Antenna Trainer

PERIPHERALS PVT. LTD.
Marketing Office : 208-209, 2nd Floor, Metroplex East Mall,

(Near Laxmi Nagar District Centre), Delhi-110092
Tel. : 011-22462826, 22515127
Email : vinyticsindia@gmail.com,
vinyticsppl@rediffmail.com
Website : www.vinyticsppl.com
Table of Contents
Particular Page no.
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 3
MENU AND CONTROL FUNCTIONS .................................................................................................... 4
EQUIPMENT SETUP ............................................................................................................................. 5
EXPERIMENT - 1
Study of Dipole L/2 ......................................................................................................................... 7
EXPERIMENT - 2
Study of Yagi (4el) / Ground Plane Wth reflector & Director Antenna .................................... 10
EXPERIMENT - 3
Study of Loop Antenna ................................................................................................................ 13
EXPERIMENT - 4
Study of Broadside Array (L/2 Phase Array) Antennas ............................................................. 15
EXPERIMENT - 5
Study of Folded Dipole Antenna ................................................................................................. 17
ANTENNA POLAR PLOT (Linear radial scale) ................................................................................ 20
ANTENNA POLAR PLOT (LOG radial scale) .................................................................................... 21
LIST OF ACCESSORIES .................................................................................................................... 22
*****
i
User’s Manual for ANTENNA TRAINER
ANTENNA TRAINER
INTRODUCTION
TRANSMITTER - DESCRIPTION :
RF OUT :
This is where the transmitted signal is present. Its output impedance is
75Ohms. The transmitting antenna can be connected to it using the lead
provided it generates signal with 50 MHz interval from 100MHz to 850MHz
i.e., it generates, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600,
650, 700, 750, 800 and 850MHz.
HIGH/LOW :
This toggle switch is used to adjust the output level of the transmitted signal.
Low power is 40 to 50% of the power obtained at High level.
RECEIVER - DESCRIPTION :
RF IN :
This is where the received signal is present with frequency of 100-850MHz.
Its input impedance is 75 ohms. The receiving antenna can be connected
to it using the BNC lead provided.
VOLUME :
This potentiometer is used to adjust the level of sound from the interval
speaker.
LEVEL dBuV :
LCD is used to display the received signal strength in dBuV. The dynamic
range is about 90dB with an accuracy of ±3dB.
3
MENU AND CONTROL FUNCTIONS :

LCD :
This 16×2 Liquid Crystal Display is used to display the frequency of signal
being received along with memory locations etc. The range is from 100MHz
to 850MHz. Various step sizes are available 0.1MHz to 100MHz for scrolling
the frequency upward or downward. The frequency displayed on Power ON
is the frequency stored in the memory before power was switched OFF.
ESCAPE :
This push button is used to cancel any command and revert to default
position.
MENU :
This push button is used to select the operational modes like frequency
step size from 0.1MHz to 100MHz.
ENTER :
User selected frequency is stored in the location memory by using this button.
The button is also used to store step size when working in automatic mode.
UP :
This push button is used to increase the received frequency by selected
steps. Pressing it longer will scroll mode and frequency will start to roll slowly
then faster. Further this button could be used to scroll up the menu options,
memory locations etc.
DOWN :
This push button is used to decrease the received frequency by selected
steps. Pressing it longer will start the scroll mode and frequency will start to
roll slowly and faster. Further this button could be used to scroll down the
menu options. memory locations etc.
4
EQUIPMENT SETUP
For Main Unit
1. Connect the main unit (RF Receiver) to the AC mains output with the lead
provided.
2. Switch ON the main unit from the back panel.
3. Informations that is observed on the LCD screen are listed as below :
Frequency : 600MHz (upper line of LCD screen)
M/A : For the selection of manual/automatic mode (on the second

line of LCD screen)
Power : in dBuV
4. Potentiometer is provided for realising the audio signal.
5. Menu buttons is provided for setting the desired frequency as per required for
carrying the experiment.
6. Pressing the menu button selects the parametes such as mode (M/A) frequency
etc. Blinking of the cursers signifies that the following parameter is required to
set / change.
The setting can be done through UP/DOWN button provided on the front panel.
7. Press Enter to confirm the new setting.
For Transmitter Unit

1. Place the tripod stand to the base.
2. Allignment should be carefully done as to set the tripod stand to the base correctly.
3. Notations such as Tx (A), Tx (B) and Tx (C) on tripod base (transmitter) etc is
provided so that student can carefully cand accurately place the tripod stand to
the tripod base.
4. Now set the transmitter mast over the transmitter tripod. A 4mm nut/bolt is provided
to carry the proceedings.
5. Now place the desired antanna (i.e. diople L/2) on the mast and fix the antenna
elements with the calculated length such as 12cm (for each element of the dipole).
6. Connect the dipole antenna to the main unit (RF OUT) with the help of BNC lead.
5
For Receiver Unit

1. Place the tripod stand to the base.
2. Allignment should be carefully done as to set the tripod stand to the base correctly.
3. Notations such as Rx (A), Rx (B) and Rx (C) on tripod base (receiver) etc is
provided so that student can carefully cand accurately place the tripod stand to
the tripod base.
4. Now fix the pointer (for angle measurement) to the receiver tripod. Tighten it with
the help of screw driver.
5. Now place the circular disc and set it to 0° (degree) i.e., the pointer should be at
0° (degree).
6. Introduce the receiver mast in the hole provided in the circular disc and cover it
down below the pointer height. Tighten the receiver mast between the circular
disc with the help of screw provided, so that the disc can be rotated whenever
there is rotation in the receiver mast.
7. Change the antenna for carrying next experiment and rest will be same.
NOTE :
Both the antennas should be at same level.
Distance between transmitter and receiver antenna should be around 70cm.
6
EXPERIMENT - 1
STUDY OF DIPOLE L/2 ANTENNA.
AIM :
A. To plot the radiation pattern of dipole antenna
B. To measure the side lobe level and its angular position, plane of polarization and
directivity and gain of the dipole antenna.
EQUIPMENT :
1. Pair of dipole antennas, DIPOLE L/2 ANTENNA.
2. Antenna Tripod and Graduated Disc tripod with connecting cables.
PRECAUTION :
1. Ensure that no scattering object are in the vicinity of the antenna, which could
reradiate and distort the field pattern and consequently the readings.
2. Avoid any movement of persons while taking the readings.
3. Reading can be distorted if the receier antenna capture signals from its behind
due to wall/ceiling.
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the Dipole Antenna to the tripod. Set the length of the antenna to O / 2 -
5% or 24cm end to end. Keep the antenna in horizontal direction.
2. Now connect another dipole antenna to the Graduated Disc tripod and set the
receiver to 600MHz. Adjust the dipole for resonance at 600MHz.
3. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 70cm.
4. Set toggle switches (main unit) at high level and at 1KHz for conducting
the exeperiment.
5. Now rotate the dipole antenna around its axis in steps 10-20 degrees. Take the
level reading of receiver at each step and note down. If you have stepper motor
(optional) rotate the dipole antenna around its axis in steps of 5 degrees using
stepper motor controller.
7
6. Note the maximum reading out of the whole set of readings. This will form the
0dB reference reading. Now subtract all the readings from this reference readings
and note down. Now use this new set of reading for drawing a plot.
7. Plot the readings on a polar or Cartesian plane with log/linear scales on the graph
papers provided at the back of the manual.
8. This plot with both the dipoles in horizontal plane shall form an Azimuth plot.
9. And rotate the dipole antenna around its axis in steps of 10-20 degrees. Take
the level readings of receiver at each step and note down.
RESULT :
The azimuth pattern of a horizontal dipole is “figure of 8” shaped as shown in figure below.
We have provided our actual antenna polar plots along with simulated theoretical results.
Observe the closeness to which practice follows theory and analyze where it departs from
theory.
A vertical dipole is vertically polarized and a horizontal dipole is horizontally polarized. A

vertical dipole shall result in a omni-directional plot.
Dipole should be half wavelength long, which at 600MHz is 25cm total element length. But
best match is obtained at 5% lesser length at which reactive part is nulled out.
Please see that free space conditions of theory are very difficult to replicate in real life. In
absence of free space the ground and walls will reflect the incident energy and their
interference pattern shall distort the radiation pattern and gain measurements.
8
ACTUAL AZIMUTH PLANE POLAR PLOT OF DIPOLE IN LOG SCALE
THESE PLOTS ARE TAKEN IN ROOM 20’ × 15’ × 10’ (LXBXH). ANTENNAS WERE
KEPT AT CENTER OF ROOM ON TABLES 1.5’ HIGH. EARLIER ATTEMPTS IN
SMALLER ROOM HAD REDUCED THE DEFINITION OF NULLS; ENHANCED SIDE
LOBES & PRODUCED ABNORMAL RESULTS IN ELEVATION PLANES. THERE
WERE NO BIG METALLIC OBJECTS LIKE FRIDGE, ALMIRAH, RACKS ETC IN
ROOM.
9
EXPERIMENT - 2
STUDY OF YAGI (4el) / GROUND PLANE WITH REFLECTOR &

DIRECTOR ANTENNA.
AIM :
A. To plot the radiation pattern of yagi antenna in Azimuth.
B. To measure side lobe level and its angular position, plane of polarization,
directivity & gain of the yagi antenna.
EQUIPMENT :
1. Dipole antenna, YAGI (4el) / GROUND PLANE WITH REFLECTOR &
DIRECTOR ANTENNA.
PRECAUTION :
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the dipole antenna to the tripod. Adjust the dipole for resonance at
600MHz.
2. Now connect the Yagi antenna on the Graduated Disctripod and set the receiver
to 600MHz. set the length of the antenna according to figures below. Keep the
antenna in horizontal direction.
the exeperiment.
The azimuth pattern of a Yagi is as shown in figure below. We have provided our actual
antenna polar plots along with simulated theoretical results. Observe the closeness to
which practice follows theory and analyze where it departs from theory.
10
Maximum gain is in the direction perpendicular to elements in endfire direction and a

distinct null in direction of element ends. The Yagi is a directional antenna with higher gain
as compared to a dipole antenna. The Yagi is a directional antenna with higher gain as
compared to a dipole antenna. The longer the Yagi, the higher is the gain.
The length of the antenna dipole feed is Lambda / 2-5% or 24cm. The subsequent directors
are 5% smaller and the reflector 5% bigger. The Yagi impedance at best match is approx
40 ohms due to loading of parasitic elements.
The bandwidth of an antenna is its ability to radiate or receive different frequencies. The
gain bandwidth of the Yagi antenna is tested against a log-periodic antenna. It could be
around about 10% or less for a center frequency of 600MHz.
RESULT :
A yagi antenna is linearly polarized. A yagi with its elements in horizontal plane is horizontally
polarized and with its element vertical is vertically polarized.
YAGI 4 ELEMENT ANTENNA ACTUAL AZIMUTH PATTERN
11
YAGI 4el DIMENSIONS AT 600MHz
12
EXPERIMENT - 3
STUDY OF LOOP ANTENNAS
AIM :
A. To plot the radiation pattern of Square & Quad (2 element)
directivity & gain of the Square Loop & Quad antenna.
EQUIPMENT :
1. Dipole antenna, Square Loop antenna
2. Antenna Tripod and Graduated Disc tripod with connecting scales.
PRECAUTION :
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the dipole Antenna to the tripod. Keep the antenna in horizontal plane.
2. Now connect Square Loop antenna to the Graduated Disc tripod and set the
receiver to 600MHz.
3. Set toggle switches (main unit) at high level and at 1KHz for conducting the experiment.
RESULT :
The Square Loop antenna polarization is a function of its feed point and the direction of its
elements. Square Loop as supplied with feed pointing downwards is horizontally polarized.
If the feed were placed laterally, then the antenna would be vertically polarized. The azimuthal
pattern of a Square Loop antenna is shown in figure below. Maximum gain is in the direction
parallel to antenna boom and a distinct null in perpendicular direction. The total length of
the square loop antenna is nearly equal to one wavelength. The antenna impedance is
around 50 ohms. The design frequency is 600 MHz.
13
SQUARE LOOP ANTENNA AZIMUTH PLANE PLANE
14
EXPERIMENT - 4
STUDY OF BROADSIDE ARRAY (L/2 Phase array) ANTENNA
AIM :
A. To plot the radiation pattern of Broadside antenna Azimuth
directivity & gain of the Broadside antenna.
EQUIPMENT :
1. Dipole antenna, Broadside antenna
PRECAUTION :
A. To plot the radiation pattern of Broadside antenna Azimuth.
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the dipole Antenna to the tripod. Keep the antenna in horizontal direction.
using a polarization connector. Adjust the dipole for resonance at 600MHz.
2. Now connect Broadside antenna to the Graduated Disc tripod and set the receiver
to 600MHz.
the exeperiment.
RESULT :
The Broadside antenna is polarized in the direction of its elements. Broadside with element
ends pointing upwards is vertically polarized and with elements horizontal is horizontally
polarized. The azimuthal pattern of an Broadside is as shown in figure below. In real case
the lobes shall be tilted upwards due to presence of ground. Maximum gain is in the direction
perpendicular to antenna book and a distinct null along its axis. The Broadside is a
directional antenna with higher gain as compared to a dipole antenna. The dipole elements
15
are fed in same phase. The length of the antenna dipole to Lambda/2-5% or 24cm. The
distance between elements is half wavelength. The array impedance at best match is
approx 40 ohms due to loading of elements. It is used as a part of panel antenna in mobile
telephony.
Broadside antenna Azimuth plane pattern in our lab
16
EXPERIMENT - 5
STUDY OF FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA.
AIM :
A. To plot the radiation pattern of folded dipole antenna
B. To measure the side lobe level and its angular position, plane of polarization and
directivity and gain of the folded dipole antenna.
EQUIPMENT :
1. Folded dipole antenna as receiver and dipole L/2 antenna as transmitter.
PRECAUTION :
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect the Dipole Antenna to the tripod. Set the length of the antenna to 18cm
end to end. Keep the antenna in horizontal direction.
2. Now connect folded dipole antenna to the Graduated Disc tripod and set the
receiver to 800MHz. Adjust the dipole for resonance at 800MHz.
3. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 70cm.
the exeperiment.
5. Now rotate the folded dipole antenna around its axis in steps 10-20 degrees.
Take the level reading of receiver at each step and note down. If you have stepper
motor (optional) rotate the dipole antenna around its axis in steps of 5 degrees
using stepper motor controller.
17
6. Note the maximum reading out of the whole set of readings. This will form the
0dB reference reading. Now subtract all the readings from this reference readings
and note down. Now use this new set of reading for drawing a plot.
7. Plot the readings on a polar or Cartesian plane with log/linear scales on the graph
papers provided at the back of the manual.
8. This plot with both the dipoles and folded dipole in horizontal plane shall form an
Azimuth plot.
9. And rotate the dipole antenna around its axis in steps of 10-20 degrees. Take
the level readings of receiver at each step and note down.
RESULT :
The azimuth pattern of a horizontal folded dipole is “figure of 8” shaped as shown in figure
below. We have provided our actual antenna polar plots along with simulated theoretical
results. Observe the closeness to which practice follows theory and analyze where it departs
from theory.
Folded dipole is 18cm long at 800MHz. But best match is obtained at 5% lesser length at
which reactive part is nulled out.
Please see that free space conditions of theory are very difficult to replicate in real life. In
absence of free space the ground and walls will reflect the incident energy and their
interference pattern shall distort the radiation pattern and gain measurements.
18
ACTUAL AZIMUTH PLANE POLAR PLOT OF FOLDED DIPOLE IN LOG SCALE
THESE PLOTS ARE TAKEN IN ROOM 20’ × 15’ × 10’ (LXBXH). ANTENNAS WERE
KEPT AT CENTER OF ROOM ON TABLES 1.5’ HIGH. EARLIER ATTEMPTS IN
SMALLER ROOM HAD REDUCED THE DEFINITION OF NULLS; ENHANCED SIDE
LOBES & PRODUCED ABNORMAL RESULTS IN ELEVATION PLANES. THERE
WERE NO BIG METALLIC OBJECTS LIKE FRIDGE, ALMIRAH, RACKS ETC IN
ROOM.
19
20
21
LIST OF ACCESSORIES
ANTENNAS :
1. Dipole L/2 Antenna .................................................................. 02 no.
2. Yagi Uda 4el Antenna .............................................................. 01 no.
3. Square Loop Antenna ............................................................. 01 no.
4. Broad Side Array (L/2) Antenna .............................................. 01 no.
5 Folded Dipole Antenna ........................................................... 01 no.
OTHERS
1. Tripod Stand ............................................................................ 02 nos.
2. Screw Driver ........................................................................... 01 no.
3. Antenna Element ..................................................................... 10 nos.
4. Measuring Tape ...................................................................... 01 no.
5. Main Unit ................................................................................. 01 no.
6. BNC to RF Cable .................................................................... 02 nos.
7. User’s Manual ......................................................................... 01 no.
22

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PERIPHERALS PVT. LTD.

Marketing Office : 208-209, 2nd Floor, Metroplex East Mall,

MENU AND CONTROL FUNCTIONS .................................................................................................... 4

EQUIPMENT SETUP ............................................................................................................................. 5

ANTENNA POLAR PLOT (Linear radial scale) ................................................................................ 20

ANTENNA POLAR PLOT (LOG radial scale) .................................................................................... 21

LIST OF ACCESSORIES .................................................................................................................... 22

MENU AND CONTROL FUNCTIONS :

2. Switch ON the main unit from the back panel.

3. Informations that is observed on the LCD screen are listed as below :

Frequency : 600MHz (upper line of LCD screen)

M/A : For the selection of manual/automatic mode (on the second

4. Potentiometer is provided for realising the audio signal.

7. Press Enter to confirm the new setting.

For Transmitter Unit

For Receiver Unit

Both the antennas should be at same level.

Distance between transmitter and receiver antenna should be around 70cm.

2. Antenna Tripod and Graduated Disc tripod with connecting cables.

2. Avoid any movement of persons while taking the readings.

3. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 70cm.

A vertical dipole is vertically polarized and a horizontal dipole is horizontally polarized. A

ACTUAL AZIMUTH PLANE POLAR PLOT OF DIPOLE IN LOG SCALE

STUDY OF YAGI (4el) / GROUND PLANE WITH REFLECTOR &

2. Antenna Tripod and Graduated Disc tripod with connecting cables.

2. Avoid any movement of persons while taking the readings.

Maximum gain is in the direction perpendicular to elements in endfire direction and a

YAGI 4 ELEMENT ANTENNA ACTUAL AZIMUTH PATTERN

YAGI 4el DIMENSIONS AT 600MHz

STUDY OF LOOP ANTENNAS

SQUARE LOOP ANTENNA AZIMUTH PLANE PLANE

STUDY OF BROADSIDE ARRAY (L/2 Phase array) ANTENNA

Broadside antenna Azimuth plane pattern in our lab

2. Antenna Tripod and Graduated Disc tripod with connecting cables.

2. Avoid any movement of persons while taking the readings.

3. Set the distance between the antennas to be around 70cm.

ACTUAL AZIMUTH PLANE POLAR PLOT OF FOLDED DIPOLE IN LOG SCALE

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