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Which feature of striated muscle cells allows them to be considered as a possible exception to the cell theory?
1. [1 mark]
A. They are found in multicellular organisms.
B. They contain more than one nucleus.
C. They are specialized for movement.
D. They do not carry out mitosis.
Markscheme
B
Which characteristic of stem cells makes them useful for treating Stargardt’s disease?
2. [1 mark]
A. They can differentiate into retinal cells.
B. They are readily available from especially created embryos.
C. They transport white blood cells to the eyes.
D. They divide by binary fission so provide sufficient cells.
Markscheme
A
The following electron micrograph which shows part of two adjacent liver cells.
Markscheme
B
Markscheme
C
Markscheme
A
The salt concentration inside an animal cell is 1.8 %. The salt concentration in the surrounding medium becomes 5 %. What will be
7. [1 mark]
the likely response?
Markscheme
D
8. The diagram is a model of one type of movement across a membrane. [1 mark]
A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Active transport
Markscheme
B
Why do crop plants dry out when a field is irrigated with water contaminated by sea water?
9. [1 mark]
A. The plants lose water by active transport.
B. The plants gain salt by osmosis.
C. The plants gain salt by diffusion.
D. The plants lose water by osmosis.
Markscheme
D
10. Cells in the adrenal gland produce the hormone epinephrine and store it in vesicles. To release epinephrine these vesicles are [1 mark]
carried to the plasma membrane and fuse with it. What process is occurring?
A. Expulsion
B. Exchange
C. Excretion
D. Exocytosis
Markscheme
D
The statement relates to Pasteur’s experiments.
11. [1 mark]
Markscheme
C
12. Which mitotic phase is labelled X in the micrograph of an onion (Allium cepa) root tip? [1 mark]
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
Markscheme
B
During which stage does the cell surface area to volume ratio decrease?
14. [1 mark]
A. Interphase
B. Metaphase
C. Telophase
D. Cytokinesis
Markscheme
A
During which stage of the cell cycle are the numbers of mitochondria increased in a cell?
15. [1 mark]
A. Cytokinesis
B. Interphase
C. Meiosis
D. Mitosis
Markscheme
B
Markscheme
D
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. I, II and III
Markscheme
C
18. Which functions of life are carried out by all unicellular organisms? [1 mark]
Markscheme
B
What is a difference between a cell in the G 1 phase and a cell in the G 2 phase of the cell cycle?
19. [1 mark]
A. A cell in the G2 phase would be smaller than a cell in the G 1 phase.
B. A cell in the G2 phase would have more mitochondria than a cell in the G 1 phase.
C. A cell in the G1 phase would have more DNA in its chromosomes than a cell in the G 2 phase.
D. DNA replication occurs in the G 1 phase but not in the G2 phase.
Markscheme
B
A botanist measures a leaf and finds it is 24 cm long and 8 cm wide. His drawing of the leaf is 4 cm wide. Which was the
20. [1 mark]
magnification and length of his drawing, assuming that the proportions of the drawing were correct?
Markscheme
D
21. (i) State the process that divides one nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei. [5 marks]
(ii) Explain how the cell cycle is controlled.
Markscheme
(i) mitosis
(ii)
c. levels of cyclins rise (and fall)/fluctuate during the cell cycle/surge at different times/have to reach a certain concentration
e. four cyclins/different cyclins to enter different stages of/events in the cell cycle / cyclins regulate the sequence/timing of the cell cycle /
cyclins trigger the next stages
22. Draw a labelled diagram of a eukaryotic plant cell as seen in an electron micrograph. [4 marks]
Markscheme
Cell wall shown with two continuous lines to indicate the thickness
Chloroplast/plastid shown with a double line to indicate the envelope and thylakoids/grana
Markscheme
Award [1] for each structure clearly drawn and correctly labelled.
phospholipid bilayer – with head and tails;
hydrophilic / phosphate / polar heads and hydrophobic / hydrocarbon / fatty acid / non-polar tails labelled;
integral/intrinsic protein – embedded in the phospholipid bilayer;
protein channel – integral protein showing clear channel/pore;
peripheral/extrinsic protein – on the surface;
glycoprotein with carbohydrate attached; (carbohydrate should project outwardly from membrane protein )
cholesterol – shown embedded in bilayer; (must appear in hydrophobic region)
thickness indicated (10 nm); (allow answers in the range of 7 nm to 13 nm )
23b. Explain passive transport and active transport across membranes. [8 marks]
Markscheme
diffusion/facilitated diffusion and osmosis are passive;
do not require energy/ATP;
diffusion is movement from high to low concentration/down a (concentration) gradient;
facilitated diffusion uses (protein) channels/carrier proteins;
osmosis is water movement from lower to higher solute concentration / from higher to lower water potential/concentration;
across a partially permeable membrane;
active transport/formation of vesicles require energy;
in the form of ATP;
active transport moves materials up/against the (concentration) gradient/from low to high concentration;
protein pumps required;
endocytosis into cells / exocytosis out of cells;
example of active or passive transport; (e.g. sodium potassium pump for active transport / oxygen exchange in alveoli for passive
transport)
The micrograph shows a cell from the root of an onion ( Allium cepa) during mitosis.
Markscheme
136 (accept answers in the range of 132 to 140)
Markscheme
anaphase
State the property of stem cells that makes them useful in medical treatment.
25a. [1 mark]
Markscheme
has the ability to differentiate (into specialized tissue)
These images show two red blood cells that have been placed in solutions with different concentrations of solutes.
Deduce, with a reason, which red blood cell has been placed in a hypertonic solution.
26a. [1 mark]
Markscheme
cell 2 because it has plasmolized/lost water/volume has decreased
26b. State what change there has been in the cell surface area to volume ratio in red blood cell 1. [1 mark]
Markscheme
decreased