13.2 and 13.

3 Notes for Quiz on 3/19

Molecular Compounds
Liquids and Gases flow; NOT Solids
 What makes the difference btwn liquids and gases? The intermolecular
forces of attraction are present for liquids, BUT NOT for gases; creates
difference between liquids and gases physical properties
Increase pressure on a liquid does not really affect the volume
o For a gas it does, b/c are directly proportional
Liquids and solids are called: Condensed States of Matter
Evaporation= a cooling process  b/c those with highest energy escape 1st
 Process of conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor occurring on
the surface of a liquid without boiling
Vaporization= a conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor
Kinetic Energy (KE) & Temperature = direct relationship
Liquid evaporates faster when add heat  increase KE & Temperature
Vapor Pressure (VP) = a measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid
in a closed container
VP in a closed container goes up, the stops and levels out  a Dynamic
Equilibrium (b/c VP levels off)
Rate of condensation = rate of evaporation
Manometer: device used to determine the VP of a liquid
o Ex. barometer  type of manometer
Rate of evaporation in an open container increases as heat increases
Heat  allows average KE of molecules to increase
Boiling Point (BP): when VP = external pressure
Once a liquid starts to boil, you can NOT increase the temperature
Normal Boiling Point = @ a pressure of 101 kPa and 100oC
Boiling = also a cooling process
Temperature does NOT go above the BP if add heat, only will increase the
rate of Boiling….
Different liquids have different BP’s b/c of intermolecular forces of attraction
o Weaker = lower BP
Ionic Compounds
Particles vibrate in fixed positions, BUT DO NOT flow
Crystalline lattice structure fixed, organized structure
Dense + incompressible
If reach absolute zero  can NOT move; otherwise can usually move
Melting point (MP) = the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid
Reverse melting  freeze/cool
Have high melting points - not all solids melt though
Crystal = orderly repeated 3D Pattern
= Have a regular 3D shape
= Have sides & faces. The angles are characteristic + always same
= Classified into 7 groups
= Differ in terms of angles + edges on each face
= Smallest group of particles to retain its shape  a Unit Cell
3 types of Unit Cells: Simple, Body & Face  all 90o angles
Allotropes = 2 OR more molecular forms of the same element in the same
physical state
Amorphous = lack an ordered internal structure; particles are randomly
arranged
Rhombohedral = 1 of 7 crystal systems
Glasses = transparent fusion products of inorganic substance that have
cooled to a rigid state without crystalizing
Solid: a dense state of matter that has a fixed shape + is not easily
compressed