A

MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF A BIOMASS POWER PLANT

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Submitted By
D.DEVENDER
(16281A0228)
M.SANDEEP
(1785A0210)
J.JAGADISH
(17285A0202)

Under the Guidance of

Sri YOGESH Y.PUNDALIK SIR
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KAMALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to J.N.T.U, Hyderabad)
Sponsored by Vodhithala Education Society, Hyderabad
SINGAPUR, KARIMNAGAR -505468 (T.S.)
(2019-2020)

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 An industry oriented mini project submitted
To
KAMALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
Singapur, karimnagar
In partial fulfilment for the award of B.tech degree in
Electrical and electronics engineering
Submitted by
D.Devender 16281A0228
M.Sandeep 17285A0210
J . J a g a d is h 17285A0202

Under the guidance of

Mr. PRADEEP KUMAR Sir
ELECTRICAL TRAINING INCHARGE OF SGEL, 6MW

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
KAMALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
SINGAPUR, KARIMNAGAR(DIST)

SHALIVAHANA GREEN ENERGY LTD

(FORMARLY SHALIVAHANA PROJECTS)
6MW BIO-MASS POWER PLANT
Survey No.178,Rangampet road MANCHERIAL,Dist.Mancherial TS 504208

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 CERTIFICATE
This is certifying that the project report entitled MAINTENANCE AND
OPERATION OF BIOMASS POWER PLANT, MANCHERIAL, has
been submitted by
D.Devender 16281A0228
M.Sandeep 17285A0210
J.Jagadish 17285A0202

Students of bachelor of technology in ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING from “KAMALA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, SINGAPUR,KARIMNAGAR”
completed under our guidance and supervision at “ SHALIVAHANA
GREEN ENERGY 6.0 BIOMASS POWER PLANT MANCHERIAL
LTD” mancherial(dist) from 24-05-2019 to 10-06-2019.

ProjectGuide: Project Incharge:

MR.V.PRADEEP KUMAR SIR PLANT MANAGER

SGEL, MANCHERIAL. SGEL,MANCHERIAL.

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 AC K NO WLEDG EM ENT

Before we get into the thick of things we would like to add a few heart-felt
words for the people who guided our project in numerous ways, people who
gave us unending support right from the stage, the project idea was conceived.
We express our immense pleasure with a profound feeling of reverence and
gratitude to our project guide Mr YOGESH.Y.PUNDALIK, HEAD OF
DEPARTMENT, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department, for his
inspiring and valuable guidance throughout this project.
We express our healthy gratitude to project co-ordinator Mr B. CHERALU,
Asst. Professor of EEE department for patience & for gratuitous co-operation
extended by him & who has given us valuable suggestions.
We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. YOGESH YASHWANTH
PUNDLIK, Head of EEE department and all the staff members of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering Department for their encouragement and support.
We place our sincere thanks to Prof. K.SHANKER, Principal of KAMALA
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE for his kind co-operation.
We are grateful to the management of KAMALA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE College for providing all the facilities required
for completing this project work.
Lastly we wish to thank our parents & friends for their co-operation &
encouragement in completing this project.

Presented By,
D.DEVENDER
(16281A0228)
M.SANDEEP
(17285A0210)
J.JAGADISH
(17285A0202)

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 ABSTARCT
This mainly focuses on the operation and maintenance experience
of the waste rice husk(biomass) conversion power plant,
mancherial, which is capable for a gross electric power production
of upto 6MW. In this paper a description of the plant is presented,
giving an insight of the engineered process and performance
analysis of the energy conversion process is discussed by
comparing actual performance of the system with the originally
defined reference performance.
Operational experience will be reported in terms of availability,
and how the current level of availability was achieved.
In this project, we are going to study the complete process of
maintenance and operation that is involved in the generation of
power in a biomass plant.

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 CONTENTS
CHAPTER.NO TITLE PAGE.NO

1 OVERVIEW OF SHALIVAHANA POWER PLANT

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 BIOMASS POWER PLANT LAYOUT

2 BIOMASS POWER STATION 1

2.1 ADVANTAGES

2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

3 MAINTENANCE OF BIOMASS POWER PLANT

3.1 HUSK HANDLING

3.2 BOILER HANDLING

3.3 ASH HANDLING

3.4 ASH CONDITIONERS

4 NORMALISATION AND CHARGING OF TRANSMISSION LINE

4.1 CHARGING OF LINE AND TRANSFORMERS

4.2 CHECK BEFORE NORMALISATION

4.3 NORMALISATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE

4.4 CHARGING OF TRANSMISSION LINE

4.5 REGULATION OF TRANFORMERS

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5 OPERATION OF BIOMASS POWER PLANT

5.1HUSK AND COAL HANDLING

5.2 BOILER

5.3 STEAM TURBINE

5.4 CONDENSER

5.5 ALTERNATOR

5.6 EXCITER

5.7 CHIMNEY

6 SWITCHYARD

6.1CONDUCTORS

6.2 ISOLATORS

6.3 BUS BARS

6.4 LIGHTNING ARRESTORS

6.5 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

6.6 PROTECTIVE RELAYS

7 CONCLUSION

8 REFERENCES

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE.NO TITLE PAGE.NO

Fig.no: 1.1 Overview of SGEL

Fig.no: 2.1 Block diagram of Power Plant

Fig.no: 3.1 Ash handling plant

Fig.no: 4.1 Transformer

Fig.no: 5.1 Husk handling plant

Fig.no: 5.2 Boiler

Fig.no: 5.3 Turbine system

Fig.no: 5.4 Condenser

Fig.no: 5.5 Cooling tower

Fig.no: 5.6 Alternator

Fig.no: 5.7 Exciter

Fig.no: 5.8 Chimney

Fig.no: 6.1 Switchyard

Fig.no: 6.2 Circuit breakers in switchyard

Fig.no: 6.3 SF6 circuit breaker

Fig.no: 6.4 Pin type insulator

Fig.no: 6.5 Suspension type insulator

Fig.no: 6.6 Strain type insulator

Fig.no: 6.7 Shackle type insulator

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 CH APT E R-1
OVE RVI E W

F I G . 1 . 1 .P L A N T O V E R V I E W

1 .1 I NT RO DUCT IO N O F S H AL I VA H ANA PO W E R PL ANT

Shalivahana Green Energy Limited ("SGEL"), is a leading clean

energy generation company. SGEL develops, implements, and operates
renewable energy generation assets. SGEL is among the pioneers that
conduct business Countrywide. Our success is driven by our people and
their unrelenting focus on delivering results in the right way by operating
responsibly, executing with excellence, applying innovative technologies
and capturing new opportunities for profitable growth.
We are involved in virtually every facet of the energy industry. We also
are investing in the development of emerging energy technologies, such
as finding better ways to make non-food-based bio fuels, integrating
advanced solar technology into our operations and expanding our
renewable energy resources.
SGEL supports renewable energy, because they are not as cheap as coal,
at least not yet our support is reducing CO2 emissions today and spurring

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 investment tomorrow to help drive down the costs and hasten the
transition to a clean energy future. Renewable energy projects tend to be
located outside crowded urban areas, helping smaller, local economies
while reducing our reliance on fossil and foreign energy resources. Our
renewable energy carbon offset projects meet the toughest industry
standards and are third-party verified to ensure the highest quality.
SGEL is India's largest agro- waste based power producer with 88 MW
operational capacity. The first biomass power plant with a capacity of 6.0
MW became operational in December 2002, measured approach to
growth thereafter 105.2 Megawatts Commissioned till date; another
12MW near operational; 7.5 MW in early stages of construction. SGEL
plans to have an operational capacity of 351 mw by the year 2016
through a mix of biomass, wind and hydro power plants.
The first biomass plant of 6MW became operational in December 2002 at
Mancherial district of Telangana .The project created job opportunities
for the locals and transformed their lives as the area’s landscape for the
better.

1 . 2 IM P O R T A N C E OF B I OM A S S P O W E R P L A N T
Wh a t i s p o w e r p l a n t ?
A p o w e r p l an t o r a p o w e r g en e r at i n g s t at i o n , i s b as i c al l y a n i n d u s t r i al
l o c at i o n t h at i s u t i l i ze d f o r g e n e ra t i o n a n d d i s t ri b u t i o n o f e l e ct r i c
power in mass scale, usually in the order of several 1000watts.These
a r e g e n er a l l y l o c a t ed a t t h e s u b - u rb an r e g i o n s o r s ev e r a l k i l o me t r e s
a w a y f r o m t h e c i t i e s o r t h e l o a d c en t r es , b e c a u s e o f i t s r eq u i s i t e s l i k e
huge land and water demand ,along with several operating constraints
l ik e th e wa s t e d is po sa l e t c .
A p o w e r p l a n t c a n b e o f s e v e r a l t yp e s d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e t y p e o f f u e l
used. Since for this purpose of bulk power generation, only thermal,
nuclear and hydro power comes handy, therefore a power generating
station can be broadly classifies in the 4 types as mentioned as
f o ll o wing .
1. Thermal power station
2 . N u c l e a r p o w e r s t at i o n
3 . H yd r o - e l e c t r i c p o w e r s t a t i o n
4 . BI OM ASS PO WER PLA NT

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1 .3 BI OMAS S

Biomass is plant or animal material used for energy production, or in

various industrial processes as raw material for a range of products .It
can be purposely grown energy crops (eg:miscanthus, switchgrass),
w o o d o r f o r es t r es i d u e s , w a s t e f r o m f o o d c r o p s ( w h e at s t ra w ,
b a g a s s e ) , h o r t i c u l t u r e ( ya r d w a s t e ) ,
Food processing (corn cobs),animal farming (manure, rich in nitrogen
and phosphorus),or human waste from sewage plants.
Burning plant-derived biomass release CO2 from plants to atmosphere
a n d b a c k i n t o p l a n t s c a n e v e n b e C O2 n e g a t i v e , a s a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e
portion of the CO2 is moved to the soil during each cycle.

Co-firing with biomass has increased in coal power plants, because it

ma k e s i s p o s s i b l e t o r e l e a s e l e s s C O 2 w i t h o u t t h e co s t a s s o ci at e d w i t h
b u i l d i n g n e w i n f ra s t ru c t u r e . C o - fi r i n g i s n o t w i t h o u t i s s u es h o w e v e r ,
often an upgrade of the biomass is beneficiary. Upgrading to higher
g r a d e fu e l s c a n b e a ch i ev e d b y d i f f e r e n t me t h o d s , b ro a d l y c l a s s i f i ed a s
thermal, chemical, or biochemical.

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 CH APT ER- 2
BI O MASS PO W ER STATI O N

A biomass power station is a power station in which heat energy is

converted to electric power. In most of the places in the world the
turbine is steam-driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a
s t e a m t u r b i n e w h i c h d r i v e s an e l e ct ri c a l g e n e r at o r . A f t e r i t p as s e s
t h r o u g h t h e t u r b i n e , s t e a m i s c o n d e n s e d i n a c o n d e n s e r a n d r e c yc l e d t o
w h e r e i t w a s h e a t e d , t h i s i s k n o w n a s a R a n k i e c yc l e . T h e g r e a t e s t
variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different
heat sources; fossil fuel dominates here, although nuclear heat energy
a n d s o l a r h e a t e n er g y a r e a l s o u s ed . S o me p r e f e r t o u s e t h e t er m
energy centre because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into
electrical energy. Certain thermal power stations are also designed to
p r o d u c e h e at e n e rg y f o r i n d u s t r i al p u r p o s e s , o r d i s t r i ct h e at i n g o r
d e s al i n at i o n o f w a t e r, i n a d d i t i o n t o g e n e ra t i n g el e c t ri c al p o w e r .
The most common technique for producing both heat and electrical
energy from biomass wastes is direct combustion. Thermal
e f f i c i e n ci e s as h i g h a s 8 0 - 9 0 % c a n b e a ch i ev e d b y a d v a n c ed
gasification technology with greatly reduced atmospheric emissions.
Combined heat and power (CHP) systems, ranging from small-scale
t e c h n o l o g y t o l a rg e g r i d - c o n n e c t e d f a ci l i t i es , p r o v i d e s i g n i f i ca n t l y
higher efficiencies than systems that only generate electricity. Bio-
chemical processes, like anaerobic digestion and sanitary landfills, can
a l s o p ro d u c e c l e a n en e r g y i n t h e f o r m o f b i o g as a n d p ro d u c e r g a s
w h i c h c an b e co n v e rt e d t o p o w e r a n d h e at u s i n g a g as e n g i n e .

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 fig.2.1.block diagram of plant

2 .1 ADVANTAG ES OF BI OMASS E N ERGY:

Bioenergy systems offer significant possibilities for reducing
greenhouse gas emission due to their immense potential to replace
fossil fuels in energy production. Biomass reduces emissions and
e n h an c es c a r b o n s eq u e s t r a t i o n s i n c e s h o rt - r o t a t i o n c ro p s o r f o r e s t s
established on abandoned agriculture land accumulate carbon in the
s oi l .
Bioenergy usually provides an irreversible mitigation effect by
reducing carbon dioxide at source, but it may emit more carbon per
u n i t o f e n e rg y t h a n fo s s i l f u el s u n l e s s b i o ma s s f u e l s a r e p ro d u c e d
u n s u s t a i n a b l y.

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 Biomass can play a major role in reducing the reliance on fossil fuels
by making use of thermo-chemical conversion technologies. In
a d d i t i o n , t h e i n c r e a s e d u t i l i z at i o n o f b i o ma s s b a s ed f u e l s w i l l b e
instrumental in safeguarding the environment, generation of new job
opportunities, sustainable development and health improvements in
r u r a l a r ea s .
T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e f f i c i e n t b i o ma s s h a n d l i n g t e c h n o l o g y ,
improvement of agro-forestry systems and establishment of small and
large-scale biomass based power plants can play a major role in rural
development. Biomass energy could also aid in modernizing the
agricultural economy. Since biomass energy uses domestically
p r o d u c e d fu e l s , b i o ma s s p o w e r g re a t l y r e d u ce s o u r d ep en d en c e o n
f o r e i g n e n e r g y s o u r c e s a n d i n c r e a s e s n a t i o n a l e n e r g y s e c u r i t y.

2 . 2 W O R KI N G P R I N C I P L E O F B I O M A S S P O W E R P L A N T

The technology used for generation of generation of electricity from these

biomass materials (rice husk) is similar to the conventional coal-based
thermal power generation. The biomass is burnt in boiler to generate
steam, which drives a turbo-alternator for generation of electricity.
One of the main important process used in generation of electricity in
biomass power plant is GASIFICATION PROCESS.
Biomass gasification is thermo-chemical conversion of solid biomass
into a combustion gas mixture (producer gas) through a partial
combustion route with air supply restricted to less than that theoretically
required for full combustion. Typical combustion of producer gas is as
follows

Carbon monoxide-18% - 20%

Hydrogen- 15% - 20%
Methane- 1% - 5%
Carbon dioxide-9% - 12%
Nitrogen-45% - 55%

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 The calorific value that is to be maintained is 1000 – 1200 kcal/m^3.
In the process of gasification, most commonly available gasifiers used are
wood/woody biomass, some can uses rice husk as well. Many other non-
woody biomass materials can also be gasified, although gasifiers have to
be specially designed to suit these materials and the biomass may have to
be compacted to many cases. The gasifier’s can be of ‘updraft’ or
‘downdraft’ types. In the downdraft type of gasifier, fuel and air move in a
co-current manner. In updraft gasifiers, fuel and air move in counter –
current manner. However, the basic reaction zones remain the same.

The basic work done within an biomass plant is as follows-fuel is loaded

into the reactor from the top. As the fuel moves down, it is subjected to
drying and pyrolysis. Air is injected into the reactor in the oxidation
zone, and through the partial combustion of pyrolysis products and solid
biomass, the temperature rises to 1100`C. This helps in breaking down
heavier hydrocarbons and tars. As these products move downwards, they
enter the reduction zone where producer gas is formed by the action of
carbon dioxide and water vapour on red-hot charcoal. The hot and dirty
gas is passed through a system of coolers, cleaners and filters before it is
sent to engines.

Thus, the producer gas produced can be used for electrical power
generation, either through dual-fuel IC engines or through 100% gas-fired
spark ignition engines. The applications like small boilers, furnace, hot
air generators, dryers, etc.

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 CHAPTER-3
MAINTENANCE OF BIOMASS POWER PLANT

Maintenance of a biomass power plant involves as follows:

(a)Husk handling
(b)Boiler handling
(c)Ash handling
(d)Normalisation and charging of line
(e)Regulation of transformer

(3.1)Husk handling
The husk is basically derived from the rice crop waste and it is estimated
for the usage if power production is as follows:

 The major crops growing in the area (particularly those crops

whose residues used in the power plant)
 The grain productivity of each of these crops
 The ratio of grain to straw in these crops
 The entire crop in the quadrant is harvested, weighted, tied up, and
left for air drying at a clean, protected place for four days.
 The residues and grains from within these quadrants are collected.
The grains are dehusked and these are weighed again separately.
 Crop residues are then calculated using this information.

The Biomass required for power production

Annual Biomass requirement = biomass consumption/hr*working

hour/day)*days/year

Practically, all biomass power plants are shut down for at least a
month every year. Thus, assuming a biomass power operating for 330
days a year, the total biomass required for producing power.

a. Per KW per hour

Through the gasification route, 1.5kg biomass is required to
produce 1KWh power

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 b. Per annum
Taking the conversion factor of 1.5 ton per MW power per
hour, annually 700mega ton of biomass is required for
producing per megawatt of power production.

(3.2) Boiler handling

Biomass boilers work by burning biological matter and outputting the resulting
heat for use in heating systems. Wood
Pellets, chips, logs, or other biological materials are fed into combustion
chamber where they are ignited.

Boilers require little maintenance, but more than that of their gas and
counterparts. There are a few things that must be done periodically in order to
maintain the efficiency and life span of the installation.

 Boilers should be cleaned regularly in order to keep it free of

ash, though some more expensive systems are self-clearing.
Non-self-clearing boilers will need to be shut down while
cleaning takes place. The burner should ideally be checked
daily and any ash and residues cleaned and removed.
 The heat exchanger and flue will also need to be cleaned in
order to prevent blockages caused bu soot and any other
debris.
 All the biomass boilers be checked annually by an qualified
technicians , under his guidance the measures that are to be
followed are as
 A full internal clean and inspection
 Replace all worn components
 Lubricate any applicable moving components.

A well installed and maintained boiler should last for over 20 years

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 (3.3) Ash handling

fig.3.1.ash handling plant

During the process of creating the growing amounts of energy these plants
produce, these facilities also generate a tremendous amount of ash that
must be handled. This is why each facility needs a dedicated ash handling
system that can take care of ash generated from plant production in a
smooth, efficient, and cost-effective manner.

On your typical boiler arrangement there are two general types of ash:
bottom ash and fly ash. The first is designed to handle the residue that falls
into the bottom hopper of the furnace. The second is designed to handle ash
residue that escapes vertically from the furnace.

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Our fly ash conveyors are built using a single-strand drag chain made from
high-strength, drop-forged Cr-Mn steel. They are engineered for air and
dust-tight operation with abrasion-resistant materials for greater
durability. They efficiently transport ash from back end particulate
collection devices such as the dust collector, precipitator, bag house, etc. to
the next components of the system.

Bottom Ash Conveyor, handle the solid ash particles, unburned biomass, and
other solid constituents that come out of the furnace bottom area. They are
sometime called submerged bottom ash conveyors. Our bottom ash conveyors
are built with dual-strand drag chain made from high-strength/BHN welded
steel. They are submerged with water to provide for air and dust-tight operation

3.4 Ash Conditioners

Once the fly ash has been transported to the fly ash silo via the silo inclined
transfer conveyor, it must be unloaded. During this process, ash
conditioners use water to moisten the dry ash to generate a substance that is
damp and easily movable without entrainment back into the atmosphere. It is
then transferred to a landfill for disposal.
Our ash conditioners use a three-stage process to gradually moisten the ash to
help minimize the amount of water that is needed. The paddle screws are
abrasion-resistant and made with ceramic tips for better longevity. They can
process anywhere from 1,600 to 4,300 cubic feet per hour of fly ash.

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 CHAPTER-4
NORMALISATION AND CHARGING OF TRANSMISSION LINE

For normalizing and charging the transmission lines, certain preconditions are
required to be met so as to safely normalize and charge the feeder or
Transformer. As the transmission lines in 400 KV net works are so long and
Transformer is of large capacities, certain conditions like enough capacity of
the system to absorb the line MVAR to be ensured. Safety to be ensured,
while synchronizing the feeder, enough precautions to be taken to ensure that
the grid system is compatible and within limits so that there should not be
power swings owing to a synchronism.

TRANSFORMER

fig.4.1 transformer 33/11kv

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy

between two or more circuits. A varying current in one coil of the transformer
produces a varying magnetic flux, which in turn, induces a varying
electromotive force across a second coil wound around the same core.
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Transformers are used for increasing or decreasing the alternating voltages in
electric power applications, and for coupling the stages of signal processing
circuits.

In biomass power plant of 6MW, 33KV to 11KV transformers steps down the
voltage to a safe level, which is then distributed via 11Kv feeders to homes and
businesses. The voltage is as high as 33KV in the first place is that the higher
the transmission voltage, the lower the transmission losses will be. Therefore,
the longer the distances that the power needs to be transferred, a higher voltage
is used to reduce the transmission losses. Once it has reached a substation, the
voltage is then stepped down.

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4.1 COMMON INSTRUCTIONS FOR CHARGING THE LINE AND
TRANSFORMERS

a) Lines or Transformers shall be charged always from the strong

source end, where there is a facility to absorb reactive power and
synchronization shall be done from the other end in normal conditions.

b) Generally, voltage at charging end bus shall be kept below 400 kv

before charging of the line.

C) When a line or a Transformer is charging after completion of

Maintenance works trips on a fault, second attempt shall not be made
until it is thoroughly investigated and reasons for tripping should be
established.

d) If the frequency and voltage are not in synchronism limits. Line /

Transformer shall not synchronies to Grid. A synchronous inter
connection may lead to unwarranted power swings that may cause not
only grid disturbances but also accidents SRLDC shall coordinate with
SEBs to bring the parameters within the limits.

4.2 CHECKS BEFORE NORMALIZATION

 Ensure that all permits issued on Line equipment / the authorized area
Maintenance engineer cancelled Transformer. Also, ensure that any
NBFC issued to the other end substation was returned back in writing.

 Check physically the work area for removal of men and Material.

 Take clearance from IOCC, if the line is connected to PGCIL substations

or from LDC, if the line is connected to AP Transco substations and take
clearance from shift in charge.

 Ensure that all switchyard equipment associated with the line or

Transformer under shutdown is in operating condition.

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  Check for SF6 gas and air/ oil pressure of main/ tiebreakers.

 Ensure that the Local / Remote switches of the Main/ Tie breakers are
kept on remote position.

 Check physically for the removal of all the temporary earthlings done at
the work site.

 Ensure that all relay flags are reset.

 Check that no window indication is persisting and ensure that

annunciation lamp test OK.

 Ensure that disturbance recorder, fault recorder, and event logger are in
service.

 Check the communication book for remarks if any on the equipment

associated to the shutdown bay. Remarks if any found take written
clearance for charging the bay form the concerned area Maintenance
engineer.

 Return back the NBFC obtained from the other end substation through
written message and take clearance in writing for charging the line.

4.3 NORMALIZATION OF A TRANSMISSION LINE BAY

EQUIPMENT

a) Open the earth switch of the line isolator. Also open the earth switches
of main and tie bay isolators if any closed position.

b) Close the line isolator of the line under shut down.

c) Close the Bus 1 / Bus 2 connecting isolators in main bay, if permits are
not pending on the concerned bay equipment.

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d) Close the tie bay isolators I the permits are not pending on Tie bay
equipment.

e) Close the shunt reactor isolator if shunt reactor available for the line
and it is in isolated condition.

f) If isolators are closed in remote mode, check physically to confirm all

the three poles closed properly.

4.4 CHARGING OF TRANSMISSION LINES

In case of charging the line from this end and to synchronize from the
remote substation.

a) Inform IOCC that the line is ready for charging and take the final
clearance for charging the line.

b) Inform orally to the other end substation operator that the line is ready
for charging and hold him on line.

c) Give announcement in power analysis system regarding line charging

to aware the Maintenance group anybody working in squad.

d) Give announcement in station for alerting the unit desk operation

engineers to face abnormality if any arises during process of line
charging.

e) Keep heck synchronizing selector switch in bypass position and

plug-in the synchroscope into the concerned breaker synchronizing
socket Keep the synchroscope in on mode.

f) Close main/ tiebreaker which ever bay is made ready for charging the
line (dead line charging). Subsequently close the other breaker also if
the bay equipment not under permit.

g) Inform the remote end operator on telephone that the line is charged
and give clearance for synchronizing to the grid.

28
(4.5 ) Regulation of transformers

Inspect the Transformer physically and check the following:

1. Conservator oil level of main tank and OLTC is maintained

2. Breather silica gel colour is blue.

3. Check for heavy oil leaks if any from tank, radiator, pipes and
bushings.

4. Check the availability of cooler supply and healthiness of fans

and pumps by running in manual mode.

5. Note down the WTI and OTI readings, confirm they are
working.

6. Check the cleanliness of Transformer & surround area.

Check any removal of HT/LT connections and fuses in

marshalling box.

7. Check the emulsifier system operation.

Open the earth switches of the 400 KV Bus side Isolator (HT) and 220 kV
line side isolator (LT) . Also open the earth switches of main and tie-bay
isolators if any found in close position.
Check for any portable earthlings on bay equipment. If found any,
request maintenance staff to remove the same.
Close 220 kV side isolators and 400 kV side main and tie bay isolators
provided permits are not pending.
If isolators are closed in remote mode, check physically to confirm all the
poles are closed properly.

29
4.6 CHARGING OF TRANSFORMER FEEDER

In case, TS Transco requested to change the 220 KV line from this end
and to synchronize at their substation.
Inform LDC that the 220 KV line is ready for charging and take the
final clearance for charging the line.

 Inform orally to the TS Transco substation Engineer that Auto

Transformer is going to be charged at our end.

 Give announcement in station PA system regarding charging of

Transformer.

 Keep check synchronizing selector switch in by pass position and

plug in the synchroscope into concerned breaker synchronizing
socket. Keep the synchroscope in on mode.
 Close Main/ Tie breaker which ever bay is made ready for charging
transformer. Subsequently close the other breaker also if the bay
equipment not under permits.
 Inform to the AP Transco Engineer on telephone that 20 kv line is
going to charge and hold him on line.
 Keep Auto recolor switch in NLA mode. Close the line breaker of
the feeder to be charged.
 Inform TS TRANSCO ENGINEER that feeder is charged and check
for voltage at their end. Give clearance to synchronize the feeder at
their end.

30
 CH APT ER- 5
O PE RATI O N O F BI O MASS PO W ER PLANT

The various equipment used in the operation of biomass power plant there
a re

 Husk and coal handling plant

 Boiler
 Deaerator
 Steam turbine
 Economizer
 Condenser
 Cooling tower
 Alternator
 Exciter
 Chimney

5.1 Husk and coal handling plant

Primary fuel used in power plant is rice husk and addition of this, other fuels
are used. And the coal is used as a second secondary primary fuel in the
Biomass power plant. The 20% coal is used in 6mw Biomass power plant.
Plant required 60000 to 65000 fuels for generation of power. And that Husk
is taken from nearby rice mill saw mills and farmers. Here no other Biomass
plant is located because of shalivahana 6.0MW power plant project activity
Belt conveyors
Coal is sent…

●Husk and coal is mainly used in bio mass power plant.

●contain coal crushers, coal vibrates and magnetic separated.
●Coal crushers used to crush coal and magnetic separator are used to remove
the magnets from material from fuel.
●Drag chain is used to help feed coal to boiler.
●Screw feeders are used to feed Husk to boiler.

31
FIG-5.1.husk handling plant

5.2 BOILER
The boiler system comprises a feed-water system, steam system, and fuel
system. The feed-water system supplies treated water to the boiler and
regulate it automatically to meet the steam demand. Various valves and
controls are provided to access for maintenance and monitoring.
The steam system heats and vaporizes the feed water and controls steam
produced in the boiler. Steam is directed through a piping system to the
application. Throughout the system, steam pressure is regulated using valves
and monitored with steam pressure gauges.
The fuel system consists of all equipment used to supply of fuel to generate
the necessary heat. The equipment required in the fuel system depends on
the type of fuel used in the system.

32
 FIG.5.2.BOILER

5.2(a) DEAERATORS

Boiler deaerators must be condition feed water to remove dissolved gases

before it can be used in the boiler system and eventually corrode it. In many
cases, feed water is cold and contains several dissolved gases, with oxygen
leading the pack. The conditioning of boiler’s feed water should meet the
goals outlined. Regardless of the type of boiler deaerator, each functions
generally in the same way. When water passes from the feed water tank into
boiler deaerator, it enters through the inlet water connection. The water
flows through a heating and venting section that is filled with steam. The
water temperature rises, which releases most of the undissolved gases in it
including oxygen and co2,when the water flows through the deaerator, it
passes to the scrubber section, in this it scrubs the water with steam that is
free of oxygen.
Then, the steam goes through a stainless steel spray valve that breaks down
the high-velocity steam into a fine mist. The dearated water flows over to
the storage compartment and is ready for use by the boiler while the gases
vent to the atmosphere.

33
5.2(b) ECONOMISER
After producing steam, the flue gas comes out from the system. Some heat
energy remains in the flue gas when It goes out. It we cannot lie this heat
energy, It gets lost. Boiler economiser is a device which uses a portion this
remained energy of the flue gas to heat up inlet water (feed water) to the
boiler. Since the heat energy is given to the water before it gets fed to the
boiler, the requirement of fuel for producing steam is optimised. Because of
that, we call this device as economiser.

Basic Construction and Working Principle of economizer

The construction and working principle of boiler economiser are simple. At
the bottom par, it has a horizontal inlet pipe through
which we feed water with normal temperature to the economizer. There is
another horizontal pipe fitted at the top of the economiser,
These two horizontal pipes, which are bottom and top pipes connected
through a group of vertical pipes. There is an outlet valve fed on the top
horizontal pipe to supply hot water to the boiler, the flue gases from the
boiler furnace flow through the vertical pipes of the economizer.
Here, the flue gases transfer remain heat to the water through the surface of
the vertical pipe when the water goes up through the vertical pipes to top
horizontal pipe. In this way heat of the flue gases gets utilized through the
economizer for heating up the water before entering into the boiler for
producing steam.
●Inlet is 130° and out let is 240*.
It’s raising the boiler efficiency of saving fuels to 10 to 25%
●Some of heat energy of fuels is recovered by heating feed water near
saturation but not convert into steam.

34
5.3 STEAM TURBINE

FIG-5.3. Turbine

Steam turbine is invented by Charles Paulson’s in 1884.

●Turbine have moving blades and fixed blades.
●Turbine consist of 11 stages
●Capacity of turbine is 35 lounge.
●Turbine speed is 7500 Rpm
●Turbine is Alston industrial company

 A steam turbine is a rotating machine which converts heat energy of steam

into mechanical energy. The super heated steam from the super heater is
fed to the steam turbine which will convert heat energy into mechanical
energy. In the biomass plant the impulse reaction of turbine is of 7500
rpm. Whenever the steam from the boiler is expanded in a nozzle,
resulting in the emission of a high velocity jet. The jet of steam impinges
on the moving vanes or blades, mounted on the shaft. Here, it undergoes a
change of direction of motion which gives rise to a change in momentum
and therefore a force. The motion power in a steam turbine is obtained by
the rate of change in momentum of a high velocity jet of steam impinging
on a curved blade which is free to rotate. The conversion of energy in the
blades takes place by impulse, reaction or impulse reaction principle.
Steam turbine is available in a few KW (as prime mover) to 1500MW.

35
5.4 CONDENSER
A surface condenser is a commonly used term for a water-cooled shell and
tube heat exchanger installed on the exhaust steam from a steam turbine in
most of power stations. These condensers are heat exchangers which
convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state at a pressure below
atmospheric pressure. Where cooling water is in short supply, an air-
cooled condenser is often used. An air-cooled condensers is however,
significantly more expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine
exhaust pressure as a water-cooled surface condenser. Surface condensers
are also used in applications and industries other than the condensing of
steam turbine exhaust in power plants.

fig-5.4 condenser

Uses:

 To provide hot feed water to the boiler.

 Condenser is a device in which steam is condensate to water at
pressure less than atmosphere.
 Thus, a condenser is basically boat exchange in which heat of the
exhaust steam is transferred to the circulating water.
 After the expansion, heat has to be rejected at lower temperature as it
will lead to a higher efficiency.

36
5.4(a) COOLING TOWERS

fig-5.5 cooling towers

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the
atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.
Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process
heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in
the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the
working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature. The main types of
cooling towers are natural draft and induced draft cooling towers.

37
5.5 ALTERNATOR

fig-5.6 alternator

The operating principle of alternator is when the rotor is rotated by prime

mover the stator winding are cut by the magnetic flux of the rotor. Hence,
are EMF is induced in the stator conductors. The EMF generated in the stator
conductor is taken out from thee leads connected to the stator winding.
There are one important different between the DC and AC generators.
In DC generators the magnetic field is on stationary and the armature which
carries the conductors is rotated.
In AC generators the field winding is provided on the rotor which is rotating
one and the armature winding are mounted on stator.

38
fig. readings of an alternator

An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to

electrical energy in the form of alternating current for treasons of cost and
simplicity. Most alternators use a locating magnetic field with a stationary
armature.
In principle, any AC electrical generator can be allied an alternator, but
usually the term refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and
other internal combustion engines. An alternator that uses a permanent
magnet for its magnetic fled is called a magnet

 Alternator current is 394 amps

 Alternator Rpm is 1500rpm
 KVA of alternator is 7500kv
 Alternator voltage is 11000volts

39
5.6 EXCITER

fig 5.7. an exciter connected to an generator

The main purpose of exciter in a generator (alternator) is to provide stationary

rotating magnetic field, which is used to induce the EMF in the armature coil.
So DC power is given to exciter and the exciter is nothing but coal and the
exciter creates a magnetic field .Ac excited is coupled to non driven end of
the generator. Thus AC supply is rated and converted into de for stationary
magnetic field.

40
5.7 CHIMNEY

fig-5.8 chimney

The basic function of a chimney is to draw combustion ain towards the fire
and let out the flue gases through the flue (or the smokestack).The simplest
way to understand how a chimney work’s is by understanding the airflow
dynamics inside room or a house. Though there are many factors that
determine the airflow inside a closed space.
The most important one is related to internal heat. When air gets heated, it
density decreases, causing the hot air to flow upwards. This upward flow
creates allow pressure in the space below, which in turn, draws in the cool
a i r.

41
 CHAPTER-6
SWITCHYARD

FIG-6.1 SWITCHYARD

The main function of switchyard is to transmit & distribute the power at

incoming voltage from the generating station and provide facilities of
switching by the help of switchgears. Earlier we have explained about the
various types of switchgears in our previous article Switchyard is the point in
the power network where transmission lines and distribution feeders or
generating units are connected through circuit breakers and other
switchgears via bus bars and transformers. Switchyard acts as interface
between the power plant electrical system and electrical grid.
List of Electrical Substation Equipment:

 Instrument Transformers
 Current Transformer
 Potential Transformer
 Conductors
 Insulators
 Isolators
 Bus bars
 Lightning arresters
 Circuit Breakers
 Relays
42
6.1CONDUCTORS
These are which permit low number of electrons through it.
Conductors are the metal detours which are utilised for transmission of
energy from one place to another. The best conductors are copper and
aluminium etc.
Types of Conductors:
Many materials are used to transmit electrical energy, but those most
frequently specified for types of conductors are copper, copper-covered
steel, high strength copper alloys and aluminium. For more unusual
applications’, conductors are fabricated from pure nickel. Pure silver, copper
covered aluminium, and a host of metals, metal alloys, and metal
combinations,
Examples of conductors:
Silver is the best conductor of electricity. However, it is costly and so, we
don't use silver in industries and transmission of electricity.
Copper, Brass, Steel, Gold, and Aluminium are good conductors of
electricity we use them mostly in electric circuits and systems in form of
wires.

6.2 ISOLATORS
The solar is one type of switching device, and the main function of this is to
make that a circuit totally not triggered in order to perform the preservation.
These are also recognizable as isolation switches to isolate the circuits.
These switches are applicable in industrial, distribution of electrical power,
High voltage type isolation switches are utilized in substations for permitting
isolation of equipment like transformers, circuit breakers. Usually, the disc-
connecter switch is not proposed for circuit control but it is for isolation.
Isolators are activated either automatically or manually.
The isolator can be defined as, it is one type of mechanical switch used to
isolate a fraction of the electrical circuit when it is required. Isolator switches
are used for opening an electrical circuit in the no load condition. It is not
proposed to be opened while current flows through the line. Generally, these
are employed on circuit breaker both the ends. Thus, the circuit breaker
repair can be done easily without any risk.

43
Applications of Isolator:
The applications of isolator include the following
The applications of isolators involve in high voltage devices such as
transformers
These are protected with a locking system on the external or with a lock to
stop accidental usage.
An Isolator in Substation, when a fault occurs in a substation then isolator
cuts out apart of a substation.

6.3 BUS BARS

The bus bars is among the most important elements of the substation and is a
conductor which carries current to a point having numerous connections
with it. The bus bar is a kind of electrical function which has outgoing and
incoming current paths, Whenever a fault occurs in the bus bar, entire
components connected to that specie section should be ripped for giving
thorough isolation in a small time. For instance, 60ms for avoiding danger
rising due to conductor's heat. These are of different types such as ring bus,
double bus, and single bus etc. A simple bus bar is which is considered as
one of the most vital electrical substation.
Bus-bar:
Bus bars receive the power from incoming circuits or we can say a grid and
deliver the power to an outgoing circuit. It can be single phase or three
phases, but most of the cases is 3-phase and one bus consists of 3
conductors(R-Y-B) There are also various types of bus bar:
Singles Bus bar system:
This type of bus arrangement is the cheapest and the simplest one, in this
scheme all the feeders and transformers are connected in only one single bus
as shown below. The major disadvantage of this kind of system is that for
the maintenance of the breakers and other equipment we have to isolate all
the systems and keep it in offline. This scheme is generally employed for the
gas insulated switchyards and another disadvantage is that if you are going
for maintenance then the respective transformer or feeder should be
disconnected.
Single Bus System with Bus-sectionalize:
In this type of arrangement the main bus is divided into two different circuits
by the help of a circuit breaker. The advantage of this kind of arrangement is

44
that if one section of the bus bar is under maintenance then the other part of
the system, which is isolated by the bus-coupler or bus sectionalize, is kept
energized, but here also it we are going for maintenance on any breaker then
the respective feeder or the transformer has to be disconnected.
Double Bus System:
In this arrangement, two identical bus bars will be there, one as Main Bus-1
and the other as, Main Bus-2:
Here both the buses are connected through a bus coupler. The bus coupler
does two woks during in charging matches the voltage level of both the lines
and connect both the lines. Here the flexibility of the system is increased as
another bus-bar acts as a backup for the other bus-bar, but here also without
any interruption we can't go for the maintenance.
Bus bars range greatly in size and the size is dependent on the use. Common
commercial and industrial bus bars sizes are

 40amps
 50amps
 60amps
 100 amps
 125amps
 250 amps
 400 amps
 800amps
 1200 amps

They can also be used as housing for expandable rack lighting which runs
from one single power supply.

45
6.4 LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
Lighting arresters can be considered as the first ever components of a
substation. These are having a function of protecting equipment o substation
from high voltages and are also limiting the amplitude and duration of the
current’s flow. These are connected amid earth and line is connected in line
with equipment in the substation These are meant for diversion of current to
earth it any current surge appears hence by protecting insulation as well as
conductor from damages. These are of various types and are distinguished
based on duties.

Types of lightning arresters

Road gap arrester

Sphere Gap Arrester
Horn Gap Arrester
Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester
Valve Type Lightning Arresters.
Thirties Lighting Arrester

Limitations:
1. After the surge is over, the air in the gap’s maintained by the normal
supply wage, leading to a short circuit on the system.
2. The rods may melt or get damaged due to excessive heat produced by the
a rc .
3 .The climate conditions (eg: rain, humidity, temperature etc) after the
performance

46
6.5 CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed
to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short
circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting
continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse,
which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be
reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation

fig.6.2 circuit breakers at an 240KV grid

It is an automatic device capable of making and breaking an Electrical

Circuit under normal and abnormal conditions such as short circuits. SF6
is the arc quenching media for all the 400 KV and 220 KV breakers
installed in the switchyard. Pneumatic operating system is provided in
AEG, ABB, AREVA and NGEF make breakers and Hydraulic operating
system is provided in BHEL make breakers. 132KV breakers provided in
132 KV lines are of Minimum oil type operating on spring charge
mechanism.

47
Types Circuit breaker based on voltage

 Low voltage circuit breakers

 High Voltage circuit breakers
 Air Circuit breaker
 Oil circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breakers
 SF6 Circuit breakers
 MCCB (Moulded case circuit breaker)

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to

protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an
overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after
a fault is detected. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically)
to resume normal.

Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect
low-current circuits or individual household appliance, up to large switch
gear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. The
generic function of a circuit breaker, RCD or a fuse, as an automatic
means of removing power from a faulty system is often abbreviated as
OCPD (over current protection device).

48
(a) SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

fig. 6.3 sf6 circuit breaker

(a)readings of circuit breaker

Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers protect electrical power stations and

distribution systems by interrupting electric currents, when tripped by a
protective relay. Instead of oil, air, or a vacuum , a sulphur hexafluoride
circuit breaker uses sulphur hexafluoride(sf6) gas to cool and quench the
arc on opening a circuit. Advantages over other media include lower
operating noise and no emission of hot gases, and relatively low

49
maintenance. Developed in the 1950s and onward. Sf6 circuit breakers
are widely used in electrical grids at transmission voltages up to 800 KV
as generator circuit breakers, and in distribution systems at voltages up to
33Kv.
Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers may be used as self-contained
apparatus in outdoor air-insulted substations or may be incorporated into
gas-insulated switchgear which allows compact installations at high
voltages.

Operating principle
Current interruption in a high-voltage circuit breaker is obtained by
separating two contacts in a medium, such as sulphur hexafluoride having
excellent dielectric and arc-quenching properties. After contact
separation, current is carried through an arc and is interrupted when this
arc is cooled by a gas blast of sufficient intensity.
SF6 gas is electromagnetic and has a strong tendency to absorb free
electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high-pressure flow
of SF6 gas and an arc is struck between them. The gas captures the
conducting free electrons in the arc to form relatively immobile negative
ions. This loss of conducting electrons in the arc quickly builds up
enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc. SF6 is generally used in
present high-voltage circuit breakers at rated voltage higher than 52 KV.
The excellent properties of SF6 led to the fast extension of this technique
in the 1970s and to its use for the development of circuit breakers with
high interrupting capability, up to 800KV.

6.6 PROTECTIVE RELAYS

A relay detects the faulty element in the integrated power system and
removes it, with the help of the circuit breaker, from the remaining
healthy system as quickly as possible to avoid damage and maintain
security or reliability of supply in the healthy system. The quality of
relaying depends on its sensitivity, selectivity, speed and reliability.
Varieties of protection relays are provided to protect EHV lines and
Transformers. A brief Description is given below about the relays used
for protection of Transformers and lines connected to switchyard.

50
6.6(a) OVER CURRENT RELAY
There are basically three types of OC relays
1.Instantaneous OC relay
As the name signifies instantaneous OC relay operates without any
intentional time delay as and when the input current exceeds the pickup
value or the plug setting.
2. Definite time OC relay (DTOC Relay)
The DTOC Relay has two settings; the first one is the pick value in
amperes (plug setting.). Another setting is the constant or definite
operating time of the relay. The relay delivers trip output only when the
current exceeds the pickup value and that after a specified time delay.
3. Inverse Definite Minimum Time OC Relay (IDMT OC Relay)
The operating time of IDMT relay is inversely proportional to the square
o the relay input current (plug setting) and the travel time of the disk to
close the NO contacts. The travel time of the disk to close the NO
contact can be changed by moving the backstop of the relay (Time
multiplier setting).

6.6(b) DIRECTIONAL RELAYS

Conventional over current relays are non-directional, which means the
relay operates on current magnitude and not on its direction or phase
shift. The Directional over current relay comprises two elements, a
directional element and OC relay element. The OC element is inhibited
for operating until the directional element has operated. The directional
element is a watt metric device, which measures the direction of power
flow.

6.6(c) EARTH FAULT RELAY

Earth fault relay is a sensitive protection against earth faults, which
responds only to residual current of the system, since a residual
component that exists only when faults current flow to earth. The residual
component is extracted by connecting the line CTs in parallel.

51
 6.6(d) DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
The differential relay checks the difference between the input and output
currents for any power system element, either in amplitude or in phase or
both, to determine whether the state of the power system is healthy or
faulty. In the event of a substantial difference, the element is assumed to
be faulty and trip the concerned breakers.

(1) PILOT WIRE PROTECTION:

Pilot wire protection scheme can be used for protection of transmission
lines of 220 KV and below voltages. Similar current Transformers at
each end of the protected zone are interconnected through pilot wires.
Current transmitted through the zone causes secondary current to
circulate round the pilot circuit without producing any current flow in
relay. A fault within the protected zone will cause secondary current
flow in to protection relay.

(2) PHASE COMPARISON RELAY

The basic principle of the phase comparison relay is to check the phase
difference of current at both ends of the protected line. The carrier
channel is used to convey the phase angle of the current at one relaying
point to another for comparison with the phase angle of the current at that
point.

(3) DISTANCE RELAY

Distance relay is of the high speed class can provide both primary and
back up facilities in a single scheme. Distance relay operate only for
faults occurring between the relay location and the selected reach point,
thus giving discrimination for faults that may occur between different line
sections. The basic principle is comparing of the fault current ‘seen’ by
the relay with voltage at the relaying point; by comparing these two
quantities sit is possible to determine whether the impedance of the line
up to the point of the fault is greater than or less than the predetermined
reach point independence.

52
 For EHV, line where fast fault clearance and high reliability vital ‘full
scheme of distance relays are provided. Full distance scheme uses six
measuring units per zone, three for phase faults and three for earth faults.

6.6(e) INSULATORS
The insulators are the materials which do not permit flow of electrons
through it Insulators are resting electric property. There are numerous types
of insulators such as shackle, strain type.
Suspension type, and stray type etc. Insulators are used in substations for
avoiding contact with humans or shunt circuit.
There are several types of insulators but the strain insulator and shackle
insulator.
●Pin type Insulators
●Suspension type Insulators
●Strain type Insulators
●Shackle type Insulators.

(i).Pin type Insulators

As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is secured to the cross arm on
the pole.

fig-6.4 pin type insulator

Groove on the upper end of the insulator for housing the conductor The
conductor passes through this groove and is bound by the annealed wire of
the same material as the conductor. Pin type insulators are used for
transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up to 33 kV.

53
 Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators become too bulky
and hence uneconomical.

(ii).Suspension Type

fig-6.5 suspension type insulator

For high voltages (33kv), at usual practice to use suspension be insulator

string shown in figure, consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in
series by metal links in the form of a string The conductor is suspended at
the bottom end of this sting while the other end of the string is secured 1o the
cross-arm the tower. Each unit or disc is designed for low voltage say 11 kV.
The number of discs in series would obviously depend upon the working
voltage. For Instance, of the working voltage is 66 kV, the six discs in series
will be provided on.

Advantages of Suspension Insulators:

 Each unit of disc is designed for a low voltage, say 11 KVA. Hence,
depending upon the working voltage, desired number of discs can be
connected in series to form an insulator string suitable for particular
voltage.
 If any of the discs in insulator string is damaged, it can be replaced easily
Replacement of the whole string is not required.

54
 In case of increased demand on the inn, i.e., voltage can be increased and
the decreased insulation required for the raised voltage can be easily
provided by adding the desired number of discs in the insulator strings.
 As the line conductors are suspended by suspension strings, they run
below the erected cross-arms of the towers this arrangement provides
partial protection from lightning.

(iii).Strain Insulators

fig 6.6 strain type insulators

When there is a dead end of the line or there is comer or sharp curve then it
is subjected to greater tension. In order to relieve the excessive tension,
strain insulators are used .For low voltage lines (i.e., 11 kV), shackle
insulators are used 28 strain insulators. However, for high voltage
transmission lines, strain insulator consists of an assembly of suspension
insulators shown in Figure. The discs of strain insulators are used in the
vertical plane: When the tension in lines is exceedingly high, at long time
over spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.

55
(iv). Shackle Type Insulator:

fig 6.7 shackle type insulator

Shackle insulators were used as strain insulators. But now- a- days, they are
Frequently used for low voltage distribution. Such insulators can be used
either in a horizontal position or a vertical position. They can be directly
fixed to the pole with a bolt or to the cross arm.

56
 7.CONCLUSION
We have studied the over view of SHALIVAHANA GREEN ENERGY
LTD, MANCHERIAL unit, STUDY OF MAINTENANCE AND
OPERATION OF BIOMASS PLANT. The major role of “STUDY OF
OVERALL PLANT, SGEL” is to transmit the power to nearby substation.

57
 8. REFERENCES

1. Electrical Machines and Power systems, C.L. WADHWA

2. A course in Electrical Technology, J.B. GUPTA

3. Principles of Electrical Machines, V.K. MEHTA

4. Principles of Electrical Technology, BL THEREJA

5. M.V. BAKSHI, U.A. BAKSHI for Switch gear and protection

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