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Agriculture and Water Scarcity
Irrigation and Water Scarcity • Agriculture is the largest user of freshwater. At present,
70% of the total fresh water in the world is used to
provide food, natural fibers and employment to billions
of rural dwellers
• At the end of 20th century,
century an estimated 26 countries
with a population of more than 300 million people suffer
from water scarcity. Projections for the year 2050 show
that 66 countries with about two thirds of the world
population will face moderate to severe water scarcity
Budi Wignyosukarto • The finite supply of water can be augmented by
Faculty of Engineering Gadjah Mada University reducing consumption, and recycling and reusing waste
water
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SURFACE WATER DEMAND BY
Dry Season Water Balance
ISLAND IN INDONESIA
No Island Availability Need (Billion m3)
(Billion m3)
2003 Balance 2020 Balance
1. Sumatera 96,2 11,6 Surplus 13,3 Surplus
2. Jawa-bali
Jawa bali 25,3 38,4 Deficit 44,1 Deficit
3. Kalimantan 167,0 2,9 Surplus 3,5 Surplus
4. Nusa Tenggara 4,2 4,3 Deficit 4,7 Deficit
5. Sulawesi 14,4 9,0 Surplus 9,7 Surplus
6. Maluku 12,4 0,1 Surplus 0,1 Surplus
7. Papua 163,6 0,1 Surplus 0,2 Surplus
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Nine of the top‐ten rice‐producing
Rice is the staple food
countries are in Asia
• Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for more than three billion people, • Rice is the dominant crop in Asia where, in many countries, it covers
over half the world’s population. It provides 27% of dietary energy and half of the arable land used for agriculture (Cantrell and Hettel,
20% of dietary protein in the developing world. 2004).
• Rice is cultivated in at least 114, mostly developing, countries and is the • The Asian continent, host to 56% of humanity including 70% of the
primary source of income and employment for more than 100 million
households in Asia and Africa (FAO, 2004). Of the 840 million people
world’s 1.3 billion poor people, produces and consumes around
suffering from chronic hunger, over 50% live in areas dependent on rice
ff i f h i h 50% li i d d t i 92% of the world’ss rice (Papademetriou, 1999).
92% of the world rice (Papademetriou, 1999).
production. • Nine of the top‐ten rice‐producing countries in 2003, namely, China,
• About 80% of the world’s rice is produced on small farms, primarily to India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, the
meet family needs, and poor rural farmers account for 80% of all rice Philippines, and Japan are in Asia.
producers (FAO, 2004). • China and India combined account for more than half of the world’s
• Less than 7% of the world’s rice production is traded internationally rice area, and, along with Indonesia, consume more than three‐
(Maclean et al., 2002) and with this small marketable surplus, prices fourths of the global rice production (Hossain, 1997; Maclean et al.,
fluctuate widely with droughts, floods, and typhoons (Hossain, 1997). 2002).
Irrigation Water is important
Rice Cultivation is a tradition Farmer
Welfare
• In addition to being the world’s most popular staple—
cultivated for more than 10,000 years—rice provides a symbol
of global unity and cultural identity for many countries where
its cultivation is intertwined with religious observances, Employment Food
Security
, , ,
festivals, customs, folklore, and other traditions. Agriculture
• The United Nations launched the International Year of Rice in
2004 with the theme Rice is Life, the first time a year has been
dedicated to a single crop, to underscore the enormous
implications of rice for human nutrition, global food security,
and alleviation of poverty (FAO, 2004). Irrigation
Water
Harvested Area, Yield Rate and
Production of Paddy in Indonesia
Production
Harvested Area Yield Rate Production
Year (Ha) (Qu/Ha) (Ton)
Growth
(%)
“Poor people in Asia can live without
many things in life,
2000 11 793 475
11,793,475 44 01
44.01 51 898 852
51,898,852 2 03
2.03 but they cannot live without rice
rice.”
2001 11,499,997 43.88 50,460,782 -2.77
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Rice cultivation and Water Scarcity
• Rice is a moisture‐hungry crop. Increased rice production
also led to substantial
• It consumes twice the water needed to grow corn or wheat.
• Producing 1 kg of rice requires from 3,000 to 5,000 L of water (Cantrell and
savings in foreign
Hettel, 2004).
• In Asia, 90% of the total diverted freshwater is used for irrigated
exchange that
g , , g ( , )
agriculture and, of this, 50% is used to grow rice (IRRI, 2001).
• By 2025, however, a “physical water scarcity” is expected in Asia’s more
Water Requirement
Future: Rice Farmers’ Concerns Rice Field and Domestic Use
• Declining profit due to falling rice price and rising
cost (inputs, wages, credit)
• Less land & water • 1 liter/sec/ha for rice fields
• Crop failures due to adverse weather • 1 liter/sec for domestic use of 1000 peoples.
/ p p
• Inefficient or overuse of inputs
(100 liter/kapita/day)
• Drudgery in farming
• Inadequate access to information
• Mounting debt burden, lack of credit
• Competition among Water User (Agriculture,
Domestic Use and Industry)
Water Management: Critical Global Warming & Climate Change
Farmer participatory water‐saving 1. New rice varieties tolerant to higher night temp.
irrigation
2. Salinity-tolerant rice varieties
Rainwater harvesting
3 Alternate
3. Al crops ffor drought
d h conditions
di i
River water sharing and rational use
Waste water management
Biosaline agriculture: use of saline
water for agriculture (Middle East)
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4000
• 1 litre of milk needs 800 litres of water.
3000 1515
• 1 kg of wheat needs 1100 litres of water
1 kg of wheat needs 1100 litres of water.
Lite
2000
421
• 1 kg of rice needs 2300 litres of water. 89 219 251 1000
1000
1000 303
67 132 135 204
• 1 kg maize needs 900 litres of water.
0
potatoes beans wheat rice poultry beef
Source: UNESCO-IHE - Water Footprint
Based on California crop yields and water productivity. Source: Renault and Wallender (2000)
Water Efficient Irrigation Net irrigation water uses under different
(China case) irrigation regimes in 1998 (Zhejiang)
• Combining shallow water depth with wetting and • TRI = Traditional Irrigation
drying (SWD), Shallow water depth: 10‐60 mm water depth on the • SWD = Shallow water depth with wetting and drying
surface of soil. Wet: the upper limit of field water is 10 mm water depth and the • SDC = Semi‐dry‐cultivation
lower limit is that the soil moisture content in root zone is equal to 80% of the
saturated moisture content (SMC). Dry: The soil moisture content in root zone is
lower then 80% of SMC.
• Alternate wetting and drying (AWD), that paddy field is
intermittently submerged and no water depth during the beginning of tillering to
the end of milk ripening stage and the standards of water control are similar to
SWD for other stages.
• Semi‐dry cultivation (SDC) , the water depth is maintained only in
the revival of green or revival of green to the middle stage of tillering. There is no
water depth on paddy field in the other stages in entire growing season. SDC have
been adopted in some irrigation districts in the East and South China.
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Thank You