system. h. Thermometer
The diffusion mechanism happens when
the particles near each other at the corner of Chemicals:
glass. Then, as time goes by, the particles will o Ethanol
“move randomly around” in the water, which o Ethyl Acetate
by means diffuse. Then particles will o Methanol
distribute randomly and uniformly in the
water. The diffusion will still continue to III. Procedure
occur but there is no net flux. This machine
used for this experiment is to determine the 1. Prepare the water bath and fill it with
gas diffusion coefficient by evaporation from tap water and set it at 50 ◦C.
a liquid surface for liquid(e.g acetate, 2. Fill the capillary tubes with pure
ethanol, and methanol)-air system. In this set- volatile organic liquids and measure the
up, the liquids diffuse through non-diffusing initial height of the liquid.
air, which is passed over the top of the 3. Provide a gentle stream of air by
capillary containing the liquids. turning on the electric fan.
The diffusivity of the vapor of a volatile 4. Measure the height of the remaining
liquid in air can be determined by using liquid in the capillary tubes after 10 and
Winklemann’s method. In which liquid was 15 minutes.
contained in a narrow diameter vertical tube,
maintained at a constant temperature, and air
6
5. Repeat 2 – 4 for trial 2 (water bath substance to gain higher kinetic energy
temperature = 65 ◦C) and trial 3 (water and moves randomly and freely hence
bath temperature = 80◦ C) increasing the rate of diffusion. Thus, it is
6. Compare the results with those evident in the experiment that higher
obtained using Chapman and Engskog temperatures increase the energy and
equation and other empirical equation. therefore the movement of the molecules,
IV. Data and Results increasing the rate of diffusion. The
Trial 1: T= 54.7ºC experiment was done at 54.7 ºC, 65 ºC,
Initial Height Height and 80 ºC with three different volatile
Liquid Height after after liquids. Lower temperatures decrease the
(mm) 10mins 15mins energy of the molecules, thus decreasing
Ethanol 47.5 45 44 the rate of diffusion. Therefore, as the
Ethyl temperature rises, methanol diffuses the
35 35 35
Acetate most. Finally, the experiment has
Methanol 44 66 65 accomplished us with the study of
diffusivity and familiarity with the use of
Trial 2: T= 65ºC laboratory instruments to achieve
Initial Height Height accurate measurements of data required
Liquid Height after after for industrial process design.
(mm) 10mins 15mins VI. Questions
Ethanol 44 43.5 43 1. Discuss the following:
Ethyl a. Fick’s Law - During diffusion we
35 34.5 34 assume particles move in the
Acetate
Methanol 64 46 45 direction of least density. They
move down the concentration
Trial 3: T= 80ºC gradient. The rate of diffusion
depends on the concentration
Initial Height Height
gradient, area (A) , and diffusion
Liquid Height after after
constant (D).
(mm) 10mins 15mins
b. Equimolal Counter Diffusion -
Ethanol 45 44 43.5 the molar fluxes or A and B are
Ethyl equal, but opposite in direction,
35 34.5 34.5
Acetate and the total pressure is constant
Methanol 46 44.5 44 throughout. Hence we can write:
N = NA + NB = 0. [ Remember:
pressure is caused by the
V. Conclusion collisions of molecules with the
We therefore conclude that it has container wall.
been theoretically proved that higher
temperature causing the molecules of
7
VII. Documentation
8
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
DISTILLATION
I. Introduction 5. Get the reflux ratio by measuring the

time and volume of the distillate
Distillation is a unit operation that
6. Measure the specific gravity and
uses the difference in the boiling points of
different compounds to separate the liquid temperature of the samples
mixtures. It is widely used in the industry 7. Repeat for different reflux ratio,
especially as an aid in the purification of taking a sample at each value of
gases or in the industry of crude oil refinery. reflux ration
In distillation, as the liquid is being heated,
vapor started to form which is then collected
and cooled in a separate container from the
original liquid mixture. IV. Data and Results
There are different types of
distillation. In batch distillation, the mixture Batch Distillation
of two volatile substances is heated until it
boils and the vapor in condensed and the
Time Compositio
resulting fluid is then collected. While in a Sampl Volum Temperatur
continuous distillation, the process of (minutes n of
e e (mL) e, (°C)
distillation is ongoing while new feed is ) Distillate
injected in the feed stream.
1 0 10 81 0.5
II. Materials and Reagents
2 5 24 81 0.389
a. Distilling Column
b. Beaker 3 10 30 82 0.582
c. Graduated Cylinder
4 15 35 82 0.463
Chemicals:
o Methanol-Water Solution
5 20 43 82 0.405
III. Procedure
6 25 51 82 0.381
1. Check the unit or set-up
2. Fill up the vessel with 30% w/w 7 30 56 82 0.355
methanol/water solution
3. Turn on the vacuum pump and 8 35 61 82 0.347
maintain at 200 mmHg
4. Measure the temperature at the top
and bottom of the glass column
9
V. Conclusion industry. One advantage of this

The researchers can conclude that distillation is the mixture can have more
batch, differential distillation is efficient than two components and it can be
in the separation of liquids having separated using this process. The process
relative boiling points. Since methanol is to boil the mixture in a boiler and feed
and water are two components with into a fractionation column. A
different volatilities (methanol is more fractionation column consists of plates
volatile), this process is better than flash and distillate collectors at different
distillation, which is also batch in number of plates. The fractional
process. The lower the boiling point is, distillation takes advantage of the
the easier it will evaporate because of its different boiling points of the
volatility. Also, this is because the components to initiate separation.
column is temperature gradient, so our
distillate is produced in a low temperature Steam Distillation - This is also used for
relative its boiling point. distilling mixtures with components that
degrades with high temperatures. The
difference of this distillation from the
former ones is that the source of heat of
VI. Questions the mixture is from the steam. It does not
use direct heat. Also, the advantage of
1. Discuss the different distillation this is the control over the heat transfer by
methods. controlling the flowrate of steam.
Simple distillation - This is the distillation 2. What is relative volatility?
we did in the experiment. In this setup,
In order to separate a binary mixture
the mixture is heated with a direct heat
using distillation process, there must be a
source and the distillate is collected with
difference in volatilities of the
the help of a condenser.
components. Relative volatility is the
ratio of the relative volatility of
Vacuum distillation - This is done when a
component A (higher relative volatility)
component of the liquid mixture degrades
and the relative volatility of component B
on high temperatures. This type of
(lower relative volatility). The higher the
distillation takes advantage of the
relative volatility, the easier it is to
vacuum where it lowers the pressure
separate the components by distillation.
inside the vessel thus lowering the boiling
point of the mixture. This results to the
material being undamaged by heat.
3. Derive the equations for enriching
Fractional Distillation - This is the heart section, stripping section and feed
of the process in petroleum refinery line
10
4. Differentiate total and minimum

reflux ratio.
The minimum reflux ratio is the condition
where we get the highest amount of pure
distillate and the consequence is there is
infinite number of plates. Total reflux
ratio, however, is where there is no
distillate produced but the minimum
number of plates can be determined.
5. A mixture of 100 kgmol which

contains 60% mol n-pentane and 40%
mol n-heptane is vaporized at 101.32
kPa under differential conditions until
40 kgmol are distilled. Using
equilibrium data:
11
a) What is the average benzene and 50% mol toluene at

composition of the total vapor 101.32 kPa abs pressure. The feed is
distilled and the composition luquid at the boiling point. The
of the remaining liquid? distillate is to contain 90% mol
benzene and the bottoms 10% mol
b) If this same vaporization is
benzene. The reflux ration is 4.52:1.
done in an equilibrium or
Calculate the kgmol/h distillate,
flash distillation and 40 kgmol
kgmol/h bottoms, and the number of
are distilled, what is the
theoretical trays needed using the
composition of the vapor
McCabe-Thiele method.
distilled and of the remaining
liquid? x y X Y
0.10 0.21 0.60 0.79
0.20 0.37 0.70 0.86
0.30 0.51 0.80 0.91
Data: Vapor pressure, Psat, data: ln Psat = A
0.40 0.64 0.90 0.96
− B/(T + C), where Psat is in kPa and T is in 0.50 0.72 0.95 0.98
K. Compound A B
C
n-pentane (1) 13.9778 2554.6 − Total balance= D + B
36.2529
More volatile component balance
n-hexane (2) 14.0568 2825.42 −
42.7089 FxF = xDD + xBB
x= 0.430
y-0.854 .5(100) = 0.9D + 0.1B
Solving these two equations

6. Calculate the approximate minimum
number of stages for a binary system D= 50 kmols/h
with relative volatility of 2.35,
fractionally distilled to yield B=50 kmols/h
compositions of 0.98 in the distillate
and 0.045 in the bottoms.
𝑙𝑜𝑔(2.35)
𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
0.05
Nmin = 7 stages
7. A rectification column is fed 100

kgmol/h of a mixture of 50% mol
12
Number of plates = Number of stages

–1
Number of plates = 6 – 1
Number of plates = 5
VII. Documentation
13
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AGITATION
Objective 4. Suspending of fine solid particles in
a liquid, such as in the catalytic
To determine the power requirement of
hydrogenation of a liquid where
different impellers derived from fluid properties solid catalyst particles and hydrogen
and tank impellers geometry. bubbles are dispersed in the liquid.
5. Agitation of the fluid to increase
Intended Learning Outcomes
heat transfer between the fluid and a
The students shall be able to: coil or jacket in the vessel wall.
1. Study the vortex formation patterns

in unbaffled system. Generally, liquids are agitated in a cylindrical
2. Correlate the relationship between vessel which can be closed or open to air. The
the power number against impeller
height of the liquid is approximately equal to the
Reynolds number for baffled and
tank diameter. An impeller mounted on a shaft is
unbaffled tanks.
driven by an electric motor.
Discussion
The flow patterns in an agitated tank
In the chemical and other processing depend upon the fluid properties, the geometry of
industries, many operations are dependent to the tank, types of baffles in the tank and the
great extent on effective agitation and mixing agitator itself. If a propeller or other agitator is
fluids. Generally, agitation refers to forcing a mounted vertically in the center of a tank with no
fluid by mechanical means to flow in a baffles, a swirling pattern usually develops.
circulatory or other pattern inside a vessel. Generally, this is undesirable because excessive
Mixing is usually implied in the taking of two or air entrainment, development of a large vortex,
more separate phases, such as a fluid and a surging and the like especially at high speeds. To
powdered solid or two fluids and causing them to prevent this, an angular off-center position can be
be randomly distributed through one another. used with propellers with small horsepower.
However, for vigorous higher power, unbalanced
These are a number of purposes for forces can become severe and limit the use of
agitating fluids and some of these are briefly high power.
summarized:
For vigorous agitation with vertical
1. Blending of two miscible liquids, agitators, baffles are generally used to reduce
such as ethyl alcohol and water. swirling and still promote good mixing. Baffles
2. Dissolving solids in liquids, such as installed vertically on the tank are helpful. The
salt in water. turbine impeller drives the liquid radially against
3. Dispersing a gas in a liquid as fine the wall, where it divides, with one portion
bubbles, such as oxygen from air in flowing upward near the surface and back to the
a suspension of microorganisms for
impeller from above and the other flowing
fermentation.
downward.
14
The turbine agitator is the most diameter Da by plots of power number Np versus
commonly used agitator in the process industries. NRe. The power number is
For design of an ordinary agitation system, this
type of agitator is often used in the initial design. 𝑃𝑔𝑐
The geometric proportions of an agitation system 𝑁𝑃 =
𝜌𝑁 3 𝐷𝑎 5
which are considered as a typical standard design.
In some cases W/D = 1/8. The number of baffles where P = power in J/s or W.
is 4 in most uses. The clearance or gap between
the baffles and the wall is usually 0.10 to 0.15 J Using figures in Chemical Engineering
to ensure that liquid does not form stagnant Handbook and Unit Operations by McCabe and
pockets next to the baffle and wall. In a few
Smith, the correlations between Power and
correlations the ratio of the affle to tank diameter
J/D = 1/10 instead of 1/10. Reynolds number for different impellers will be
determined.
Da/Dt = 0.3 to 0.5 H/Dt = 1 C/Dt= 1/3
W/Da = Dd/Da = L/Da = J/Dt = Resources:

1/5 2/3 1/4 1/12
Equipment:
Table 12.1 Geometric proportions for a standard
18 inches Tank
agitation syste
Impeller Tachometer
In the design of agitated vessel, an
important factor is the power required to drive the Meterstick
impeller. Since the power required for a given
system cannot be predicted theoretically, imprical Materials:
correlations have been developed to predict the
Water
power required. The presence or absence of
turbulence can be correlated with the impeller
Reynold’s number NRe, defined as
Procedure
𝐷𝑎 2 𝑁𝜌
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = I. Preliminary Steps
𝜇
1. Remove all baffles from the inside wall
where Da is the impeller diameter in m, N is of the tank.
rotational speed in rev/s, 𝜌 is fluid density in 2. Ensure that the tank is clean.
kg/m3, 𝜇 is the viscosity in kg/m-s. The flow is 3. Place the marine impeller on the agitator
laminar in the tank for NRe < 10, turbulent for shaft and insert other end into the chuck
assembly of the motor Set the elevation
NRe > 104, and for a range between 10 and 104,
of impeller above tank bottom (C) to its
the flow is transitional, being turbulent at the
minimum. Record the C.
impeller and laminar in the remote parts of the
4. Record the tank diameter (Dt), diameter
vessel. of impeller (Da), and width of the baffle
(J).
Power consumption is related to fluid
5. Fill the tank with water. The ratio of the
density 𝜌, rotational speed N, and impeller
height of liquid to tank diameter (H/Dt)
15
must be 1.0. Record the height of the Type of

Four Blade Paddle
liquid. Impeller
6. Record the temperature of water in the
tank and determine the density and the Diameter
0.4 m
absolute viscosity of the water at this of tank, Dt
temperature.
Diameter
of impeller, 0.175 m
Da
II. Experiment Proper
1. Turn on the agitator.
Height of
2. Make two minute run without baffles and 0.38 m
liquid, H
record the speed reading every 30
seconds, observe the type of fluid motion Dt/Da 2.29
obtained such as vortex formation,
turbulence and evidence of strong eddy H/Da 2.17
current.
3. Turn off the impeller drive motor. C/Da 0.8
4. Repeat procedure II using another type of
impeller. Time 30s 60s 1 min 30 s
5. Repeat procedure II 1 to 4 using baffles.
Speed, N 0.483
1.1 1.5
III. Shut-Down Operation 3
1. Turn off the agitator.
Reynolds 0.556
2. Drain out the water in the tank. 1.2668 1.7274
3. Remove the impeller from the agitator number 6
shaft.
Power
- 65 43
number
IV. Calculations
1. For each type of impeller, compute the Power
ratios Dt/Da, H/Da, and C/Da. 4.2599x10 7.1458x10
requiremen - -4 -4
2. Calculate the Reynolds number (NRe)
t
for each trial from the equation.
3. Calculate the power requirements for
each trial based on the power obtained
from figure. Properties of water
Temperature 30.03 ◦C
Absolute viscosity 7.978x10-4Pa s
Density 0.03 kg/m^3
Data and results
Properties of water Type of

Pitched Blade
Temperature 30 ◦C Impeller
Absolute viscosity 7.978x10-4Pa s
Density 0.03 kg/m^3 Diameter
0.4 m
of tank, Dt
16
Diameter Height of
0.38 m
of impeller, 0.175 m liquid, H
Da
Dt/Da 2.29
Height of
0.38 m H/Da 2.17
liquid, H
Dt/Da 2.29 C/Da 0.8
H/Da 2.17 Time 1 min

30s 60s
30 s
C/Da 0.8
Speed, N 3.9833 6.8667 7.45
Time 1 min
30s 60s Reynolds
30 s 4.3626 7.5206 8.1595
number
Speed, N 6.783
3.1667 5.3833 Power
3 17 9.5 9
number
Reynolds 7.811
3.6468 5.3833 Power 5.1141x10-
number 7 0.0146 0.0177
3
requirement
Power
12 8 7
number
Power
1.8763x10 6.1454x10 0.010
requiremen -3 -3 Guide Questions:
8
t
1. Enumerate the different equipment for
agitation and discuss its uses.
For agitation, the equipment to
be used may base on the agitation
Properties of water
problem. Different types of impellers
Temperature 29.37 ◦C
Absolute viscosity 0.8109 x10-4Pa s may be used. A propeller is an axial-flow,
Density 0.029 kg/m^3 high-speed impeller for liquids of low
viscosity. A paddle is for simpler agitation
Type of problems. Paddles turn at slow to
Pitched Blade
Impeller moderate speeds in the center of a vessel;
they push the liquid radially and
Diameter of tangentially with almost no vertical
0.4 m
tank, Dt motion at the impeller unless the blades
are pitched. While turbines are effective
Diameter of
0.175 m over a very wide range of viscosities.
impeller, Da
17
2. A flat-blade turbine agitator with disk 𝑃𝑔𝑐

𝑁𝑝 =
having six blades is installed in a tank. 𝜌𝑁 3 𝐷𝑎5
The tank diameter is 1.83 m, the turbine
diameter is 0.61 m. Dt = H and the width 𝑃(1)
5=
is 0.122 m. The tank contained four (929)(1.50)3 (0.61)5
baffles, each having a width of 0.15 m. 𝐽
𝑃 = 1324 = 1.324 𝑘𝑊 = 1.77 ℎ𝑝
The turbine is operated at 90 rpm and the 𝑠
liquid in the tank has a viscosity of 10 cP b.
and a density of 929 kg/m^3. 𝐷𝑎2 𝑁𝜌
a. Calculate the power required kW 𝑁=
µ
of the mixer.
b. For the same conditions, except
for the solution having a (0.61)2 (1.50)(929)
viscosity of 100000 cP, calculate 𝑁= = 51.85
10
the required kilowatts.
Np for N = 51.85 is equal to 4
Given:
𝑃𝑔𝑐
Da= 0.61m 𝑁𝑝 =
𝜌𝑁 3 𝐷𝑎5
Dt = 1.83 m 𝑃(1)
4=
W= 0.122 m (929)(1.50)3 (0.61)5
𝐽
𝑃 = 1059 = 1.059 𝑘𝑊 = 1.42 ℎ𝑝
J= 0.15 m 𝑠
N= 90/60= 1.50 rev/s

Conclusion:
ρ= 929 kg/𝑚3
Based on the experiment it can be
µ= 0.01 Pa.s
concluded that the type of impeller used in
Solution: agitation greatly affects the speed and Reynolds
number in the agitation process. The agitation is
a. achieved by movement of the mass along with the
impeller.
𝐷𝑎2 𝑁𝜌
𝑁=
µ
(0.61)2 (1.50)(929)
𝑁= = 51852.135
0.01
Da/W= 5
Dt/J= 12
Np for N=51852.135 is equal to 5
18
Documentation
19
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
DRYING
Introduction Stopwatch
Drying is a unit operation that involves the Materials:

removal of moisture through evaporation to
produce the solid product. The drying Sand
operation involves the removal of free Zeolite
moisture, hygroscopic moisture, or a
combination of both using heat. Water
Drying has some close synonyms like Procedure

Dehydration, the process in which the
1. Weigh and record the weight of the empty
materials is deprived of its water constituent.
tray.
Or Desiccation which is applied in the drying
of stuffs related in the food industry for 2. Fill the trays with sand and zeolite to a
preservation. Drying consumes energy depth of 10 mm and even the surface.
during its operation. Although usually its
drying medium is hot air, there are also other 3. Weigh and record the filled trays.
media which can be used.
4. Wet the sand and zeolite with water just
In drying, the hot air heats the material being enough to soak it.
dried and carries the evaporated water as
5. Again, weigh and record the trays saturated
humidity. However, the temperature inside
with water.
the dryer should be controlled in order to not
destroy the product or the quality of the 6. Preheat the equipment for 10 minutes.
product. If the air is too hot for the material,
the solid material could almost be completely 7. Wet the cloth inside the sling
dehydrated which in turn could lead to the psychrometer.
formation of crust or “case hardening”. 8. Put the trays inside the preheated oven and
Resources measure the moisture content every 2
minutes by weighing the trays in the balance.
Equipment:
9. While drying, twirl the sling psychrometer
Tray Drier and record the wet bulb temperature (the one
with the cloth attached) and the dry bulb
2-sling Psychrometer
temperature reading every 2 minutes along
Analytical Balance with the reading of the tray weight.
20
Data and results
Weight
of
Material Weight Weight
s as a of Wet Time of Wet
function Sand (min) Zeolite
of time: (grams) (grams)
Time
(min)
0 250 0 200
5 250 5 200
10 200 10 150
15 200 15 150
20 150 20 150
25 150 25 150
30 150 30 100
35 125 35 100
Documentation
21
Conclusion therefore less dense material to rise, and

colder, denser material to sink under the
We therefore conclude that drying is a unit influence of gravity, which consequently
operation that can be used to remove results in transfer of heat, which is
moisture content. This was analyzed in the convection. Second, radiation is the emission
experiment through mass differences which of energy as electromagnetic waves or as
proves that the length of time of interaction moving subatomic particles, especially high-
between the drier and the wet product is energy particles that cause ionization.
directly proportional to its moisture removal.
Although there is equipment ineffectiveness 3. What is the effect of increasing the
like the drier’s compressor, the tray, and absolute humidity of the air on the value of
equipment’s dirt still the experiment was able the drying rate constant?
to prove such.
The absolute humidity of the air is increased,
Questions the wet bulb temperature will increase
therefor the drying rate constant will
1. How does particle size influence the decrease.
equilibrium and critical moisture contents?
4. Calculate the amount of water removed
Moisture content of samples was followed as from 2000 kg/h of feed to be dried from
function of time of drying and the rate of 110% (d.b.) to 5%(w.b.).
drying. The rate of drying in the constant rate
region increases with an increase in
temperature and a decrease in particle size,
while both the time duration of that period as
well as the equilibrium moisture content
decrease with an increase in temperature and
a decrease in particle size. As such, the
5. Wet solid are the be dried from 40% to
particle size involved is the one that will
10% in 5 hours under constant drying
determine the period of equilibrium.
conditions. The critical moisture content is
2. What is the heat transfer mechanism 20% and the equilibrium moisture content is
involved when a granular solid material 7%. All moisture contents are on a dry basis.
contained in a metal tray with insulated edges Determine the time needed to dry from 15%
and bottom is placed inside a batch drier? to 5% free moisture under the same drying
condition.
There are heat transfer mechanism involved
when a granular solid material contained in a
metal tray with insulated edges and bottom is
placed inside a batch drier were convection
and radiation. First, the movement caused
within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and
22
23
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
SCREENING
Introduction b. 500 mL Beaker

c. Beam Balance
Screening is a unit operation which d. Funnel
involves the separation of particles of e. Evaporating Dish
approximately uniform sizes through f. Hot Plate
mechanical means. The particle size is g. Stirring Rod
expressed in terms of mesh number. This h. Fine Sand
i. Water
mesh number is defined as the number of
divisions a square inch of surface is divided Chemicals:
into. The Tyler Screen Analysis is one such o Impure NaCl
summary of the mesh numbers available in
industry. Since as the mesh number increases Procedure
with division, the particle size decreases. For
1. Weigh 500 grams of fine particles of
this reason, particles on 200-mesh screen
have smaller diameter those on the 100-mesh sand on the beam balance. Transfer it to the
screen. screen collector available.
In any screening apparatus, the
2. Weigh 20 grams of impure sodium
effectiveness is determined. This is the
product of recovery of the desired size and chloride crystal and mix it with the sand in
the rejection of the undersized size. Industrial the collector. Compute for the mass fraction
applications of this unit operation are in
of the salt (xF) in the mixture.
metallurgy of ore, materials handling, etc.
This simple experiment on screening 3. Pour the mixture into 200-mesh

concentrates on the determination of the screen then fit the collector under the screen.
effectiveness if the 200-mesh screen. The
separation of the components in the mixture 4. With the normal vibration, screen out
may be crude but the purpose is the sand for about one minute and then,
accomplished anyway.
transfer the particles above the screen to a
previously weighed beaker. Get the weight of
Materials and Reagents the product mixture.
a. 200 Mesh Screen
24
5. Add sufficient water and stir the Conclusion

mixture to dissolve the salt. Decant the sand
Our group, therefore, concludes that the
and remove the supernatant liquid through a
tools used (i.e. mesh screen) has caused
funnel into a previously weighed evaporating
ineffectiveness which maybe because of
dish.
length of usage which inhibits the
6. Evaporate the water in the solution maintenance of the screen to be deterred.
and cool the dish. Weigh the dish again and Screening is a unit operation that separates
compute for the mass of the salt by particles by their size by the use of mesh. In
difference. Then obtain the mass fraction of this experiment, the separation of the salt to
the salt (xP) in this product. the sand yields very low percentage since the
separation is conducted by manually shaking
7. Weigh the reject particles in the
the sieve instead of using a shaker.
collector and compute for the mass fraction
of the salt (xR) in it.
8. Determine the recovery, rejection and Questions

the effectiveness of the screen.
a. Enumerate the different industrial
screening equipment
Data and Results
➢ Trommel screens – does not require
vibrations, instead, material is fed
Weight of the Feed (F) 500
into a horizontal rotating drum with
Mass Fraction of salt
0.08 screen panels around the diameter of
in F (xF)
the drum.
Weight of the Product
(P)
177.2 ➢ Name and discuss the High frequency
Mass fraction of salt in vibrating equipment – the frame of
0.05 the equipment is fixed and only the
P (xP)
Weight of the Reject screen vibrates, drives the screen
31 cloth only.
(R)
Mass fraction of salt in ➢ Circle-throw vibrating equipment –
0.66 has an eccentric shaft that causes the
R (xR)
Effectiveness of the frame of the shaker to lurch at a given
18.72%
screen (%) angle.
➢ Gyratory equipment – the machine
gyrates in a circular motion at a near
level plant at low angles.
25
b. Factors that contribute to the Mass fraction of +8 particles in coarse

effectiveness of the screen fraction = 0.88
➢ Reduction of Capacity -The Mass fraction of +8 particles in fine
effectiveness is improved by reducing fraction = 0.32
the capacity as then there will be more Calculate the overall
contacts per particle and better effectiveness of the screen used for the
chances for passing through the separation purpose per 100 kg of the
feed.
screen apertures on each contact.
➢ Ideal Screen – It can sharply separate
the feed mixture in such a way that the Let: F = amount of Feed, V =
smallest particle in oversize would be amount of coarse product, L = amount
just larger than the largest particle in of fine product
the underflow. 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒:
➢ Reduction of cohesion between 𝐹 = 𝑉+𝐿 𝑉
particles- When we deal with a = 100 − 𝐿 𝑜𝑛𝑒
Using Standard + 8 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 100(0.46)
Percent
Sieve = (100 − 𝐿)(0.88) + 𝐿(0.32) 𝐿
-10 + 20 1.5 = 75𝑘𝑔 𝑉 = 100 − 75 = 25𝑘𝑔 𝜀
-20 + 40 24.0 25(0.88) 75(1 − 0.32)
-40 + 60 30.0 = ⋅ 𝜀
100(0.46) 100(1 − 0.46)
-60 + 80 18.5 = 0.45
-80 + 100 12.5
-100 + 120 8.0 d. Granular feldspar is produced by
-120 5.5 beneficiation of high alumina river sand.
mixture of particle it usually clogs After screening, drying and magnetic
with each other or may join the other separation, the recovery is only 21%.
particle and make a bigger particle, The screen analysis of this product on a
and instead of fine particle now it dry basis is as shown:
comes in a category of coarse particle.
So instead of passing through the
screen it will be retained on the
screen.
c. It is desired to separate a mixture of

sugar crystals into fractions, a coarse
fraction retained on an 8-mesh screen,
and a fine fraction passing through it.
Screen analysis of feed, coarse, and fine
fractions show
Mass fraction of +8 particles in feed =
0.46
26
Documentation
27
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE DEMONSTRATOR AND VENTURI NOZZLE
Unit Description: The velocity 𝑤𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 was calculated from the

dynamic pressure:
𝑤𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 = √2𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛
Procedure:
Arrange the experimentation set-up on the

HM 150 such that the discharge routes the
water into the channel.
• Make hose connection between HM

150 and HM 150.07.
• Open discharge of HM 150.
• Set cap nut (1) of probe compression
gland such that slight resistance is felt
1 Assembly board on moving probe.
2 Single water pressure gauge
• Open inlet and outlet valves.
3 Discharge pipe
4 Outlet valve • Switch on pump and slowly open
Venturi nozzle with six main cock of HM 150.
5
measurement points • Open cent valves (2) on water
6 Compression gland pressure gauges.
Probe for measuring overall • Carefully close outlet valve until
7
pressure pressure gauges are flushed.
8 Hose connection, water supply • By simultaneously setting inlet and
9 Inlet valve outlet valve, regulate water level in
10 6-fold water pressure gauge pressure gauges such that neither
upper nor lower range limit (UL, LL)
is overshot or undershot.
Calculation of dynamic pressure head:
• Record pressures at all measurement
ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 = ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡 points. Then move overall pressure
probe to corresponding measurement
level and note down overall pressure.
28
• Determine volumetric flow rate. To 5 2.55 1.33

do so, use stopwatch to establish time
t required for raising the level in the 6 3.35 1.00
tank of the HM 150 from 20L to 40L.
Multiplying the reference velocity

3.2.1 Velocity Profile in the Venturi values with a starting value, the student can
Nozzle calculate the theoretical velocity values
Wcalc at the six measuring points in the
The Venturi nozzle used has six
Venturi nozzle.
measurement points.
At constant flow rate, the starting
value for calculating the theoretical velocity
is found as:
𝑉
𝑊1 =
𝐴1
The graph below illustrates the measured and

calculated velocity profile along the Venturi
nozzle at a flow rate of 0.15 l/s.
The deviation can be attributed to inexact

The table below shows the measurement.
standardized reference velocity w. This
parameter is derived from the geometry of the FLOW VE LO CI T Y I N T HE
Venturi nozzle. VE NT URI NOZ Z LE
measured velocity profile
𝐴1
𝑊𝑖 = calculated velocity profile
𝐴𝑖
2.5
A in
FLOW VELOCITY
Reference 2
Point i
𝑚 𝑥10−4
2
Velocity in w 1.5
1
1 3.38 1.00 0.5
0
2 2.33 1.45 0 2 4 6 8
MEASUREMENT POINTS I ON VENTURI NOZZLE
3 0.846 4.00
4 1.70 2.00 Calculation of dynamic pressure head:
ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 = ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡
29
The following table shows the pressure loss

for various flow rates as well as the flow rate
The velocity 𝑤𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 was calculated from the factor K.
dynamic pressure:
The pressure loss is read off from the 5-fold
𝑤𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 = √2𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 manometer in mm water column and set in
the equation as bar. The flow rate can be used
Determination of Flow Rate Factor with unit l/s/
A Venturi nozzle can be used for flow rate Technical Data

measurements. In comparison with orifice or
nozzle, there is a far more smaller pressure
loss during measurements of flow rate. The
pressure loss ∆ρ between largest and smallest
diameter of the tube is used as measure for
the flow rate:
V̇ = K · √∆𝜌
The flow rate factor K is generally made Data and Results:

available for the user by the manufacturer of
Velocity Profile in the Venturi Nozzle:
V=0.15l/ V= 0.12 V= 0.08
h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6
s l/s l/s i in in in in in in t
V
,L/s
mmWS mmWS mmWS mmWS mmWS mmWS
Measur ∆ρ K ∆ρ K ∆ρ K
Hstat 266 260 64 167 183 195
in in in Htotal 289 280 258 236 228 233

ement in in in Hdyn 23 20 194 69 45 38 13 0.15
mm Itr mm Itr mm Itr
Zone s.√bar WS s.√bar WS s.√bar
Wmeas 0.67 0.63 1.95 1.16 0.94 0.86
WS
Wcalc 0.44 0.64 1.77 0.88 0.59 0.45
1 1. 1. 1.
204 128 55
2 05 06 08 Determination of Flow Rate Factor
a Venturi nozzle. If the flow rate factor is

unknown, it can be determined from the 3.2.2 Pressure Distribution Venturi Nozzle
pressure loss ∆ρ.
The pressure changes in the Venturi nozzle
can be represented in a graph directly:
V̇
𝐾= The graph shows, that the equation:
√∆𝜌
ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 = ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡
30
is fulfilled at every point in the The deviation can be attributed to inexact

Venturi nozzle. Furthermore, it becomes measurement.
clear, that there is a slight overall pressure
loss (htotal) in the Venturi nozzle.
Conclusion:
The graph below illustrates the measured and We therefore conclude that the measurement
calculated velocity profile along the Venturi of stagnation pressure and temperature, and
nozzle at a flow rate of 0.15 l/s. nozzle pressure drop allows calculation of
velocity. Pressure difference in the venturi
meter occurs due to the increase in velocity
Pressure Distribution Nozzle as the fluid enters the constricted throat.
350 However, further down the tube the velocity
300
returns to its original value. Because of
hdyn, mmWS
250
200 friction losses, some of the pressure
hstat
150 difference is not fully recovered downstream
100 htotal
to the original pressure before contraction.
50 hdyn
0
0 2 4 6 8
Measurement points i on Venturi Nozzle
31
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
CROSS-SECTION CHANGE
INTRODUCTION constriction is taken from the following

diagram
The changes in cross-section
available on the experimental unit take the
form of discontinuous expansion or
constriction, the coefficient of resistance
values can be taken from special diagrams
(see Chapter 52, Page 77 “Tables and
Diagrams”).
For a discontinuous change in cross-

section, the coefficient of resistance can be
derived from Bernoulli’s equation and the
principle of linear momentum. PROCEDURE
For expansion, 1. In this experiment, the changes of

cross section are investigated in the
2 measuring section I.
𝐴2 2
𝑑2 2
𝜍 = ( − 1) = ( 2 − 1) 2. The pressure gauge is connected and
𝐴1 𝑑1
the measurements are carried out as
described in Chapter 2.2, Page 5
“Preparing the operation”.
3. Maximum volumetric flow has been
set for the following measured
results.
For constriction 4. It must be ensured that
measurements have the correct sign.
2
𝐴1 2
𝑑1 2
𝜍 = ( − 1) = ( 2 − 1) DATA AND RESULTS
𝐴0 𝑑0
Cross-section expansion 20-32 mm
continuous, d1 = 17 mm, d2 = 28.4 mm, l
= 125 mm
Volumetric flow in Head loss hv total

Here, Ao and do respectively represents the L/min in mm
constricted cross- section. As this is normally
unknown, the coefficient of resistance for
32
28.1 -113.5
Cross-section expansion 32-20 mm

continuous, d1 = 28.4 mm, d2 = 17 mm, l
= 125 mm
Volumetric flow in Head loss hv total

L/min in mm
28.1 277.2
CONCLUSION
We therefore conclude that for

expansion there is no pressure loss. In fact,
there is an increase in pressure. The pressure
increase is caused by the loss of speed and it
outweighs the pressure drop caused by pipe
friction. For a fluid flow which is laminar
head loss is directly proportional to the fluid
velocity. Thus, friction factor is inversely
proportional to its velocity.
33
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
PIPE BRANCHING
INTRODUCTION The factors which affect fluid friction

Fluid friction occurs between fluid are: the nature of the fluid, the shape of the
layers that are moving relative to each other. pipe/container body, the amount of area faced
This internal resistance to flow is named by the body in the fluid, the viscosity of the
viscosity. In everyday terms, the viscosity of fluid, the speed of the body, and the amount
a fluid is described as its “thickness”. of pressure exerted on the fluid.
All real fluids offer some resistance to The coefficients of resistance for
shearing and therefore are viscous. It is branches depend on the branch angle φ and
helpful to use the concept of an inviscid fluid the relationship Va/V. For uniform
or an ideal fluid which offers no resistance to separation of a volumetric flow in T-pieces,
shearing and so is not viscous. the coefficient of resistance, r, can be
When separating a flow or combining two calculated with the simplified formula using
partial flows, a significant pressure drop the head loss h√.
occurs at the branching point due to the
RESOURCES
change of direction and separation. Fluid friction apparatus
The resulting flow losses depend on various PROCEDURE
parameters, in particular the geometry of the
branch piece and the magnitude of the 1. Using rubber tubing and manometers take
individual volumetric flows. note of pressure change by selecting two
The reference speed is always the speed of points.
the not yet separated or already combined 2. Test this for the Y piece and T piece
volumetric flow V and is calculated using the branch types.
familiar equation:
DATA AND RESULTS
4 𝑥 𝑉̇
𝑉=
𝜋 𝑥 𝑑2 Y Piece
Under certain conditions, there may even be di = 17 mm I = 150 mm
a pressure gain in one of the two branch Separation Combination
flows, if the fluid pressure of the other flow, V in Head Loss V in Head Loss
reduced by flow processes, causes an injector Vmin In mm Vmin In mm
effect. hva hvd hva hvd
For reasons of continuity, the total volumetric 32,4 5 -120 30 130 -190
flow V is equal to the sum of the outgoing or
T Piece
incoming volumetric flow Va and the
di = 17 mm I = 150 mm
continuous volumetric flow Vd. Separation Combination
𝑉̇ = 𝑉𝑎̇ + 𝑉𝑑̇ V in Head Loss V in Head Loss
34
Vmin In mm Vmin In mm
hva hvd hv1 hv2
30 130 -190 29,3 20 30
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the use of the fluid

friction apparatus is important in the
determination of the fluid velocity along the
pipeline. The velocity can be calculated by
iteration, given the cross-sectional diameter
and area of the pipeline, the length of the
pipeline, and the fittings used. Fluid friction
greatly affects the pressure drop at a certain
point in the pipe, to know if the material itself
will be effective for efficient use.
35

Compilation of Experiments (Expts)

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Compilation of Experiments (Expts)

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Technological Institute of the Philippines – Manila

Unit Operations Laboratory II, 1st Semester 2019-2020

DETERMINATION OF AIR PROPERTIES

Data and results

Guide Questions: 3. The partial pressure of water vapor in

2. Air entering a drier has a temperature

̂ = (2.83x10−3 + 4.56x10−3 (0.09))(60 + 273.15)

4. An air-water vapor mixture has a dry

5. The humidity of an air-water vapor

I. Introduction stream passed through over the top of the

I. Introduction 5. Get the reflux ratio by measuring the

V. Conclusion industry. One advantage of this

4. Differentiate total and minimum

5. A mixture of 100 kgmol which

a) What is the average benzene and 50% mol toluene at

Solving these two equations

7. A rectification column is fed 100

Number of plates = Number of stages

1. Study the vortex formation patterns

Da/Dt = 0.3 to 0.5 H/Dt = 1 C/Dt= 1/3

W/Da = Dd/Da = L/Da = J/Dt = Resources:

must be 1.0. Record the height of the Type of

Properties of water Type of

Dt/Da 2.29 C/Da 0.8

H/Da 2.17 Time 1 min

2. A flat-blade turbine agitator with disk 𝑃𝑔𝑐

N= 90/60= 1.50 rev/s

Np for N=51852.135 is equal to 5

Drying is a unit operation that involves the Materials:

Drying has some close synonyms like Procedure

Data and results

Conclusion therefore less dense material to rise, and

Introduction b. 500 mL Beaker

This simple experiment on screening 3. Pour the mixture into 200-mesh

a. 200 Mesh Screen

5. Add sufficient water and stir the Conclusion

8. Determine the recovery, rejection and Questions

b. Factors that contribute to the Mass fraction of +8 particles in coarse

c. It is desired to separate a mixture of

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE DEMONSTRATOR AND VENTURI NOZZLE

Unit Description: The velocity 𝑤𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠 was calculated from the

Arrange the experimentation set-up on the

• Make hose connection between HM

• Determine volumetric flow rate. To 5 2.55 1.33

Multiplying the reference velocity

The graph below illustrates the measured and

The deviation can be attributed to inexact

4 1.70 2.00 Calculation of dynamic pressure head:

ℎ𝑑𝑦𝑛 = ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡

The following table shows the pressure loss

A Venturi nozzle can be used for flow rate Technical Data

The flow rate factor K is generally made Data and Results:

in in in Htotal 289 280 258 236 228 233

a Venturi nozzle. If the flow rate factor is

is fulfilled at every point in the The deviation can be attributed to inexact

INTRODUCTION constriction is taken from the following

For a discontinuous change in cross-

For expansion, 1. In this experiment, the changes of

Volumetric flow in Head loss hv total

Cross-section expansion 32-20 mm

Volumetric flow in Head loss hv total

We therefore conclude that for

INTRODUCTION The factors which affect fluid friction