1202

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Cisco 12000 GSR

Product Update

Session 1202
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 Agenda
Introduction
Product Overview
Architecture
Switch Fabric
Interfaces
Applications
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Projected IP Backbone Bandwidth

Requirements
5000
4500 2 x OC48
POP City-Pair
4000 Bandwidth Requirements
3500

3000
Mbps
2500 OC48
2000
NA-Tier 1
1500 ISP
2 x OC12
1000
OC12
500 NA-Tier 2
ISP
0

Jan ’96 Jan ’97 Jan ’98 Jan ’99

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 IP Transport Alternatives

B-ISDN IP over IP over IP over

ATM SONET/SDH Optical
Multiplexing, Protection, and Management at Every Layer
IP

ATM IP IP

SONET/SDH ATM SONET/SDH IP

Optical Optical Optical Optical

Lower Cost, Complexity, and Overhead

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Agenda
Introduction
Product Overview
Architecture
Switch Fabric
Interfaces
Applications
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 Cisco GSR 12000
IP Backbone Leadership

• High End Routing Product

• Shipping since Oct ‘97
• Two models shipping:
GSR 12008 and GSR 12012
• Carrier-class architecture
• Premier IP-routing software
• Extensively deployed
- over 1,200 units in first year

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Cisco 12008 GSR Product

Highlights
• Crossbar switch fabric architecture
• Switching Capacity
40Gbps
Up to 28Mpps
• 8 slot card cage (7 for interfaces)
• Components:
Switch Fabric Cards (SFC)
Clock and Scheduler Cards (CSC)
Route Processor (RP)
Line Cards (LCs)
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 Cisco 12012 GSR Product
Highlights

• Crossbar switch fabric architecture

• Switching Capacity
60Gbps
Up to 44Mpps

• 12 slot card cage (11 for interfaces)

• Components:
Switch Fabric Cards (SFC)
Clock and Scheduler Cards (CSC)
Route Processor (RP)
Line Cards (LCs)

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Agenda
Introduction
Product Overview
Architecture
Switch Fabric
Interfaces
Applications
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 System Overview
Architecture for Scale & Performance

Line Line
Card 0 Card 7
Switch
Fabric
Line Line
Card 1 Card 8

Scheduler

Line Line
Card 6 Card 10
RP or
RP
LC11

Note: All cards interconnected via M-Bus (not shown)

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Vocabulary

• CEF
CEF: Cisco Express Forwarding (marketing)
• FIB
FIB: Forwarding Information Base (cache)

• RIB
RIB: Routing Information Base (routing table)

• Adjacency
Adjacency: Database containing adjacent
nodes (nexthop devices) with link layer info.

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 Cisco Express Forwarding
Overview

• Scaleable Forwarding Algorithm

-Topology Driven, not cache based
-Runs in “distributed” mode on Line Cards
-Can support over 1 million routes

• Enables “New World” services

-TAG/MPLS & IP-VPN utilize CEF as a
..foundation
foundation

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CEF Based Switching

Forwarding
Route Processor Information Base
00-0e1-00-00-00-00 2/3
Frame Packet Frame Packet

Network 132.86.39.0
Line Cards
Adjacency Table
Routing 00-0e1-00-00-00-00 2/3

Table

• Routing Protocols inject entries into the master routing table

• This information is used to create the CEF Forwarding
Information Base and Adjacency table.
All recursive routes and related Layer 2 adjacencies are resolved
• Any change in the routing table triggers an update to the CEF
tables (FIB and Adjacency)
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 CEF Operation

• CEF Switching is based upon “Longest Prefix Matching”

0
• Binary 32 bit 8+8+8+8 lookup algorithm
• Leaf points to adjacency table
10 10.0.0.0/8 Adjacency ( i.e., Next Hop )

CEF is Topology Driven

171 64 171.64.0.0/16 Adjacency

192 31 200 192.31.200.0/24 Adjacency

255. 255. 255. 255

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dCEF - Scaling Switching Performance

GRP CEF table created

Master from Routing Table
CEF Table downloaded CEF
to each line card Table

Multi
Gigabit
Crossbar

•Line Cards utilize CEF table to autonomously forward packets

•Any change in the Master CEF table triggers an update to all cards
•Switching performance is scaled with the addition of each line card
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 Architected for High Availability

• Dual-route processors
Line
Line Line
Line
• Distributed forwarding Card
Card Card
Card

tables Line Line

Line
Line
Card
Card Card
Card
• Switch fabric redundancy Multigigabit
••• Multigigabit •••
Crossbar
Crossbar
• Redundant power supplies Line
Line
Card
Card
Fabric
Fabric Line
Line
Card
Card

• Redundant cooling Route

Route Route
Route
systems Processor
Processor Processor
Processor

• Maintenance bus Maintenance Bus

Fan/Blower
Fan/Blower Power
Power
• Line card protection System
System Supply
Supply

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GSR 120000 Switch Fabric

Overview

• Crossbar switch fabric

– 8 x 8 in Cisco 12008
– 12 x 12 in Cisco 12012
• Distributed over multiple cards Switch
Fabric
– SFC contains the fabric
– CSC contains the fabric and scheduler
• Scheduler grants bandwidth to the line
cards every clock cycle
Scheduler
• Fabric supports redundancy with no
data loss on switchover
– 3 SFC and 2 CSC provides:
• 1+1 redundancy for scheduler
• 4+1 redundancy for fabric
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 GSR Switch Fabric Architecture

4 x 1.25 Gb/s 4 x 1.25 Gb/s

Control
Control
• Supports high density of and
and
interfaces at OC-48 Line
Line Card
Card Fabric
Fabric Line
Line Card
Card
(CSC)
(CSC)
• Virtual output queues Fabric
Fabric
eliminate “head-of-line (SFC)
(SFC)
blocking” Fabric
Fabric
(SFC)
(SFC)
• Combined scheduling Fabric
Fabric
of unicast and multicast Line
Line Card
Card (SFC)
(SFC) Line
Line Card
Card
traffic (or
(or RP)
RP) (or
(or RP)
RP)
Control
16 x 16
Control
and
Fabric
and
• Hardware assist multicast Fabric
Fabric
packet replication and partial (CSC)
(CSC)
fulfillment

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System Capacity

• Five 1.25Gbps serial lines per slot

• One serial line to each of the fabric Slot
Slot11 CSC
CSC B
B
Slot
Slot22
cards (one for redundant fabric) CSC
CSC A
A
…
• Switching Capacity: Slot
Slotnn SFC
SFC 33

SFC
SFC 22
– Per Slot
SFC
SFC 11
4 x 1.25Gbps/Slot = 5Gbps/slot
– 12008 system capacity
5Gbps/slot x 8 slots = 40Gbps 4 x 1.25 Gbps/Serial Lines/Slot

– 12012 system capacity

5Gbps/slot x 12 slots = 60Gbps

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 Agenda
Introduction
Product Overview
Architecture
Switch Fabric
Interfaces
Applications
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GSR 12000 Interface Overview

OC48/STM-16
OC48/STM-16 PoS
PoS
• Industry leading interface
OC12/STM-4
OC12/STM-4 PoS
PoS breadth
OC3/STM-1
OC3/STM-1 PoS
PoS
OC12/STM-4
OC12/STM-4 ATM
ATM • Optimized for queuing and
OC3/STM-1
OC3/STM-1 ATM
ATM forwarding
CHOC12
CHOC12 to
to DS3
DS3 • Hardware assist for high-
CHOC12
CHOC12 to
to STS3c
STS3c performance switching
Gigabit
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet
• Silicon queuing engine for
QoS
• Multiple Optics

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 Industry Leading Interface
Breadth

Interface Port Density

per Line Card
Packet over SONET/SDH OC48c/STM16c 1
HDLC OC12c/STM4c 1/4
Frame Relay OC3/STM1 4

Channelized OC12 (DS3) 1

Channelized OC12 (STS3c) 1
Channelized STM4 (STM1) 1

ATM OC12c/STM4c 1
ATM OC3/STM1 4

Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet 1

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Line Card Architecture

Physical
Physical Layer
Layer 33 Fabric
Fabric
Layer
Layer
(Optics)
(Optics)
Engine
Engine Interface
Interface • Line cards components
To
To
– Physical Layer (Optics,
RX
RX Fabric
Fabric Framer, SAR, etc.)
– Layer 3 Engine (Router)
CPU
CPU
– Fabric Interface (line card
to/from fabric interface)
From
From
TX
TX Fabric
Fabric – Central Processor (CPU)

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 GSR 12000 Interfaces

Ethernet • Type
ATM
SRP • Features
POS • Applications

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Packet over SONET/SDH

Interfaces
• Cisco was first to market
with PoS interfaces
OC48c/STM-16c
OC48c/STM-16c • Over 20,000 Interfaces
11 port
port
SM-SR
SM-SR
Deployed
OC12c/STM-4c
OC12c/STM-4c SM-LR-2 SM-LR-2
11 or
or 44 port
port
MM
MM
• Offered in a variety of data
OC3c/STM-1c SM-IR
OC3c/STM-1c SM-IR rates
44 port
port
MM
CHOC12
CHOC12 to to DS3
DS3 MM
SM-IR
SM-IR
• Optics Support
11 port
port (12
(12 DS3s)
DS3s) SM-LR
SM-LR
SM-IR
SM-IR

CHOC12
CHOC12 to
to STS3c
STS3c
11 port
port (4
(4 OC3s)
OC3s) Multimode Singlemode
SM-IR
SM-IR OC-3c/STM1 LED-1 (11 dB) IR-1 (16 dB) LR-1 (29 dB)
OC-12c/STM4 LED-1 (6 dB) IR-1 (13 dB)
CH OC12/STM4 IR-1 (13 dB)
OC-48c/STM16 SR-1 (8 dB) LR-2 (26 dB)

Type 1 = 1310 nm Fiber loss at 1310 nm typically 0.40-0.50 dB/km

Type 2 = 1550 nm Fiber loss at 1550 nm typically 0.25-0.35 dB/km

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 PoS Backbone Applications

Connect to tributary interfaces on

SONET/SDH muxes (OC3c/STM1c to
OC48c/STM16c)

Connect to transponders in a WDM system

(typically OC12c/STM4c or
OC48c/STM16c)

Interconnect GSR directly over dark fiber

with regenerators to extend the distance of
LR interfaces (typically OC48c/STM16c)

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PoS Edge Applications

Connect to other routers directly over fiber

(typically OC3c/STM1c)

Connect to other routers via a SONET/SDH

access ring, with multiple tributary connections
between the GSR at the PoP - one for each
(OC3c/STM1c to OC48/STM16c)

Connect to other routers via a SONET/SDH

access ring, channelized interface used to
connect to tributary side to aggregate multiple
sites on to one physical interface (DS3 to
OC3/STM1 on CHOC12/STM4)
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 PoS Intra-PoP Applications

Connect Edge Routers

to Backbone Routers
Backbone within a PoP/Data
Routers
Center
OC3c/STM1c
OC12c/STM4c
Edge OC48c/STM16c
Routers

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Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT)

Interfaces

• Ring-based Packet Transport

Eliminate SONET/SDH equipment
OC12c/STM4c
OC12c/STM4c while retaining benefits
22 port/1
port/1 ring
ring
SM-LR
SM-LR Maximize bandwidth efficiency
OC12c/STM4c
OC12c/STM4c
22 port/1
port/1 ring
ring
• Offered in OC12c/STM4c rates
SM-IR
SM-IR on GSR 12000 & 7500
OC12c/STM4c
OC12c/STM4c
22 port/1
port/1 ring
ring
MM
MM
• Multiple Optics
Multi mode Single mode
Intermediate Reach
Single mode Long Reach

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 SONET/SDH-Based
TDM Transport

• Accepted transport
architecture Provisioned
• Performance monitoring Connections Protection
and self-healing SONET
SONET
ADM
ADM Working
• Expensive and
inefficient for packets SONET/SDH
Ring
Multiple equipment layers SONET
SONET SONET
SONET
ADM
ADM ADM
ADM
Bandwidth inefficiency
SONET
SONET
ADM
ADM

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Ring-Based Packet Transport

• Eliminate SONET/SDH Working BFP

equipment while
retaining benefits
• Maximize bandwidth
efficiency DPT
• Extend rich IP functionality Ring
over metro area
• Minimize provisioning
and configuration
requirements

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 Spatial Reuse Protocol

• New Layer 2 MAC Section

Section Path
Path
Concatenated
Concatenated
technology SRP plus
plus Line
Line Over-
Overhead
Over-
Overhead head
head
Payload
Payload

Spatial Reuse Protocol

Uses SONET/SDH framing MAC
MAC IP
IP Packet
Packet MAC
MAC IP
IP Packet
Packet …
Bandwidth efficient
Fairness (SRP-fa) GSR
GSR
75XX
75XX
Scalable
Fast protection switching 75XX
75XX
DPT-Based
75XX
75XX

and service restoration LAN/MAN/WAN

Multicasting and priority 75XX
75XX
GSR
GSR
• Enables DPT functionality 75XX
75XX

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DPT Enables Transport Flexibility

and Evolution
Dark Fiber

DPT
Ring
SONET
SONET
ADM
ADM

WDM

SONET
SONET SONET
SONET
~
~
~ ~
~
~
ADM
ADM ADM
ADM

SONET
SONET
ADM
ADM
SONET/SDH Ring or • Runs over dark fiber, SONET, or WDM
Linear Point to Point • Enables transport “mix and match”
• Provides efficient evolution path for incumbents
• Provides optimized transport for greenfield builds
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 DPT Features

• Basic packet processing

• Fairness
• Multicasting
• Intelligent Protection
Switching
• Topology discovery
• ARP and routing
• Network management
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Intelligent Protection Switching

Fiber Cut
• Like SONET/SDH, DPT provides GSR
GSR
Proactive performance monitor
and self-healing via ring wrapping
Fast 50-ms restoration
Cisco
Cisco 75XX
75XX
Protection switching hierarchy Cisco
Cisco 75XX
75XX

• Unlike SONET/SDH,
DPT provides
signaling via explicit control messages GSR
GSR
Multilayer awareness and elastic Cisco
Cisco 75XX
75XX

cooperation
differentiated handling by priority Cisco
Cisco 75XX
75XX
enhanced pass-through mode
Fast IP service restoration on large rings Detects Alarms and Events
and Wraps Ring ~50 ms
No dedicated protection bandwidth
and intelligent rehoming after wrap
Minimal configuration and provisioning
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 DPT Application Highlights

Si
GSR

Metro Access Regional GSR Leased

Ring Transport
Lines
Ring GSR

GSR

Dedicated Access
Backbone PoP Ring
Ring
HFC HFC
GSR

GSR
Cable Data Regional
Access Ring Transport Server Access
Ring Ring
GSR

HFC HFC
GSR

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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Interfaces

• Offered in a variety of
data rates
OC12c/STM-4c
OC12c/STM-4c OC3/STM1
11 port
port
OC12/STM4
OC3c/STM-1c
OC3c/STM-1c
44 port
port • Used for aggregation
and backbone
connectivity

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 ATM Applications

ATM
ATM Core
Core

IP
IP Aggregation
Aggregation
• IP is the ‘end’ protocol
IP
IP Edge
Edge

ATM as the core layer • ATM used for:

– interconnecting IP core
– aggregating multiple IP
IP
IP Core
Core
end points into an IP core
ATM
ATM Aggregation
Aggregation

IP
IP Edge
Edge
ATM as the aggregation layer
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ATM Backbone Applications

GSR backbone inter-connected

via VPs/VCs through a
ATM public/private ATM network
OC3c/STM1c
OC12c/STM4c)

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 ATM Aggregation Applications

GSRs and remote routers

IP Core
connect to an ATM network
Remote routers connect to the
GSR via ATM VCs/VPs
ATM UNI ATM UNI
Allows aggregation of multiple
ATM Network remote locations into a single
for Aggregation
router interface
Edge CPE
Router Router

Edge Edge
Router Router
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ATM Intra-PoP Applications

Backbone
Routers
Connect Edge Routers to
ATM switch within a PoP
Connect GSR backbone
routers to ATM switch in the
PoP
Interconnect edge routers to
Edge backbone routers via ATM
Routers
VCs/VPs

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 Ethernet Interfaces

• Gigabit Ethernet
interface available
Gigabit
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet
MM
MM -- SX
SX
SM
SM -- LH
LH
11 port
port
• Used primarily for Intra-
PoP applications

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Gigabit Ethernet Intra-PoP

Applications
Backbone
Routers
Backbone routers connected to
GigE Edge routers or servers using
Switch Gigabit Ethernet interfaces via
an LAN switch
Edge
Routers

Backbone routers connected to

Edge routers or servers directly
Backbone using Gigabit Ethernet
Routers
interfaces

Edge
Routers
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 Optical IP Networks
Sample Architecture

TDM
TDM TDM
TDM
TDM
TDM TDM
TDM

Metro Metro Metro Metro

Backbone
Access Regional Regional Access
Hybrid DPT Rings Point to Point PoS over DPT Rings Hybrid
TDM, Data Dark Fiber SONET/SDH, DWDM, Dark Fiber TDM, Data
Rings using GSR or Dark Fiber using using GSR Rings
using ISR 12000 and GSR 12000 12000 and using ISR
3303 7500 7500 3303
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Agenda
Introduction
Product Overview
Architecture
Switch Fabric
Interfaces
Applications
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 Need for Class of Service

• An interface is offered more load

than it can support for an extended
period of time causing the transmit
OC12/ queues to grow
STM4
GE
• Back pressure, is applied on on
ingress queues/ports
OC3/STM1
OC12/ GE
• If load persists, traffic could be
STM4 dropped at ingress
• Therefore what is needed is an
efficient mechanism for classifying
incoming traffic and giving it
different emission priorities
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Class of Service Features

• Admission Control
Access Lists (ACL), Extended ACL (EACL)
• Packet Classification/Rate Limiting
Committed Access Rate
• Congestion Avoidance
Random Early Detection (RED)
Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED)
• Queue Scheduling
Deficit Round Robin (DRR)
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 QoS/CoS - Edge vs. Core

W-RED / M-DRR

CPE CPE
OC3/STM1
OC48/STM16

(X)ACL / CAR / W-RED (X)ACL / CAR / W-RED

•Separate QoS Mechanisms for Edge and Core

•Admission Control (X-ACL) and Traffic Classification (CAR) at the
.Edge of the network
•Congestion Management (W-RED) and Traffic Class Prioritization
.(M-DRR) in the Core
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Committed Access Rate (CAR)

CAR Engine
Ingress 155Mb/s Pipe
Rate - Limited to 100Mb/s

VoIP HTTP FTP VoIP HTTP FTP

VoIP 1st Class

HTTP 2nd Class
Separate “Conform” and FTP 3rd Class
“Exceed” Actions

• ‘Rule Based’ Engine

• CoS Packet Classification (Set-ToS) Based on Flexible Rules
• IP Precedence / IP Access List / Incoming Interface / MAC Address
• Rate Limiting Functionality
• Generally Deployed at the Network Edge

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 RED Implements A Congestion
Avoidance Mechanism

Queue
Queue • If average queue length is less
RED than min queue threshold, no
packets are dropped
• If average queue length is above
max queue threshold, all packets
Drop are dropped
Probability
• When average queue length is
between the min and max,
probability of dropping the
packet is calculated as follows
wq = wq*(1-weight) + weight*(current queue depth)
min max
where weight = (1/(2^ext-weight))
Average Queue Depth

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WRED Extends Functionality of

RED to IP Precedence

ToS
ToS Incoming IP Packet

IP Precedence
• IP precedence bits are in the Type
A of Service (ToS) field in the IP
B header
Queue
Queue
C • Designated to define the relative
importance or priority of the
packet
Drop • WRED uses the configured
Probability
values to classify packets into
different Classes of Service
(COS)

C B A
min max
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 DRR Provides Emission Priority

Strict Priority

• IP packets are mapped into

different Class of Service (CoS)
.. queues based on precedence
bits
• Queues are serviced in round
Alternate Priority robin fashion except for one
• This one queue can be
configured to be in either one of
.. two modes:
Strict Priority Mode
Alternate Priority Mode
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GSR Class of Service

Putting it all together

W-RED Queue DRR

CAR
IP Traffic ToS Written
VoIP HTTP FTP
VoIP HTTP FTP

Packets are:
Colored (ToS Set) at Ingress
Classified and Potentially Discarded by W-RED (Congestion Mgmt)
Assigned to the Appropriate Outgoing Queue
Scheduled for Transmission by DRR

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 Thank You

1202
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Please Complete Your

Evaluation Form
Session 1202

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