Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
SOCIAL SCIENCE
(Revised Textbook)
PART - II
9
TH
STANDARD
I
CONTENTS
Sl. Page No
No.
SOCIOLOGY
1. FAMILY 1
2. SOCIALIZATION 7
3. SOCIAL CHANGE 12
4. COMMUNITY 16
GEOGRAPHY
1. OUR STATE - KARNATAKA 26
7. TRANSPORT 66
8. INDUSTRIES OF KARNATAKA 73
9. MAJOR TOURIST CENTERS OF KARNATAKA 81
10. POPULATION OF KARNATAKA 86
ECONOMICS
1. NATURAL RESOURCES 90
BUSINESS STUDIES
1. MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS 127
2. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 133
II
sociology
Chapter - 1
Family
In this chapter you learn :
• Meaning of family
• Characteristics of family
• Types of family
• Characteristics of joint family
Family
Man has formed many social institutions to fulfill his basic needs.
Among these institutions family is the most important one Though family
is a small institution, it is the basic institution of the society. All the
activities of the society are conducted on the basis of the family. The
members of the family are the members of the social institutions also.
By understanding the meaning and characteristics of the family we can
comprehend the meaning of it.
The word family is derived from the Latin word ‘famulus’ which means
‘to serve’. By this we can come to know that there were also other members
along with father- mother and children in ancient families. Today the
other members are not the family members. Now, families which have
no children but have only the father and mother; and families that have
adopted children are also there.
The relationship of the family members is determined by kinship. The
family includes marriage, kinship or adoption. These members live under
in the same house. According to their status, husband-wife, father-mother,
son-daughter, brother-sister, perform their role to create culture. Family
means ‘the living together of husband and wife with children or without
children for a long time’. The main base of a family is the kinship and
the emotions related to it. The family apart from nurturing children and
procreation, involves itself in the process of socialization of its members so
that they can be part of the larger society. It means that the family directs
the social behaviour, dressing, rituals and other issues of its members.
Characteristics of family: By understanding the characteristics of
family we can comprehend the importance of family.
1
1. Family is universal : Though it varies in accordance to specific
geographical nature and time period, the family is found in all societies.
Usually, the families follow a fixed pattern in issues like marriage,
nurturing, kinships and property rights. Generally the members
who belong to a particular family reside in the same place or share
the same roof.
2. It is the basic unit for all social activities: Every activities of
social institutions start from the family. The political, economical,
educational and several other activities of the society begin from the
family. During earlier times, the family was sending its members to
participate in the important activities of the local community. Now,
due to the increased complexity of the social life, many functions of
the family has been assigned to various other social institutions.
3. Continuous responsibility and social accountability: Family
teaches its members how to behave and how to discharge the specific
responsibilities. It trains its children on how to live harmoniously
with the neighbors. Along with this, it also educates about few social
responsibilities. For example: It educates on how to keep the drinking
water sources clean.
4. Bringing up and Nurturing: The family creates the basic rights and
responsibilities with regard to children. And it also protects them.
It creates the way to nurture and bring up the children and makes
them literate. It is the duty of the family to take care of elders during
their old age.
5. Teaches social behavior : The Childhood and adolescence are very
important stages in the process of socialization. A child learns its
mother tongue in the family. It understands the social life around it
through the mastered mother tongue. Children develop as per the
social situation around the family. The family teaches the children
about the ways of interacting with elders and the peer group. This
means, the social behaviour, its demands and taboos, indirectly
control the children. The family teaches behaviours like friendship,
freedom and security during childhood, adolescence, adulthood and
old age.
2
6. It instructs the tradition: Family includes several generations. It
introduces the kinship. It outlines the relationship between grand
father-grand mother, father-mother and siblings. It teaches that
grand parents make the first generation, the parents form the second
generation and the children form the third generation. Like this, it
teaches the basics of tradition.
1. The family of father-mother and children is called as second
generation family
2. The family that includes grand parents, parents and children is
called as the family of third generations.
3. A family that has grand parents, parents, children and grand
children is called as ‘Extended family’.
Types of family
There are many specific traditions in families based on their geographical
positions and communities. The sociologists and the anthropologists have
defined the types of family on the basis of the structure of the family. As it
already mentioned, the family is recognized on the basis of the generation.
For the children who are born into a family of husband and wife, that family
becomes the center of their existence. A family that has more generations
living together is called as a Joint Family.
There are three types of families with the following nature:
1. Family based on kinship.
2. Family based on the residence of the spouse- Matrilocal residence,
Patrilocal residence.
3. On the basis nature of authority family is classified as Matriarchal
and Patriarchal family. On the basis of ancestry or decent, family
is also classified as Matrilineal and Patrilineal family.
1) Matriarchal family: In matriarchal family the right of the property
and successorship belongs to the woman. The rights of the property
passes on from the mother to daughter. Matriarchy is practiced among
some communities in the coastal areas of Karnataka. It is found among
the ‘Nayars’ of Kerala and among some tribes in North East. In Nutshell,
Matriarchy means mother centered family system, rights of the property
belongs to the woman and the herediatry rights pass on to daughter from
the mother.
3
2) Patriarchal family: In patriarchal family father is the head of
the family. The property and other rights are centered around men.
In Patriarchal family married women live in the residence of their
husband. In this family system the eldest son has the prominent role
in religious ceremony. The Patriarchal families were present in the ancient
societies of Greece, Rome, India and China. They are present now also.
3) Modern Nuclear Family: Based on the structure and the
generations live together, families are divided as ‘nuclear family’, ‘joint
family’, and ‘extended family’. Family that consists of father-mother and
their unmarried children as members is called as nuclear family. The
nuclear families have increased in modern society. Individuality, focus on
individual achievement, concept of individual happiness, change in value
system with regard to rights of property, progress in the areas of science
and technology, rapid urbanization, democratic values and concept of
equality and many other things have contributed to the rise of nuclear
families. The following are the salient features of nuclear families:
1. Small in size
2. Simple social control
3. More freedom to the members
4. Favours modern technology.
5. Complexity
Joint Family: It normally consists
of grandfather, grandmother, their
children and their grand children
and great grand children and in
some situation the members belong
to extended two generations. They
all share food prepared in the same Joint family
kitchen The whole family has the
same kind of religious ceremony. It generally consists a group of blood
relatives.
4
Characteristics of Joint Family:
1) Large in size: Members are more in the joint family because
it consists of people of two or more generations under the same
roof. So it is large in size.
2) Co-ordination and co Activity;
Do yourself :
operation: The members of Prepare a family tree of
the joint family co-operate in your family beginning with
all activities of the day to day your great grand father.
Discuss with the elders of the
life. Though the eldest member
family to collect the details.
supervises the family as a head,
he takes some decisions by discussing with other members of
the family We can see the participation of all the members in all
ceremonies and activities. The division of work is based on the
age, sex and difficulty level of the work.
3) Residence and kitchen: Members of the joint family normally
reside together under the same roof. Though the members reside
separately for various reasons (profession, work, education) they
continue to associate with the main family in various religious
rituals, festivals and practices. Members eat the food prepared in
the same kitchen.
4) Religion: Members of the joint family believe in the same religion
and practice. Their worship and religious belief are common in
nature.
5) Self sufficient unit: Joint family is a self sufficient unit. It
satisfies all the needs of family members.
6) Structure of authority: The senior members of the joint family
are entrusted with the authority and responsibility. The handing
over of authority is based on the seniority in the family.
5
Activity:-
Collect information about the joint family of your grand father from your
father. Ask about the total number of members (Male and Female) and the duties
and responsibilities discharged by the members and write down them.
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. The word family is derived from the Latin word _______________ .
2. The cell of the society is ________________.
3. If the father is the head of the family, that family is called as
_____________ .
4. Among the Nayars of Kerala ________________ family is found.
II. Answer the following.
1. How does the family become a social unit?
2. Mention the types of family.
3. What is a joint family?
4. What is a nuclear family?
5. What are the characteristics of a family?
6. Discuss the role of family in individual’s social development
stages.
7. Explain the characteristics of a joint family.
8. What are the reasons for the increase of nuclear families in the
present days?
III. Activity:
1. Discuss the merits-demerits of joint family and nuclear family.
2. Visit a tribal community to know about the family system of
tribes.
IV. Assignment:
1. Collect more information about Matrilocal and Patrilocal family.
2. Prepare a family tree of your family beginning from your great
grand father.
6
Chapter - 2
SOCIALIZATION
In this chapter you learn :
• Meaning of the socialization
• Functions of socialization.
• Agencies of socialization
• Gander and socialization
Meaning of Socialization
Society exists due to the social life of people. Human being is a social
animal. At birth human being is just a living thing or an animal, then he
transforms into a social being. Child starts to learn the social behaviour
form its childhood. The process of learning social behaviour and the
process of becoming social being is called socialization. The moment the
child gets the power of thinking and talking, it will make contact with the
people living in the society. It tries to communicate non-verbally and tries
to imitate the others. Like this, it is influenced by the social environment.
The human being and his social dependency is seen in this process.
Socialization is a process in which all the members of the society
live in accordance to their duties and responsibilities. Socialization is a
continuous process of social action which starts from birth.
The basic instincts of human beings come under the influence of
socialization and are shaped in accordance to the social environment
and situations. Human beings become social beings by adopting social
behaviours. This is called Socialization.
Functions of socialization
1. Converts human being into social being.
2. Provides the scope of adopting, imitating and learning of many
skills.
3. Develops the social relationship and provide commitment and
support to the social system.
4. Helps the development of personality.
5. Helps the continuity of tradition.
7
Agencies of socialization :
There are two major aspects that influence the process of socialization.
Age, experience and the influence of the elders is the first one. The
influence of the peer group is the second aspect. The first group includes
father, mother, elders and teachers. The second group includes friends
and same age people. Based on these, the following can be identified as
the agencies of socialization.
8
4) School: The role of school is very crucial in the socialization
process. In schools the child is not
only influenced by the teachers
but also by its friends and
classmates. The social behaviour,
knowledge and experience of the
child are moulded by the
education. Subconscious capacity
of the children is also developed.
School will extend his/her life and
make them ready for social life. The
role of teacher in the socialization process of the child is very crucial.
Various positive aspects that find expression in teachers like good
behaviors, equality and good will get reflected in the children as well. This
enables children develop love, cooperation, tolerance, co-living, mutual
respect and other various values in their life. Apart from this, teachers
need to motivate children to take part in various co-curricular and extra
curricular activities.
5) Mass Media: In modern world, the Think yourself
social media also works as the important Make a list of your roles
agency of socialization. The mass performed by you as girl/
media such as radio, television, movies/ boy in your school from
films, newspapers, magazines utilize Socialization point of view.
literature extensively. Human beings are
deeply influenced by advertisements, radio programs, stories, novels,
Television serials, dance drama, music, posters and important statements
by popular persons. News, quiz, introductory talks, discussion, programs
introducing various important places and others help the viewers to
develop good personality. Similarly programs of academic interest
facilitate better social behavior among people.
6) Neighbourhood: Neighbourhood are the families which reside
close to your family. This is a small community having the characteristics
of large community. Neighbourhood is small in size. Here the people are
related to each other. People help each other in many ways. The influence
of neighbourhood is found both in rural and urban communities. The
people of neighbourhood live like the members of the same family
9
by sharing their happiness and sorrows. Neighbourhood people help
each other in festival, fair, marriage, religious rituals and other
programmes. Neighbourhood relationship is much stronger in rural
communities than in urban communities.
Gender and Socialization
We already know that socialization is very essential for all the human
beings. The socialization process is not same in all the families. The
customs, rituals, educational level, desires, tastes, needs etc., of the
parents influence the socialization process. Because of this the parents
teach variously about values, customs and practices knowingly or
unknowingly to their children in the process of socialization. For example,
we can find difference in the reaction of the parents when the boy child
comes home late after playing and when a girl child comes late. Usually
the parents just welcome the boy without asking anything but with the
girl they cautiously warn her for coming late. Specially in India, the
parents expect a girl should help their family in kitchen and in other
services. But they don’t expect this from their son. In the same way, they
provide cricket bat to the son whereas dolls to their daughter. Like this
the process of socialization generally differs on the basis of their gender.
This is called as differential socialization.
In today’s modern complex society, the
Activity:
status of women is prominently changing. It
Collect the photographs
changes from country to country and time
of women who have done
to time. The nationalist and democratic
special achivements.
perspectives, new economic policies along
with modern education have liberated
modern women from dependency in present India.
Now the women are also getting some rights which were exclusively
meant for men only. Now the women are also getting job opportunities
in mining, steel factories and in many other fields like medical,
law and research at university levels, factories, army, manufacturing
of war equipments etc. The socialization process is important from the
view of equality and equal opportunity. The implementation of equality
concept after Independence and the efforts by governments for the
education of girls have brought in many changes. The development of
urban areas and economy along with the changes in social perceptions
have contributed a lot towards achieving gender equality.
10
ExerciseS
III. Activity
IV. Assignment
11
CHAPTER - 3
Social change
In this chapter you learn :
13
are based on giving and taking. This is called cooperation. There are
two types in cooperation 1. Direct cooperation 2. Indirect cooperation.
This can be explained like this: In school when a child learns, the teacher
who is teaching in the class is cooperating directly in the learning process.
The other members of the school like headmaster, other teachers, mid
day meals cook, and cleaning staff are indirectly cooperating in the
learning process. With the help of these cooperations, the school
contributes positively for the community by brining in many changes.
Learning provides the lesson of coexistence to all.
Coexistence: Coexistence is the most
Activity:
important element for the existence and
Collect information
development of the human society. Like our
from your family members
constitution, coexistence has the secular,
and neighbours about the
socialist and democratic intention. It means
importance of cooperation
all should have equal opportunity,
and coexistence.
independent, social, economical, political and
justifiable life. In order to understand this, we can look at Article 14 of
constitution says “all are equal before law”. It is related to equality with
reference to caste, religion, race, gender, region and other aspects. It says
no one should be discriminated in any name. Coexistence is need in a
country like India to achieve Unity in Diversity. If Indians who have
innumerable castes, religions, languages and culture could achieve
coexistence, it becomes an ideal to the world in general. A conflict less
society supports peace and non violence. With this, one can think all
are one.
Competition: Competition began along
Activity:
with the human evolution. While presenting
Make a list of competi-
his evolutionary theory, Darwin said, “The
tions that can be organized
evolution of life takes place on the basis of
without affecting the well
conflict and competition. As the competition
being of the society.
increases, only the fittest beings survive
and weak beings perish”. We all know that there is competition among
birds and insects for food. Similar type of competition is found among the
human beings as well. A natural competition will never have groupism
and favoritism. But, these days competition is becoming increasingly
inhuman. This leads to conflicts in society. Hence, we need to formulate
14
rules of the competition in a healthy way. Competitions with rules and
without rules affect the society in both positive and negative way. The
Globalised economy is pushing people to earn more at the cost of health,
in the name of competition. This has changed the attitude of human life
totally.
ExerciseS
III. Activity
1. Organize a debate on advantages-disadvantages of conflict.
2. Arrange a debate and essay competition in school on the impor-
tance of coexistence.
IV. Assignment
1. Collect more information on social change.
2. Visit the nearby cooperative society.
15
CHAPTER - 4
Community
In this chapter you learn :
• Meaning of Community
• Nomadic community and its characteristics.
• Tribal Community and its characteristics.
• Rural community and its characteristics.
• Urban community and its characteristics.
Meaning of Community
A group of three or more people living in a particular geographic area
with common rules, regulations, values and common identity is called
community. Community is called a social unit.
All communities produce and supply the goods needed for
the human beings within the territory. This means the community is
dependent on various professions of its members for its production, and
has unique food production and consumption pattern, and has way of
fulfilling its various basic needs like water, shelter and other aspects.
Based on the social life, professional features, cultural life, beliefs,
economic system and population, the communities are divided into four
major types: They are: Nomadic, Tribal, Rural and Urban.
Nomadic community
Encyclopedia Britanica says ‘Nomadism is the way of life’. Nomadic
community is a group of people who wander from place to place according
to the season for the purpose of hunting and food gathering, animal
husbandry and trade. This wandering is different from migration process.
Nomadism is called Sanchari in Hindi, Pokkan in Tamil, Tenduli in Tulu,
Tirugubothu in Telugu, Tenti in Malayalam, Nomas in Latin and Nomad
in English. Along with this nomadism is also called as Uchalya, Gipsy
and in many other names.
Characteristics of Tribes
1. Simple and self content.
2. Worship of nature.
3. Loyal to the community and importance to unity.
4. Equality and independence to women.
5. Endogamous marriages.
6. Unique and different mother tongue.
7. Living in natural environment.
8. Economic system based on hunting and gathering of minor forest
produces and sporadic agriculture.
Rural community
In regional languages there are many names for rural community.
Example: Halli, Ooru, Keda, Gavu, etc. India is called as the land
of villages and agriculture. In ancient literature of India, there are
abundant explanations on the system of administration in rural places.
Bogardas opines that human society evolved in the Cradle called village.
Though village is an ancient entity, it is difficult to define in proper way.
According to Bogardas “Village community is the union of small population
simple and low expenditure life with primary relationships”.
Today the population is the universal yardstick used to recognize
village or rural community. In Holland the area consisting of less than
20,000 people is considered as rural community. In America 25,000, in
France and Japan area less than 30,000 population is called as rural
community. In India the area less than 5,000 population is called as
rural community. But there are some other sub clauses added to this.
Since the last five census, occupation, life style, economic life, income
source, basic infrastructure along with population are also used to define
the rural area.
19
On demographic background the rural community is defined
as: Area consisting of less than 5000 population, population
density is less than 400 per sq. km, 70% or more people depend on
agriculture and agriculture based occupations. Some sociologists
argue that defining rural communities based population is incorrect. It
is important to consider the one to one relationship while defining rural
community.
Structure of rural community
Village is different from urban community in social and cultural
aspects. Village can be easily defined as the area consisting of the families
who mainly depend on agriculture and agriculture based occupations for
their livelihood. Apart from families that depend solely on agriculture,
many families would be depending on rearing animals like ox, cow,
sheep, goat, hen and other domestic animals. In nutshell, the physical
characteristic of village is agriculture and agriculture based occupations.
Issues like population, density of population, occupation, geographical
features, water, soil , availability of basic infrastructures and the influence
of seasons are considered while defining a rural community.
Types of village
Villages are mainly classified into three types :
1. Centralized villages: The main characteristics of this type of
village is houses are located in the farm land. The
houses remain closer to each other. The size of the
village increases as the people in agriculture increase.
2. Villages with independent households and farms: This type of
villages are found in coastal region and in irrigated areas of
Raichur district of Karnataka. Here a family of farmer lives
away from other farmer families. The house is surrounded by
cattle shed, agricultural equipments, fodder for cattle, etc.
3. Scattered group villages: This type of villages are located in hilly
areas and in uplands districts of Karnataka. In this type, a group
of families live away from other group of families. For example, a
group of families may be located on a hill and another may below
the hill. Such type of villages are called as scattered group villages.
20
4. Village of line houses: In these villages families are located on
both the sides of the road. Here one house is attached to other.
A wall divides one house from another. All the houses look like
extension of the same building.
5. Circle Shaped villages: These villages are also called as round
shaped villages. Here houses would present around a temple,
Majid, Church or tank in a round shape settlement.
6. Square shaped villages: These villages are same as line
villages. Here the houses are placed in parallel and horizontal to
each other.
7. Converged road
villages or market
villages: Families
which are based on
non-agricultural
occupations are
found here. Houses
are located in those
areas where two or
more roads converge
at a point. Shops and
hotels are attached
to the houses. These
villages are named as Junction, Kaimara, Kodu etc. The above
classification is an incomplete one. A few villages cannot be
grouped under the above classification. The changes that are
taking in villages due to science and technology have changed
the Structure of villages.
Urban community
Urban community is as old as human history. The changes in the
structure and function of production from time to time have transformed
the nature of urban communities. The urban centers have enlarged in
large proportion since the time of Harappa and Mahejodharo civilization.
Hence, urban places have unique place in human history. They have
played a prominent place in shaping not only the human civilization but
also the life style of human beings.
The industrial revolution has changed the nature of urban
communities. The revolutions in technology always influences the
22
industrial revolution. The process of industrialization has played an
important role in urbanization. During Industrialization, people from
rural communities have migrated to urban centres in large numbers.
Small town later became huge cities. The excess production in agriculture
led to the growth of non agricultural activities. The excess production led
to expansion construction activities like building huge buildings. It also
led to the establishment of huge industries and commerce and trade.
This process clearly marked the difference between rural and Urban
communities.
Urban places are called the modern settlements of human beings.
Though urban life is considered as the most developed human living, it is
equally complex. From the administrative perspective, if the government
accords a particular place the status of city, it becomes an urban center.
Usually, a place that has a population of more than five thousand and
a density of one thousand people per square kilometer and where more
than 75% population is engaged in non-agriculture production, then it is
called as Urban centre. From a demographic view, a place that has more
population and population density is called as Urban centre.
The process of urbanization happens from time to time in human
society. Now the number of urban residents is increasing due to various
reasons. Urbanization is a process wherein a the society becomes
increasingly urban in its structure. The process of urbanization hastened
with increase in industrialization. Hence, the process of urbanization is
visible in all most all the countries of the world.
23
2. Cultural diversity: We can see large cultural diversity in cities.
Because, people from different regions and of various languages
reside at same place. Hence, their life operates at different cultural,
religious and social levels.
3. Non-agricultural jobs: More number of people are engaged in non
agricultural occupations. They are engaged in industrial works,
commerce and trade, professions and administrative services.
4. Non importance of primary relationships: Formal relationships
are more in urban communities. No one cares for the other more.
They restrict their attention to themselves and to their families.
5. Formal social control: The urban centers have various
institutions like police, judiciary and other civic services needed
to ensure social security and protection of basic civic rights of the
citizens.
ExerciseS
24
III. Activity
IV. Assignment
25
GEOGRAPHY
Chapter - 1
26
year on 1stNovember. In 1973, in response to the wishes of Kannadigas,
our State was renamed as Karnataka.
Geographical Location
Karnataka is one of the 29 States of India. It is situated in
the Southern part of India, in the Western Central area of the
peninsular region. It extends from 11 -31 יNorth to 18 -45 יNorth
0 0
Karnataka
Jammu and in
Kashmir INDIA
Himachal
Pradesh
Punjab
Uttarkhand
na
hal
nac sh
ya
Sikkim u
ar
r
A ade
Dehli
H
Pr
Rajasthan Uttar
Pradesh Assam Nagaland
ar Meghalaya
Bih Manipura
nd
kha Tripura
Gujarat Jar Mizoram
l
West
Benga
Madhyapradesh
h
gar
ttis
Maharashtra Odisha
Cha
ana
Arabian Sea
ang
Tel Bay of Bengal
a
ak
Goa
at
hra
rn
Anddesh
Ka
Pra
Andaman and
Tamil
rala
Nicobar islands
Laksha Nadu
Ke
Dweep
islands
Indian Ocean Indira Point
27
latitude and 740-12 יEast to 780-40 יEast longitude. Its length is
750km., stretching from Aurad taluk in Bidar district in the
northern-most tip of the State to Chamarajnagar district in the South.
Karnataka
Districts and District Headquarters
Kalaburagi
Telangana
Vijayapura
Belagavi
Ballari
Andhra pradesha
Shivamogga
u
alur
ag Tumakuru
kam
Chik Bengaluru
Bengaluru
Mysuru
28
Its width is 400 km. from the West to East. Karwar in Uttar
Kannada district is at the Western end whereas Mulbagal taluk in
Kolar district is at the Eastern end. Karnataka state has both land
and water frontiers too. The Arabian Sea in the West, states of
Maharashtra in the North, Andhra Pradesh in the East, Tamil Nadu
in the South and South-East, Kerala in the South-West, and Goa in
the North-West form its frontiers. The shape of Karnataka resembles
a cashewnut.
Size
Know this:
Karnataka stretches over an area Bidar, Raichur, Kalaburagi,
of 1,91,791 sq.kms. It is India’s eighth Koppal, Yadgir and Ballari
largest state with regard to area, and districts of Hyderabad, Karnataka,
according to the 2011 census, it has are provided a special status by
the ninth position, with a population the central Government.
of 6,11,30,704. Karnataka occupies
5.83 % of India’s geographical area.
At present, there are 30 districts in our State. These districts
comprises 176 taluks, 747 hoblies, 347 towns and cities and 27,481
villages. Belagavi district is the largest in size, and Bengaluru Urban
district is the smallest. Bengaluru is the capital of Karnataka. The State
has been divided into four divisions for administrative convenience. They
are : Bengaluru, Mysuru, Belagavi and Kalaburagi
EXERCISES
29
II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions:
1. Give the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of Karnataka.
2. Name karnataka’s neighbouring states.
3. Which are the four administrative divisions of Karnataka?
4. Explain the geographical location of Karnataka in India.
III. Activities:
1. Draw an outline map of Karnataka, mark and name its districts
and also indicate the latitudinal and longitudinal positions.
30
CHAPTER – 2
31
of the prominent beaches are Panambur, Ullal and Someswara
beaches near Mangaluru, Malpe near Udupi, Karwar in the north,
Murdeshwar near Honnavar, Maravanthe and Om beach near Gokarna.
There are some small islands located near the sea-coast. Among them are
St. Mary’s Island (Coconut Island), Know this?
near Malpe, Anja near Karwar and ∙ The New Mangaluru Port
Devgadh, Kanjigudda islands are is called ‘The Gateway to
notable. The main occupation of the Karnataka’.
people near the coast is fishing.
∙ St.Mary’s Island is referred
Agriculture is also another important
locally as ‘Tonsepaar’.
occupation. Crops like cashew,
coconut, arecanut, cardamom and ∙ There is a Netrani island
paddy are grown here. Dakshina near Murudeswara and it
Kannada, Udupi and Uttarakannada has plenty of pigeon. So
are the coastal districts of Karnataka. it is known as ‘pigeon is-
land’.
34
the Northern maidan and slopes towards the East. There are many
hills. They are, Chitradurga hills, Narayana durga, Savanadurga
and Shivaganga in Bengaluru rural district, Madhugiri hill in
Tumakuru district is the biggest ‘monolith hill’ in Asia, Nandi hills,
Chennakeshava hill, Kavaledurga and Skandagiri hill (Harihareswara
hill) in Chikkaballapura district, Adichunchanagiri hills in Mandya
district, Biligirirangana hill, Malemadeswara hill, Himad gopalaswamy
hills in Chamarajanagar district, Chamundi hill in Mysuru district are
prominent.This area is in the rain-shadow of the Western Ghats. The
Cauvery, Palar and Pennar are the important rivers flowing through
this region. Ragi, paddy, sugarcane, groundnut, mulberry, vegetables, a
variety of fruits and flowers are the main crops grown here. Davanagere,
Chitradurga, Tumakuru, Kolar, Mandya, Mysuru and Chamarajnagar
districts are in the Southern maidan.
EXERCISES
35
III. Match the following :
A B
1. Jogfalls a. Mangaluru
2. Om beach b. Northern maidan
3. Nandi hill station c. Sharavati river
4. Monolith hill d. Gokarna
5. Land of sunshine e. Chikballapur
g. Madhugiri Hill
IV. Activity :
1. Mark and name the coastal districts and the districts of Malnad
on the map of Karnataka and collect pictures of famous water-
falls.
V. Project Work :
36
CHAPTER - 3
Climate
Karnataka has tropical monsoon climate. The main characteristies
of this climate are hot and moist summers and cool and dry winters.
But there is diversity in the climate of the state. The main reason for
this diversity are the influence of geographical location, oceans, physical
features, vegetation and monsoon winds. Hence the annual temperature
and distribution of rain are not the same all over the state.
Climatic Seasons : We can classify the climate of Karnataka over
a period of one year, as can be done with the climate of India, into four
parts:
1. The summer season (March to May)
2. The rainy season (June to September)
3. The period of Retreating Monsoons (October – November)
4. The winter season (December – February)
1. Summer Season: During this season, it is very hot, dry and
sultry. After March, the temperature rises uniformly all over the
state and reaches the maximum during April and May. Raichur has
recorded the temperature of 45.60 Celsius and it is the hottest place in
Karnataka. The temperature is high even in the other districts of the
northern maidan. In general, the whole of Karnataka experiences hot
climatic conditions during at this time. The humidity is lower in the
37
Northern maidan than in the Southern maidan. In summer, due to
great evaporation, rain-bearing clouds are produced and they bring con-
vectional rain along with lightning and thunder. The Hailstones
fall in some places. This generally takes place for a short time during
the afternoon. Since these showers enable the flowering of coffee plants,
they are called ‘Cherry Blossoms’, and since they help the mango
crop, they are also known as ‘Mango showers’. About 7% of the
annual rainfall of the state occur during this season.
2. The Rainy Season:
This is also known as the
season of South-West
Monsoon winds. The
Western Ghats check the
moisture-laden winds
blowing from the
Arabian Sea, resulting in
heavy rain. As it moves
Eastward, the amount of
rainfall gets reduced. This is
because, the Eastern maidan
is in the rain-shadow area.
Agumbe is an area of heavy
rainfall. Hence it is called
‘Cheerapunji of South India’.
Bhagamandala and Hulikal
are the other places of heavy
rainfall. Nayakna Hatti near
Chellakere in Chitradurga
records the lowest rainfall.
During this season, in the
entire state the temperature
is very high. As a result the relative humidity is very high. There is cloudy
atmosphere throughout. During this season, Karnataka receives about
80% of its rainfall. This helps in the cultivation of Kharif crops.
38
3. The Period of Retreating Monsoon: This is also called the North-
East Monsoon Season. Due to the decrease in temperature and increase
in pressure, the winds blow from the North–East to the South-West.
These winds are dry because they blow from the land. The winds which
blow from the Bay of Bengal bring a little rain to the districts of the
Southern maidan. Besides due to the cyclones coming from the Bay of
Bengal during November – December, rainfall occurs. During this season,
the state receives about 12% of the rainfall. In this period, the weather
condition are uncertain.
4. The Winter Season: During this Activity :
season, temperature, humidity and Among the summer,
rainfall are low. The sky is clear. The winter and rainy seasons
average temperature is between 250 and which one you like? Why?
270C. January is the month which records Given reason.
the lowest temperature. This is called ‘the Tourist Month of the State’.
The minimum temperature recorded in Belagavi is (6.70C). There is
low temperature in other Northern districts. i.e. Vijayapura,
Kalaburagi and Bidar. Rainfall during winter is minimum. Only one
percent of the total rainfall is received during this time. There is heavy
fog occasionally early in the mornings.
Distribution of Rainfall: The Malnad and coastal plains receive
heavy rain fall. The Eastern Maidans are the areas of low rainfall. Often
drought and floods occur due to uneven and uncertain rainfall.
Soils of Karnataka
The top thin layer of the Earth surface is called soil. Fertile soil is
essential for agriculture. There are different kinds of soils in Karnataka.
The soils of Karnataka have been classified into four types: (1) Red soil,
(2) Black soil, (3) Laterite soil, (4) Coastal Alluvial soil.
1) Red Soil : This type of soil is obtained from the weathering of
granite and gneiss. It contains iron oxides and hence it is red in colour.
It is rich in iron, lime and salt, but contain small amounts of humus.
It is light, has thin layers and it is not very fertile. Its capacity for
moisture retention is less. It is widely distributed in Karnataka, and
found more in South Karnataka. Ragi, jower, bajra millets, pulses,
tobacco and groundnut which are rain-fed crops, can be grown in this
39
soil. Areas with irrigation facilities can grow paddy, sugarcane,
potato, vegetables, banana, coconut and arecanut. Red soil is found in
Tumakuru, Bengaluru, Ramnagar, Chikballapur, Kolar, Chamarajnagar,
Mandya and Mysuru.
2) Black Soil: This kind of soil is formed by the weathering of
basalt rocks. It is rich in aluminium, magnesium and oxides of iron.
Hence it is black in colour. It is also called ‘black cotton soil’. This soil
has the ability to retain moisture for many days. Since it is rich in soil
nutrients, a variety of
crops can be grown in this
soil. For example ; cotton,
jowar, maize, sunflower,
chilli, paddy, pulses and
onion. This type of soil
is extensively found in
districts of North
Karnataka. eg., : Dharwad,
Gadag, Ballari, Koppal,
Kalaburagi, Yadgir,
Bagalkot, Belagavi and
Chitradurga.
3) Laterite Soil: This
kind of soil is found in
areas which receive heavy
rainfall and have high
temperature. Water-soluble
lime and silicates dissolved
in rain water settle down
in the lower layers. Iron
and aluminium, which
are non-soluble, remain
in the top layers. The soil
becomes soft during rainy season and dries up during summer, leading to
the formation of laterite rock. This rock is used for construction
purposes. Cashew, coffee, tea, cardamom, pepper, rubber, coconut
and other commercial crops are grown in this soil. Uttara Kannada, Udupi,
40
Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru, Shivamogga and Belagavi
have more of this soil.
NATURAL VEGETATION
The various kinds of plants and trees growing naturally are
referred to as ‘Natural Vegetation’. Karnataka has a rich diversity of
plant species. The plant species play an important role in preserving
the ecological balance. The trees provide timber, firewood, raw material
for industries, medicinal herbs, honey, bamboo, cane etc. The forests
being the habitat of wild animals, we can see tiger, lion, cheetahs, wild
buffaloes, elephants, deer and peacocks in the forests of Karnataka.
These forests are also places of entertainment and tourism. They help
to control environmental pollution. Sandalwood is a special tree grown
in forests of Karnataka. Perfume, objects with intricate carvings soap
and medicines are manufactured from sandalwood. They are popular
all over the world, and hence are not only supplied to other parts of
the country but also exported to foreign countries. This is the reason
Karnataka is known as ‘the Land of Sandalwood’.
Types of Vegetation
Natural Vegetation of Karnataka has been classified on the basis of
rainfall, relief features and type of soil. They are : 1) Evergreen forests,
2) Deciduous forests, 3) Mixed Forests and 4) Grasslands and Shrubs.
1) Evergreen forests: Areas receiving more than 250 cms
rainfall annually have this kind of forests. On account of heavy rain
and high temperature, the trees grow tall and dense. These forests,
being dense, are impenetrable. The sunlight does not reach the
ground at all. Different types of tall trees like rosewood, mahogany, kino,
teak, dhupa, and hebbalasu grow in these forests. At the base of these
41
trees are thick shrubs. Different types of spices - cinnamon, cardamom,
cloves and medicinal herbs grow in abundance. This kind of forests can
be seen in parts of Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Shivamogga,
Hassan, Chikkamagaluru, Chamarajnagar and Kodagu districts.
2) Deciduous forests:
After winter, due to lack of
moisture in the soil the trees
shed their leaves. The leaves
reappear during spring. These
are called deciduous forests.
This kind of forests can be
seen in areas receiving 60 to
120 cms of rainfall annually.
For example, Chikkamagaluru,
Mysuru, Chamrajnagar, Eastern
parts of Hassan, Tumakuru,
Chikballapur, Southern part
of Kolar, Mandya, Ramanagar
and Bengaluru Rural district.
Teak, kino, mahogany, neem,
mango, jack, flame, kokko,
banyan, sandal and bamboo
grow in plenty. These forests
are not dense.
3) Mixed forests: The
growing of evergreen and deciduous trees
Know this :
together form the mixed forests. Areas
∙ A big banyan tree
receiving 120 to 150 cms annual rainfall have
at Ramohalli near
this kind of forests. For example, Udupi, Bengaluru.
some parts of Uttara Kannada, Dakshina
∙ A big neem
Kannada, Eastern parts of Kodagu,
tree is found at
Chikkamagaluru, Hassan and Mysuru T. venkatapura,
districts. Teak, kino, Mahogany, Axle, near Siddlagatta.
Sandal, Jack and bamboo grow in ∙ A big tamrind tree
abundance. These trees have commercial is near Savanur.
value.
42
4) Grasslands and Shrubs: Areas receiving less than 60 cm annual
rainfall have this kind of vegetation. Due to scanty rain and dry weather
there is short grass, thorny shrubs and scrub vegetation, for example;
cactus, acacias, babul, bela, palm trees, hanchi, kunti grass etc.
Occasionally banyan, neem, peepul tree, palas trees grow here and there.
This type of Vegetation is seen in Bidar, Kalaburagi, Yadgir, Raichur,
Koppal, Vijayapura, Ballari, Chitradurga and other areas.
Deltas, estuaries and beaches in coastal areas have a peculiar type
of vegetation that has aerial roots and can grow in salty water. These are
called ‘mangrove forests’. Distribution of such vegetation is limited in
Karnataka.
Areas which are more than 1400 mts above sea level have cool
climate, for example, Kudremukh, Bababudangiri, Biligirirangana betta
(B.R.Hills) and Brahmagiri in Kodagu. They have grassy slopes. The deep
valleys with streams, rills etc. have distinct “Shola forests”.
Distribution of forests
The recorded forest area in Karnataka state is 43.4 lakh sq. kms.
This forms 22.6 % of the total geographical area. Karnataka occupies
the seventh place in forest resources in the country. Uttara Kannada
district has the maximum forest area. Next to it are Shivamogga and
Chamarajnagar districts. Vijayapura district has the least forest area.
Animal Resources
Karnataka has a variety of animal resources. The main reason for
this is the abundant forest land. The Sahyadris rank among the hotspots
of the world for their bio-diversity. Recently they have been declared as
a ‘World Heritage Area’. Nearly 25% of the animal population and 10%
of the tiger population in the entire country are found in Karnataka.
In addition to this, there are other types of wild animals too, for eg.:
Leopards, boar, bison, stag, deer, bear, porcupine etc. A variety of snakes
and colourful birds can also be seen in the forests of Karnataka.
43
The central part of the Western
Ghats in Karnataka is called
Malnad and has retained its
natural bio-diverse heritage. As
such, this area has a rich variety of
animal resources.
The important forest areas of
Karnataka having wildlife are:
Coastal region comprising of
Uttara Kannada and Belagavi,
Sahyadris-Malnad range eg.,:
Bababudangiri range, B.R.hills,
Malemahadeswara hills,
Gopalaswamy hills etc., in the
Southern maidan. Ranebennur
is the main animal sanctuary
in Northern maidan. Now
Karnataka has 5 national parks,
4 bird sanctuaries and about 17
wild life sanctuaries.
Know this:
∙ There are 5 Tiger projects in Karnataka, Bandipura, Bhadra,
Nagarahole, Dandeli, Ansi and Biligiri Rangana Betta.
∙ The famous bird sanctuary of Karnataka is Ranganatittu.
EXERCISES
44
II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions :
1. Name the four seasons of Karnataka.
2. Write a note on the rainy season in Karnataka.
3. Mention the types of soils in Karnataka.
4. Name the types of natural vegetation of Karnataka.
5. Why is Karnataka known as ‘the Land of Sandalwood’?
6. Name the wild animals in our forests.
IV. Activities :
1. Collect pictures of wild animals of Karnataka and prepare an
album. Make a list of bird sanctuaries and wild life sanctuaries.
V. Project work :
1. Discuss in groups and write an account of the vegetation found
in your district.
45
CHAPTER - 4
Rivers of Karnataka:
Rivers are the main source,
water. The rivers of
Karnataka can be divided
into two groups : East
following rivers and West
flowing rivers.
46
1) The East Flowing River: The Krishna, Do you know this?
the Cauvery, the Pennar and Palar rivers flows River Pennar is also
East wards and join the Bay of Bengal. known as pinakini.
The Krishna is the second important Southern Pennar is
river of South India. It takes birth at known as Ponnaiyar in
Mahabaleshwar and flows 1,392 kms Tamil Nadu.
Eastwards to join the Bay of Bengal. But
it flows for only 480 km. through Karnataka. The Bhima, Koyna,
Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha and Malaprabha are its tributaries.
Irrigation and hydro-electric power generation from the Krishna river
system have benefited in Northern Karnataka.
The Cauvery is the most important river of Karnataka. It is known
as ‘Dakshina Ganga’. It originates at Talacauvery in Kodagu district
and flows 804 kms through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Eastwards
and join the Bay of Bengal. It flows for only 380 kms in Karnataka.
Many tributaries join this river, for example, the Hemavathi, Harangi,
Lokapavani, Arkavathi, Shimsha, Lakshmanatirtha, Kapila, Suvarnavati
and Bhavani. This river is most useful for agriculture, power generation
and drinking water supply.
The Pennar and Palar rivers flow through the districts of Kolar,
Tumakuru and Bengaluru, and then enter Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu. North Pennar and South Pennar are two separate rivers.
2. The West flowing Rivers: Many rivers rise in Malnad, flow
Westwards and join the Arabian Sea, for example : the Sharavathi, Kali,
Gangavali (Bedti), Netravathi, Varahi, Aghanashini etc. They flow down
steep slopes and create waterfalls. They also helps to produced
hydro-electric power. Jog Falls on Sharavati river is world-famous. It is
the highest waterfall in India (293 mtrs).
Do you know this
The other important waterfalls Large tanks in Karnataka
are: Gokak (on Ghataprabha), Mudagadakere (near Kadur),
Bandaje (on Netravathi), Unchalli (on Tonnur kere (near Pandavapura),
Aghanashini), Chaya Bhagavati (on Hyrige (Hunsur), Ram samudra
Don river), Chunchunkatte, Shimsha, kere (Chikkaballapura), Byrasag-
Gaganachukki, Bharachukki (on ara kere (Gudibande), Kallambel-
Cauvery), Magodu waterfall (on Bedthi) la kere (Sira), Byramanala kere
etc. (Bidadi)
47
Irrigation in Karnataka Wells 48.3 % Canal irrigation 31.7 %
48
Hydro-Electric Power
The credit for
successful generation of
hydro-electric power for
the first time in India goes
to Karnataka. Coal or
petroleum are not available
in our state. But there is a
great opportunity for the
generation of hydel power.
There are rivers which can
provide sufficient power
for the whole state. Rivers
flowing towards the West
are most suitable for power
generation than the rivers
flowing towards the East.
The hydro - electric power
station at Shivanasamudra
was established in 1902 to Working Projects
Proposed Projects
supply power to the Kolar
gold mines. This project was
across constructed on river Cauvery. At a short distance away from it the
second hydro power station was established on Shimsha river in 1940.
The Mahatma Gandhi hydro-electric power station was established in
1947 near Jog Falls on Sharavathi river to fulfil the increased demand
for hydro electric power. Later, many more hydel projects were developed
under the Five Year Plans. As a result of these developments, Karnataka
ranks first in the generation of hydro-electric power in India.
The main hydro-electric power projects of Karnataka:
Shivanasamudra, Shimsha (on Cauvery river), Sharavathi, Linganamakki,
Gerusoppa and Mahatma Gandhi hydro power station (on Sharavathi
river), Supa, Nagajhari, Kadra and Kodasalli (on Kali river), Varahi and
MariKanive (on Varahi river), Bhadra, Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha and
Alamatti (on Krishna river).
49
River Water Disputes
Many rivers in India flow through more than one state. This has
given rise to disputes regarding the use of river water. The Cauvery
water dispute and the Krishna water disputes in Karnataka are of
this kind. The catchment area of the river Cauvery is spread in
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry. The river water
dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu is more than a century
old, yet it is a burning issue even today. The river Krishna too flows
through different states, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra pradesh.
This has given rise to river water dispute.
EXERCISES
50
IV. Match the following :
A B
1. Linganamakki dam a. Hydro-electric project
2. Gaganachukki, Bharachukki b. River
3. Vani Vilas Sagar c. Kali river
4.
Nagajhari d. Cauvery river
5.
Pennar e. Sharavathi
f. Marikanive
IV. Activities :
1. Make a list of the rivers in Karnataka and their tributaries.
2. Make a list of the important hydro-electric power stations of
Karnataka.
V. Project work :
1. Mark the dams of Karnataka on a map and name them.
2. Visit any tank, canal, stream or river, coast which are near your
dwelling and write about their important features.
51
CHAPTER – 5
AGRICULTURE
The cultivation of the land for raising crops is called agriculture.
Animal husbandry, poultry, bee-keeping, and sericulture are included
under agriculture. Nearly 61.4% of the people in Karnataka are in rural
areas and they depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
Importance: Agriculture is one of the ancient, primary occupa-
tions of Karnataka. It is the main source of livelihood for many. It is the
53
backbone of our state’s economy. Economic progress depends on agricul-
ture. Agriculture provides employment to people. It also provides food for
the people and raw materials to industries. It is a source of revenue to the
state and to earn foreign exchange. Coffee, silk, spices, tobacco, cotton
etc are the agricultural products which are exported. Agriculture helps
in the development of tertiary occupations like transport, banking, insur-
ance etc. It plays an important role in the political and social systems of
the state.
Types of cultivation: Different kinds of crops are grown according
to the size of the land holding, land fertility, availability of water, amount
of rainfall, climate, physical features, market facilities etc., The types
of cultivation are classified according to these factors. They are
subsistence farming, irrigation farming, dry farming, mixed farming,
shifting cultivation, commercial farming, plantation farming etc.
Crops grown by using water from canals, tanks or wells is called
‘irrigation’. Paddy and sugarcane are the main crops grown under this
farming. Cultivation of crops which depend on rain is called dry farming,
for example : ragi, jowar, oil seeds etc.
The cultivation of a few annual crops on large estates for the purpose
of earning money is called plantation farming, for example; coffee, tea,
rubber, cocoa etc. Crops that are grown not for the domestic market but
also for the international market come under commercial farming, for
example: tobacco, cotton, jute etc. The crops which are grown by
the farmers for home consumption and not for the market is called
subsistence farming. This is an ancient type of cultivation.
Nowadays, a mixed type of farming is gaining popularity. In
addition to growing crops, dairy farming, silkworm rearing, sheep
rearing, poultry, bee-keeping, fishery etc. are taken up and it is called
mixed farming.
Speciality of Crops
The major crops of Karnataka Nanjanagud - Rasabale
Byadagi - Chillies
Just like different types of farming, Tiptur - Coconut
there are different types of crops in Kar- Mysuru - Betel
nataka. The main responsible for this are: Bengaluru - Blue grapes
Devanahalli - Pomelo
soil, climatic conditions, relief features, ir-
Eranagere - Brinjal
rigation facility, traditions of the farmers Nippani - Tobacco
54
and market for the agricultural produce etc. The crops of Karnataka
can be classified as follows : Food crops – paddy, ragi, maize, pulses,
millets, Commercial crops–sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, mulberry.
Oilseeds-groundnut, ningerseed, sesame, sunflower etc. Plantation
crops – coffee, coconut, arecanut, rubber, banana etc.
In addition to these different types of horticultural crops and
floriculture are there. Now let us study about the major crops of
Karnataka.
Food Crops
Do you know this ?
1. Paddy: Paddy is a very important Paddy is a plant of the
food crop of Karnataka.Rice is the staple grass family ‘poyaceae’.
food of the people of Karnataka. Paddy is Its scientific name is oryza
sativa.
grown in 28.2% of the total cultivable land.
Irrigation facility, use of chemical fertilizers and high - yielding hybrid
seeds have resulted improvement in the yield of paddy.
Paddy is a tropical crop. Cul-
tivation of paddy requires heavy PADDY
rainfall and high temperature. Ar-
eas having scanty rainfall need ir-
rigation facility for the growing of
paddy. Cultivation of paddy re-
quires level land. Fertile clayey and
alluvial soils are ideal for paddy cul-
tivation. Organic manure, leaves of
trees and abundant labourers are
required for the cultivation of pad-
dy. Nearly 70% of paddy is sown
during June - August months,
and harvested during November-
December. It is a kharif crop.
Even in summer, paddy is grown
in areas where irrigation facility is
available (February - June). This is
called rabi crop. In Malnad, paddy
is grown by broad- casting method
and in the plains by transplanting
method.
55
Paddy Growing areas: Paddy is grown in all the districts of
Karnataka. The Krishna – Tungabhadra valley, Cauvery valley and the
coastal districts are famous for paddy cultivation. Raichur district
stands first in the production of paddy. Next come Ballari, Shivamogga,
Davangere, Mysuru, Mandya, Koppal, Uttara Kannada, Udupi,
Dakshina Kannada and Kalaburagi. The other paddy growing areas
of Karnataka are Tumakuru, Hassan, Chikkamagaluru, Kodagu and
Belagavi. The yield and quality of paddy is better in irrigated areas.
2. Jowar: This is
second most impor-
tant crop in Karnataka
after paddy. Untill recently,
the area under jowar culti-
vation was more than that of
paddy. But in recents years
it has decreased. The total
area under jowar cultiva-
tion is 26 % of the cultiva-
ble area. Karnataka ranks
second after Maharashtra
in the production of jowar
in India.
Jowar is the sta-
ple food of the people of
North Karnataka. It is
mainly used for prepar-
ing rotis. The stalks of
jowar plant are used as
cattle folder. In South Kar-
nataka jowar is primarily
grown for cattlefeed.
This crop
also belongs to the grass family. Its botanical name is ‘Sor-
ghum vulgare’. It is a tropical crop, requiring moderate rainfall
and moderate temperature. Mixed black and red soil and alluvial soil are
56
suitable for jowar. It is a rain-fed crop and grown Do you know this :
by using broadcasting method. It depends on the Kalaburagi is the
South-West Monsoons. granary of Togari
(Toor).
Growing areas: Except for a few districts of
South Karnataka, all other districts grow jowar. Vijayapura, Kalaburagi,
Bagalkot, Raichur, Belagavi, Bidar, Ballari, Davangere, Koppal and
Gadag are the leading producers of jowar. Vijayapura stands first in the
production of jowar in the state. Chitradurga, Shivamogga, Chamara-
jnagar, Hassan, Tumakuru and Mandya districts are also produce jowar.
57
Growing areas: Karnataka stands first in the production of ragi in
India. However, the use of ragi has reduced. Ragi is grown in 14% of
the total cultivable land. The ragi-growing areas are concentrated in the
districts of Southern maidan. Ragi is a traditional crop of Old Mysore
province. Jowar is the main crop in North Karnataka, where as ragi is
the main crop in South Karnataka. Tumakuru is the leading producer
of ragi. Then come Ramnagar, Bengaluru Rural, Hassan, Mandya,
Kolar, Chikballapur, Shivamogga, Chikkamagaluru, Chamarajnagar
and Davanagere districts.
Commercial crops
1) Sugarcane: Sugarcane is the most impor- Activity
tant commercial and industrial crop of Karna- List out the food crops
and commercial crops
taka. Karnataka ranks fourth in the production
grown in your district.
of sugarcane. Suga cane is a tropical crop. It is
grown in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall or good irrigation
facility. Sandy loamy soil and red soil are suitable for the cultivation of
sugarcane. Since sugarcane has to be transported to the factories as
soon as it is harvested, there has to be good transport facility.
Sugarcane belongs to the grass family. It grows to a height of
three metres. Its botanical name is “Saccharum Officinarum”. It contains
sucrose and it is used to produce jaggery and sugar. Being an annual
crop sugarcane requires irrigation facility.
Growing areas: Belagavi is the leading producer of sugarcane in
Karnataka and followed by Bagalkot which has irrigation facility from
the Almatti project. Mandya, Mysuru, Shivamogga, Davanagere, Hassan,
Koppal, Vijayapura, Bidar, Ballari and Haveri are the other important
sugarcane-growing areas.
Mandya district has specialised in the cultivation of sugarcane even
from pre-independence days.
2) Cotton: Cotton is a fibre crop. It provides raw material for cotton
textiles. Besides, it is used for making carpets, beds and pillows. Cooking
oil is produced from cotton seeds. Cotton seed cake is used as cattle feed.
58
Cotton is a crop of the tropics and the sub-tropics. Moderate rainfall,
high temperature and black soil are suitable for its growth. Cotton has
been used for a long time in daily life in Karnataka. Long, medium and
short staple cotton are the different varieties of cotton. Karnataka grows
more of medium and short staple cotton. Cotton is a kharif crop. It is
sown in August-September. It is a rain-fed crop. It can also grown with
the help of irrigation facility.
Growing areas: The main cotton-producing districts of
Karnataka are Haveri, Dharwad, Gadag, Mysuru, Ballari, Raichur,
Kalaburagi, Belagavi, Davanagere, Chitradurga, Koppal and Vijayapura.
Among these, Haveri district ranks first in the production of cotton in
the state. Dharwad district ranks second.
Nowadays, areas growing cotton are dwindling. Pests and
disease- have become major problems. As a result the development
of disease- tolerant and high -yield varieties of cotton by the
Agricultural Research Institute. There is i provement in the yield
production of cotton.
3) Tobacco: It belongs to the nicotiana group. It contains
an intoxicating substance called nicotine. Tobacco is used in the
manufacture of beedis, cigarettes, cigar and snuff. The Portuguese
introduced tobacco in the 17th century in India. Subsequently, people
started growing it in Karnataka. Presently, it is a major commercial
crop in the state. It can be grown in areas with moderate rainfall and high
temperature in loamy soil.
Karnataka grows virginia tobacco, beedi tobacco and chewing
tobacco. Virginia tobacco is highest quality and is great demand in the
global market. It is grown widely in Karnataka. It earns valuable foreign
exchange and revenue for the state exchequer.
Growing areas: Karnataka ranks fourth among the tobacco
growing states in India. Mysore district occupies the first position in
the production of tobacco. It is also grown in the districts of Hassan,
Shivamogga, Kodagu, Belagavi, Ballari, Chitradurga, Raichur,
Davanagere, Tumakuru and Gadag. Nippani in Belagavi district is very
famous for its beedi tobacco marketing. Tobacco grown in Karnataka is
of a world-class, and most of it is exported.
4) Coffee: Coffee is Karnataka’s famous plantation and beverage
crop. Karnataka ranks first in the production of coffee in India.
59
A Muslim Fakir (priest) named Bababudan Activity
planted coffee saplings for the first time Invite the farmers to your
around 1670 in the hills of Chikkamagaluru. school. Conduct a discussion
Hence those hills are called Bababudangiri. on methods of cultivation and
marketing of the crops which
However, organized cultivation of coffee they have grown.
began under the British rule in 1826, and
today vast coffee estates can be seen in Karnataka.
Karnataka produces two types of coffee namely Coffee Arabica and
coffee Robusta. Of these Arabica is of better quality and enjoys a great
demand in the international market. Coffee is a tropical crop which can
grow well on the slopes of hills, with heavy rainfall. Clay mixed soil is
suitable for this crop. Coffee plant cannot withstand the direct rays of
the sun. Hence shady trees are grown in
Activity :
estates. Coffee is mainly grown in the
Collect more information
Malnad region which has all the conditions
regarding organic farming.
required for growing it.
Coffee growing areas: Karnataka has a share of 70% of the
coffee produced in India. It is grown largely in Kodagu district. After
Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru and Hassan are important for coffee
growing. It is grown to a small extent in Shivamogga, Chamarajnagar
and Dakshina Kannada district.
Coffee grown in Karnataka is good in quality. Hence it enjoys
great demand both in the national and international markets. That
is why Karnataka is known as ‘The Land of Coffee’.
EXERCISES
60
II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions :
1. Name the different types of land utilization in Karnataka.
2. Write a note on the importance of agriculture in Karnataka.
3. What is meant by ‘irrigation’? Name the main crops grown under
irrigation.
4. Explain the main characteristics of ‘mixed farming’?
5. Mention the uses of ragi.
V. Activities :
1. Collect samples of the various kinds of foodgrains and pulses
grown in Karnataka.
2. On a map of Karnataka mark the areas where jowar, ragi and
other foodgrains are grown .
61
CHAPTER – 6
MINERAL RESOURCES
In this chapter you learn :
· The minerals available in Karnataka and their importance.
· Understand the distribution and production of important minerals in
Karnataka.
62
Tumakuru, Shivamogga, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada and Gadag.
Ballari has rich deposits and they are mainly found in Hospet and Sandur
areas. Iron ore is extracted at Donimalai, Vibhutigudda, Belagala,
Kumaraswamy Hills, Timmappana Gudi, Devadri range and Ramadurga
Hills.
Chikkamagaluru district occupies
Activity
the second position. Iron ore is found in Listout the minerals
Bababudangiri hills, Kemmannugundi, available in your district.
Kudremukh, Gangamula, Kalhattagiri and
Jenusuri hillocks. With a view to protecting bio-diversity, the Supreme
Court has ordered mining to be stopped at Kudremukh which has a
National Park. There are iron ore deposits in Hosadurga and Sasalu
of Chitradurga district, Ameengadh of Bagalkot district, Huliyara and
Chikkanayakanahalli of Tumakuru district, Kumsi, Shankaragudda and
Siddarahalli of Shivamogga district etc.
The iron ore produced in the state is supplied to the iron and steel
factory at Bhadravati and the Jindal Vijayanagar Iron and Steel factory
near Ballari. The rest is exported.
EXERCISES
64
4. The metal that is produced from bauxite ore is ___________.
5. The deepest gold mine is _____________.
V. Activities:
1. Collect samples and write an account of the minerals available in
Karnataka.
2. On a map of Karnataka mark and name the places where minerals
are found.
65
CHAPTER – 7
TRANSPORT
In this chapter you learn :
∙ The importance of the medium of transport in Karnataka.
∙ Road transport – types and the important highways.
∙ The importance of railways and the important rail routes.
∙ The water transport and air transport.
66
ROAD TRANSPORT
Importance: A large number of people live in rural areas in
Karnataka So, road transport occupies a very important role in
linking the villages and towns. Roads can be constructed easily, at low
cost. People and goods can be transported to every corner of the state.
Development of roads determines the progress of the state’s agriculture,
industry, mining and commerce.
Development of road transport: Road transport has been in use
from ancient times in Karnataka. Kings and emperors constructed roads
for the use of their soldiers and for administrative purposes. There were
travel shelters (where a place to rest, and water to drink were available),
resting shelters, orchards and choultries. Roads to connect the coastal
regions to the inland areas had been constructed.
However, roads were not much Try this:
developed in the pre-independence days Make a Lists of the National
in Karnataka. There were roads linking highways that pass through
Bengaluru and the district centers in the your district and list the names
of the taluks through which
old Mysuru province, but they were not they pass.
well-organized. After independence when
the Vishala Mysuru State was formed in 1961, totally 43,182 kms of
roads were laid. At present, the total length of the roads is 2,31,062 kms.
Of which, 35.70% are metalled (asphalted) roads whereas 64.30% are
unmetalled roads. There has been an improvement in the quality of roads
constructed too.
Kinds of roads: Roads in Karnataka have been classified into four
kinds. They are: 1. National highways, 2. State highways, 3. District
roads and 4. Village roads.
1. National highways: Roads
which link important cities, NH-13 is the longest national
capitals of states and ports are highway of Karnataka
called National highways. These From Mangalore it enters
are well-planned wide roads Mudabidri, passes through
and are two-lane, four-lane and Koppa, Shivamogga, Chitradurga,
six-lane roads. They are under Hosapete, Ilkal, Vijayapura and
the authority of the Central reaches Solapur.
67
Government, and are managed by the ‘National Highways
Authority of India’ (NHAI). At present, there are 14 national
highways in Karnataka. Their total length is 4491 kms. They
have not been located equally among all the districts of the state.
Uttara Kannada, Vijayapura, Belagavi, Shivamogga, Bengaluru
Rural, Tumakuru, Dakshina Kannada and Ballari districts have
more National highways. Raichur and Kodagu districts have no
National highways.
National highway NH-4 and NH-7 come under the National Highway
Authority’s ‘Golden Quadrilateral Highway Project’ as well as ‘Corridor
Project’. They have six lanes. The other main National highways passing
through the state are NH-206, NH-209, NH-212 NH-13, NH-17, NH-48.
2. State Highways: Roads which link the capital city of
Bengaluru with district headquarters, major towns and other
highways are called State Highways. The construction and
maintenance of these roads rests with the State Government.
Karnataka has 20,905 kms of state highways. Belagavi has the
longest state highway whereas Bengaluru has the least.
3. District Roads: Roads which link district headquarters
with taluk headquarters, major towns, villages, railways and major
highways are called District roads. The construction, maintenance
and supervision of these roads is under the Zilla Parishat.
Karnataka state has 47,836 kms of district highways. Tumakuru
district has maximum district highways, and Raichur has the least.
4. Village roads: Roads which link taluk headquarters with village
and district highways are called Village roads. The construction and
maintenance of these roads is under the taluk panchayat and village
panchayat. The quality of these roads is not good, and in some parts, it
is very difficult to travel on these roads. Karnataka has 1,47,212 kms of
village roads.
In addition to the types of roads mentioned above, there are
multi-purpose roads and roads under local administration. For
instance, Roads of Public Works Department, Forest Department,
Irrigation Department and Town Municipality and City Corporation.
68
Railways
In Karnataka,
railway is the second
most important mode of
transport next to
roadways. It helps in
economical travel to
distant places and
transportation of goods.
The first railway line in
the state was opened for
traffic in‑ 1864. This was
laid between Bengaluru
and Madras by the
Madras Railway
Company. By the year
1956, the state had
totally 2595 kms of
railway track belonging
to the Southern Railway
Zone. Now, the South-
Western Railways Zone
has come into existence
with its administrative
center at Hubballi.
Today, Karnataka has
3244 kms of railway
track.
In Karnataka state, there is no uniform Activity:
distribution of railway tracks in all the districts. Dicuss your experience
Bengaluru, Ballari, Belagavi, Hassan, Uttara in road and railway
Kannada, Chitradurga, Udupi, Ramnagar and journey. Come to
Dakshina Kannada districts have an average conclusion which journey
of 150 to 200 km long railway track. Kodagu is better. How ?
district has no any railway tracks.
69
Konkan Railways: This is the most important railway route of
West Coast. It links Mangaluru and Mumbai, and has reduced the
time for travelling from 41 hrs to 18 hrs. Its length is 273 kms with
13 main and 310 other bridges. Of these, Sharavathi river bridge (2.2kms)
the longest bridge and Kali river bridge (1.2 kms) are the important
bridges. Since this railway passes through many tunnels and across
bridges, one can enjoy the natural beauty and scenery.
Metro Rail: Bengaluru has grown tremendously as a
metropolitan city. Transportation has become a major problem. To
overcome this problem, Namma Metro Rail Transport Plan is being
implemented. On 20th October 2011, the first Metro rail between
Byappanahalli and M.G.Road was started. Lakhs of people utilise this
facility. It takes much less time to travel from one place to another.
Other Metro rail tracks are at different stages of completion.
Air Transport
Air transport is the fastest mode of transport. It helps to carry
people, mail and lightweight goods to distant places in the shortest
time. Air transport is of great help during natural calamities, wars and
other emergencies. However, it is the costliest mode of transport and
not available to everyone.
The first air travel facility was began between Bengaluru and
Hyderabad by ‘Deccan Airways’ in the year 1946. Indian Airways
was nationalized in the year 1953. After Indian Airlines was
established, Bengaluru was linked with various places all over the
country. In the year 1996 state airport of Bengaluru was declared
as a International Airport. Belagavi, Hubballi, Mysuru and Mangaluru
have domestic airports. New airports are being established in Hassan
and Kalaburagi.
The international airport which was in HAL was shifted to
Devenahalli, about 34 kms away, on 24, May 2008. The HAL
airport is now being utilized for the training of pilots. The Devenahalli
International Airport is the country’s first green airport. This airport
is well equipped to provide various facilities and is the most modern
airport.
70
Water Transport
Karnataka has inland as well as sea waterways. Their
availability is limited and so, not very significant in transport. Earlier,
the inland waterways were confined to small rowing boats, dingies and
rafts. At present, motor boats have come into existence. They are used
in Udupi, Uttara Kannada and Dhakshina Kannada districts. These
districts have Kali, Sharavathi and Nethravathi rivers which help in
inland water transport. Boats are used in some places to cross the
Krishna river. With the development of road and railway transport, the
use of water transport is limited.
Ports: The coastal places where ships are sheltered are called
Ports. Ships are used for fishing, trade, passenger travel and transport
of goods. In Karnataka, there are about 23 small and large ports. The
Port Development Authority came into being in the year 1957, and
there was an expansion in water transport. The New Mangaluru Port
was declared the 9th major port of the country on 4th May, 1974. It is
called the ‘Gateway of Karnataka’. Through this port, iron ore, coffee,
spices, cashew, sandalwood, tiles, chromide, granite stone and canned
fruit and fish are exported. Petroleum is being imported. In addition
to the Mangaluru port, ten smaller ports have been developed. These
are Old Mangaluru Port, Malpe, Hangarakatte, Kundapura, Padubidri,
Bhatkal, Honnavara, Tadri, Belekeri and Karwar. Of these, Karwar
is the most beautiful port. It being an all-weather port, iron ore,
manganese, granite and agricultural produces are exported through
this port.
EXERCISES
IV. Activities:
1. Mark and name the highways passing through Karnataka on a
map.
V. Project work:
1. Write a paragraph on your experience of railway journey.
2. Write a note on your local transport system.
72
CHAPTER – 8
INDUSTRIES OF KARNATAKA
In this chapter you learn:
∙ The importance of the industries of Karnataka.
∙ The major industrial regions of Karnataka.
∙ The distribution and production of iron and steel industry.
∙ Cotton textile, sugar, cement and paper industries.
∙ Bengaluru – India’s main information technology industrial center.
73
BHEL), watches, iron and steel, aluminium, information technology,
electronic bio-technology industry etc.
74
Kalaburagi. Later, cotton textile factories were started in Hubballi.
After 1900, big cotton textile mills were established. Among them, Binny
Mills and Minerva Mills of Bengaluru, K.R.Mill of Mysuru, Cotton Mill of
Davanagere etc. were established before independence itself.
After independence, cotton mills were set up in the northern
maidan where cotton was widely grown. Davanagere became the
state’s most important cotton textile industrial centre. It is called
‘Manchester of Karnataka’. There are ginning and spinning mills in
Hubballi, Ilkal, Guledgudda, Rabakavi, Bagalkot, Molakalmuru,
Gadag-Betageri, Badami, Belagavi, Naragund, Gokak, Ballari, Hunsur,
Nanjangud, Periyapattana and Chamarajnagar. At present, there are 44
cotton mills in the state. Approximately, 5.1 million mtr’s of cotton cloth
is produced annually.
Some cotton mills have been closed down more recently. The
reasons for this are shortage of cotton, obsolete machines, lack of
electricity supply, increasing production costs, stiff competition from
synthetic fibre cloth etc.,
In order to improve the situation in the textile industry in
Karnataka, the State government has formulated a programme ‘Suvarna
Textile Policy 2008-13’, and has established ‘Finished Goods Parks’ in
11 districts. The purpose of this programme is to export the goods from
these industries to foreign countries. Karnataka ranks second in
the country with regard to export of textiles. Such parks are in
Doddaballapur, Anekal, Belagavi, Mysuru and Ramanagar.
Sugar Industry
The sugar industry is one of Karnataka’s important large-scale
industries. It is also an agro-based industry. All factors necessary for
the development of this industry are favour in the state. Sugarcane
production requires humid climate, Do you know:
power supply, local market, transport ∙ Sugar city in Karnataka
is Mandya
system etc. This industry plays an
∙ Sugar district is Belgavi.
important role in the economic development
75
of Karnataka. Sir Francis Buchanan mentions in his writings that in
the early part of the 19th century itself, sugar was produced in Palalli
(Ashtagrama) of Srirangapatna and Chikkaballapura. Records show
that these towns were producing sugar in 1847 and had won prizes in the
London Exhibition. The first modern sugar industry, ‘Mysuru Sugar
Company’ (Mysugar) was established at Mandya in 1933, untill 1951,
that was the only factory in the state. Now there are 47 sugar factories in
the state. Their total annual production is 339 lakh tonnes. Karnataka
stands third in the production of sugar in the country.
76
Distribution: The distribution of sugar industry in Karnataka
is concentrated in the sugar growing areas, especially the districts in
the catchment areas of the Cauvery, Krishna and Tungabhadra
rivers. There are more sugar factories in Belagavi and Bagalkot
districts. Mandya, Mysuru, Bidar, Vijayapura, Kalaburagi, Ballari
and Davangere districts also are significant for sugar industry.
Bagasse and molasses are the by-products of the sugar industry.
Bagasse is used for the manufacture of paper and fuel. Molasses are
used for production of alcohol.
Paper Industry
Paper is of great importance in the modern world. It is
essential for education, printing, newspapers and for propagation of
culture It is a forest based industry. Bamboo, wood pulp, grass,
bagasse, cloth rags and waste are used as raw materials for the
manufacture of paper. The first paper mill ‘Mysuru Paper Mill Limited’
was established in 1936 at Bhadravati. Later a private company
‘West Coast Paper Mill’ was started at Dandeli. Bamboo,
eucalyptus tree pulp from nearby forests, water from the Kali river
and electricity from Jog are supplied to this mill. There are some
more paper mills at Nanjangud, Krishnarajanagar, Satyagala,
Mundagod, Munirabad, Yediyur and Bengaluru. Karnataka ranks
fourth in the production of paper in the country. Karnataka
produces 3.6 lakh tonnes of paper products per year.
Cement Industry
Since urbanization and industrialization has increased in
Karnataka, the demand for cement in construction activities has
also increased. Cement is essential for constructing houses, public
buildings, roads, bridges, dams etc.
Limestone which is necessary for the
establishment of cement industry, is found in Activity
abundance in Karnataka. In addition, gypsum Visit a nearby factory,
and bauxite are also available. Only coal and study how the raw
has to be imported from the neighbouring materials are obtained for
states. Availability of water, sand, transport, the factory.
77
electricity supply, clay and wide market are the other factors favouring
the growth of cement industry.
The first cement factory in the state was established at Bhadravathi
in 1939. Later, factories were set up at Bagalkot, Ammasandra of
Tumakuru district and Shahabad of Kalaburagi district. Other
cement producing centres are: Wadi, Lokapura, Ittigehalli, Madakere,
Kanchipura, Kaladagi, Kurkunta, Sedam and Chittapura. Karnataka
produces 8% of the total cement in the country. At present, it has an
annual production capacity of around 121 lakh tonnes.
78
different parts of the state. For example : Mysuru, Hubballi, Kalaburagi,
Shivamogga, Tumakuru, Mangaluru etc. This industry is more suitable
for Human resource, information, appointment, training, etc.
EXERCISES
79
4. What factors are essential to start sugar industry?
IV. Activities:
1. Draw an outline map of Karnataka and mark the important places
of important industries of Karnataka.
V. Project work:
1. Visit a nearby industries write a report on raw materials used,
collection of raw materials and the products produced out of
them.
2. Make a list of knowledge based companies in Bangalore.
80
CHAPTER – 9
81
in tourism. Karnataka has won the award for ‘Best Tourism Management’
state in 1996-97. The following are the well-known tourist spots :
Hill Stations of Karnataka: Karnataka has a variety of relief
features and many hill ranges. Thus, there are many hill stations.
Kudremukh hill station of Chikkamagaluru district, is a major hill
station. It has dense, green forests, many hillocks, coffee estates and
waterfalls making it a beautiful place.
Nandi hill station of Chikballapur district, is about 1492 mtrs
above sea level, and has pleasant climate. As it is close to Bengaluru,
it attracts lakhs of tourists. It has lodging and boarding facilities.
Since Mahatma Gandhi stayed there for the improvement of his
health, a Gandhi Bhavan has been constructed in his memory.
Similarly, B.R.Hills, Agumbe Sunset spot, Kemmannugundi,
Devarayanadurga, Jogi hills of Chitradurga district,Kodachadri,
Himavadgopalaswamy hills, the rocky hillocks of Ramnagar, Madhugiri
Monolithic hill, the enchanting rock formations at Yana, Mercara etc.
have summer resorts and attract tourists.
Waterfalls of Karnataka: Our state is home to many waterfalls.
The Malnad region has many waterfalls. During the rainy season, the
water routes down with great force. Uttara Kannada has a greater
number of waterfalls.
The highest waterfall in the country is Jog Falls which is in
Shivamogga. The water of Sharavathi falls from a height of 293 mtrs in
four streams. They are named Raja, Rani, Roarer and Rocket. During
the rainy season, this waterfall has maximum amount of water
and presents a scene of unforgettable beauty.
The Cauvery river at Shivanasamudra in Mandya district forms twin
waterfalls named Gaganachukki and Bharachukki. Near Mercara, there
is the refreshing Abbe falls. Near Kemmanagundi hill station, there is
Hebbe falls. In addition to these, we have
Kalhatagiri falls, Unchalli Falls (called Activity
Conduct a school
Loushington) Uttara Kannada district and
level sight seeing tour
Gokak Falls in Belagavi district. Gokak falls and write an account
is formed on the river Ghataprabha and is of the important tourist
famous as the ‘Niagara of Karnataka’. Magod centres of your district.
falls is also a famous waterfall.
82
Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka
Karnataka has dense forests. In order to protect forests and
wildlife, the Government of Karnataka has established a number of
wildlife sanctuaries, bird sanctuaries, national parks, tiger projects
and biosphere reserves areas.
There are five national parks in Karnataka. They are : Rajiv Gandhi
National Park in Nagarahole, Bandipur, Bannerughatta, Kudremukh and
Anshi National Park.
Let us know this
For the conservation of wild life Every place in our state
in their natural habitat, eighteen has its own significance.
wildlife sanctuaries have been identified. Learn about the history and
Of these, Muthodi, Bandipur, Nagarhole, significance of our state from
Dandeli, Bhadra animal sanctuaries and your elders.
Ranganathittu, Kokkare Bellur, Mandagadde, Gudavi bird sanctuary
are the main ones.
Karnataka has beautiful beaches. They are: the Om beach of
Gokarna, Ullal, Murdeswara, Maravanthe, Malpe beach etc. These
attract numerous tourists.
St.Mary’s Island near Udupi has special pillar-type rock
formation and is very fascinating. Murdeswar’s Nethrani Island,
Devgadh and Kurmagadh islands near Karwar are also famous.
Historical Places: The earlier rulers of Karnataka, the Kadambas,
Hoysalas, Chalukyas and the kings of Vijayanagar have left behind
very beautiful sculptural wonders. They are at Hampi, Belur, Halebid,
Somnathpur, Badami, Pattadakal, Aihole, Gol Gumbuz of Vijayapura,
Lakkundi, Banavasi, Basaralu, Belligave, Mysuru, Srirangapatna etc.
Places of Pilgrimage: Karnataka has many pilgrimage centers
like Dharmasthala, Udupi, Sringeri, Horanadu, Kollur, Gokarna,
Ulavi, Sirsi, Sravanabelagola, Kudala Sangama, Melukote,
Adichunchunagiri, Karkala, Devaragudda, Mylarakshetra, Bande
Nawaz Darga of Kalaburagi, Ibrahim Roza of Vijayapura, Mallikrahan
Darga of Sira, St.Philomena Church in Mysuru, Rosario Cathedral in
Mangaluru etc.
83
Forts of Karnataka: There are many historic and strong forts
in Karnataka and they are favorite tourist spots, for example : Fort of
Bidar, Vijayapura, Kalaburagi, Hampi (Vijayanagar), Keladi,
Chitradurga, Madhugiri, Nandi Hills, Pavagada, Manjrabad,
Ucchangidurga, Kavaledurga, Parathagadha, Srirangapatna, the coastal
forts of Bahadurgadha, Basavarajadurga, Devagadha Kurmagadha etc.
All the mentioned tourist centres above Activity :
have added to the greatness of Karnataka. Collect information
In recent days the capital city of Bengaluru about the historical
is attracting large number of tourists. It has places and temples in
your place and near by
a pleasant climate, wonderful buildings like village.
Vidhana Soudha, beautiful gardens like Lalbagh
and Cubbon Park and hence it is called ‘Garden City’. It is Karnataka’s
largest city and one of the megacities of the country. Similarly Mysuru
is the ‘City of Palaces’. Millions of people visit Mysuru during Dasara
festival. Chamundi Hills, K.R.Sagar Dam and Brindavan etc., are the
other major tourist attractions of Mysuru.
EXERCISES
84
III. Match the following:
A B
1. Biligirirangana hills a. Uttara Kannada district
2. Jogi Betta b. Chamarajnagar
3. Yana c. Bird sanctuary
4.
Anshi d. Chitradurga
5. Ranganthittu e. National Park
f. Peacock sanctuary
IV. Activities:
1. Make a list of the hill stations and wild life sanctuaries of
Karnataka.
2. Write an account of your experiences visiting the important tour-
ist spots of Karnataka.
V. Project work:
1. Collect photographs of various tourist places and prepare an
album.
85
CHAPTER – 10
POPULATION OF KARNATAKA
In this chapter you learn:
∙ The significance of the population of Karnataka.
∙ The size, growth, extent and distribution of population.
∙ The density of population and literacy.
∙ The effect of overpopulation and important populated cities.
EXERCISES
III. Activities:
1. Show the distribution of literacy on a map of Karnataka.
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ECONOMICS
Chapter 1
NATURAL RESOURCES
In this chapter you learn :
• The meaning and types of resources;
• Scarcity of resources;
• The need for conservation of resources; and
• Ways to reduce our ecological footprint.
Previously you learnt that human wants are unlimited but the
resources to satisfy these wants are limited which, gives rise to the
problem of scarcity. Resource is a broad term indicating all the materials
that humans use in conducting their economic activities of production,
exchange and consumption. Among the various types of resources, natural
resources are the major ones ources that are available for human use.
These are the gifts of nature without which the survival of life is impossible.
The sunlight, water, air, forests, soil, bio-diversity, mineral ores, etc., are
the natural resources which are vital for survival. However, with increase
in global population to more than7 billion, it is becoming very difficult to
provide even the basic amenities to a large segment of population. In this
chapter you will study issues related to resource scarcity, environmental
conservation and reducing our ecological footprint.
Scarcity of Resources
All our basic needs like food, shelter, clothes, etc, are met out of
various natural resources like air, water, soil, minerals, coal,
petroleum, animals, plants etc. But how long these precious materials
of the nature will be available for our use? The growing population,
rapid industrialisation and urbanisation have created heavy demand
on all these materials. Especially, in relation to our ever increasing
wants, the available resources are severely scarce. While the non-renewable
resources are available in fixed quantity, renewable resources are
likely to be exploited beyond their regeneration rates. The main factors of
increasing scarcity are:
1. Overpopulation: The increasing population requires
additional land for growing additional food and providing shelter which
is met through conversion of forest land into agricultural land, and
agricultural land into residential, commercial and industrial land.
2. Growing industrialization: With increased industrialization,
extraction of mineral ores, crude oil and water increase resulting in
emptying of mines, oil wells and water sources.
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3. Expanding urban areas: Urban areas are those where a huge
population lives in a small area. Naturally, the demand for resources and
generation of wastes is very high contributing to reduction in quantity
and quality of resources. Just imagine the plight of Bengaluru which
receives Cauvery water from hundreds of kilometers away and that pure
water is converted into waste water by households and industrial units.
According to the Food and Agricultural Organization, more than 50 per
cent of all types of forest, agricultural and wetlands surrounding urban and
semi-urban areas have been lost through conversion to other uses. In the past
decade alone, about 130 million hectares of forests were lost (State of the World’s
Forests, 2012, FAO)
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Conservation of Resources
The rapid increase in resource use and their degradation result in
serious problems to the mankind. We may not get pure water to drink,
clean air to breathe, many resources may be exhausted, the bio-diversity
may decline and the earth itself may become a waste dump. How to
address this issue? It can be done through conservation of resources.
Conservation of natural resources means not to waste them but use
them judiciously so that there is a balance between nature and our use of
natural resources. Conservation has been defined as “the management of
the biosphere for the benefit of the all life including humankind, so that it
may yield sustainable benefit to the present generation while maintaining
its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of the future generations”.
Conservation of resources is the responsibility of all of us. How can
we do it? You can do it by adopting the 4R strategy: Reduce, Reuse,
Recharge or Regenerate and Research. Let us understand in short the
meaning of these options.
1) Reduce: Reduce refers to minimizing the use of resources and
their wastage or trying to use less amount of any resource. It will also
reduce pollution. For example, you can reduce air pollution by reducing
the use of your vehicles.
2) Reuse: This is a very simple but effective way to conserve
resources. Every resource has not only alternative uses but can be used
multiple times. For e.g. the water that was used for bathing can be used
for gardening; waste paper can be converted into packaging material.
3) Recharge and Regenerate: This refers to taking steps to allow
the resource to grow through conscious human efforts. All rain water
harvesting efforts recharge ground water, afforestation recharges tree
stock and the bio-diversity.
4) Research: Researching ways to find renewable alternatives to non-
renewable resources. Solar or wind energy is a renewable alternative to
the energy we use.
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Here is a checklist of some things we can Activity:
do to conserve resources: You can make a list of
• Purchase less stuff (use items as 4Rs that you may adopt at
long as you can, ask yourself if you your home and school.
really need something new.)
• Reduce excess packaging (for example, drink water from the tap
instead of buying it in plastic bottles).
• Recycle materials like metal cans, old cell phones, and plastic
bottles.
• Purchase products made from recycled materials.
• Keep air and water clean by not polluting the environment.
• Plant new trees to replace ones that we cut down.
• Drive lesser, take public transportation, bicycle, or walk.
• Conserve energy at home (for e.g., turning off lights when not
needed).
The conservation aspect has been realized by all countries which have
adopted the principle of sustainable development that seeks to achieve
development in such a manner that the resources and environmental
quality are conserved for use by future generations also.
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but yet, it can make a big difference and contribute a lot to reduction of
ecological footprint.
What can you do to reduce your Ecological Footprint?
Food
• Buy organic food, or locally-grown produce.
• Have a kitchen garden (by doing this you cut down on
pollution from shipping, fertilizers, packaging, etc and your
food is fresher!).
• Bring your own bags to the store (canvas or reuse plastic/paper).
• Buy and eat fewer processed foods (Processed foods have been
frozen, canned, or packaged before coming to your table)
• Instead of drinking a juice box, eat a piece of fruit
• Eat less meat and dairy – you can get protein from other sources,
too
• Eat at home instead of ordering out
Energy/Electricity
• Put off all lights when not in use.
• Turn the air conditioner and heater off at night.
• Get outside! Outside activities are fun and take less energy.
• Keep doors and windows shut when heating or cooling the house/
car.
Transportation
• Walk or ride your bicycle to school.
• Take public transportation.
• Carpool when where you are going is too far to walk.
Creating less waste
• Buy products with the least amount of packaging possible
(buy in bulk or in big boxes rather than in individually
wrapped containers).
• Ask for no bag when you buy something you can carry without one.
• Recycle as much as possible (and purchase recycled products
when you can).
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• Mend things that are broken (don’t throw them away).
• Donate old items to someone who can use them.
• Buy items that can be used over and over (not disposable).
• Reuse water bottles (and recycle them too!).
Water
• Turn off the tap while brushing your teeth.
• Don’t pour toxics down storm drains.
• Run only full loads in your dishwasher or washing machine.
• Put a brick in your toilet tank. It saves thousands of litres of
water a year.
• Use Indian type (squatting) toilets more
Community
• Educate people in the community about their Ecological
Footprint and what they can do to make it smaller
• Join a group that works to make local rivers and streams
healthier.
• Get involved with a recycling program.
• Do an energy audit of your school and see how it can save money
and electricity.
• Try calculating your school’s Ecological Footprint and get
classes to work together (more information is available at
www.myfootprint.org).
Thus, with simple steps, we can make a big difference to conservation
of resources and reducing our pressure on the environment. Because
Mahatma Gandhi also said “Be the change you want to see in others”.
Exercises
97
3. Iron ore is resource.
4. Scarcity arisess when the need for resources is than
the availability of it.
5. Development emphasizing the availability of resources to meet
the needs of future generations is also called as .
6. In 2010, the mankind used Earths to meet their
requirements.
II. Answer the following in one sentence each:
1. What are natural resources?
2. Give two examples of renewable resources.
3. Give two examples of abiotic resources.
4. What is conservation?
5. Define ecological footprint.
6. What is recycling?
III. Answer the following in 5-6 sentences each:
1. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources.
2. Explain the causes for increasing scarcity of resources.
3. What are 4Rs? Explain in brief.
4. What steps would you take to conserve energy use in your school
and at home?
5. What measures will you to take to reduce the ecological footprint?
IV. Project Work
1. List out the items you use on daily basis and classify them
according to 4Rs.
V. Activity
1. Prepare an energy audit of your school and see how and where
energy can be saved.
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Chapter - 2
Human Resources of India
People as resource
We can observe around us that the working capability of healthy,
educated and trained people is more. The nation’s income increases due
to this. That is the reason why educated and healthy, working people are
considered as nation’s human resource.
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Human resource occupies greater importance in the production
of goods and services than natural resources and material resources.
Human resource provides the skills and workforce needed for
production. The people who work in various jobs in the fields of
agriculture, industry and service sectors are referred as the workforce.
Human resource conducts new research to provide better
facilities to the people. Electricity, televisions, computers, mobiles and
fast moving vehicles are all the contributions of human resource. Till
now, India’s large population was considered as a burden. But now it
is being viewed as a resource. It is possible to convert the people into
a productive asset by providing good education, training and health
facilities. However, it is better if the population of a country is not very
huge.
• The number of poor people comes down with a rise in the literacy
• As female literacy increases, birth rate decreases.
• Increase in farmers’ literacy leads to higher agricultural
production.
• The higher a person’s education, greater is his income.
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20-25 years was 20.4 percent in 2012. It is only one fourth of the
developed countries insolvent. While the number of doctors per
thousand population is 0.7, the number of engineers per thousand
population is 210. It is considered less as compared to advanced
countries.
c) Low Life Expectancy: Life expectancy is the number of years a
person is expected to live Life. expectancy in India was 65.8 years
in 2013 which is lower compared to that of the developed nations.
8. Low Work Participation Rate: The ratio of working
population to the total population is referred to as work
participation rate. This rate is very low in India at 39.8 per
cent in 2011 which indicates a high proportion of non-working
population.
9. Over-population: Despite increase in food production to 252
million tonnes in 2015-16, problems like poverty, hunger,
malnutrition are still acute in India. Agriculture is overcrowded
and average Indian suffers due to low per capita income, low
standard of living, high slum population, unemployment and
under-employment etc. These indicate that our population size has
crossed the tolerable limit.
Demographic Transition
There is a close relationship between economic development and
population growth. As a country progresses in economic development,
the growth rate of its population declines. This process is described
through the ‘Theory of Demographic Transition’. The transition of
demographic features is observed to be falling in three distinct phases,
namely, backward stage, developing stage and developed stage. Let us
briefly understand each stage.
1. Backward stage: In a backward economy health facilities are
lagging and people lack awareness about the advantages and
means of birth control. People are also superstitious and bound
by customs and traditions. Due to this, both the birth rate and
the death rate are high resulting in a lower population growth.
2. Developing stage: As the economy starts growing, the
government provides better education and health facilities and
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epidemics are brought under control. Due to this, the death rate will
decline steeply. On the other hand, the birth rate continues to
remain high or decline very slowly. Because of a very high birth rate
and steeply falling death rates, the population growth tends to be
higher. India is presently said to be in the second stage.
3. Developed stage: When a country attains developed status, all
the people are educated and well-informed and everyone gets
health and hygiene facilities. Due to this, the death rates will
fall further and the birth rates too will fall, resulting in very low
population growth.
Thus, as a backward country changes into a developing country
by achieving economic growth, its population growth gets affected.
• Backward country: High birth and death rates, so low population
growth rate.
• Developing country: High birth and low death rates, so high population
growth rate.
• Developed country: Low birth and death rates, so low population
growth rate.
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Hence, the governments are providing all facilities to improve
the health and nutrition of a woman right from the day she becomes
pregnant up to the day she delivers the baby. Reproductive and child
health increases the survival chances of both the child and mother and
because of this, the number of children born will come down. This helps
in reducing the population growth. As a result the child and willdecline
maternal mortality have willdecline. Nutrition of pregnant mothers and
child is also an important requirement.
As a result of government efforts in providing health care to all,
the maternal mortality rate has declined from 398 maternal deaths for
every 100000 live births in 1997-98 to 167 in 2012. similarly, the infant
mortality rate has also declined from 80 deaths of children below one year
of age for every 1000 live births in 1990 to 47 in 2012. The child mortality
rate (also known as under-5 mortality) counted as the number of deaths
of children between the age-group of 0-5 years per 1000 children has also
declined from 115 in 1991 to 59 in 2010.
However, India fares very poorly with regards to nutrition and reports
a high degree of malnutrition with a large proportion of children’s
deaths occurring due to malnutrition. Various surveys conducted by the
International Institute for Population Studies shows that 40 per cent
children below the age of 5 years were underweight in 2008-09. Similarly,
it is reported that around half of all pregnant women in India are anemic,
According to a UNICEF Report, India accounts for the highest number of
deaths of children under-five years of age with 50% of such deaths caused
mainly due to malnutrition, about half of under-five deaths occur in only five
countries: India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan and China.
While India accounts for 22% of the total under-five children death worldwide,
Nigeria contributes 13%.
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Some of the prominent measures initiated under the National Health
Mission to reduce infant mortality rate and maternal mortality ratio in
India are:
1. Promotion of institutional deliveries through Janani Suraksha
Yojana. 24x7 free ambulance service of Karnataka Government
has also helped in attaining higher institutional delivery rates.
2. Strengthening of sub-centres, Primary Health Centres,
Community Health Centres and District Hospitals for providing
24x7 basic and comprehensive child delivery and care services.
3. Engagement of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) to
facilitate accessing of health care services by the community.
4. Health and nutrition education to promote dietary diversification,
inclusion of iron rich food as well as food items that promote iron
absorption.
5. Achieving universal immunization through vaccination
programmes to protect children against many life threatening
diseases.
6. Management of Malnutrition by providing nutritional
supplements to pregnant women and children. The Integrated
Child Development Service (ICDS) has also contributed positively
to this.
These measures have contributed to improving the health of women
and children and are expected towards reducing the mortality rates further.
Indicators of health
Life Expectancy: the approximate number of years every child is expected
to live.
Infant Mortality Rate: the average number of infant (up to 1 year of age)
deaths per thousand live births in a year
Child Mortality Rate: the average number deaths of children below 5 years
of age, for every 1000 live births
Maternal Mortality Rate: the average number of death of pregnant women
and lactating mothers for every one lakh live births.
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Exercises
106
3. What is the role of health and education in developing human
resources?
4. Why the population growth is high in the developing countries?
5. What measures are taken by the improve the quality of
population?
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CHAPTER - 3
Meaning of Poverty
You must have observed life around you. Poverty is found both
in urban and rural areas. In the cities, the sellers on the footpaths,
daily wage workers, beggars, the workers working in small scale
industries, migrants etc. are considered poor. In the rural areas, the
landless agricultural labourers who work in others’ fields, the small
and the very small farmers with tiny patches of land, people engaged
in occupations other than agriculture like basket weavers, potters,
blacksmiths etc. live in poverty.
The poor people are not able to
earn sufficient income to get two
square meals a day and they suffer
from malnutrition. They do not have
means to take care of their health
and, therefore, suffer from illnesses.
Due to lack of education, training and
skills, their chances of employment
are few, the jobs they have will not be
permanent and the income thev get is
low.
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Poor people live in kaccha houses that have walls and roofs of mud,
coconut leaves and grass. They may be living in small tents or huts made
of tin sheets on the roadsides or under the trees. The area in cities where
such people live, are called slums. Thus, the condition in which people
are deprived of their fundamental needs like food, clothing, shelter,
education and health is called poverty.
However, to identify poverty and measure it we need specific
yardsticks. Before independence itself, Dadabhai Naoroji used the
concept of poverty line to identify the poor. After independence also, the
poverty line is being used as the yardstick to measure poverty.
Then what is poverty line? Poverty line represents the estimated
minimum level of income needed to secure the basic necessities
of life. Alternatively, it indicates the capacity to incur the minimum
expenditure to meet the subsistence or basic necessities of a human
being, to keep him/her in good health and decency.
In 2005, Suresh Tendulkar Committee adopted the monthly per
capita expenditure (MPCE) on education, health, electricity and
transport, along with food, to determine the poverty line. Later,
C. Rangarajan Committee following the Tendulkar Committee
recommendations, fixed the poverty line expenditure at Rs. 32 in
rural areas and Rs. 47 in urban areas. But, measurement of poverty
is still a contentious issue.
At the international level, the World Bank identifies a person who is
unable to spend $1.25 for daily consumption as being below the poverty
line. According to this criterion, nearly 41% of people are poor in India
presently.
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Causes of Poverty in India
Poverty in India is due to interaction of many factors – historical,
economic, social and political. However, the major economic factors that
have contributed to the current poverty are :
1. Rapid increase in population: Rapid increase in the population is
the major cause as any amount of development is going to be insufficient
for providing the basic necessities to people.
2. Low level and growth of national income: Due to the
general underdevelopment on the one hand and the rapid rise in
population on the other, the per capita income has remained at
lower level. This has created a vicious circle of poverty of low income,
low savings, low investment, lower productivity and lower income
growth. This has kept the people in poverty.
3. Rise in price level: Continuously rising prices have reduced the
people’s purchasing power, especially of those whose income is lower.
4. Unemployment: Inability of the development process to gainfully
absorb the working population is another reason of poverty.
5. Capital deficiency: The low income and lower savings yielded less
money for investment for growth of the country. Hence, there has been
low and slow capital formation, resulting in low productivity and income
earning capacity.
Hunger and Food security
The main features of poverty are hunger and penury. Poor
families do not get food easily or adequately. They do not have the means
to buy food. Thus, they face food insecurity. India as a whole faces
serious hunger problem. In order to measure the extent of hunger,
the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) calculates
the country wise hunger index and publishes in its annual publication
‘Global Hunger Index (GHI)’.
Calculation of Global Hunger Index: It is calculated by combining the values of:
Undernourishment : the proportion of undernourished people as a percentage
of the population;
Child wasting : the proportion of children under the age of five who
suffer from low weight for their height;
Child stunting : the proportion of children under the age of five who
suffer from low height for their age; and
Child mortality : the mortality rate of children under the age of five.
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As per the 2015 GHI, one out of every seven people in the world goes
to bed without food every day. India’s hunger index score is 29 and is
put in ‘serious’ category and ranks 50th among the calculated list of 128
countries.
According to recent National Family Health Survey, around 79%
children and 58% pregnant women suffer from anemia in India.
One in every two children and one woman among three women are
under-weight. 42% of the world’s under-weight children are in India.
Anemia and under-weight are the results of hunger.
Food Security
Every person should be assured of minimum amount of food at an
affordable price and it should be supplied nearer to where he stays. This
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ensures food security. Providing food security is an affirmative step to
improve the quality of life of people. What is food security?
Food Security : Food Security refers to the system which ensures
the provision of food at all times to everyone in the country. Food security
mean includes :
• providing sufficient food to all people in the country;
• increasing the purchasing power of the poor; and
• removing other hindrances for the poor while accessing and
absorbing food.
The food security system consists of two aspects:
1. Buffer stock
2. Public Distribution System
Buffer stock: The government purchases the food grains from the
farmers at minimum support prices. Food Corporation of India (FCI) was
established in 1965 to purchase food grains and construct godowns for
scientifically storing them. These stored grains are distributed among the
people for consumption. This act of purchasing food grains and making
them available for public distribution is called buffer stock operations.
Buffer stock operation helps in overcoming the shortage of food.
Public Distribution System (PDS): The food grains procured
by the FCI are distributed to the poor people at lesser than market
prices through the fair price shops. This is called as the public
distribution system. Food grains, sugar, kerosene, cooking oil and
other essential items are distributed through these fair price shops. The
government has taken steps to open fair price shops in all villages,
towns and cities. There are around 5 lakh fair price depots in India
today, and around 16 crore families are benefitting from them.
In order to purchase food grains through the fair price shops a
household is provided with a ration card. Different types of cards are
issued depending upon the economic status. These cards entitle
specific quantities of various items to the people. The poor families
are provided BPL (Below poverty line) ration cards which entitles them
to a higher quantity of grains at very low price or sometimes at free of
cost. Antyodaya Anna Yojana scheme is being implemented under which
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very poor families are distributed food grains at very low prices. Other
households too receive a fixed amount of food grains every month.
Anna Bhagya
Annabhagya, launched in 2013, is the most ambitious programme of the
Government of Karnataka which aims at achieving a hunger-free state. Under
the scheme, the government is providing food grains per person free of cost,
which includes rice and wheat/ ragi/ jowar. Palm oil, iodised salt and sugar
are also provided at highly subsidized price to BPL ration cards. Through this it
is hoped to eliminate malnutrition.
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i. The ‘Integrated Rural Development Programme’ (IRDP)
implemented in 1980.
ii. The ‘Swarnajayanti Grama Swarozgar Yojana’ (SGSY)
implemented in 1999.
iii. The ‘Swarnajayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SSRY) implemented
in 1997.
iv. The National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) also called as
Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana implemented since 2011.
b. Wage Employment Programmes: Several wage employment
programs have been implemented since 1970 to provide jobs
on a daily wage basis to poor, unskilled and asset less
people. They are being given jobs in works related to creation
of community assets like tanks and bunds, roads, schools,
hospitals and others.
In 2006, ‘Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme’ was launched. This has been the most ambitious
daily wage program ever launched as it confers the ‘right to work’ to
the needy and poor people. The scheme aims at providing wage
employment for a minimum of 100 days in a year to at least one adult
member of poor households. The statutory minimum wages are paid
through bank or post office accounts and equal wages are paid to male
and female workers. Desirous persons have to first register with the
Gram Panchayat and obtain a ‘job card’. If the registered job-aspirants
are not given jobs within 15 days of demand for work, they are given the
daily unemployment allowance at rates fixed by the government. This
scheme has helped in improving employment and incomes of the poor
people in many parts of the country.
3. Provision of minimum basic amenities: Many measures are taken
to provide the minimum basic requirements of the rural poor like food,
shelter, education, drinking water, hygiene, etc., and improve the quality of
their lives. The ‘Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)’ was launched in 1974-
75. Food grains are being distributed to poor people through the fair price
shops. Health insurance is being provided to poor people under ‘Yashaswini’
scheme. Houses are constructed for the poor under ‘Indira Awas Yojana’
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and ‘Valmiki-Ambedkar Awas Yojana’; pure drinking water is provided to
all households; toilets are constructed under ‘Nirmal Gram’ programme. In
2000, ‘Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana’ (PMGY) was implemented under
which, the rural poor are provided primary education, primary health care,
shelter, drinking water, rural lighting and other services.
4. Social Security Measures: The protection that the government
provides to the helpless, the aged and the handicapped among the very
poor people is called social security. Deserted old people get old age
allowance every month under ‘Sandhya Suraksha Yojana’. Handicapped
people and helpless people incapable of doing any work get disability
pension every month. Poor widows get widow pension every month.
In this manner, the government is trying to bring the poor
people above the poverty line through various programmes. As a result,
the extent of poverty is gradually coming down.
Exercises
116
5. What is ‘food security’?
6. What is Buffer Stock?
V. Project Work:
Visit a fair price shop in your town/village. Collect information about
the following topics:
1. Which items are distributed there?
2. At what prices the items are distributed? Observe the
difference between the prices of the items there and those sold in
the grocery shops.
3. To how many families they distribute the items.
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CHAPTER - 4
118
Importance of Labour: Labour is a productive factor of
production. It activates the other factors and makes them useful for
production purposes. Therefore the quantity and quality of labour
force in a country are crucial factors. in accelerating development of
that country. Higher the labour force, larger is the economic activity
and development. The size of the labour force is usually measured
in terms of the number of people in the age group of 15 to 60 years.
Generally, children below 15 years and people above 60 years of age
are not considered as workers. India is said to be enjoying the
‘demographic dividend’ because the proportion of people in the
younger age group, who can engage in work, is very high compared to the
other countries.
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3. Occupational or sectoral composition of workforce:
Occupational composition refers to distribution of workers by employment
in farming, manufacturing, trade, services or any kind of professional
activities. The composition of workforce in 2011 shows a large proportion
of workers engaged in primary sector (agriculture and allied activities)
compared to secondary (industry) and tertiary (service) sectors
(see table 1).
Table 1: Sectoral Classification of Workers in India in 2011
Residence Gender
Sector Total
Rural Urban Males Females
Primary 66.6 9.0 43.6 62.8 48.9
Secondary 16.0 31.0 25.9 20.0 24.3
Tertiary 17.4 60.0 30.5 17.2 26.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
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workers in construction, road side business, shops etc. In this
sector there is no job security and the conditions of employment are
also very tough. That is why it is also called as informal sector.
Table 2: Classification of Workers by Nature of Work (%)
Nature of Work 1972-73 1993-94 2011-12
Self-employed 61.4 54.6 52.0
Regular salary employed 15.4 13.6 18.0
Casual labour 23.2 31.8 30.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
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Causes of Unemployment in India
The major causes of unemployment in India are:
1. Jobless Growth: In the recent days, the growth of Indian economy
has been described as jobless. Since 1990’s, Indian economic growth is
mainly based on manufacturing and services sector. The use of modern
technology resulted in low level of employment creation. The low level of
growth in primary sector curtailed the job opportunities at rural level.
Thus it resulted in a jobless growth.
2. Increase in labour force: Population growth has been adding more
labour force to the market. In rural areas, whereas on account of growing
labour force unemployment has increased mainly in disguised form, in
urban areas it is open and visible.
3. Inappropriate technology: In India, the technology being used
in agriculture and industries has become increasingly capital intensive
leading to less labour absorption.
4. Dependence on agriculture: Agriculture being a seasonal
activity, a large proportion of workers engaged in farming are
compelled to remain idle for three to four months in a year.
5. Decline of small scale and cottage industries : The decline
of small scale industries which have the capacity to generate
significant amount of jobs is another caurse of unemployment.
6. Low mobility of labour: Labour mobility is very low in India.
Because of their family loyalty, people generally avoid migrating to
far-off places for work. Factors like diversity of language, religion and
customs also contribute to low mobility. Lower mobility causes greater
unemployment.
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The following are some of the important employment programmes
adopted in India.
Rural Areas
1977 : Food For Work Programme
1979 : Training Rural Youth for Self Employment (Trysem)
1980 : Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
1980 : National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)
1983 : Rural landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)
1989 : Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY)
1993 : Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)
1999 : Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana
2004 : National Food for Work programme
2006 : National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS)
Urban Areas
1989 : Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY)
1990 : Scheme of Urban wage Employment (SUWE)
1993 : Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)
1997 : Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY)
Therefore, depending on the need and context, the governments have
devised schemes to increase employment opportunities to the people in
both urban and rural areas.
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productivity activities (63 per cent versus 44 per cent of males); a
lower share of women are engaged in regular employment (13 per cent,
as against 20 per cent of males); and a significant share of urban women
work in the service sector as domestic workers.
Higher social spending, including investment in education, can
lead to higher female labor force participation Representation of
women in higher cadres of employment (IAS, IPS, KAS) needs to be
improved as well as in legislative assemblies, councils and Parliament.
EXERCISES
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III. Activity:
1. Visit a public works site and prepere a report on the work situation
and division of labour there.
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BUSINESS STUDIES
Chapter - 1
MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS
In this chapter you learn:
• Meaning of the management.
• Principles of management.
• Functional areas of management.
• Importance of decision making and its process.
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minimizes the wastage and maxmises the production and profit.
This principle can be adopted at all levels of the organisation.
2. Authority and responsibility: This principle refers to the
authority and responsibility, which are the combination of official
authority and personal responsibility. Both are compounded with
intelligence, experience, past experience, moral worth etc.,
3. Discipline: This principle refers to the managerial authority and
constructive discipline among the officials and subordinates at
all levels. It guarantees the fulfillment of objectives set by the
management. The discipline required by the superiors should
be clear and fair. It also includes the judicious application of
penalties.
4. Unity of command: This is the principle that an employee should
receive orders from one superior only.
5. Unity of Direction: This principle means that each group of
activities, having the same objective must have one head and one
plan.
6. Sub-ordination of Individual interest to General interest: This
principle tells that the management should minimize the
individual differences and should not allow differences to block
the fulfillment of general goals of the organisation.
7. Remuneration of Personnel: The remuneration and methods of
payment should be fair and afford to maximum satisfaction to the
employees.
8. Centralisation: This principle refers to the extent to which
authority is concentrated, so that it gives the overall yields.
9. Scalar chain: This principle means that every enterprise should
have graded authority or superior-subordinate relationship. The
range of authority and responsibility of superiors in relation to
the subordinates at various levels should be clearly defined.
10. Equity: It means that, there must be fair dealing, accommodation
or co-operative attitude among the common employees and
managers.
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11. Stability of security to personnel: The management must
assure security of job to the personnel. Instability of job has
both cause and effect of the bad management. The quick labour
turnover will result in bad management.
12. Initiative: The initiative is one of the key satisfactions. The
management should have the capacity to thinkout original
plans and execute them with full discretion.
13. Espirit De-Corps: It is based on the principle “Unity is strength”.
It emphasizes the need for team work and importance of
communication in obtaining it.
Functional areas of Management
Management is concerned with getting things done through the
efforts of others. To get the work done through others, the management
has to under take a number of activities in a systematic manner. These
systematic activities are called managerial functions.
The Managerial functions may be classified into different areas.
Some of them are : (1) Planning (2) Organising (3) Staffing (4) Directing
(5) Co-ordinating (6) Controlling.
1. Planning: It is one of the important functional areas of management.
It involves the future course of operation for a given period. The process
of planning includes determination of organizational objective and
formulation of plans, policies, strategies, programmes, procedures and
schedules.
2. Organising: It is the process of bringing together the man
power and material resources. Some of the material resources are
machines and materials. Putting the material resources and man
power together into working order to achieve the objectives is the main
purpose of the organizing area of managerial function. It also involves
delegation of sufficient authority to the managers and establishment
of linking together the various positions to the purpose of enabling the
people to work in a co-ordinated manner.
3. Staffing: It is the function concerned with the recruitment,
selection, placement, training, growth and development of all members of
the organization.
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4. Directing: It is the area of functional management where
instructing, guiding, supervising and leading the people of an
organization towards accomplishment of the organizational goals. It is
issuing orders or instructions to the sub-ordinates and make certain
that the instructions are properly carried out and the operations are
successfully planned.
5. Co-ordination: It is the harmonious blending of the activities of
the different departments for the achievement of the desired goals. It is
the arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of actions in the pursuit
of common purpose.
6. Controlling: It is an important area of the managerial
function. It covers almost all the management activities. It keeps check
on other functions of management. It is a function that every manager in
the organization has to perform. The main objectives of controlling area
are :
a) to create an atmosphere of order and discipline in the
organization to ensure proper co-ordination of activities.
b) to ensure confirmation of actual performance with the
pre-determined plans.
c) to achieve the increase of the overall efficiency of the
organization.
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Chapter - 2
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
In this chapter you learn :
• Meaning of finance in business.
• Role and importance of finance in business.
• Source of Finance – Short term, Long term
• Financial institutions - Capital market and stock exchange.
• The business ethics.
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for the requirement of finance, the business concerns borrow money
for a short term from the indigenous bankers or money lenders.
Long term finance: Long term finance refers to finance required for
the development programmes such as expansion of the level of production,
modernization of production methods etc., This type of finance is also
required for financing the fixed capital of an undertaking. Ex: To procure
fixed assets, establishing new undertaking etc.
Long term finance is costlier than the short term finance. That is the
rate of interst is high. It is raised against securities. It is raised by Joint
Stock Companies, through the issue of shares and debentures. Also
raised through term loans from financial institutions.
a) Issue of Shares: The capital of a joint stock company is
divided into small units called Shares. To start a joint stock company,
the promoters issue shares. Also whenever they need additional capital
for long term purpose, the companies raise the funds through issue of
shares to the public.
b) Debentures: The joint-stock companies are empowered to
borrow finance for meeting long term financial requirements through
the issue of Debentures. Debentures are the debts or loans borrowed by
the companies. A company under its common seal acknowledges a debt
to some persons containing and undertaking to repay the debt after a
specified period. A fixed rate of interest is paid to the debenture holders
at regular intervals.
Financial Institutions
There are some financial institutions developed to provide long term
finance to corporate and industrial sectors. The important among them
are :
i) Industrial Finance Corporation of India – IFCI
ii) State Finance Corporations – SFC’s
iii) Industrial Development Bank of India – IDBI
iv) Export and Import Bank (Exim Bank)
v) Scheduled and Commercial Banks
vi) Co-operative Banks.
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1) Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI): It was set up
in 1948 under the act of Parliament to provide long term financial
assistance to industry. The Corporation grants loans to public limited
companies and to co-operative societies. State owned public limited
companies can also borrow funds from the corporation.
2) State Finance Corporations (SFC’s): State Finance
Corporation Act was passed in 1951 by the Parliament to enable the
State governments to establish State Finance Corporations. The Act
applies to all the states except to Jammu and Kashmir. The main
objective of State Finance Corporations is to provide long term
finance to small and medium scale industries in their respective states.
3) Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI): It was
established in 1964 under the Industrial Development Bank Act 1964.
It was fully owned subsidiary Bank of R.B.I. till 1976. In 1976, the
ownership was transferred to Central government. It is now
functioning as an autonomous body. It renders direct financial
assistance of long term to the companies indirectly by purchasing
shares and debentures of IFCI and SFC. It also grants loans to IFCI and
SFC.
4) Exim Bank: It is the export and import bank of India. It
was set up in 1982. It is a government owned bank and provides
financial assistance to exporters and importers. It supports for the
establishment of institutions for providing finance to exporters and
importers. It also co-ordinates the working of various institutions
engaged in financing export and import trade of India.
Apart from the above mentioned financial institutions, the
business concerns raise long term finance from commercial banks
and credit co-operative banks. They can also raise finance through
long term public deposits, Venture capital and mutual funds.
Long term public deposits: A company can accept public
deposits to meet long term financial needs. The procedure to get these
deposits is simple and does not involve many formalities. A company
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can accept these deposits for a period not exceeding 5 year (60 months).
The deposits are unsecured and 8% to 10% of interest is allowed. The
maximum amount that can be raised under public deposit shall not
exceed 25% of the paid up capital of the company.
Venture capital: It is a source of fund used to finance new
projects involving new technology on production which has high risk
but has potential of high returns. The venture capital companies
show active interest in technological aspects of the company in addition
to supply of capital.
Mutual funds: They are one of the long term financial sources in
India. They first appeared in 1964. Today India has a large number of
mutual funds set up by both public and private sector undertakings.
Mutual fund is a fund sponsored by an institution to mobilize the
savings of the community at large and invests them in diversified
portfolio of securities. Examples : Unit Trust of India (U.T.I.), S.B.I.
Magnum equity fund, LIC growth fund, UTI Market plan, Prudential
ICICI balance fund, HDFC income fund, Bajaj allianze etc.,
At international level, Global deposit receipts (G.D.R.), American
Deposit Receipt (AMD) play an important role.
Capital Markets: They are of two types namely
(1) Money market and (2) Capital market.
1) Money market: The term money market is used in a sense
to mean financial institution which deals with short term funds in the
economy. Money market arranges funds for working capital. Rate of
interest is high, compared to the institutions of capital market. The
funds can be borrowed under money market for a short period
varying from a day, a week, a month or 3 to 6 months against the
different types of instruments such as trade bills, bank acceptances,
bonds, treasury bills etc. Commercial banks and Indigenous bankers
also play an important role in money market.
2) Capital market: It refers to the institutional arrangements for
facilitating the borrowing and lending of long term funds for fixed capital.
The rate of interest is low when compared to money market. The financial
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institutions, finance corporations, investment trusts, mutual funds etc.
are the leading financial institutions in capital market.
Stock Exchange: It is one of the constituents of capital market. A
specialized market place that facilitates the exchange of securities that
are already in existence is known as Stock Exchange or Stock market.
The first Stock exchange originated in London in 1773. In India, the first
Stock Exchange was started in Bombay in 1875. At present there are
twenty four Stock exchanges in our country. Of them thirteen are public
limited companies and six are limited companies by guaranty and others
are voluntary profit making organizations. Only eight Stock exchanges
are permanent and others have to renew their licence every year.
The Stock exchanges regulate and control business in buying, selling
and dealing in securities. They are regulated by the government. They do
not engage only in the purchase and sale of securities but provide a place
where members can carryout their business on their own account under
codes, rules and regulations.
The National Stock Exchange (NSE) was set up for the purpose of
providing a nation wide stock trading facility to investors, so as to bring
the Indian financial market in line with international financial markets. It
started its operation in the year 1993. Now it uses the electronic trading
system and computerized settlement system aimed at extending the facility
of electronic trading to every corner of the country. Only the agents can
operate the business in the stock exchanges. Share holders have to open
a separate account to buy and sell shares. It is called Demat account.
Demat account provides security of the shares. Now a days buying and
selling of shares is not possible without demat account.
EXERCISES
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3. The business concerns raise credit to carry out day to day affairs
and is called ___________.
4. For immediate needs the business institutions get credit from
____________.
5. The capital of joint-stock companies is divided into small units.
They are called ___________.
6. The bank that supplies credit to import and export trade is called
___________.
7. The IFCI was started in the year ___________.
8. The first share market of India was started at __________.
Activity :
1. Visit a Bank near your place and collect information from the
manager, to which business organizations, the bank advances
short terms credit and long term credit.
2. Collect information from newspapers about the raise and fall of
share value of certain organizations. Also find out why the share
value falls in certain cases.
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CHAPTER - 3
ACCOUNTING IN BUSINESS
In this chapter you learn :
• Meaning and definition of Accounting.
• Need for accounting in business.
• Meaning of account and rules for debiting and crediting each
type of accounts.
• Recording of business transactions in journal and ledger.
• Position of assets and liabilities of a business concern.
• Finally the result of a business concern for a period.
Definitions of Accounting
1. The American Institute of Certified Public Accounts (AICPA)
difined accounting as “the art of recoding, classifying and summerising
in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events
which are, in part atleast, of a financial character and interpreting the
results there off ”.
2. American Accounting Association (A.A.A.) defined accounting
as “the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic
information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the
information”.
Features of Accounting
1. Accounting is both a science and an art. It is science because it
has certain definite methods and regulations. It is an art because
it follows certain methods to fulfil the objectives.
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2. Accounting identifies the business transactions.
3. Accounting shows the value of business transactions in terms of
money.
4. Accounting classifies the business transactions and records them
in their respective accounts.
5. Accounting briefs the business transactions and after getting
required information from ledger prepares, final accounts,
namely trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet.
6. Accounting helps the business to take necessary decisions by
showing the result of the business.
Need for Accounting
“Profit to the business is like food to the body” (W.C.F. Heartly).
Every business concern is started to earn profit. The concern earns profit
through the transactions of the business, such as purchase of goods,
sale of goods, receipt of incomes, expenses, incurring losses etc, to know
the result of all these things is very important. It is necesary to know
the net profit earned or the loss suffered. It is also required to know the
amounts due by the firm to others or due to the firm by others. For all
these purposes it is very essential to write down accounts. To illustrate a
simple example of a village milk maid, she sells milk to some customers.
Whenever she sells the milk of a measure, say a litre or half, she marks a
line for onelitre and half line for half litre. At the week end she counts the
lines of a customer and accordingly collects money. When a village milk
maid maintains account in this manner, imagine a business firm which
deals with so many customers. This is the importance of maintaining
accounts.
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• Accounting helps to ascertain the financial position of a business
concern.
• Accounting helps a business concern to know the amount due to
others and amount due from others.
• Accounts are the documentary evidence required to prove the
status of business concern to government or to other agencies as
and when required. Accounts are required even in case of legal
matters.
• Accounting records and reports help the management of a concern
in its future planning and decision making process.
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Single-entry System: Some business concerns maintain their
accounts under Single-Entry system. Here only one aspect of the
transaction is taken into consideration. Some aspects are recorded in
two accounts, some are recorded in one side and some aspects are
not recorded at all. Here the full picture of the complete business
transactions is not available. Hence most of the business concerns
follow Double - entry system.
The procedure of maintaining accounts under Double - Entry System:
1) The day to-day business transactions are entered in Rough book
as and when they take place.
2) The transactions entered in rough book are analysed so as to
which account has to be debited and which account has to be
credited. Next, Journal entries are passed of the specimen is given.
Specimen form of Journal
Date Particulars LF Debit Credit
Amount Amount
.......... ............. Dr -
............. Cr -
***** *****
(Particular of the
Transaction .............)
Since the full particulars of the transactions are recorded first in the
Journal. It is called the book of original entry.
(Note : Abbreviation ‘Dr’ is used for Debit and ‘Cr’ in used for credit)
3) The Journal entries are then transferred to the respective ledger
accounts.
4) After a particular period or when ever required the balance
of ledger accounts is found out. The balance of account is the
difference between Debit and Credit side.
5) The list of all the balances of all the accounts is prepared. It
is called Trial Balance.
6) After the prepareation of Trial balance, final accounts are
prepared. Final accounts are divided into three parts.
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a) Trading Account.
b) Profit and Loss account.
(Generally these two accounts are clubbed to-gether)
ex. : Trading and Profit and Loss account of .............. for the
year ending ............
c) Balance sheet : Here the list of all Liabilities and Assets are
listed out.
The recoding of all the transactions is called Accounting cycle.
Accounting Cycle
Business
Transactions
Final Accounts
Trial Balance
Ledger
Ledger
Ledger is a record of all the accounts of the business concerns
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(Personal accounts, Real accounts and Nominal accounts) Ledger
account is divided into two sides. On left hand side the Debit entries
are recorded and on right hand side the Credit entries are recorded. The
specimen form of Ledger is given below.
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• The total of higher side is shown at the bottom of the amounts
on the same line in both sides. Leave some space in between the
amounts and total.
• The difference between the higher side and lesser side is found
out. This difference is called the balance of that account.
• It is shown in the lesser side in the space left. ‘To balance
c/f’ or ‘by balance c/f’ is written in the particulars column. If the
debit side is higher it is debit balance and if the credit side is
higher it is the credit balance.
• This balance is carried forward for next period.
Note:
Goods account appears as goods purchases account and goods sales
account. So also goods returns account as purchases returns account
and sales returns account. These accounts are not balanced but taken as
purchases a/c, sales a/c, purchases returns a/c, sales returns a/c and
shown in trial balance.
Know this:
• In ledger for every account one page or more pages are alloted
according to transactions.
• In J.F. column the page of the Journal entry where the ledger
a/c., found is entered.
Note: When the ‘Dr’ side total and ‘Cr’ side total in trial balance is
same. The transfer of entries are correct.
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Final Accounts
Trial Balance is prepared to ascertain the arithmetical accuracy of
ledger accounts. After ascertaining the arithmetical accuracy of Ledger,
Final accounts are prepared. Final accounts are also termed as Financial
statements.
Final accounts generally consist of two statements.
1. Trading and profit and loss a/c. 2. Balance sheet.
Trading and profit and loss account may be divided into two accounts
namely (a) Trading account (b) Profit and loss account.
They may be prepared separately, but general practice is that they
are prepared to-gether. Trading account gives the result of buying and
selling. It includes all the expenses incurred for buying and selling
or for manufacturing goods. The result is Gross profit or Gross loss.
Profit and Loss account contains Gross profit or Gross loss, brought
down from trading account and also all the expenses or losses and
all gains or profits which are of non-trading items. Balance sheet is a
statement contains all Assets and Liabilities. The permanent assets
lose their value every year. It is called Depreciation. It is deducted from
the asset and shown as a loss. The total debit and credit balances of
personal accounts except capital account and Bank account are shown
together. The total debit balances of personal accounts represents
as ‘Sundry Debtors’ and total credit balances represents as ‘Sundry
Creditors’. In the trial balance bank balance is shown as cash at Bank
and capital account is shown as Capital. The difference between assets &
liabilities is called capital.
EXERCISES
149
3. The Modern and scientific method of maintaining accounts is
callled ______________ system of Book keeping.
4. The difference between the debit and credit side of an account is
called______________
5. The two accounts of “commenced business with cash are”
______________ and ______________ .
6. The profit earned by Trade is transferred to ______________ a/c
7. “The permanent assets lose a portion of their value every year” it
is called ______________.
8. The difference between Assets and Liabilities of a Trade is called
______________.
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