BUILDING REGULATIONS

pile foundation
SNIP 2.02.03-85

MOSCOW 1995

DESIGNED NIIOSP them. Gersevanov USSR State Construction Committee (Candidate

of Technical Sciences.. BV Bakholdin - the head of the theme; Doctor of Technical Sciences VA
Il'ichev and EA Sorochan; Technical Sciences candidates YA Bagdasarov, VM Mamonov, LG
Mariupol, VG Fedorov and NB Ekimyan; Dzhantimprov HA), Institute Fundamentproject
Minmontazhspetsstroya USSR (candidate of technical sciences. YG Trofimenkov and VM
Shaevich; GM Leshin and RE Hanin ) and CNIIS Ministry of Transport (the candidate tehn.
SciencesNM Glotov, EA Tyulenev and IE Schoolchildren ) involving DalNIIS, Donetsk and
Kharkov PromstroyNIIproekt PromstroyNIIproekt USSR State Committee, Giprogor Gosstroy
RSFSR VNIMI Ministry of Coal Industry of the USSR, NIIpromstroya Minpromstroya USSR
TsNIIEPselstroya State Agricultural Committee of the USSR, the Institute
Saratovagropromproekt Agropromstroya RSFSR, NWB Energosetproject USSR Ministry of
Energy, Saratov and Perm Polytechnic Institute, Leningrad Institute of civil engineering of the
RSFSR Ministry of Higher Education, VNIIGS Minmontazhspetsstroya USSR, Kiev and
Dnepropetrovsk civil engineering Institute, Ministry of Higher Education of the Ukrainian SSR.
INCLUDED NIIOSP them. Gersevanov USSR State Committee.
PREPARED TO APPROVAL Glavtehnormirovaniem Gosstroy USSR ( ON Silnitsky ) .
With the introduction of SNIP 2.02.03-85 "Pile foundations" from January 1, 1987 are
repealed:
Head of SNIP II-17-77 «Pile foundations";
amendments to chapter SNIP II-17-77, approved by the USSR State Committee for the
Resolution of January 16, 1981 number 4, on July 17, 1981 № 122 of October 25, 1982 № 264
and on December 6, 1983 № 313 .
When using the standard document should take into account the changes approved building
codes and state standards, published in the journal "Bulletin of construction machinery" and the
information signs "state standards".
Building regulations SNIP 2.02.03-85
USSR State Building Instead,
Pile foundations
SNIP II-17-77
These standards apply to the design of pile foundations newly constructed and renovated
buildings.
These rules do not apply to the design of pile foundations of buildings and structures erected
on permafrost, pile foundations of cars with dynamic loads, as well as offshore oil towers and
other structures erected on the continental shelf at a depth of immersion supports more than 35
m.
Pile foundations of buildings and structures erected in areas with the presence or potential
development of dangerous geological processes (karst, landslides, etc.), should be designed
taking into account the additional requirements of the relevant regulations, approved or agreed
by Gosstroy of USSR.
 Approved by
Decree of
Made The term of
the State Construction
NIIOSP them. Gersevanov the entry into force
Committee of the USSR
USSR State Committee January 1, 1987
on December 20, 1985 №
243
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. Selection of the foundation structure (pile on natural or artificial basis), and form the
piles and the type of pile foundation (eg pile bushes tapes fields) should be made based on the
specific conditions of the construction site, characterized engineering research materials, design
loads, acting on the basis on the basis of technical and economic comparison of possible variants
of the design bases decisions (with a score reduced costs), made to meet the requirements for
economical use of basic building materials and ensuring the fullest use of the strength and
deformation characteristics of the soil and the physical and mechanical properties of materials
foundations.
1.2. Pile foundations should be designed on the basis of geodetic, engineering-geological,
engineering-hydrometeorological surveys the construction site, as well as on the basis of data
indicative purpose, design and technological features designed buildings and structures and
conditions of their operation, the load acting on the foundations, based on local building
conditions.Design of pile foundations without proper and adequate geotechnical studies is not
allowed.
1.3. Results of engineering studies should contain data required for the selection of the
foundation type, including a pile, to determine the form of piles and their size (cross-sectional
dimensions and the pile length, design load permitted on the pile) in view of the forecast of
possible changes (in the process construction and operation), geotechnical and hydro-geological
conditions of the construction site, as well as the type and volume of engineering measures for
its development.
In materials research should be given data of field and laboratory studies of soils, and where
necessary, established project organization, projecting pile foundations, - the results of field
testing piles of static and dynamic loads.
There should also be given geological sections with data on soil strata, the calculated values
of physical and mechanical properties that are used in the calculation of the two groups of limit
states, indicating the position of fixed and predictable levels of groundwater, and in the presence
sensing results - sensing charts.
N o t e . Test piles produced in the process of construction in accordance with the requirements of SNIP
3.02.01-83, are the only control to determine the quality of pile foundations and their compliance with the project.
1.4. In the projects pile foundations should include a full-scale measurements of
deformations of bases and foundations in cases where new or insufficiently studied structures
of buildings and their foundations, the construction of responsible buildings and structures in
difficult engineering-geological conditions, as well as in the presence of the design assignment
special requirements for the measurement of strain.
. 1.5 Pile foundations are designed to operate in an aggressive environment should be
designed to meet the requirements of SNIP 2.03.11-85 , and wooden construction of pile
foundations - also with regard to the requirements for the protection of them from decay,
destruction and defeat wood borers.
2. TYPES OF PILES
. 2.1 By way of burying in the ground must distinguish between the following types of piles:
 a) precast reinforced concrete, wood and steel, submerged in the ground without excavation
using hammers, vibrators, and pinch vibrovdavlivayuschih devices, as well as reinforced
concrete piles shell, deepens vibrators without recess or with partial dredging and filled with
concrete mix;
b) pile-reinforced shell, deepens vibrator with dredging and filled partially or completely
with concrete mix;
c) printed concrete and reinforced concrete, arranged in the soil by laying concrete in the
hole formed by the squeezing force (displacement) of soil;
d) drilling reinforced concrete, arranged in the ground by filling the wells drilled concrete
mix or loading the concrete elements;
d) screw.
2.2. Under the terms of interaction with the soil piles should be divided into piles, racks and
hanging.
For piles, piles shall be allocated racks of all kinds, based on rocky ground, and driven piles,
in addition, little compressible soils.
N o t e . To little compressible soils are coarse soils with sand filling medium density and dense and hard
consistency of clay in water-saturated state with the module of deformation E> 50,000 kPa (500 kgf / cm 2 ).
Force soil resistance, except for the negative (negative) of the friction forces on the lateral
surface of the pile stands in the calculation of the bearing capacity of the ground at the base on
the compressive load should not be counted.
By hanging piles should be attributed all kinds of piles, based on compressible soils and
transmit the load on the foundation soil and the side surface of the lower end.
N o t e . Negative (negative), the friction forces are called forces on the lateral surface of the pile with the soil
and sediment okolosvaynogo directed vertically downward.
2.3. The knock-concrete piles the size of the cross section of up to 0.8 m incl. and-shell piles
with a diameter of 1 m or more should be subdivided:
a) by the method of reinforcement - on piles and piles of shell Free of tension with the
longitudinal reinforcement with a transverse reinforcement and prestressed with rod or wire
longitudinal reinforcement (of the high-strength wire reinforcement and ropes) with a
transverse reinforcement and without it;
b) cross-sectional shape - on piles square, rectangular, tee and I-sections square with a round
cavity, a hollow circular cross-section;
c) on a longitudinal section of the form - in the prismatic, cylindrical and inclined side faces
(pyramidal, trapezoidal, diamond-shaped);
g) on the design features - on piles and solid components (from individual sections);
e) at the lower end design - on piles or flat with a pointed lower end, with a flat or volumetric
broadening (clavate) and hollow pile closed or open lower end of the fifth or kamufletnoy.
N o t e . Precast piles with kamufletnoy fifth satisfied by driving the hollow circular section piles in the lower
part with a closed hollow steel tip with subsequent filling of the cavity and the tip of the pile concrete mix and the
device with the help of an explosion within kamufletnoy heel tip. In the projects pile foundations using driven
piles with kamufletnoy fifth should include guidance on compliance with the rules of production drilling and
blasting operations, including the determination of allowable distances from existing buildings to the point of
explosion.
. 2.4 Ramming piles by the method of the device is divided into:
a) printed, arranged by immersing the inventory pipe, the lower end of which is closed
reserves in the ground or concrete shoe stopper, followed by removing these pipes as filling the
wells with concrete mix;
 b) printed vibroshtampovannye, arranged in the punched holes by filling the holes with a
mixture of hard concrete, sealing vibroshtampom in the form of a tube with a pointed lower end
and attached to her vibrator;
c) printed in box stamped, arranged by vyshtampovki in ground wells pyramidal or conical
shape and then filling them with concrete mix.
. 2.5 Drilling piles by the method of the device is divided into:
a) bored solid section with the widened and without them, concreted into the wells drilled in
the silty-clay soils above the groundwater level without fixing borehole walls, and in any soil
below the groundwater level - with fixing wall wells mud or inventory recoverable casing ;
b) drilled hollow circular cross-section, arranged with the use of a multi-vibroserdechnika;
c) bored packed slaughter, arranged by vtrambovyvaniya downhole gravel;
d) bored with kamufletnoy fifth, arranged by drilling wells with the subsequent formation of
the broadening of the explosion and the filling of concrete mix well;
d) CFA 0.15-0.25 m in diameter, arranged by injection (injection) is fine-grained concrete
mix or cement-sand mortar in bore holes;
e) pile-pillars, arranged by drilling wells with or without broadening it, laying them
concreted cement-sand mortar, and lowered into the well of cylindrical or prismatic elements
of solid section with the sides or the diameter of 0.8 m or more;
g) buroopusknye piles kamufletnoy fifth different from the bored piles with kamufletnoy
fifth (see. vile. "g") that after the formation of kamufletnogo broadening in the well is lowered
reinforced concrete pile.
N o t e s : 1. Casing may be left in the soil only when excluded the possibility of other solutions of foundations
(with the device of bored piles in soil layers at a rate of seepage of more than 200 m / day, in the application of
bored piles to fix the existing landslide slopes. and in other justified cases).
2. When the device bored piles in silty-clay soils for fixing wells walls is allowed to use excessive water
pressure.
2.6. Concrete and concrete piles should be designed from the heavy concrete.
For precast concrete piles with longitudinal reinforcement Free of tension, for which there
are no national standards, as well as printed and bored piles is necessary to provide concrete
class not lower than B15 for precast concrete piles with prestressed reinforcement - not less
V22,5.
For short ramming and drilling piles (length of less than 3.5 m) in justified cases, allowed to
provide the use of heavy concrete class not lower than B7.5.
. 2.7 Reinforced concrete pile foundations gratings for all buildings except the towers,
bridges, waterworks and large passages of overhead power lines should be designed from the
heavy concrete class not lower than:
for combined grills - B15
"Monolithic," - V12,5.
For supports large air passages class power lines concrete prefabricated monolithic grillage
and should be V22,5 and B15, respectively.
For concrete bridge supports class piles and pile foundation grills should be used in
accordance with the requirements of SNIP 2.05.03-84 for waterworks - SNIP 2.06.06-85 .
2.8. Concrete for embedment in concrete columns glasses piled raft foundations, as well as
end walls with precast piles tape grillage shall be provided in accordance with the requirements
ofSNIP 2.03.01-84 imposed on the concrete to seal prefabricated joints, but not below V12,5
class.
N o t e . In the design of bridges and hydraulic structures of concrete class for embedment prefabricated pile
foundations should be a notch higher than the class of connected concrete prefabricated elements.
 . 2.9 Stamps concrete frost resistance and water resistance of piles and pile foundation grills
should be used, following the requirements of GOST 19804.0-78, SNIP 2.03.01-84 , bridges
and waterworks - respectively SNIP 2.05.03-84 and SNiP 2.06.06-85 .
2.10. Wood piles should be made of softwood logs (pine, spruce, larch, fir) diameter of 22-
34 cm and a length of 6.5 and 8.5 m, corresponding to GOST 9463-72 requirements.
The logs for the production piles must be free of bark and twigs growths. Natural konichnost
(sbeg) logs saved. Cross-sectional dimensions, length and design of batch piles are taken based
on the results of calculation and in accordance with the characteristics of the proposed facility.
N o t e . The possibility of applying for the wooden piles of logs longer than 8.5 m is allowed only in agreement
with the company - the manufacturer of piles.
2.11. The joints of logs or boards docked in the length of wooden piles and piles of packet
carried abutting overlapping metal plates or nozzles. Joints in batch piles should be located
vrazbezhku at a distance from one another of at least 1.5 m.
3. BASIC GUIDELINES FOR CALCULATION
. 3.1 Calculation of pile foundations and their grounds must be made on limiting conditions:
a) First group:
on the strength of piles and pile foundation grills material (see. paragraph 3.6 );
for soil bearing capacity of foundation piles (see. p.3.10 );
on the grounds of bearing capacity of pile foundations, if they are transferred significant
horizontal loads (retaining walls, foundations and other structures of the spacer.) or if the
grounds are limited slopes steeply dipping or stacked layers of soil, etc. (see. § 3.13. );
b) Second group:
precipitation grounds piles and pile foundations by vertical loads (see. p.3.15 , Section 6 );
by displacement piles (horizontal u p , angles of rotation of the head-driving p ),
together with ground bases by the action of horizontal loads and moments (see
recommended. Annex 1 );
the education or the disclosure of cracks in concrete elements construction of pile
foundations (see. paragraph 3.6 ).
3.2. Pressures and impacts taken into account in the calculation of pile foundations,
reliability coefficients of the load, as well as the possible load combinations should be taken in
accordance with the requirements of SNIP 2.01.07-85 , taking into account guidance SNIP
2.02.01-83 .
The values of loads must be multiplied by safety factors intended to be taken in accordance
with "Accounting Rules of the degree of responsibility of buildings and structures in the design
of structures", approved by the State Construction Committee of the USSR.
. 3.3 piles calculation of pile foundations and their reasons for bearing capacity must be
performed on the main and special load combinations, the deformations - in the basic
combination.
3.4. Pressures exposure, combinations thereof and the reliability coefficients for loads in the
calculation of pile foundations of bridges and hydraulic structures should be taken in
accordance with the requirements of SNIP 2.03.05-84 and SNiP 2.06.06-85 .
3.5. All settlements of piles, pile foundations and their foundations should be made using the
calculated values of properties of materials and soil.
Calculated values of properties of materials piles and pile foundation grills should be taken
in accordance with the requirements of SNIP 2.03.01-84 , SNIP 23-81-II of , SNIP 25-80-II
of ,SNIP 2.05.03-84 and SNiP 2.06.06-85 .
The calculated values should be determined on the instructions of the soil characteristics
of SNIP 2.02.01-83 , and the estimated value of the soil bed of the coefficients with the z ,
surrounding the pile, it should be on the instructions of the recommended applications 1 .
 Estimated soil resistance under the bottom of the pile end R and on the lateral surface of the
pile f i should be determined on the instructions of Sect. 4 .
If you have the results of field studies carried out in accordance with the requirements
of Sec. 5 , the bearing capacity of soil foundation piles should be determined taking into account
the data of the static sounding of soils, soil tests or reference piles according to dynamic tests
of piles. In the case of the test pile static load bearing capacity of the foundation soil piles to be
taken based on the results of these tests.
. 3.6 Calculation of the strength of the piles and pile foundation grills material should be in
accordance with the requirements of SNIP 2.03.01-84 , SNIP 23-81-II of , SNIP 25-80-II of ,
for bridges and waterworks - SNIP 2.05.03-84 and SNIP 2.06.06-85 with the additional
requirements set out in pp.3.5 , 3.7 and 3.8 and in the recommended application 1 .
Calculation of reinforced concrete structures of pile foundations for the formation of cracks
and disclosure should be made in accordance with the requirements of SNIP 2.03.01-84 ,
bridges and hydraulic structures - also taking into account the requirements of SNIP 2.05.03-
84 and SNiP 2.06.06-85 respectively.
3.7. In calculating the piles of all types on the strength of the pile material should be
considered as rod, rigidly clamped in the soil in the section located on the sole ground beam at
a distance l1 , determined by the formula

, (1)
where l a - the length of the pile raft foundation of high-level trough to the ground plan, m;
a  - deformation ratio 1 / m, determined on the recommended Annex 1 .
When bored piles and piles of shells, buried through the thickness neskalnogo soil and

embedded in the rocky ground, the ratio > h , it should be (where h - immersion
depth of the pile or shell piles, measured from its lower end to the level of the ground-plan with
a high raft foundation, sole which is located above the ground, and to the foot of the grillage
grillage low, which is based sole or recessed in neskalnye soils, except for strongly, m).
When calculating the strength of the material for the brown-injection piles, grounds for
strongly recessed module of deformation E = 5,000 kPa (50 kgf / cm 2 ) or less, the estimated
length of the pile buckling l d , depending on the diameter piles d should be equal to:
at E = 500-2000 kPa (5-20 kg / cm 2 ) l d = 25 d ;
at E = 2000-5000 kPa (20-50 kgf / cm 2 ) l d = 15 d .
If l d greater than the thickness of the soil layer for strongly h g , the estimated length should
be equal to 2 h g .
3.8. In calculating the ramming and drilling piles (piles, except poles and piles
buroopusknyh) estimated on the strength of concrete resistance of the material should be made
taking into account the working conditions factorcb = 0.85 according to the instructions of
SNIP 2.03.01-84 , and the coefficient of working conditions, taking into account the impact of
the mode of production of piling work:
a) in a silty-clay soils, if possible drilling and concreting them dry without fixing the walls
at the position of the groundwater level in the period of construction of the piles below the
heel, cb= 1.0;
b) in the ground, drilling and concreting which are produced using the dry recoverable
casing, cb = 0.9;
c) in the ground, drilling and concreting performed in which the presence of water in them
using recoverable casing, cb = 0.8;
 g) In soils, drilling and concreting of which are performed under the mud or under excessive
water pressure (without casing), cb = 0.7.
N o t e . Concreting under water or mud should be performed only by a vertically movable pipe (VPT) or by
means of concrete pumps.
3.9. Calculations of constructions piles of all kinds should be carried out on the impact loads
transmitted to them from the building or structure, as driven piles, in addition to the forces
generated in them by their own weight in the manufacture, storage, transportation of piles, as
well as when they rise per pile driver at a point remote from the head pile to 0.3 l (where l -
length of the pile).
The force in the pile (as a beam) from the effects of its weight should be determined taking
into account the dynamic factor of:
1.5 - the calculation of strength;
1.25 - in the calculation of the education and disclosure of cracks.
In these cases, the safety factor for the load to the own weight of the pile to one.
3.10. A single pile as part of the foundation and outside on the bearing capacity of soil base
should be calculated on the basis of the conditions

, (2)
where of N - design load transmitted to the pile (longitudinal forces resulting from its
calculation of loads acting on the foundation under the most unfavorable combination
of both), determined in accordance with the instructions of 3.11 ;
The F d - the design bearing capacity of soil foundation a single pile, hereinafter referred to
as the carrier of the pile capacity and determined in accordance with the instructions
of Sect. 4 and5 .
Safety factor is taken equal to:
1.2 - if the load-bearing capacity of piles is determined by the results of field tests of static
load;
1.25 - If the bearing capacity of the pile is determined by calculation based on the results of
the static ground sounding, the results of dynamic testing of piles made taking into account the
elastic deformation of soil, as well as on the results of field tests of soils reference pile or pile-
probe;
1.4 - if the load-bearing capacity of the pile is determined by calculation, including the results
of dynamic testing of piles made without taking into account the elastic deformation of soil;
1.4 (1.25) * - for bridge supports foundations at low grillage, piles and piles of hanging-rack,
with a high grillage - only with stilt-racks, receiving compressive load, regardless of the number
of piles in the foundation;
_________
* In parentheses are values in the case where the bearing capacity of the pile is determined from field tests of
static load on the results or the calculation of the static soil probing.
at high or low raft foundation, sole which rests on for strongly soil, and hanging piles,
receiving compressive load, as well as any kind of raft foundation and hanging piles and stilts-
racks perceiving pulls the load, the k is taken depending on the number of piles in the
foundation:
at 21, and the pile of more than 1.4 (1.25)
from 11 to 20 piles 1.55 (1.4)
"6" 10 '1.65 (1.5)
"1" 5 "1.75 (1.6)
 for the foundations of the single pile under the column when the load on the pile pile of
square section over 600 kN (60 ton) and ramming pile - over 2500 kN (250 ton) value of the
coefficientthe k should be equal to 1.4 if the bearing capacity of the pile is determined by the
results of static load test, and 1.6, if the bearing capacity of the pile is determined by other
means;
the k = 1 - for solid pile fields rigid structures with maximum draft of 30 cm or more (when
the number of piles of more than 100), if the load-bearing capacity of the pile is determined by
the results of static tests.
N o t e s : 1. In the calculation of all the piles as in the pinch, and so pulls on the longitudinal load forces
resulting from the calculated pile load N, should be determined in consideration of its own weight of the pile, with
the reliability of a received load factor that increases the design effort.
2. If the calculation of pile foundations is made taking into account the wind and crane loads, the perceived
extreme piles design load is allowed to increase by 20% (except for the bases of supports of transmission lines).
If the direction of the external load of the pile foundation of bridge supports form one or more rows, then taking
into account the (joint or separate) loads from the braking pressure of the wind, ice and Nabal courts perceived by
most loaded pile, design load is allowed to increase by 10% at four piles in a row and by 20% at eight or more
piles. When the intermediate piles including the percentage increase of the design load is determined by
interpolation.
3.11. Design loads on the pile N, kN (tf), should be determined by considering the
foundation of a frame structure, a receiving vertical and horizontal loads and bending moments.
For foundations with vertical piles in the pile design load may be determined by the formula

(3)
where of N d - calculated compressive force, kN (Tc);
The M x , the M the y - design bending moment, kN  m (Tc  m), relative to the main central axes
of x and y piles plan plane grillage soles;
the n - number of piles in the foundation;
x i , y i - distance from the axis to the major axis of each pile, m;
x , y - the distance from the main axis to the axis of each pile, for which the design load is
calculated, m.
3.12. The horizontal load acting on the foundation with vertical piles of the same cross
section may be taken evenly distributed between all of the piles.
3.13. Verification of resistance of pile foundation and its foundation must be in accordance
with the requirements of SNIP 2.02.01-83 , taking into account the action extra horizontal
reactions from the piles attached to the slidable part of the soil.
3.14. Piles and pile foundations should be calculated on the strength of the material and
produce test foundations of stability under the action of the forces of frost heaving, if the base
is composed of heaving soils.
3.15. Piles and pile foundations calculation of the deformations should be made on the basis
of the conditions
ss u , (4)
where s - a joint deformation of the pile, pile foundation and structures (sediment movement,
the relative difference of sediment piles, pile foundations, etc.), which is determined by
calculation on the instructions of paragraphs. 3.3 , 3.4 , Sec. 6 and
recommended Annex 1 ;
s u - limit joint deformation of the pile foundation, pile foundation and structures installed
on the instructions of SNIP 2.02.01-83 , and bridges - SNIP 2.05.03-84 .
4. Calculation of bearing capacity of piles
 PILE-RACK
4.1. The bearing capacity of the F d kN (Tc), a driven pile, shell piles, printed and drilling
piles, resting on rocky ground, and driven piles, resting on the soil of low compressibility (see.
Note to 2.2 ), should be determined by formula
F d =c RA , (5)
where c - coefficient pile in soil environments received c = 1;
A - bearing area on the bottom of the pile, m 2 , taken for piles solid section equal to the cross
sectional area, and for piles of hollow circular cross section and piling shells - equal to
the cross sectional area of the net in the absence fill their cavities with concrete and
equal cross-sectional area gross when filling said cavity with concrete to a height of at
least three of its diameters.
Estimated soil resistance R under the lower end of the pile-stand, kPa (ts / m 2 ), should be
taken:
a) for all types of driven piles, based on the rock and little compressible soils, the R = 20
000 kPa (2000 ton / m 2 );
b) for ramming and drilling piles and piles of shells that are filled with concrete and
embedded in the unweathered rock soil (no weak layers) of not less than 0.5 m, - according to
the formula

(6)
where R c n - characteristic value of tensile strength in uniaxial compression of rock in the water-
saturated state, kPa (ts / m 2 );
g - a safety factor on the ground receivedg = 1,4;
l d - the estimated depth of the seal printed and drilling piles and piles of shells in the
rocky ground, m;
d f - outer diameter embedded in the rocky soil of the ramming and drilling piles and
shell-piles, m;
c) for the piles of shell evenly rests on the surface of unweathered rock, covered up by a
layer of non-blurry neskalnyh soil thickness of not less than three diameters of shell piles, -
according to the formula

(7)
wherein R s, f , g is the same as in the formula (6 ).
N o t e . If there is a basis of ramming, drilling piles and piles of weathered shells, as well as soften the rocky
soil of their ultimate strength in uniaxial compression should be taken based on the results of tests or dies as a
result of the test piles and piles of shells static load.
Hanging driven piles of all types and PILE-shell plunges without excavation
4.2. The bearing capacity of the F d , kN (tf) Hanging Drop piles and shell piles, submerged
without excavation, working at a compressive load, shall be determined as the sum of forces
calculated resistance foundation soil below the bottom of the pile end and on its lateral surface
by the formula

(8)
where c - coefficient pile in soil environments received c = 1;
 The R - rated resistance of the soil under the lower end of the pile, kPa (ts / m 2 ), take Table
1;
A - area of support on the ground piles, m 2 , taken on the cross-sectional area of the pile or
gross cross-sectional area kamufletnogo broadening in its largest diameter, or square-
shell piles net;
u - frontal cross-sectional perimeter of pile, m;
f i - calculated resistance i -th base of the soil layer on the surface side of the pile, kPa (ts /
m 2 ), take Table 2 ;
h i - thickness of i th layer of soil in contact with the side surface of the pile, m;
cR ,cf - coefficients of working conditions under the ground, respectively, and the lower
end of the side surface of the pile, taking into account the effect of the method of
immersion in the settlement of the pile of soil resistance and taken to table. 3 .
In the formula (8 ) summarize the ground resistance should be over all the layers of soil, pile
passed, except in cases when the project includes land planning or truncation is possible soil
erosion. In these cases, you should summarize the resistance of soil layers located respectively
below the plan (cutting) and pond bottom after its local erosion at design flood.
Table 1
The depth Calculated resistance at the lower end of the driven piles and piles of shells immersed without
of excavation, the R, kPa (ts / m 2 )
immersion sandy soil of average density
of the gravelly large - medium size small silty -
lower end silty-clay soils with a melt flow index l of L , equal
of the
pile, m 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
3 7500 (750) 6600 (660) 3000 3100 2000 (200) 1100 (110) 600 (60)
4000 (400) (300) (310) 2000 1200 (120)
(200)
4 8300 (830) 6800 (680) 3800 3200 (320) 2100 (210) 1250 (125) 700 (70)
5100 (510) (380) 2500 (250) 1600 (160)
5 8800 (880) 7000 (700) 4000 3400 (340) 2200 (220) 1300 (130) 800 (80)
6200 (620) (400) 2800 (280) 2000 (200)
7 9700 (970) 7300 (730) 4300 3700 (370) 2400 (240) 1400 (140) 850 (85)
6900 (690) (430) 3300 (330) 2200 (220)
10 10500 7700 (770) 5000 4000 (400) 2600 (260) 1500 (150) 900 (900)
(1050) 7300 (730) (500) 3500 (350) 2400 (240)
15 11700 8200 (820) 5600 4400 (440) 2900 (290) 1650 (165) 1000 (100)
(1170) 7500 (750) (560) 4000 (400)
20 12600 8500 (850) 6200 4800 (480) 3200 (320) 1800 (180) 1100 (110)
(1260) (620) 4500 (450)
25 13400 9000 (900) 6800 5200 (520) 3500 (350) 1950 (195) 1200 (120)
(1340) (680)
thirty 14200 9500 (950) 7400 5600 (560) 3800 (380) 2100 (210) 1300 (130)
(1420) (740)
35 15000 10000 (1000) 8000 6000 (600) 4100 (410) 2250 (225) 1400 (140)
(1500) (800)
No te s : 1. Above below shows the values of R for sandy soils below the line - for the silty clay.
2. Table. 1 and 2 the depth of immersion of the lower end of the pile, and the average depth of the soil layer
situated at the territory planning truncation, bedding, alluvium up to 3 m should be taken on the level of the natural
terrain, and in the vase life, bedding, alluvium from 3 to 10 m - from conventional markers located by 3 meters
above the level of cutting or 3 m below the bedding.
The depth of immersion of the lower end of the pile, and the average depth of the soil layer location in the
reservoir should be taken on the level of the bottom after the general erosion of the design floods, swamps - on
the level of the bottom of the swamp. When designing overpasses through excavation to a depth of 6 m for piles,
slaughter hammers without undermining or device of leader wells, depth of immersion into the soil of the lower
end of the pile in Table 1 should be taken on the level of the natural terrain at the site of the foundation
The depth Calculated resistance at the lower end of the driven piles and piles of shells immersed without
of excavation, the R, kPa (ts / m 2 )
immersion sandy soil of average density
of the gravelly large - medium size small silty -
lower end silty-clay soils with a melt flow index l of L , equal
of the
pile, m 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
structure. For grooves deeper than 6 m depth of immersion of piles to be taken both for the depth of the recesses
6 m.
3. For intermediate depths of immersion of piles and intermediate values of flow index I of of L silty-clay soils
values R and f i in the table. 1 and 2 are determined by interpolation.
4. For dense sandy soils, the degree of density which is determined according to the static probe, the
value R at table. 1 for piles, submerged without undermining or leader wells should be increased by 100%. When
determining the degree of density of the soil according to other types of engineering studies and the absence of
static sensing data for dense sands values R for Table. 1 should be increased by 60%, but not more than 20000
kPa (2,000 tf / m 2 ).
5. The values of the calculated resistance R on the table. 1 may be used provided the penetration of piles in
non-blurry and uncut soil is not less than, m:
4.0 - for bridges and hydraulic structures;
3.0 - for buildings and other structures;
6. The values of the design resistance R under the lower end of the driven piles section 0.15  0.15 m or less,
used as foundations for the internal walls of single-storey industrial buildings is allowed to increase by 20%.
7. For the sandy loam with the number of plasticity l p  4 and porosity coefficient e <0.8 calculated
resistance R and f i should be determined for silty sands medium density.
Table 2
The calculated resistance on the side of driven piles and piles of shells, f i , kPa (ts / m 2 )
The sandy soil of average density
average
large and
depth of
medium- small silty - - - - - -
the soil
size
layer
silty-clay soils with a melt flow index I of of L equal
location, m
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1 35 (3.5) 23 (2.3) 15 (1.5) 12 (1.2) 8 (0.8) 4 (0.4) 4 (0.4) 3 (0.3) 2 (0.2)
2 42 (4.2) 30 (3.0) 21 (2.1) 17 (1.7) 12 (1.2) 7 (0.7) 5 (0.5) 4 (0.4) 4 (0.4)
3 48 (4.8) 35 (3.5) 25 (2.5) 20 (2.0) 14 (1.4) 8 (0.8) 7 (0.7) 6 (0.6) 5 (0.5)
4 53 (5.3) 38 (3.8) 27 (2.7) 22 (2.2) 16 (1.6) 9 (0.9) 8 (0.8) 7 (0.7) 5 (0.5)
5 56 (5.6) 40 (4.0) 29 (2.9) 24 (2.4) 17 (1.7) 10 (1.0) 8 (0.8) 7 (0.7) 6 (0.6)
6 58 (5.8) 42 (4.2) 31 (3.1) 25 (2.5) 18 (1.8) 10 (1.0) 8 (0.8) 7 (0.7) 6 (0.6)
8 62 (6.2) 44 (4.4) 33 (3.3) 26 (2.6) 19 (1.9) 10 (1.0) 8 (0.8) 7 (0.7) 6 (0.6)
10 65 (6.5) 46 (4.6) 34 (3.4) 27 (2.7) 19 (1.9) 10 (1.0) 8 (0.8) 7 (0.7) 6 (0.6)
15 72 (7.2) 51 (5.1) 38 (3.8) 28 (2.8) 20 (2.0) 11 (1.1) 8 (0.8) 7 (0.7) 6 (0.6)
20 79 (7.9) 56 (5.6) 41 (4.1) 30 (3.0) 20 (2.0) 12 (1.2) 8 (0.8) 7 (0.7) 6 (0.6)
25 86 (8.6) 61 (6.1) 44 (4.4) 32 (3.2) 20 (2.0) 12 (1.2) 8 (0.8) 7 (0.7) 6 (0.6)
thirty 93 (9.3) 66 (6.6) 47 (4.7) 34 (3.4) 21 (2.1) 12 (1.2) 9 (0.9) 8 (0.8) 7 (0.7)
35 100 (10.0) 70 (7.0) 50 (5.0) 36 (3.6) 22 (2.2) 13 (1.3) 9 (0.9) 8 (0.8) 7 (0.7)
No te s : 1. When determining the design resistance of the soil on the side of piles f i Table. 2 should take into
account the requirements set forth in the Note. 2 and 3 of Table. 1 .
2. In determining for the table. 2 rated resistances of ground on the side of piles f i layers of soil to be broken
up into layers of uniform thickness not exceeding 2 m.
3. Values calculated on the lateral surface resistance dense sand soil piles f i must be increased by 30%
compared with the values given in the Table. 2 .
4. Calculated resistance sandy loam and loam with a porosity coefficient e  0.5 and the clay by a factor of
porosity e  0.6 should be increased by 15% compared with the values given in the Table. 2 , for all values of
flow index.
Table 3
 The coefficients of the soil conditions
of work in calculating the carrying
Methods immersion driven piles and piles of shells immersed without capacity of piles
excavation and soil types
at the lower on the side
end  cR surface  cf
1. Immersion solid and hollow with a closed lower end of the pile by 1.0 1.0
mechanical (suspended), vapor-air and diesel hammers
2. Immersion clogging and indentation in the pre-drilled hole leader ends
with a deep pile of at least 1 m below the bottom of the well in its
diameter:
a) equal to the square of the pile 1.0 0.5
b) at least 0.05 m square pile side 1.0 0.6
c) at least 0.15 m diameter side of a square or circular cross-section 1.0 1.0
piles (for power transmission towers)
3. Dive with undermining in sandy soils provided dobivku piles on the 1.0 0.9
last phase of the dive without undermining of 1 m or more
4. vibro piles-environments, and vibro vibrovdavlivanie piles into the
ground:
a) an average density of sand:
large and medium-size 1.2 1.0
small 1.1 1.0
silty 1.0 1.0
b) silty clay with a melt index I of of L = 0.5:
sandy loam 0.9 0.9
loams 0.8 0.9
clays 0.7 0.9
c) silty clay with a melt index I of of L  0 1.0 1.0
5. Immersion hammers any design of hollow concrete piles with an open
bottom end:
a) with a cavity diameter of 0.4 m or less piles 1.0 1.0
b) the same, from 0.4 to 0.8 m 0.7 1.0
6. Immersion any method hollow piles with circular cross-section of 10
m on a closed lower end and more depth, followed by the device at the
lower end kamufletnogo broadening piles in sandy soils of medium
density and silty-clay soils with a melt index I of of L  0.5 with a diameter
broadening equal to:
a) 1.0 m independently of said types of soil 0.9 1.0
b) 1.5 m in sands and sandy loams 0.8 1.0
c) 1.5 m in loam and clay 0.7 1.0
7. Dive indentation piles:
a) sand density medium large, medium and small size 1.1 1.0
b) in the silty sands 1.1 0.8
c) in the silty-clay soils with a melt index I of of L < 0.5 1.1 1.0
g) the same, I of of L > 0.5 1.0 1.0
No te . The coefficients  cR and  cf on pos. 4 Table. 3 to silty-clay soils with a melt flow index 0.5> I of of L >
0 are determined by interpolation.
N o t e s : 1. The bearing capacity of driven piles clavate should be determined by the formula (8 ), while for
the perimeter and in the trunk area should take the girth of the pile shaft, on a plot of broadening - broadening
girth.
Calculated resistance f i soil on the side surface of the piles in the area of the broadening and in sandy soils -
and the barrel portion should be the same as for piles without broadening; in silty-clay soils resistance f i in the
trunk area, located at the site of the broadening, should be zero.
2. Estimated soil resistance R and f i in the equation (8 ) for the loess silty-clay soils with a depth of piling more
than 5 m should be taken from the values specified in the table. 1 and 2 to a depth of 5 m.
Additionally, these primers in the case of the possibility of their soaking design resistances R and f i , indicated
in the Table. 1 and 2 , should be taken with a melt flow index corresponding to the total soil water saturation.
 4.3. For driven piles, based on the lower end of the loose sandy soils or silty-clay soils with
a melt index I of of L > 0.6, load-bearing capacity should be determined based on the results of
static tests of piles.
4.4. The bearing capacity pyramidal, trapezoidal and rhomboid piles, cut through the sandy
and silty-clay soils, the F d kN (tf), inclined side faces i p 0.025 to be determined by the
formula

(9)
where c , R , A , F d , h i , f i - is the same as in the formula (8 );
u i - outer perimeter i- cross section of the pile, m;
u 0, i - sum of the sizes of the parties i -th cross-section of the pile, m, which are inclined to
the axis of the pile;
i p - the slope of the side faces of the pile as a decimal;
The E i - modulus i th soil layer surrounding the lateral surface of the pile, kPa (ts / m 2 )
determined by the results of compression tests;
the k i - factor depending on the type of soil and received by Table. 4 ;
r - rheological coefficient,r = 0.8.
N o t e s : 1. With rhombic piles summation soil resistivity on the side surface sections with opposite slope
in the formula (9 ) is performed.
2. The calculation of pyramidal pile inclined side faces i p > 0.025 is allowed to produce in accordance with
the recommended Annex 2, in the presence of pressiometricheskih test results, and in their absence - by the
formula (9), taking the value of i p equal to 0.025.
Table 4
primers Factor the k i
Sands and sandy loams 0.5
loam 0.6
Clay:
when I of p = 18 0.7
when I of p = 25 0.9
N o t e . For clays with plasticity number 18 < I of p <25, the values of the coefficient of the k i , are
determined by interpolation.
4.5. The bearing capacity of the F du , kN (tf) Hanging Drop piles and piles of shell,
immersed working on pulling loads, should be determined according to the formula without
excavation

F du =, (10)
where u , cf , h i , f i - is the same as in the formula (8 );
c - coefficient of working conditions; for piles, submerged in the soil to a depth of less
than 4 m, c = 0.6, at a depth of 4 m and more,c = 0.8 - for all the buildings except
for the supports of overhead power lines, for which the rate is taken on the
instructions Sec. 12 .
N o t e . The foundations of bridge piers are not allowed to work pulling piles under the influence of some
permanent loads.
Hanging Stuffed AND DRILLING PILE AND PILE-shell is filled with concrete
4.6. The bearing capacity of the F d kN (tf), printed and drilling piles with and without
broadening broadening and shell piles, submerged with excavation and filled with concrete,
working in the compressive load, shall be determined by the formula
 (eleven)
where c - coefficient of the pile operation conditions; in the case of bearing it on the silty-
clay soils with a degree of humidity of the S p <0.9 and loess soils c = 0.8, in other
cases, c = 1;
cR - soil environments ratio below the lower end of the pile; cR = 1 in all cases, except
for piles with kamufletnymi broadening for which this factor should be takencR =
1,3, and piles with broadening, underwater concreting process for wherecR = 0.9, as
well as the overhead power transmission line supports, for which the rate is taken on
the instructions of sect. 12 ;
The R - rated resistance of the soil under the lower end of the pile, kPa (ts / m 2 ), take
instructions n. 4.7 , and for printed, manufactured by technologies referred to
in paragraph. 2.4 , a, b, - for table. 1 ;
A - bearing area on the ground piles, m 2 is assumed to be: for ramming and drilling piles
without broadening - cross-sectional area of the pile; for ramming and drilling piles
with broadening - broadening of the cross-sectional area at the site of the largest of its
diameter; for piles-shells filled with concrete - the gross cross-sectional area envelope;
u - girth pile shaft, m;
cf - coefficient of working conditions of the soil on the side of the pile surface, depending
on the method for forming wells and concrete conditions and received on the table. 5 ;
f i - calculated resistance i -go soil layer on the side of the pile shaft, kPa (ts / m 2 ), take
the table. 2 ;
h i - is the same as in the formula (8 ).
N o t e . Resistance sandy soil on the side surface of the pile with the broadening should be considered in the
section from the level plan to trunk intersection level of the pile with the surface of an imaginary cone, having, as
the generatrix line tangent to the surface of the broadening angle  I / 2 to the pile axis, where  - averaged (in
layers) the calculated value of internal angle of friction of soil overlying within said cone, as determined in
accordance with Section 3.5 . Resistance silty-clay soils are allowed to take into account the entire length of the
barrel.
. 4.7 Design resistance the R, kPa (ts / m 2 ), the soil under the lower end of the pile should
be taken:
a) for coarse soils with sand filling and the sandy soil at the base of ramming and drilling
piles with broadening and without broadening shell piles, submerged with complete removal of
soil cores - on formula (12 ) and shell piles, submerged while maintaining soil core of said soil
to a height of 0.5 m or more, - by the formula (13 ):
R = 0.754 (1 I d +2 3 I h );(12)
The R =4 (1 I of d +2 3 I of h );(13)
where 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - dimensionless coefficients taken at table. 6 , depending on the
estimated value of the angle of internal friction of soil base, determined in accordance
with the instructions of item. 3.5 ;
I of - the estimated value of the proportion of soil, kN / m 3 (ton / m 3 ) in the bottom of
the pile (at saturated soils, taking into account the weighting effect of water);
I of - averaged (in layers) the estimated value of the proportion of soil, kN / m 3 (ton / m 3 )
located above the lower end of the pile (at saturated soils, taking into account the
weighting effect of water);
d - diameter, m, printed and drilling piles with a diameter broadening (for piles with
broadening), shell piles or borehole diameter for pile-column omonolichennogo in the
soil cement-sand mortar;
 h - depth of the, m, the lower end of the pile or its broadening, measured from the natural
terrain or level of planning (planning with truncation), for bridge supports - from the
pond bottom after its total washout at design flood;
b) for the silty clay soil at the base - on Table. 7 .
N o t e . Notes p. 4.7 refers to cases when penetration is provided piles into the ground, received from the
base of their lower ends, by at least the diameter of the pile (pile or for broadening the broadening), but not less
than 2 m.
Table 5
Working conditions factor piles  cf
Piles devices and methods for their in the in sandy
in loam in clays
sand loam
1. Printed at p. 2.5 , and if the inventory pile tube with a tip 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
2. Printed vibroshtampovannye 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
3. Drilling, including broadening concreted:
a) in the absence of water in the well (dry process), as well as 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6
by using casing tubes inventory
b) under water or mud 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
c) mixtures of rigid concrete as placed by deep vibration (dry 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
method)
4. Bored, hollow circular, arranged in the absence of water in 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
the well via vibroserdechnika
5. Pile-shell submerged vibrating with excavation 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6
6. Pile-pillars 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6
7. CFA, manufactured under the protection casing or bentonite 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8
solution crimping pressure 200-400 kPa (2-4 atm)
Table 6
Estimated value of the angle of internal friction of soil  I of , grad.
coefficients
23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
1 9.5 12.6 17.3 24.4 34.6 48.6 71.3 108.0 163.0
2 18.6 24.8 32.8 45.5 64.0 87.6 127.0 185.0 260.0
 3 ath / dequal to m:
4.0 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.87
5.0 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85
7.5 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
10.0 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.81
12.5 0.58 0.61 0.68 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.80
15.0 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.65 0.68 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.79
17.5 0.51 0.55 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.78
20.0 0.49 0.53 0.57 0.61 0.65 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.78
22.5 0.46 0.51 0.55 0.60 0.64 0.67 0.71 0.74 0.77
25.0 or more 0.44 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.63 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.77
 4 at d, equal to m:
0.8 or less 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22
4.0 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17
N o t e . For intermediate values  I of , , h / d and d values of the coefficients  1 ,  2 ,  3 and  4 are
determined by interpolation.
Table 7
Depth of Calculated resistance the R, kPa (ts / m 2 ), at the lower end of ramming and drilling piles with
the lower broadening and without broadening and piles of shells, immersed with excavation and filled with
end of the concrete at a silty-clay soils, except for the loess, with melt index I l equal
pile h , m 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
3 850 (85) 750 (75) 650 (65) 500 (50) 400 (40) 300 (30) 250 (25)
5 1000 (100) 850 (85) 750 (75) 650 (65) 500 (50) 400 (40) 350 (35)
 Depth of Calculated resistance the R, kPa (ts / m 2 ), at the lower end of ramming and drilling piles with
the lower broadening and without broadening and piles of shells, immersed with excavation and filled with
end of the concrete at a silty-clay soils, except for the loess, with melt index I l equal
pile h , m 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
7 1150 (115) 1000 850 (85) 750 (75) 600 (60) 500 (50) 450 (45)
(100)
10 1350 (135) 1200 1050 950 (95) 800 (80) 700 (70) 600 (60)
(120) (105)
12 1550 (155) 1400 1250 1100 (110) 950 (95) 800 (80) 700 (70)
(140) (125)
15 1800 (180) 1650 1500 1300 (130) 1100 (110) 1000 (100) 800 (80)
(165) (150)
18 2100 (210) 1900 1700 1500 (150) 1300 (130) 1150 (115) 950 (95)
(190) (170)
20 2300 (230) 2100 1900 1650 (165) 1450 (145) 1250 (125) 1050 (105)
(210) (190)
thirty 3300 (330) 3000 2600 2300 (230) 2000 (200) - -
(300) (260)
40 4500 (450) 4000 3500 3000 (300) 2500 (250) - -
(400) (350)
N o t e . For pile foundations bridge supports the values given in Table. 7 , should be:
a) to increase (see price list at the poles in the water), an amount equal to 1.5  of w h of w , where  of w - unit
weight of water - 10 kN / m 3 (1 ton / m 3 ); h of w - the depth of the water layer reservoir from its level at the design
flood level to the bottom of the pond, while the possibility of erosion - to the level of the bottom after a total
washout;
b) lowering a coefficient of soil porosity e > 0.6 and m = 0.6 at f = 1.1.
4.8. The design resistance of the R, kPa (ts / m 2 ), the soil under the lower end of the shell
piles, submerged without removing the soil or retaining soil core height of not less than three
diameters of the shell to the last stage of her dive and not filled with concrete (provided clay
that formed the core of the ground, which has the same characteristics as the ground taken as
the base end of the shell piles) should take table. 1 with the coefficient of working conditions,
taking into account the way piling shells in accordance with the item. 4 Table. 3 , the design
resistance in this case refers to the cross-sectional area of the pile-shell net.
4.9. The bearing capacity of the F du , kN (Tc), printed and drilling piles and piles of shells,
working at pulling loads, should be determined by the formula

(14)
where c - the same as in the formula (10 );
u , cf , f i , h i - is the same as in the formula (11 ).
SCREW PILES
4.10. The bearing capacity of the F d kN (Tc), screw piles in diameter of the blade d  1,2 m
and a length l <10 m working on compressing or pulling loads, should be determined
by formula (15 ), while the blade diameter d > 1 2 m and a length of the pile l > 10m - only on
test data screw piles static load:
F d =c1 c 1 +2 1 h 1 ) A + u f i ( h - d ) , (15)
where c - coefficient of working conditions, depending on the type of load acting on the pile
and soil conditions, and defined by the Table. 8 ;
1 ,2 - dimensionless coefficients taken at table. 9 according to the calculated value of
internal angle of friction of soil in the work area , (under the working area
adjacent to the blade understood soil layer thickness of d );
 c 1 - the estimated value of the specific clutch silty clay or sandy soil parameter linearity
in the working area, kPa (ts / m 2 );
1 - averaged calculated value of the proportion of soil, overlying pile blades (at saturated
soils, taking into account the weighting effect of water);
h 1 - the depth of the pile of the blade from the natural terrain, and when truncation
territory planning - from the planning level meters;
A - the projection of the blade area, m 2 , assuming the outside diameter at the screw piles
to compressive load, and the projection of the working area of the blades, i.e. minus
the area of the barrel section, when working on a screw pile pull out load;
f i - calculated resistance of the soil on the side of the screw pile shaft, kPa (ts / m 2 ), take
the table. 2 (median value for all segments within the depth of immersion of the pile);
u - pile shaft perimeter, m;
h - the length of the pile shaft submerged in the soil, m;
d - pile diameter blades, m.
N o t e s : 1. In determining the carrying capacity of screw piles under the action of the pinch load
characteristics of soils in the Table. 9 apply to soils, overlain by the blade, and when working on the pull out load
- over blade piles.
2. Depth of the blades on the level of planning should be at least 5 d with silty-clay soils and not less than 6 d -
with sandy soils (where d - diameter of the blade).
3. The estimated value of the angle of internal friction  and adhesion of soil c 1 base for calculations
under the formula (15 ) shall be determined in accordance with n. 3.5 .
Table 8
Coefficient of working conditions of screw piles under load
primers
Contraction pull alternating
1. Clay and loam:
a) a solid, semi-solid and tugoplastichnye 0.8 0.7 0.7
b) myagkoplastichnye 0.8 0.7 0.6
c) tekucheplastichnye 0.7 0.6 0.4
2. sands and sandy loams:
a) malovlazhnogo sands and sandy loams 0.8 0.7 0.5
solid
b) the wet sands and sandy loams plastic 0.7 0.6 0.4
c) the water-saturated sands and sandy loams 0.6 0.5 0.3
fluids
Table 9
coefficients Estimated value of the coefficients
Estimated value of the internal
internal friction angle of soil
friction angle of soil in the
1 , 2 in the working area  , 1 , 2
working area  , grad.
grad.
13 7.8 2.8 24 18.0 9.2
15 8.4 3.3 26 23.1 12.3
16 9.4 3.8 28 29.5 16.5
18 10.1 4.5 thirty 38.0 22.5
20 12.1 5.5 32 48.4 31.0
22 15.0 7.0 34 64.9 44.4

Into account the negative (NEGATIVE) GROUND FORCES friction on the lateral
surface PILES
. 4.11 Negative (negative), the frictional force occurring on the side surface of piles in the
soil and sediment okolosvaynogo directed vertically downwards in the cases should be
considered:
territory planning bedding thickness greater than 1.0 m;
 warehouse floor load a payload of more than 20 kN / m 2 (2 ton / m 2 );
floor loading the bases about the payload of equipment more than 100 kN / m 2 (10 ton /
m 2 );
increase in the effective stress in the ground due to the removal of water weighing action on
lowering the groundwater level;
unfinished consolidation of modern soil and man-made deposits;
sealing cohesionless soils under dynamic loading;
subsidence when soaking.
N o t e . Accounting for negative friction forces arising in subsiding soils, should be carried out in accordance
with the requirements of Sec. 3 .
4.12. The negative friction forces are taken into account up to a depth at which the value of
rainfall okolosvaynogo ground after the construction and loading of the pile foundation than
half the limit lowering of foundation. Estimated soil resistance f i accepted to Table. 2 with the
sign "minus", and for peat, silt, sapropel - minus 5 kPa (0.5 ton / m 2 ).
If within the length of the submerged part of the pile lie bedding peat of a thickness exceeding
30 cm and a possible layout of the territory of bedding or other of its load, equivalent to the
bedding, the design ground resistance f i , located above the base of the lowest (within the length
of the submerged part of the pile) of peat layer should accept:
a) for bedding height of less than 2 m - for groundwater bedding and peat layers - zero for
mineral soils nenasypnyh natural addition - positive values on Table 2 ;
b) with bedding height from 2 to 5 m - for the soil, including podsypku - 0.4 the values
specified in the table. 2 , but with the sign "minus", and for peat - minus 5 kPa (0.5 ton / m 2 )
(negative friction force);
c) if bedding height of 5 m - for the soil, including podsypku - equal to the values indicated
in the Table. 2 , but with the sign "minus", and for peat - minus 5 kPa (0.5 ton / m 2 ).
Within the bottom of the pile, where sediment okolosvaynogo ground after the construction
of pile foundation and load less than half the limit rainfall pile foundation, settlement of soil
resistance f i should be positive for. Table. 2 , and for peat, silt, sapropel - equal to 5 kPa (0.5
ton / m 2 ).
4.13. In the case of soil consolidation of bedding or prigruzki territory at the beginning of
the construction of above-ground parts of buildings or structures (including the pile grillage)
completed or potential value of soil sediments surrounding the pile, after this moment as a result
of residual consolidation will not exceed half of the limit value rainfall for the projected
building or structure, soil resistance on the side of the pile surface is allowed to take a positive,
regardless of the presence or absence of layers of peat. For layers of peat value f i should be
taken as 5 kPa (0.5 ton / m 2 ).
If the values of the consolidation ratios and deformation modulus peats occurring within the
length of the submerged part of the pile, and may determine the value of deposits base from
exposure prigruzki territory for each layer of soil, then in determining the carrying capacity of
the pile is allowed to take into account the forces of ground resistance with a negative sign
(negative force friction) is not on the level of the lower peat layer soles, and from the top-level
layer of soil, the value of which more rainfall prigruzki area (determined from the date of
transfer to the pile design load) is one-half the limit of the projected rainfall for a building or
structure.
5. DEFINITION OF CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILES ON THE RESULTS OF
FIELD RESEARCH
. 5.1 Test piles of static and dynamic loads should be carried out, observing the requirements
of GOST 5686-78, and soil testing by static probing and standard pile - GOST 20069-81 and
GOST 24942-81.
 N o t e . For precast hanging piles longer than 12 m instead of testing soil reference pile is allowed to make
tests of static load using metal piles probe diameter of 127 mm, the design of which provides separate measuring
ground resistance at the lower end and the side surface portion (the clutch friction) area 0.25 m 2 . Test soil pile
probe should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 24942-81 in relation to the reference
pile type II.
. 5.2 In order to determine the bearing capacity of piles based on the results of field studies
for each building or structure shall be held not less than:
static tests of piles and piles of stamps-2
dynamic tests of piles 6
Test soil pile reference 6
Test piles probes 6
static test sensing 6
5.3. The bearing capacity of the F d kN (Tc), piles based on the results of their tests
impressed, pulling and horizontal static loads and the results of the dynamic tests shall be
determined by the formula

(16)
where c - coefficient of working conditions; in the case of horizontal stress or pinch c =
1; adopted by the instructions in the event pulls loads n. 4.5 ;
The F u , p - normative value of the limit of the pile resistance, kN (Tg), determined in
accordance with the instructions of paragraphs. 5.4 - 5.7 ;
g - a safety factor on the ground, on the instructions of the received item. 5.4 .
N o t e . Static test results of piles on the horizontal loads can be used to directly determine the estimated load
permitted on the pile if the test conditions correspond to the actual working conditions of the pile in the foundation
of a building or structure.
5.4. If the number of piles tested in similar soil conditions, is less than six, the standard value
of the limiting resistance in piles (16 ) should be equal to the smallest limit resistance obtained
from the test results, i.e. F u , p = F u , min , and in the ground safety factorg = 1.
If the number of piles tested under the same conditions, is six or more, the
F u , p and g should be determined on the basis of statistical processing of data points limit
resistance piles the F u , obtained from test data, guided by the requirements of GOST 20522-
75 in relation to the procedure described therein for the determination of tensile strength. At the
same time to determine the particular values of the limiting resistance should be guided by the
requirements of paragraph. 5.5 at the pinch, p. 5.6 - when to pull out and horizontal loads
and n. 5.7 - in dynamic tests.
5.5. If the load test of piles under static indentation brought to the pressure that leads to a
continuous increase in their deposits s without increasing the load (if s  20 mm), then the load
is taken for a particular value of the limiting resistance to the F u test piles.
In all other cases, the foundations of buildings and structures (except for bridges and
hydraulic structures) for a particular value of the limiting resistance of the pile the F u pressed
the load should be the load under the influence of which is experiencing a slump pile, equal
to s and defined by the formula
s = s u, mt ,(17)
where s u , mt - the limit value of the average rainfall of the foundation of the projected building
or structure that is installed on the instructions of SNIP 2.02.01-83 ;
  - conversion factor from the limit values of the average rainfall of the foundation
of the building or structure s u , mt to the sediment pile, resulting in static tests with
conventional stabilization (attenuation) rainfall.
The coefficient of  should be taken as 0.2 in cases where the test performed at conventional
piles stabilization of 0.1 mm for 1 h when under their bottom ends lie silty sand or clay soils
with consistency from a solid to tugoplastichnoy and for 2 hours, if under their lower ends
bedded silty-clay soils from myagkoplastichnoy to fluid consistency. The coefficient  is
allowed to specify the results of observations of precipitation houses built on pile foundations
in similar ground conditions.
If the sediment, as determined by formula (17 ), would be more than 40 mm, the value for a
particular pile resistance limit the F u should take the load corresponding to s = 40 mm.
For bridges and waterworks for the ultimate resistance of the pile the F u when the pinch
load should be the load on one level less than the load at which the called:
a) the increment of rainfall for one step of loading (with a total value of more than 40 mm
rainfall), greater than 5 times and more rainfall increment obtained in the preceding stage of
loading;
b) sludge without decaying for a day or more (for a total value of its more than 40 mm).
If the maximum load achieved in tests which would be more than or equal to
1.5 F d [where F d - bearing capacity of the pile, the calculated according to formulas
(5) , (8) , (9) , (11) and (15)] , piles of sediment s during the test will be less than the value
determined by formula (17 ), and for bridges and waterworks - less than 40 mm, in this case for
a particular value of the limiting resistance to pile the F u is allowed to take a maximum load
obtained during the test.
N o t e s : 1. In some cases, with appropriate justification is allowed to take the maximum load achieved in
tests, equal to the F d .
2. The steps of loading in the tests of static pressed pile load should be assigned equal to 1/10 - 1/15 of the
alleged resistance of pile limit the F u .
5.6. During the test piles static pulling and horizontal loads over a particular value of the
limiting resistance to the F u (see. P. 5.4 ) on a graph of the displacement of the load the load is
taken one step less load, without increasing displacement piles which are increasing
continuously.
N o t e . The results of static tests of piles on the horizontal loads can be used to directly determine the design
parameters of the system "pile - soil" used in the calculations for the recommended application 1 .
5.7. In the dynamic test driven piles connotation of ultimate resistance the F u kN (Tc),
(see. P. 5.4 ) according to their dive at the actual (measured) residual faults s a 0.002 meters
should be determined by the formula

(18)
If the actual (measured) remaining refusal s a <0.002 m, the draft pile foundation should
provide for the use of immersion hammer piles with greater impact energy at which the residual
failure is s a 0.002 meters, and in the case, and if you can not replace the pile driving
equipment stock otkazomerov connotation ultimate pile resistance the F u kN (Tc) should be
determined by the formula

(19)
 In the formulas (18 ) and (19) :
 - coefficient taken according to Table. 10 depending on the pile material kN / m 2 (tf /
m 2 );
A - the area bounded by the outer contour of a solid or hollow cross-section of the pile shaft
(regardless of whether or not the tip of the pile), m 2 ;
The M - coefficient taken when piling hammers hammering unity, and with vibro pile -
on Table. 11 depending on the type of soil beneath their lower ends;
The E d - calculated energy of the hammer blow kJ (Tc  m), take the table. 12 , or the
calculated energy vibrators - on the table. 13 ;
s a - residual actual failure, a value equal to the pile to sink from one impact hammer, as
vibrators when used - from their work for 1 min, m;
s of el - elastic pile refusal (elastic displacement of soil and pile), defined by a otkazomera, m;
m 1 - mass of hammer or vibrator, t;
m 2 - weight of the pile and headgear, t;
m 3 - podbabka weight (with vibro piles m 3 = 0), ie;
m 4 - mass of the shock of the hammer, that is;
 - blow the recovery factor; during pile of reinforced concrete piles with hammers
percussion using headgear with wooden insert2 = 0.2, and when the vibrator2 =
0;
 - factor 1 / kN (1 / Tc) determined by the formula

(20)
here A , m 4 , m 2 - the same as in formulas (18 ) and (19) ;
the n p , the n f - transfer factors from the dynamic (including viscous resistance of the soil) to
the static resistance of the soil, taken to be equal to: to the ground under the bottom of
the pile end of the n p = 0.00025 with  m / kN (0.0025 with  m / Tc) and to ground on
the lateral surface of the pile n f = 0.025 c  m / kN (0.25  m / Tc);
A f - pile lateral surface area in contact with the ground, m 2 ;
g - acceleration of gravity equal to 9.81 m / s 2 ;
Of H - the actual height of the fall of the hammer the hammer, m;
h - height of the first rebound of the shock of the diesel hammer, taken according to
the table. 12 , other types of hammers h = 0.
N o t e s : 1. When piling into the soil to be removed in the development of the pit, or into the ground floor
of the watercourse the imputed failure should be determined based on the load-bearing capacity of piles, calculated
taking into account the non-deleted or subject to possible soil erosion and in places the probability of negative
friction forces - with their account .
2. In case of a discrepancy of more than 1.4 times the bearing capacity of piles values defined for formulas
(18 ) - (20) , with a load capacity determined by calculation in accordance with the requirements
of Sec. 4 (according to the results of laboratory determination of physical and mechanical properties of soils), you
must also check the bearing capacity of piles based on the results of static probing or static tests of piles.
T a b l e 10
The case calculation The coefficient  , kN / m (tf / m 2 )
Test pile driving and dobivku (and in the case of determining failure) at
the kinds of piles:
concrete with headband 1500 (150)
wood without podbabka 1000 (100)
with wooden podbabkom 800 (80)
Control carrier piles production capacity as a result of driving under the
meaning of the E d / s a , kN / mc:
 The case calculation The coefficient  , kN / m (tf / m 2 )
1000 (100) and less 2500 (250)
2000 (200) 1500 (150)
4000 (400) 950 (95)
8000 (800) and a 700 (70)
T a b l e 11
Soils under the lower end of the pile factor M
1. coarse with sand filling 1.3
2. Sands of medium size and large and sandy loam 1.2
medium density solid
3. Sands Small Medium Density 1.1
4. Sands silty medium density 1.0
5. Plastic Sandy loams, clay loams and solid 0.9
6. Loam and clay semi 0.8
7. Loam and clay tugoplastichnye 0.7
N o t e . In dense sands values of the coefficient M in position. 2-4 Table. 11 should be increased by 60% in
the presence of static sensing material - 100%.
T a b l e 12
Estimated hammer impact energy the E d , kJ
Hammer
(ton  m)
1. Suspension or single action GH
2. Tubular diesel hammer 0.9 of GH
3. Boom diesel hammer 0.4 of GH
4. Diesel with control dobivku single strokes without fuel G (H - h)
supply
N o t e s : 1. the G - the weight of the shock of the hammer, kN (tf).
2. Pos. 4 h . - Height of the first rebound of the shock of the diesel hammer of air cushion, which is determined
by measuring rail, m to preliminary calculations may be taken: for rod hammers h = 0.6 m, for tubular
hammers h =0.4 m.
T a b l e 13
The disturbing force of the vibrator, kN
Equivalent calculated impact energy vibrator, kJ (Tc  m)
(t c)
100 (10) 45.0 (4.5)
200 (20) 90.0 (9.0)
300 (30) 130.0 (13)
400 (40) 175.0 (17.5)
500 (50) 220.0 (22)
600 (60) 265.0 (26.5)
700 (70) 310.0 (31)
800 (80) 350.0 (35)
5.8. The bearing capacity of the F d kN (Tc), a driven friction pile operating at a compressive
load on the results of soil tests the reference pile, pile testing probe or static probing shall be
determined by the formula

(21)
where c - coefficient of working conditions; c = 1;
the n - the number of tests of ground reference pile, pile testing probe or sensing points;
F u - connotation limiting pile resistance kN (Tc), in place of the reference test soil pile, pile
test probe or sensing point defined in accordance with the claims. 5.9 , 5.10 or 5.11 ;
 g - a safety factor on the ground, is set depending on the variability of the obtained data
points limit pile resistance the F u in the field tests of soils reference pile, the test probe
of the pile or at the points of sensing and the number of these tests, or points at the value
of the confidence level is = 0, 95 in accordance with the requirements of GOST
20522-75 .
. 5.9 The particular value of the limiting resistance of driven piles and pile test site reference
soils the F u kN (Tc) should be determined:
a) with reference test soil pile type 1 (GOST 24942-81) - using the formula

(22)
where sp - factor, sp = 1.25 at the burial of the pile in dense sand, regardless of their size or
coarse soils and sp = 1 for the rest of the soil;
and , and sp - perimeters of the cross section of the pile and the reference pile;
The F u , sp - connotation of ultimate resistance of the reference pile, kN (Tg) determined by
the results of static load tests in accordance with paragraph. 5.5 ;
b) with reference test soil pile type II or III (GOST 24942-81) - using the formula

(23)
where cR - coefficient of working conditions at the lower end of the full-scale piles received
by Table. 14 , depending on the soil resistance limit below the lower end of the pile
reference R sp ;
The R sp - limit soil resistance under the lower end of the reference pile, kPa (ts / m 2 );
A - full-scale cross-sectional area of the pile, m;
cf - coefficient of working conditions on the lateral surface of the full-scale piles received
by Table. 14 depending on the average value of the limiting resistance ground
reference on a side surface of the pile f sp .
f sp - average value of the limiting resistance of soil on the side of the reference pile, kPa
(ts / m 2 );
h - a full-scale immersion depth of the pile, m;
u - girth pile shaft m.
N o t e . In the application of the reference pile type II should verify compliance with the limit amount of soil
resistance at the lower end and on the side of the reference pile its ultimate resistance. If the difference between
them is greater than ± 20%, the calculation of the limit of resistance of full-scale piles must be carried out for the
reference piles of type I.
5.10. The particular value of the limiting resistance of driven piles in place the test probe
pile the F u kN (Tc) should be determined by the formula

(24)
where cR - soil ratio under operating conditions the lower end of the pile, taken equal to 0.8;
The R the ps - limit soil resistance under the lower end of the probe of the pile, kPa (ts / m 2 );
cf - coefficient of working conditions i -th layer of soil on the side of the pile surface on
a received table. 14 depending on the average value of the limit of the resistivity i -th
layer of soil on the side of the pile probe f ps , i ;
f ps , i - mean value limiting resistance i -th layer of soil on the side surface of the probe-pile
kPa (tf / m 2 );
h - thickness of the i -th layer of soil, m.
 T a b l e 14
The
The
f sp , f the coefficient  cf depending f sp for
coefficient  cR depending
The ps, standard types of piles II and The
on R s p
R sp , kPa i , kPa III coefficient  cf depending f ps , i for
(ts / m 2 ) reference reference to (ts / probe pile
with sandy with silty-clay
to the piles the piles of m 2 )
soils soils
of type II type III
 2000 1.15 1.40  20 2.00 1.20 0.90
(200) (2)
3000 1.05 1.20 30 (3) 1.65 0.95 0.85
(300)
4000 1.00 0.90 40 (4) 1.40 0.80 0.80
(400)
5000 0.90 0.80 50 (5) 1.20 0.70 0.75
(500)
6000 0.80 0.75 60 (6) 1.05 0.65 0.70
(600)
7000 0.75 0.70 80 (8) 0.80 0.55 -
(700)
10000 0.65 0.60  120 0.50 0.40 -
(1000) (12)
 13000 0.60 0.55 - - - -
(1300)
N o t e s : 1. For intermediate values of the R s p and f sp values  cR and  cf determined by interpolation.
2. If on the lateral surface of the pile lie silty sand and clay soils, the coefficient  cf determined by the formula

where - the total thickness of the layers, respectively, sandy and silty-clay soils;
 cf , cf - service factors for piles and piles of standard probes, respectively, in sandy and silty-clay
soils.
5.11. The particular value of the limiting resistance of a driven pile at sensing the F u , kN
(Tc) should be determined by the formula
The F u = the R s A + FHU , (25)
where the R s - limit soil resistance under the lower end of the pile according to the sensing at a
given point, kPa (ts / m 2 );
f - the average value of the limit of soil resistance on the side of the pile according to the
sensing at a given point, kPa (ts / m 2 );
h - the depth of the pile to sink from the surface of the soil around the pile, m;
u - girth pile shaft m.
The ultimate resistance of the soil under the lower end of the driven piles the R s kPa (ts /
m 2 ), according to the probe at a given point should be determined by the formula
The R s =1 of q s , (26)
where 1 - conversion factor from of q s , to the R s received on the table. 15 regardless of the
type of probe (for GOST 20069-81 );
of q s - the average value of ground resistance, kPa (ts / m 2 ), under the probe tip, derived
from experience in the area located within the same diameter d above and four
diameters below the tip of the projected piles (where d - diameter of the circular or side
square or rectangular cross-section larger side of the pile, m).
 The mean soil resistivity on the side of a driven pile f , kPa (ts / m 2 ), according to the ground
sensing at the point to be determined:
a) when using the type I probe - the formula
f =2 f s ; (27)
b) when using probes of type II or III - the formula

(28)
In the formulas (27 ) and (28) :
where 2 , i - factors to be taken by table. 15 ;
f s - average value of the resistance of soil on the side surface of the probe, kPa (tf / m 2 ),
defined as the quotient of the measured overall resistance of soil on the side surface
of the probe on the area of the side surface ranging from the ground surface at the
point of sensing the level of the lower location end of the pile in the selected carrier
layer;
f si - average resistance of i -th layer of soil on the side surface of the probe, kPa (ts /
m 2 );
h i - thickness of the i -th layer of soil, m.
T a b l e 15
 1 - conversion factor fromof  2 - conversion factor  i - transition rate
q s tothe R s fromf s , toffor type-I fromf si toffor probe of
f s , f si ,
of q s , kPa (ts for screw piles under load probe type II or III
for kPa (ts /
/m2) 2 with with
driven m ) with silty- with silty-clay
compressing pull sandy sandy
piles clay soils soils
soils soils
 1000 (100) 0.90 0.50 0.40  20 (2) 2.40 1.50 0.75 1.00
2500 (250) 0.80 0.45 0.38 40 (4) 1.65 1.00 0.60 0.75
5000 (500) 0.65 0.32 0.27 60 (6) 1.20 0.75 0.55 0.60
7500 (750) 0.55 0.26 0.22 80 (8) 1.00 0.60 0.50 0.45
10000 (1000) 0.45 0.23 0.19 100 (10) 0.85 0.50 0.45 0.40
15000 (1500) 0.35 - -  120 (12) 0.75 0.40 0.40 0.30
20000 (2000) 0.30 - - - - - - -
 30000 0.20 - - - - - - -
(3000)
No te . To screw piles in sandy soil saturated with water, the values of the coefficient  1 must be reduced by
half.
. 5.12 bearing capacity of screw piles, working on compression and pulling loads, the results
of static probing shall be determined by formula (21 ), and the connotation of ultimate pile
resistance at the point of sensing - on formula (25 ), where the depth is received minus the value
of the blade diameter . Limit soil resistance below (above) the blade piles according to ground
sensing at the point to be determined by the formula (26 ). In this case, 1 - coefficient
received on Table. 15 depending on the average soil resistivity values at the probe tip in the
working area, received equal to the diameter of the blade. The mean soil resistivity on the side
of the screw pile shaft according to ground sensing at the point to be determined by the formula
(27 ) or (28) .
6. Calculation of pile foundations and bases of the deformations
6.1. Foundation calculation of the suspension of piles and the base for the deformations
should, as a rule, make for a conditional foundation on a natural basis, in accordance with the
requirements of SNIP 2.02.01-83 . The boundaries of conditional foundation (. See drawing )
are defined as follows:
below - the plane AB , passing through the lower ends of the piles;
laterally - vertical planes AB and BG , spaced from the outer faces of the outer rows of
vertical piles distance htg ( II , mt / 4) (see. figure , a ), but not more than 2 d in the cases
where under the lower ends lie piles silty-clay soils with a melt index I of of L > 0.6 ( d - the
diameter or side of the cross-section of the pile), and if inclined piles - passing through the
lower ends of the piles (see. figure , b);
the top - surface of the ground-plan VG , here II of , mt - averaged calculated value of the
internal friction angle of soil, determined by the formula

 II , mt = (29)
where II of , i - the calculated values of internal friction angles for the individual passed piles
of soil layers of thickness h i ;
h - depth of piling into the ground.

Defining conditional foundation borders when calculating the sediment

pile foundation
When calculating the strains in its own weight of a conditional foundation include the weight
of piles and pile cap, as well as the weight of the soil in the volume of conditioned
basement.Additional vertical pressure on the conditional foundation base level has always
determine net vertical stress of its own weight of soil at the foot of this, regardless of its width.
Obtained by calculating the deformation values (sediment) pile foundation and its
application should not exceed the limit values in accordance with the condition (4) .
Amendment of 01.09.2003
6.2. If during the construction provides land planning bedding (alluvium) in height more
than 2 m, and the other permanent (long-term) loading area equivalent to the bedding, and
within the depth of piling lie layers of peat and silt thickness of more than 30 cm, the value of
rainfall pile foundation of hanging piles should be determined taking into account the reduction
of the size of conditional foundation, which in this case both in the vertical as well as in inclined
piles accepted limited laterally vertical planes spaced from the outer faces of the outer rows of
vertical piles at a distance h mt tg ( II of , mt / 4), where h mt - the distance from the lower end to
the foot of the pile or peat sludge layer thickness of more than 30 cm.
6.3. Pile foundations of the piles, working as a pile-rack, hanging single piles, bushes
perceive it is to pull out the load, as well as pile bushes, running on the action pulls the load,
calculate the deformations are not required.
6.4. Piles Calculation of deformations in the joint action of vertical and horizontal forces and
moments should be carried out on the instructions of the recommended Annex 1 , and the
calculation of sediment lightly loaded belt pile foundations and single pile is allowed to perform
on the instructions of the recommended applications 3 and 4 .
7. CONSTRUCTION pile foundations
. 7.1 Pile foundations, depending on the placement of piles in the plan should be designed in
the form of:
a) single pile - a free-standing support;
b) piling strips - the walls of buildings in the transmission on the foundation distributed along
the length of piles located loads with one, two or more series;
c) the bush pile - pile with a column position on site in terms of square, rectangular,
trapezoidal or other shape;
g) of the solid pile field - under heavy construction with piles, evenly spaced podveem
structure and combined solid raft foundation, sole which rests on the ground.
. 7.2 In developing the draft pile foundation is necessary to consider the following
information: a constructive scheme designed building or structure; dimensions structural and
material from which they are projected; the existence and size of buildings closer to the building
buried axes buildings or structures and their foundations; design flooring and technological
burden on them; the load on the foundation of the building structures; placement of
technological equipment, the load transmitted from his building designs, as well as
requirements to limit sediments and banks building structures and foundations for equipment.
7.3. The number of piles in the foundation should be used from the condition of maximum
use of the strength properties of the material at the design load permitted on the pile, with the
allowed extreme overloads foundation piles in accordance with the n. 3.10 .
The choice of design and size of the piles must be carried out taking into account the values
and direction of stresses on the foundations (including technical loads), as well as the
technology of building buildings.
7.4. Pairing pile raft foundation with piles are allowed to provide a free leaning and stiff.
Free bearing grillage on piles should be taken into account in the calculations as the
conventionally hinged pair and monolithic grillage should be carried out by sealing the pile
head in the raft foundation to a depth of 5-10 cm.
Hard pair of pile raft foundation with piles should be provided in the case where:
a) trunks piles are located in soft soils (loose sands, silty-clay soils flowable consistency,
silts, peat, etc.);
b) at the junction compressive load transmitted to the pile, attached to it with an eccentricity
that goes beyond its core section;
c) to operate the pile horizontal load value at which the displacement of the free support
(determined by calculation in accordance with the recommended Annex 1 ) are more than the
limit for the projected building or structure;
g) in the base are inclined or vertical components of the pile;
d) work on the pile to pull out load.
7.5. Rigid pair of reinforced concrete piles with monolithic reinforced concrete raft
foundation should be provided with embedded piles in the grillage head to a depth
corresponding to the length of the anchorage reinforcement, or by incorporation into the raft
foundation reinforcement issues for the length of their anchorage in accordance with the
requirements of SNIP 2.03.01-85.In the latter case, the head piles prestressed Free of tension
should be provided for reinforcing cage is used hereinafter as a reinforcement anchor.
It is also possible conjugation rigid by welding steel members embedded while ensuring the
required strength.
N o t e s : 1. Anchoring piles in the grillage working on pull out load (. Cm . § 7.4 , etc.) must be provided
with embedded reinforcement in the pile raft foundation to a depth determined by the calculation of the pull-out.
 2. In strengthening the bases of existing foundations using CFA piles length piles embedment in the foundation
should be taken by calculation in accordance with the requirements of SNIP 2.02.01-83 or appointed structurally
equal to five diameters of the pile; if you can not fulfill this condition should provide for a broadening of the pile
shaft in place of its adjacency to the raft foundation.
7.6. Rigid connection with collecting piles raft must be ensured bell-shaped end walls. When
collecting grillages also allows embedment of the piles in the specially provided holes grillage.
N o t e . At low loads, the pinch [up to 400 kN (40 Tc)] allowed free bearing grillage on the leveled surface of
the grout pile head.
7.7. The piles in the bush eccentrically loaded foundation should be placed in such a way
that the resultant of the permanent loads on the foundation, was held as close as possible to the
center of gravity of the pile plan.
7.8. In order to absorb the vertical loads and moments and horizontal forces (depending on
the value and direction) is allowed to provide vertical and oblique gantry pile.
The slope of the piles must not exceed the values shown in the Table. 16 .
T a b l e 16
The slope of the driven piles The slope of the bored piles and piles of shell diameter, m
with a diameter of less than 1.0
1.0-1.2 1.6 2.0 3.0
m
1: 1 4: 1 5: 1 6: 1 7: 1
. 7.9 The distance between the axes of driven hanging piles without broadening in the plane
of the lower end should be at least 3 d (where d - or the diameter of the round, or side of the
square, or the larger side of the rectangular cross-section of the pile shaft), as-resistant pile - at
least 1.5 d .
Clear distance between the trunks of drilling, piles and piles of shells, as well as wells pile-
pillars must be at least 1.0 m; clear distance between the broadening in their device in solid and
semi-solid silty-clay soils - 0,5 m, in other neskalnyh soils - 1,0 m.
The distance between the inclined or between the inclined and vertical piles in the level sole
raft foundation should be based on the design features of the foundations and ensure their
reliability penetration into the soil, reinforcement and concrete raft foundation.
7.10. Selecting the length of the pile must be made depending on the soil conditions of the
construction site, the level of the sole arrangement grillage, given the potential of existing
equipment for the device of pile foundations. The lower end of the pile, as a rule, you should
bury in solid ground, cutting the weaker strata of soil, with the deepening of driven piles in the
soil taken from the base, at their lower ends must be: in the coarse, gravelly, large and medium
size sandy, silty -glinistye soils with melt index I of of L 0.1 - not less than 0.5 m, and in other
neskalnye soils - not less than 1.0 m.
N o t e . For the foundations of buildings and structures of class III 1, the lower ends of the piles may be relied
sandy and silty-clay soils with a relative content of organic matter I of om  0.25. In this case, the load-bearing
capacity of piles shall be determined by their results of static load tests. In the presence of the buried layer of peat
lower end of the piles should be recessed at least 2 m below the base of the layer.
__________
1
Here and further liability class buildings and structures adopted in accordance with the "Rules of Accounting
degree of responsibility buildings and structures in the design of structures", approved by the State Construction
Committee of the USSR.
7.11. Depth of the sole of the pile raft foundation should be used depending on design
solutions of the underground part of the building or structure (the presence of a basement, a
technical underground) and project planning area (truncation or bedding), as well as grillage
height determined by calculation. For the foundations of bridges sole pile cap should be placed
above or below the surface of the waters, its bottom or the surface of the ground, provided that
the estimated carrying capacity and durability of the foundations on the basis of local climatic
conditions, the characteristics of the construction of foundations, providing navigation
requirements and timber rafting, reliability to be implemented for effective protection measures
piles from the adverse effects of alternating temperatures, ice drift, the abrasive effects of
moving sediment and other factors.
In building on heaving soils is necessary to provide for measures to prevent or reduce the
impact forces of frost heaving of the soil on the pile grillage.
7.12. In areas with an average temperature of the coldest five days below minus 40  C for
foundations of bridges in the zone of influence of alternating temperatures should be used piles
and piles, pillars of solid section with a protective layer of concrete (up to operating valve
surface) at least 5 cm. In areas with air temperature above minus 40  C is allowed to use a solid
section of the pile is the water area, the hollow shell piles and piles with a protective layer of
concrete at least 3 cm, provided the implementation of measures to prevent the formation of
cracks in them. In the area of variable level of permanent watercourses should not, as a rule,
use bored piles and filled with concrete shell piles.
Protective layer of concrete must be at least 10 cm for bored piles foundations of bridges.
In the zone of influence of positive temperatures (not less than 0.5 m below the seasonal
freezing of soil or ice soles) can be used any kind of piles with no restrictions on the condition
of concrete frost resistance.
. 7.13 In developing the draft pile foundation is necessary to consider the possibility of lifting
(uplift) soil surface when pile driving, which, as a rule, can occur in cases where:
a) The construction site is composed of silty-clay soils and myagkoplastichnoy
tekucheplastichnoy consistencies or water-saturated silty and fine sand;
b) piling made from the bottom of the pit;
c) The pile foundation design is adopted in the form of a pile field, or pile of bushes at a
distance between their extreme piles less than 9 m.
The average value of the soil surface lift h, m, to be determined by the formula

(thirty)
where the k - coefficient taken equal to 0.5-0.7 depending on the degree of soil moisture,
respectively, equal to 0.9-1.0;
The V p - the volume of all piles, submerged in the soil, m;
A an e - piling area or the area of the bottom of the pit, m.
8. Features of designing pile foundation in soil subsidence
8.1. The use of pile foundations under soil subsidence must be justified by technical and
economic comparison of possible variants of design solutions of pile foundations and
foundations on a natural basis.
Design of pile foundations in the ground conditions of type II by subsidence must be carried
out by specialized organizations.
. 8.2 When engineering and geological surveys on construction sites, composed of soil
subsidence, should determine the type of soil conditions, indicating private and maximum
possible values of the subsidence of its own weight (with bedding - taking into account the
weight of the bedding) and allocate soil layers, which can be buried piles in accordance with
the n. 8.4 .
For the study of soils must be carried out drilling and excavation pits. The distance between
the workings assigned depending on the complexity of the engineering-geological conditions
of the site and should be no more than 50 m within the contour of a detached building or
structure must be at least 4 wells, and buildings with built-up area less than 1300 m. 2 - 3 wells.
 In built-up area should be thoroughly studied hydrogeological groundwater regime and the
forecast of its possible changes in the operation of the designed and existing buildings and
structures.
Physical and mechanical properties, including strength and deformation characteristics of
subsidence and other types of soils that change their properties when soaked, should be
determined for the state of the moisture content at full water saturation.
8.3. In the design of pile foundations in the ground conditions of type II by subsidence with
possible subsidence of its own weight in excess of 30 cm should, as a rule, provide for measures
to transfer the ground conditions of type II to I by cutting the ground or compacting the
preliminary soaking, soaking with the explosion, ground piles and other methods. With proper
feasibility study, these methods should ensure the elimination of subsidence ground stratum of
its own weight within the area occupied by the building or structure, and at a distance equal to
half the thickness of subsidence around him.
8.4. Pile foundations in areas with soil subsidence at the possibility of soaking the soil should
be used when possible to recess the piles of strata subsidence and other types of soil strength
and deformation characteristics of which are reduced by soaking. The lower ends of the piles
are to be buried, typically in rocky soils, sandy and dense medium density silty clayey soils
with melt index in water-saturated condition I L <0.6 for all types of soil conditions in piles of
type I, I L <0 4 for driven piles and I of of L <0.2 for the bored piles with s sl , gs u in ground
conditions of type II, I of of L <0.2 for driven piles and I of of L 0 for bored piles
under s sl , gs u in the ground conditions of type II (where s sl , g - drawdown of its own
weight of soil based bedding or other prigruzki its surface). Deepening piles in these soils
should be assigned on the calculation of the greater of the condition that the piles of sludge does
not exceed the maximum draft s u , and of the conditions required to ensure carrying capacity
of the pile.
N o t e s : 1. If cutting of these soils in specific cases economically feasible, then with a deep lower end of
not less than 1 m in a layer of soil with a relative subsidence in the ground conditions of type I subsidence to
buildings and class III constructions permitted device piles (except piles of shells) s sl <0.02 [at a pressure of at
least 300 kPa (3 kgf / cm 2 ) and at least the pressure corresponding to the pressure of its own weight and the load
on the ground surface thereof] with the proviso that in this case the bearing capacity of piles is provided, and the
total the possible values of subsidence and sediment base does not exceed the limit values for buildings and
structures with non-uniform soaked soil.
2. Piles-string class III single-storey buildings in the ground conditions of type I allowed to prop up the lower
ends on the ground with the s sl  0.02, if the load-bearing capacity of piles is confirmed by tests.
8.5. If the results of the engineering survey found that immersion of driven piles in
collapsible soils may be difficult in a project shall be a device of leader holes with a diameter
in the ground conditions of type I should be used less than the pile-sectional size (50 mm) and
in type II soil conditions - equal to or less (up to 50 mm). In the latter case, the leader of the
well should not go beyond the sink thickness.
8.6. Piles calculation used in ground conditions of type I, must be carried out in accordance
with the instructions section. 4 , 6 and the recommended application 1 , given that the
resistance of soil under the lower ends of the R and the side surface f i pile (see. Table.
1 , 2 and 7 ), the proportionality factors K and a (see. The recommended application 1 )
modulus E , the internal friction angle and specific cohesion to be determined under the
conditions:
a) If possible soak the soil - that at full water saturation of soil, with the characteristics of the
design table should be taken with a melt flow index, determined by the formula
 (31)
where an e - void ratio of soil natural density;
of w - unit weight of water;of w = 10 kN / m 3 (1 ton / m 3 );
s - the proportion of solids, kN / m 3 (ton / m Z );
W p , W L - soil moisture at the interface and rolling on the boundary strength in fractions of a
unit;
if on the formula (31 ) I L <0.4, should be I L = 0.4;
b) if primer soaking impossible - with the humidity W and fluidity index I L soil in the natural
state (when W < W p , taken W p ) .
8.7. Load bearing capacity piles stamped bed used in the I-type ground conditions should be
administered in accordance with the n. 4.4 for driven piles with inclined faces subject to the
additional requirements set out in paragraph. 8.6 .
8.8. The bearing capacity of piles used in ground conditions of type I, according to the results
of the static tests carried out with the local soaking the soil over the entire length of the pile in
accordance with GOST 5686-78, shall be determined in accordance with the requirements
of Sec. 5 .
The ground conditions of type I in the presence of experience in the construction of built-up
area and the results of previously completed static testing of piles in similar test conditions
allowed piles produce.
It is not allowed to determine the bearing capacity of piles and piles of shells, arranged in
collapsible soils, according to the results of the dynamic tests, as well as to determine the
calculated resistance to subsidence of soil under the lower end of the R and the side surface of
the pile f i according to the results of field tests of soil probing. Static probe may be used below
the limit of subsidence column in the selection of soil layers for bearing piles in accordance
with paragraph. 8.4 .
8.9. The ground conditions of type I in addition to the piles, referred to in Sec. 2 , should
also be applied printed concrete and reinforced concrete piles, arranged in drilled wells with
slaughter, packed gravel vtrambovyvaniem to a depth of at least 3 d (where d - diameter of the
hole).
The ground conditions of type II recommended pile with anti-friction coating applied to the
part of the trunk, which is in the range sags column.
8.10. Piles on the bearing capacity of foundation soils in the ground conditions of type II
should be calculated on the basis of the conditions

(32)
where of N - design load, kN (Tc), one pile, which is determined in the design of pile
foundations of buildings and structures;
The F d - bearing capacity, kN (Tg), as determined in accordance with n. 8.12 ;
the k - reliability coefficient, on the instructions of item. 3.10 ;
c - coefficient of working conditions, the value of which depends on the possible value
of subsidence s sl : when s sl = 5 cmc = 0, when s sl 2 s u c = 0.8, for
intermediate values s u cIt is determined by interpolation;
P the n - negative friction force is determined in accordance with n. 8.11 .
 N o t e s : 1. The value of P n to be determined, as a rule, for a fully saturated soil (with the possible soaking
the soil from the top). In the case of bottom-soaking the soil (with the rise in groundwater levels) negative friction
force F  the n determined for the natural moisture of soil.
2. On the strength of the pile material must be designed for a load of N + P the n (for soaking the soil above)
or of N + P  the n (for soaking the soil from the bottom), acting on the depth h sl (see. P. 8.11 ).

8.11. The negative friction force F n in saturated soils and P n in the ground natural
moisture acting on the lateral surface of the pile, kN (Tc), is assumed to be the greatest limiting
resistance of pile length h sl testing pulling loads in accordance with GOST 5686-78,
respectively * in saturated soils and soils of natural moisture.
Before carrying out tests on the pull-out value of P n may be determined by the formula

(33)
where and - the perimeter, m, plot pile shaft;
h sl - the estimated depth, m, to which the summation of lateral friction forces sink layers of
soil, taken equal to the depth, where the value of subsidence from the action of its own
weight is 0.05 m; Drawdown foundation soil value should be determined in accordance
with the requirements of SNIP 2.02.01-83 ;
i - the calculated resistance, kPa (ts / m 2 ) defined to a depth of h = 6 m according to the
formula
i =zg tg I of + c I of ,
here  - lateral pressure coefficient taken equal to 0.7;
I of , c I of - the calculated values of the angle of internal friction and specific cohesion,
averaged over the depth h sl and determined in accordance with GOST 12248-78
method of consolidated drained shear: at a depth of 6 m < h h sl value t, assumed
to be constant and equal to the valuei at a depth of 6m;
zg - vertical stress of its own weight of water-saturated soil, kPa (ts / m 2 );
h i - thickness, m, i -th layer of soil subsidence, settling for soaking and in contact with
the lateral surface of the pile.
. 8.12 bearing capacity of the F d , kN (Tc), piles, working at a compressive load, shall be
determined:
a) the results of static tests of piles with local soaking - as the difference between the load-
bearing capacity of piles of length l on the pressed and load bearing capacity of piles
length h sl on the pull out load;
b) calculation in accordance with the instructions of item. 8.6 under full water saturation of
soil layers within the soil below the depth h sl .
8.13. Implementation of static tests of piles in the ground subsidence type II is compulsory.
8.14. For the most responsible structures and mass building in areas of unexplored ground
conditions should be carried out tests with a long soak the ground up to the full manifestation
of the program drawdown developed for specific conditions with the assistance of a specialized
research organization.
8.15. If the side surface of the pile may cause negative friction forces, the sediment pile
foundation of hanging piles should be defined as a conditional foundation that is received
limited laterally vertical planes spaced from the outer faces of the outer rows of vertical piles
at a distance h mt tg ( II , mt / 4), where h mt - the distance from the lower end of the pile to the
depth h sl ; (II , mt - the same , that in formula (29 ) defined within the layers to a depth h mt .
When calculating the load to its own weight conditional foundation should be added to the
negative (negative) force of friction, defined by the formula (33 ) at the perimeter and , m is
equal to the perimeter of the raft foundation within its height and circumference of the bush on
the outer edges of the piles.
8.16. Determination of the uneven sediment pile foundation in collapsible soils for the
analysis of structures of buildings and facilities should be made taking into account the
projected changes of hydrogeological conditions of the site area and possible the most
unfavorable type and location of the source of soaking levels calculated in relation to the
foundation or the construction as a whole.
8.17. The ground conditions of type II when possible subsidence of its own weight, the use
of pile foundations does not exclude the need to implement water protection measures. This
should also be provided for cutting building blocks of sedimentary seams simple
configuration. In industrial buildings, industrial plants, equipped with cranes, in addition,
should be provided constructive activities that provide the possibility of straightening of crane
runways on twice the value of the estimated rainfall pile foundations, but at least half of the
subsidence of its own weight.
8.18. At the subsidence of its own weight of more than 30 cm should consider the possibility
of horizontal displacements of pile foundations, falling within the curved part of the subsidence
craters.
8.19. The ground conditions of type II in determining the loads acting on the pile foundation
should be considered negative friction force that can appear on the upstream side of the sole of
the pile grillage surfaces buried in the ground parts of the building or structure.
8.20. In the application of pile foundation planning bedding soil more than 1 m in areas
composed of soil subsidence, are only allowed with a special justification.
8.21. In the design of pile foundations, arranged in ground conditions II type intended safety
factor not taken into account.
9. Features of designing pile foundations in swelling SOILS
9.1. In the design of pile foundations in swelling soils it is allowed to provide a full recess
piles entire thickness swelling soils (with resting the lower end on the non-swelling soils), and
a partial recess (with resting the lower ends directly in the thickness of swelling soils).
9.2. Calculation of pile foundations in swelling soils must be carried out on the ultimate limit
state in accordance with the requirements set forth in Sec. 3-6 . In the calculation of pile
foundations in swelling soils in the deformations must also perform additional calculations to
determine the pile lifting on swelling soil in accordance with the requirements
of paragraphs. 9.4-9.6.
9.3. The calculation of pile foundations in swelling soils on the bearing capacity values
calculated resistance swelling soil under the lower end of the R and the side surface f i pile or
piles of shells should be taken on the basis of the static test results of piles and piles-stamps in
swelling soils to soak in the a construction site or adjacent areas with similar soils. In the
absence at the time of the design of pile foundations of the results of these static test design
resistance swelling soil under the lower end of the R and the side surface f i piles and piles of
shell diameter of less than 1 m it is allowed to take on the table. 1 , 2 and 7 for the introduction
of non-swollen with additional soil soil environments factor c = 0.5, independently of the
others taken into account the working conditions of the coefficients provided in Table. 3 and 5 .
9.4. Raising h sw , p , should be determined according to the formula m, driven piles,
submerged in a pre-drilled hole leader, without broadening piles and piles of shells, not recessed
swelling soil zone,

h sw , p = (35)
where h sw - the rise of the surface swelling of soil, m;
 h sw , p - the rise of the soil layer in the level of laying the lower end of the pile (in the case
of recess swelling soil h sw , p = 0), m;
 ,  - factors determined by Table. 17 , while  is dependent on the well, which
represents a decrease strain on the array at a depth of soil swelling and taken for
swelling clays: Sarmatian - 0.31 m -1 , aralskih- 0.36 m -1 and Khvalynian - 0.42 m -
1
;
u - perimeter of pile, m;
Of N - design load on the pile, kN (Tg), determined with reliability coefficient of the
load f = 1.
Limit values rise buildings, as well as a surface lift value of swelling soil h sw and lifting the
soil layer at the location of the lower ends of piles h sw , p shall be determined in accordance with
the requirements of SNIP 2.02.01-83 .
T a b l e 17
Immersion depth of the Factor  for values and , m -1 The coefficient  ,
pile, m 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 m 2 / kN (m 2 / ton)
3 0.72 0.62 0.53 0.46 0.40
4 0.64 0.53 0.44 0.36 0.31 1.5 (15)
5 0.59 0.46 0.36 0.29 0.24 1.1 (11)
6 0.53 0.40 0.31 0.24 0.19 0.7 (7)
7 0.48 0.35 0.26 0.20 0.15 0.5 (5)
8 0.44 0.31 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.4 (4)
9 0.40 0.27 0.19 0.14 0.11 0.3 (3)
10 0.37 0.24 0.17 0.12 0.09 0.2 (2.5)
eleven 0.34 0.21 0.15 0.10 0.08 0.2 (2)
12 0.31 0.19 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.1 (1.5)
9.5. At recess the piles swelling soil layers and their burial in a non-swellable soils rise pile
foundation is virtually eliminated, subject to conditions

(36)
where the F sw - the resultant calculation lifting force, kN (Tc) acting on the lateral surface of
the pile, which is determined based on the results of field trials in swelling soils or
determined using the data tab. 2 taking into account the swelling forces the safety
factor for the load of soil f = 1,2;
The F du - carrying capacity, kN (tf), piles of land located in the non-swelling soil under the
action pulls the load;
k - is the same as in the formula (2 ).
9.6. Raising piles diameter greater than 1 m, not recessed swellable layers of soil to be
defined as the foundation for a natural basis in accordance with the SNP 2.02.01-83 . At the
same time the rise of the pile with the broadening should be determined by the action of
loading the F u , equal to:
F u = N + II V g - F sw , (37)
where N , F sw - the same as in the formula (36 );
II of -the estimated value of the proportion of soil, kN / m 3 (ton / m 3 );
V g - volume of soil, which prevents the lifting of the pile, m 3 , and taken equal soil
volume within an expanding truncated cone height h with the lower (smaller)
diameter of broadening the diameter d, and a top diameter d  = h + d (here h -
distance from the natural surface of the ground to the middle of the pile
broadening).
 9.7. When designing pile foundation in soil swelling between the ground plane and the
bottom plane should be provided grillage gap size equal to or more than the maximum value of
soil when raising swelling.
When the thickness of the swellable layer of soil at least 12 m is permitted to hold grillage,
resting directly on the ground, in compliance with the design conditions (36 ).
10. Features of designing pile foundations at undermined territories
10.1 The design of pile foundations on undermined territories other than the requirements of
these standards must be met the requirements of SNIP 2.01.09-91 : in this case, along with the
data of engineering surveys for the design of pile foundations have also used data mining and
geological survey and information about the expected deformations of the earth's surface.
10.2. The task for the design of pile foundations on undermined territories shall be contained
derived by the results of surveying the calculation data on the expected maximum deformation
of the earth's surface at the construction site, including subsidence, tilt, relative to the horizontal
tensile strain or compression, the radius of curvature of the earth's surface, the height of the
ledge .
10.3. Calculation of pile foundations of buildings and structures erected on the undermined
territories, should be made on limiting conditions on a special combination of loads, taking into
account the impacts appointed by the deformable at undermining the base.
. 10.4 Depending on the nature of the coupling head with piles and raft foundation interaction
with the soil base in the development process in its horizontal deformation of undermining the
territory of the following schemes differ pile foundations:
a) hard - with tight sealing of the heads of piles in the grillage by anchoring it releases
reinforcement piles or immediate termination of the head of the pile it in accordance with the
requirements set out in paragraph. 7.5 ;
b) compliant - with conventionally hinged conjunction with the pile grillage, performed by
sealing her head in grillage 5 - 10 cm or conjugation through the slip joint.
. 10.5 Calculation of pile foundations and bases on undermined territories must be based on:
a) changes in the physico-mechanical properties of soils, caused by part-time job territory,
in accordance with the requirements of paragraph. 10.6 ;
b) redistributing loads on individual vertical piles caused by tilting, and ustupoobrazovaniem
curvature of the surface, in accordance with the n. 10.7 ;
c) additional loads in the horizontal plane, caused by deformations of the base relative
horizontal ground, in accordance with the n. 10.8 ;
10.6. The bearing capacity on a ground base the F cr kN (tf), piles of all types working on
the compressive load, shall be determined according to the formula at undermining the territory
F cr = cr F d , (38)
where cr - coefficient of working conditions, taking into account changes in the physico-
mechanical properties of soils and redistribution of the vertical loads at undermining
the territory: for piles, pillars in the foundations of all buildings and facilities cr =
1; for hanging piles in the foundations of buildings and structures compliant (eg, one-
story frame with a pivot bearing) cr = 0.9: for hanging piles in the foundations of
buildings and hard structures (eg frameless multi-storey buildings with rigid joints,
silo towers) cr = 1.1;
The F d - bearing capacity of the pile, kN (tf), determined by calculation in accordance with
the requirements of Sec. 4 , or as determined by the results of field research, test-
driving dynamic and static loads and ground sensing in accordance with the
requirements of Sec. 5 .
 N o t e . In case of steep seams also be considered depending on the relative values of the horizontal
deformation  h , mm / m, an additional factor  cr = 1 / (1 + 100  h ).

. 10.7 Additional vertical load ±of N on the pile or piles of shells with a rigid
structural layout of buildings and structures should be determined according to the calculated
values of vertical displacements of piles due to the slope, curvature, ustupoobrazovaniem the
earth's surface, as well as horizontal deformations soil base under conditions:
a) suspension of the pile foundations and piling their bases are replaced in accordance
with clause 6.1 contingent on the natural foundation base;
b) the base of the foundation adopted a conditional linear deformable permanent [on the
length of the building (structure) or a dedicated compartment in it], and ground deformation
modulus coefficient bed.
Identification of additional vertical loads produced about the longitudinal and transverse
axes of the building.
10.8. In the calculation of pile foundations, constructed on undermined territories, to
consider additional efforts, resulting in piles due to their work in bending under the influence
of the horizontal displacement of the foundation soil at undermining the territory in relation to
the design position of piles.
10.9. Estimated horizontal displacement u sr , mm of soil at undermining the territory should
be determined according to the formula
u sr = f c h x , (39)
where f c - respectively the coefficients of reliability for the load and operating conditions
for the relative horizontal deformations taken under SNIP 2.01.09.-91 ;
h - the expected value of the relative horizontal deformation determined from the
results of calculation of surveying, mm / m;
x - distance from the consideration of the pile axis to the central axis of the building
(structure) to raft, to arrange the entire length of the building (bay), or to block the
rigidity of frame buildings (compartment) to raft, to arrange a separate column, m.
10.10. Pile foundations of buildings and structures erected on the undermined territories,
should be designed based on the conditions necessary to transmit grillage minimal effort from
the piles resulting from deformation of the earth's surface.
To fulfill this requirement in the projects include:
a) cutting of a building or structure into sections in order to reduce the effect of foundation
soil horizontal displacement;
b) mostly hanging piles for buildings and structures with a rigid design scheme to reduce
further the efforts of emerging vertically from the curvature of the base;
c) possible at the pile stiffness, for example prismatic, square or rectangular cross section,
and rectangular cross-section should be located at the pile side in the longitudinal direction of
the building chamber;
d) mostly compliant interface design of piles with a raft referred to in paragraph. 10.4 ;
d) the alignment of buildings with the help of jacks or other leveling devices.
When cutting a building or structure in the bays between them in the raft foundation should
provide clearances (expansion joints), the dimensions of which are defined as for the lower
structures of buildings and structures in accordance with the requirements of SNIP 2.01.09-91 .
. 10.11 Pile foundations should be used, as a rule, on undermined territories I - IV groups,
including:
a) hanging piles - on the territory of I - IV groups for all types of structures and buildings;
b) from the piles resistant - in areas III and IV groups for buildings and structures, designed
to supple the structural scheme of the building at a curvature of the base, and for Group IV -
also for buildings and structures, designed with a rigid design scheme.
 N o t e s : 1. The division undermined areas in the Group taken in accordance with SNIP 2.01.09-91 .
2. Piles of shells, stuffed and bored piles with a diameter of more than 600 mm, and other types of hard-driving
may be used, as a rule, only in the pile foundations of a compliant scheme in conjunction with their raft through a
sliding joint (see. P. 10.4 .).
3. Deepening the soil piles on the undermined territories shall not be less than 4 m, except in the case of piles
bearing on rocky ground.
. 10.12 In undermined territories Ik - IVk groups with the possible formation of benches, as
well as on the sites of geological disturbances use of pile foundations is allowed only with a
special justification.
. 10.13 The design of interface with the raft piles should be administered depending on the
value of the expected horizontal displacement of the foundation soil, and limit values for the
horizontal movement of the piles must not exceed when paired with a raft (see. . N 10.4 cm):
2 - hard;
5 - compliant, conventionally hinged;
8 - the same slip through the seam.
No te . To reduce the values of effort, resulting in piles and grillage from exposure to the horizontal base soil
movements, as well as to ensure spatial stability of pile foundations of the building (construction) as a whole pile
pile field in the action of small ground motion zone (up to 2 cm) should be provided with a hard conjugation and
the rest - with pliable (hinged or sliding conjugation through the seam).
10.14. Pile gratings should be calculated on the eccentric tension and compression, and
torsion under the action of horizontal support reactions of the piles (shear force and bending
moment) caused by lateral pressure deformable at undermining the foundation soil.
10.15. In the application of pile foundation with high grillage in concrete floors or other rigid
structures arranged on the surface of the soil, should provide a gap around the perimeter of the
pile with a minimum width of 8 cm on the entire thickness of the rigid structure. The gap should
be filled by plastic or elastic materials do not form a rigid support for the piles under the
influence of the horizontal displacement of the foundation soil.
11. Features of designing pile foundations in seismic areas
. 11.1 The design of pile foundations in seismic regions except for the requirements of these
standards should also comply with the requirements of SNiP 11-7-81 *; in this case, in addition
to materials of engineering surveys for the design of pile foundations should be used data of
seismic zoning of construction sites.
11.2. Pile foundations of buildings and structures, taking into account seismic effects shall
be determined by special combination of loads on limiting conditions of the first group. It is
necessary to provide:
a) determination bearing capacity of the pile and pulls on the compressive load in accordance
with the requirements of Sec. 4 ;
b) check soil stability on pressure limiting condition is transmitted to the ground side surfaces
of piles, in accordance with the recommended Annex 1 ;
c) calculation of piles on the strength of the material in the joint action of the estimated effort
(longitudinal force, bending moment and shear force), whose values are determined by the
instructions of the recommended Annex 1 in dependence on the calculated values of seismic
loads.
When referred to in subparagraphs "a" - "in the" calculations to be performed as the
requirements contained in paragraphs. 11.3 - 11.8 .
No te . In determining the estimated value of the seismic loads acting on the building or structure, high pile
grillage should be regarded as the lower floor frame.
 11.3. When calculating the bearing capacity of piles or pulls on the compressive
load F eq values of R and f i be multiplied by the reduction factors foundation soil
environmentseq 1 andeq 2 ,listed in Table. 18 .
The values of R should also be multiplied by a coefficient of working conditions eq
is 3 received: eq is 3 = 1 for  3 and eq is 3 = 0.9 at <3, where the reduced length of the
pile, which is determined according to the recommended guidelines of Annex 1 .
In addition, soil resistance f i on the side surface of the pile to the target depth h d (cm. P.
11.4 ) should be zero.
. 11.4 Estimated depth h d to which the resistance of the soil is not considered on the side of
the pile surface is defined by formula (40 ), but is taken not more than 3 / :

(40)
where a 1 , a 2 , a 3 - dimensionless coefficients equal to 1.5, respectively; 0.8 and 0.6 with a
high grillage and a free-standing piles and 1.2; 1.2 and 0 - under tight sealing
of the pile in the lower grillage;
H , M - the calculated values of the horizontal forces, respectively, Kn (n), and the
bending moment kN  m (Tc  m) applied to the pile in the ground level with a
special combination of loads in view of seismic effects;
 - deformation ratio 1 / m, determined on the recommended Annex 1 ;
b p - conditional width of the pile, m, determined on the recommended Annex 1 ;
I of - the estimated value of the proportion of soil, kN / m 3 (ton / m 3 ) as defined
in saturated soils based on weighing the action of water;
I of , c I of - the calculated values, respectively, of the internal friction angle of soil,
hail, and specific soil coupling, kN / m 2 (tf / m 2 ), adopted in accordance with
the instructions pp.3.5and 11.5 .
. 11.5 Determination of the calculated depth h d when subjected to seismic loads should be
made by taking the values of the calculated internal friction angleI of reduced for estimated
seismicity of 7 points - 2  , 8 points - 4  , 9 points - 7  .
11.6. In calculating the effect of pile foundations of bridges seismic impact on the conditions
of termination of piles in saturated silty sands to silty-clay soils with a melt index I of of L > 0.5
should be taken into account by lowering the 30% value of proportionality coefficient K given
for these soils recommended annex 1 .
In the calculations of the bearing capacity of piles under horizontal load action should be
considered a short-term nature of the seismic load effects by increasing the coefficient 2 in
theformula (24 ) recommended the application 1 . In the calculations, single foundations of the
load acting in the perpendicular row plane, the coefficient 2 increases by 10%, in other cases
- 30%.
T a b l e 18
 Coefficient of working conditions  eq1 to adjust the Coefficient of working conditions  eq2 to
values of R at the ground adjust the values f i at the ground
Estimated silty clay
seismicity of sand of medium with a sand and dense silty clay with a
dense sand
buildings density melt flow medium density melt flow index
and index
construction I 0I I 0I
s, points malovlazhny saturate malovlazhny saturate of of of of malovlazhny saturate of of of of 0.75 
d with d with d with I of of
water L L  0.
h and wet h and wet < h and wet < <0.7
water water L L L<1
0 5 0 5
7 1 0.9 0.95 0.8 1 0.95 0.95 0.9 0.9 0.85 0.75
0.9 - 0.85 - 1 0.9 0.85 - 5 0.8 0.7
-
8 0.9 0.8 0.85 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7
0.8 - 0.75 - 5 0.8 0.75 - 0.8 0.7 0.65
0.9
5
9 0.8 0.7 0.75 - 0.9 0.85 0.75 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8
0.7 - 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.65 - 5 0.6 -
5 0.6
5
N o t e s : 1. The values of  eq1 and  eq2 , indicated above the line refer to the precast piles, below the line -
to printed.
2. The values of the coefficients  eq1 and  eq2 must be multiplied by 0.85, 1.0, or 1.15 for the buildings and
structures erected in areas with repeatable 1, 2, 3, respectively (except for transport and hydraulic engineering).
3. Determination of the bearing capacity of piles, pillars, resting on rock and coarse soils, made without the
introduction of additional factors working conditions  eq1 and  eq2 .
11.7. The bearing capacity of the pile the F eq is , kN (tf), running on a vertical compressive
load and pull out, according to the results of field trials should be determined taking into account
the seismic influences by the formula
F eq = k eq F d , (41)
where the k eq is - coefficient taking into account decrease in carrying capacity of the pile under
seismic actions defined by calculating the ratio of the carrying capacity of the pile,
calculated in accordance with the instructions of paragraphs. 11.2-11.4 taking into
account seismic effects and the value of pile carrying capacity, determined in
accordance with the requirements ofSec. 4 , without taking into account seismic
effects;
The F d - bearing capacity of the pile, kN (tf), determined by the results of the static or
dynamic tests or according to static sensing soil, in accordance with the instructions
of Sect. 5(excluding seismic effects).
. 11.8 piles Calculation of subsidence and swelling ground on a special combination of loads,
taking into account seismic actions should be done with natural moisture, if the soil soaking is
not possible, and when fully saturated soil, which has a melt flow index, determined by
the formula (31 ), if the soil soak possible; wherein determining a carrier's ability to pile soil
conditions II -type subsidence is made without taking into account the possibility of adverse
ground friction.
No te . Piles Calculation of seismic effects does not preclude the need to perform their calculation in
accordance with Sec. 8-10 .
11.9. For pile foundations in seismic areas should be used piles of all kinds except for piles
without transverse reinforcement and clavate.
 The use of bored piles allowed only in stable soils that do not require fixing holes of the
walls, and the piles diameter must be at least 40 cm, and the ratio of pile length to its diameter
- no more than 25.
N o t e . As an exception allowed cutting of saturated soils padded and drilling piles with recoverable casing.
11.10. In the design of pile foundations in seismic regions bearing end piles should be
provided on the rocky, coarse, dense and average density of sandy and silty-clay soils with a
melt index I of of L 0.5.
Supporting the lower ends of the piles in the water-saturated unconsolidated sands, silty-clay
soils with a melt index I of of L > 0.5 is not allowed.
. 11.11 Deepening in piles soil in seismic areas shall not be less than 4 m, and the presence
at the base of the lower ends of piles medium density water-saturated sandy soils -. Not less
than 8 m may be reduced burying piles with appropriate justification, resulting from field tests
of piles simulated seismic effects.
For single-storey farm buildings that do not contain valuable equipment, and in the case of
bearing piles on the rocky ground of their penetration into the soil is taken the same as in seismic
areas.
11.12. Rostwerk pile foundation under the bearing walls of the building within the
compartment must be continuous and located at the same level. The upper ends of the piles
must be sealed on a grillage depth determined by calculation, taking into account seismic loads.
The device bezrostverkovyh pile foundations of buildings and structures is not permitted.
11.13. With proper feasibility study may be used pile foundations with intermediate bag of
bulk materials (crushed stone, gravel, sand, large and medium size). Such foundations should
not be used in nutrient soils, collapsible soils type II, on undermined areas, geologically
unstable areas (where there is or may occur landslides, mudflows, karsts, etc.) and on the
grounds composed of unstabilized soils.
For pile foundations with intermediate cushion should apply the same types of piles, as well
as in seismic areas.
11.14. The calculation of the piles that are part of the pile foundation with an intermediate
pad is not performed on the horizontal loads. The bearing capacity of piles, working on the
compressive load, taking into account seismic effects, should be determined in accordance
with n. 11.3 ; wherein the resistance of the soil to be considered along the entire lateral surface
of the pile, i.e. h d = 0, and the coefficient of the working conditions of the lower end of the pile
under seismic actions eq 1 = 1.2.
11.15. The calculation of pile foundations with an intermediate pad according to
deformations of foundations should be calculated as the sum of rainfall conditioned basement
determined in accordance with the requirements of Sec. 6 , and the intermediate rainfall
pillows.
12. Features of designing pile foundations overhead electricity transmission lines
12.1. Pile foundations of overhead power transmission line supports (LEP) and the open
switchgear (OSG) substations may be used in all types of soils, which allow them to dive and
economic feasibility.
12.2. For pile foundations of overhead power transmission line supports shall not be used
clavate, pyramidal and diamond-shaped piles.
. 12.3 piles immersion depth in the ground, perceiving pulling and horizontal loads must be
not less than 4.0 m, and for the foundation of wooden poles - not less than 3.0 m.
12.4. The wooden piles of wooden poles for overhead power lines foundations may be used
irrespective of the position of the groundwater level. In the area of variable moisture content
necessary to provide for enhanced protection of wood from rotting.
 . 12.5 bearing capacity of driven piles of hanging and running on the compressive load, shall
be determined respectively by the formulas (8 ) and (11) taking into account the guidance given
inpp.12.7 and 12.8 ; while the coefficient of working conditions ñ in formulas (8 )
and (11) should be taken:
for normal intermediate support 1.2
in other cases 1.0
12.6. The bearing capacity of driven piles and working on the pull-out should be determined
by the formulas (10 ) and (14) taking into account the additional guidance given
in paragraphs.12.7-12.9 ; while the coefficient of working conditions ñ in formulas (10 )
and (14) should be taken for supports:
normal and intermediate 1.2
anchor and angle 1.0
great transitions:
if the weight of the holding force of the piles and
grillage is calculated
pulls a load of 1.0
if the holding force is
And less than 65% calculated
pull out load 0.6
in other cases, the interpolation
12.7. Under the lower end of the calculated soil resistance driven piles R and calculated
resistance on the side of driven piles f i in the foundations of overhead power transmission line
supports are accepted by tab. 1 and 2 , and in the foundations of normal supports the calculated
values f i for the silty-clay soils with their fluidity index I of of L 0.3 should be increased by
25%.
12.8. Calculated soil resistance on the side surface of driven piles f i , calculated in
accordance with the n. 12.7 should be multiplied by additional factors working conditions given
in Table. 19.
T A B L E 19
Additional factors working conditions  ñ when the length
of the pile
Type of foundation, soil characteristics and load l <25 d and respect
l  25 d
 0.1  0.4  0.6
1. The foundation of a normal intermediate support in
the calculation:
a) single pile on the pull out load:
in sandy loam and sandy soils 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.55
in clay and loam with I of of L < 0.6 1.15 1.15 1.05 0.7
However, when I L > 0.6 1.5 1.5 1.35 0.9
b) single piles to compressive loads and piles as part
of the bush on the pull out load:
in sandy loam and sandy soils 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
in clay and loam with I of of L <0.6 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
However, when I L > 0.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
2. Foundation for the anchor, the corner end supports,
under the great transitions in the calculation of
support:
a) single pile on the pull out load:
in sandy loam and sandy soils 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6
in clays and loams 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.6
b) piles as part of the bush on the pull out load:
 Additional factors working conditions  ñ when the length
of the pile
Type of foundation, soil characteristics and load l <25 d and respect
l  25 d
 0.1  0.4  0.6
in sandy loam and sandy soils 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
in clays and loams 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
c) on the compressive loads in all soils 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
In Table. 19 the notation:
d - diameter of the circular, square, or side of a large side of the rectangular cross-section of the pile;
H - horizontal component of the rated load;
N - the vertical component of the design load,
N o t e . When immersed single pile with an inclination towards the horizontal component of the load acts at
an angle of inclination to the vertical of more than 10  an additional factor working conditions should be taken
as the vertical piles, working as part of the bush (for pos. 1 b or 2 b).
12.9. In calculating the load on the pull out of the pile, the pile running in the bush piles of
four or less, the estimated carrying capacity of the pile should be reduced by 20%.
12.10. For piles, load sensing pulls allowed to provide their immersion in the leader of the
well, and the difference between the transverse dimension of the pile diameter and the leader
of the well should be at least 0.15 m.
13. Features of designing pile foundations of low-rise village buildings
. 13.1 Features of the design of pile foundations apply to the following types of low-rise
village buildings: farmsteads, livestock and poultry, stocks of agricultural products and
agricultural equipment, awnings for different purposes, etc. with a calculated load level before
building wall cap 150 kN / m (15 tf / m), and the column - 400 kN (40 ton).
13.2. In the design of pile foundations of low-rise buildings of rural should be used
predominantly column piles, short pyramidal pile with prestressed reinforcement without
transverse reinforcement, bored piles up to 3 m packed slaughter ramming and ramming piles,
arranged in punching holes provided n. 2.4 b.
The foundations of rural buildings spacer design to be applied piles tee and I-sections with
consoles.
N o t e s : 1. The use of pile-columns for low rural buildings erected in seismic regions may be at a depth of
piling-pillars into the ground at least 2 m.
2. Seal bored piles bottom wells in the device up to 3 m shall be carried out by vtrambovyvaniya in the ground
layer of rubble with a minimum thickness of 10 cm.
3. In the projects pile foundations of low-rise buildings on the rural subsiding soils with the drawdown of their
own weight up to 15 cm is allowed not to provide a complete cutting through piles of strata subsidence, if elevated
building structures are designed using structural measures to ensure the possibility of their normal operation, under
certain calculation irregular rainfall drawdown and foundations.
13.3. In calculating the load-bearing capacity of piles by the formula (8 ) the calculated
resistance ground the R, kPa (ts / m 2 ), at the lower end of driven piles with a depth of
immersion of 2 to 3 meters should be taken from Table. 20, and the side surface f i , kPa (tf /
m 2 ), - on the table. 21 .
13.4. Estimated soil resistance the R, kPa (ts / m 2 ), at the lower end of the drilling piles of
printed and packed at slaughter piling depth of 2 to 3 meters should be taken at table. 22 ; while
for dense sandy soils tabulated values should be increased by 1.3 times. The calculated
resistance f i , kPa (ts / m 2 ) on the side surface printed and bored piles are allowed to take on
the table. 21with additional working conditions coefficient equal to 0.9.
 T a b l e 20
Estimated soil resistance under the lower end of the driven piles R, kPa (ts / m 2 )
Immersion
The void sand silty clay with a melt flow index I of of L , equal
depth of
ratio, e medium
the pile, m large small silty 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
size
2  0.55 8300 3900 2500 1500 6500 3900 2000 1000 600 300 (30)
(830) (390) (250) (150) (650) (390) (200) (100) (60)
0.70 6400 3000 1900 1200 5400 3200 1700 900 500 250 (25)
(640) (300) (190) (120) (540) (320) (170) (90) (50)
1.00 - - - - 3200 1900 1000 600 300 150 (50)
(320) (190) (100) (60) (30)
3  0.55 8500 4100 2700 1600 6600 4000 2100 1100 650 350 (35)
(850) (410) (270) (160) (660) (400) (210) (110) (65)
0.70 6600 3200 2100 1300 5500 3300 1800 1000 550 250 (25)
(660) (320) (210) (130) (550) (330) (180) (100) (55)
1.00 - - - - 3300 2000 1100 700 350 200 (20)
(330) (200) (110) (70) (35)
N o t e . For intermediate values I of of L and e values of R are determined by interpolation.
T a b l e 21
The Estimated soil resistance on the side of driven piles, including tee and double T-
The
average sections, f i , kPa (ts / m 2 )
coefficient
depth of sandy silty clay with a melt flow index I of of L , equal
of soil
the soil
porosity Large and
layer
in the medium small silty 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
location hi ,
layer is, size
m
1  0.55 80 (8.0) 55 45 (4.5) 46 (4.6) 39 (3.9) 32 (3.2) 25 18 11 (1.1)
(5.5) (2.5) (1.8)
0.7 60 (6.0) 40 30 (3.0) 45 (4.5) 37 (3.7) 30 (3.0) 23 16 9 (0.9)
(4.0) (2.3) (1.6)
1.00 - - - - 32 (3.2) 23 (2.3) 15 10 6 (0.6)
(1.5) (1.0)
2-3  0.55 85 (8.5) 60 50 (5.0) 68 (6.8) 53 (5.3) 40 (4.0) 29 20 13 (1.3)
(6.0) (2.9) (2.0)
0.7 65 (6.5) 45 35 (3.5) 65 (6.5) 50 (5.0) 37 (3.7) 26 18 11 (1.1)
(4.5) (2.6) (1.8)
1.0 - - - 60 (6.0) 45 (4.5) 32 (3.2) 21 13 7 (0.7)
(2.1) (1.3)
N o t e . For intermediate values of h i , e , and I of of L values f i are determined by interpolation

T a b l e 22
Calculated resistance at the lower end of the drilling piles of
printed and R, kPa (ts / m 2 ), with a depth of immersion of 2-3
m and calculated resistance under consoles, columns
piles R con , kPa (ts / m 2 )
primers The void ratio e
sandy soils
large medium size small silty
silty-clay soils with a melt flow index I of of L , equal
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Sands of medium 0,55-0,8 2000 (200) 1500 (150) 800 (80) 500 (50)
density
Sandy loam and 0.5 800 (80) 650 (65) 550 (55) 450 (45)
loam 0.7 650 (65) 550 (55) 450 (45) 350 (35)
1.0 550 (55) 450 (45) 350 (35) 250 (25)
 Calculated resistance at the lower end of the drilling piles of
printed and R, kPa (ts / m 2 ), with a depth of immersion of 2-3
m and calculated resistance under consoles, columns
piles R con , kPa (ts / m 2 )
primers The void ratio e
sandy soils
large medium size small silty
silty-clay soils with a melt flow index I of of L , equal
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
clays 0.5 1400 (140) 1100 (110) 900 (90) 700 (70)
0.6 1100 (110) 900 (90) 750 (75) 600 (60)
0.8 700 (70) 600 (60) 500 (50) 400 (40)
13.5. The bearing capacity of the pile-columns with submerged in the ground with concrete
consoles running on the compressive load, shall be determined as the amount of soil resistance
under the lower end of it, under the console and on the side of the formula

(42)

where - the same as in the formula (8 );

- An additional factor working conditions; = 0.4 for sandy soils and = 0.8 for
the silty-clay soils;
- The design resistance of the soil under the consoles, kPa (ts / m 2 ), by immersing
them in the ground to a depth of 0.5-1.0 m, take the table. 22 ;
- The projected area of the consoles on the horizontal plane, m 2 .
13.6. The bearing capacity of piles tee and I-sections of the action of the vertical component
of the load should be determined by the formula (8 ), taking it values f i on the side of the shelf
and the wall on the table. 21 .
N o t e . When calculating the load-bearing capacity of piles tee and I-sections used for buildings with a
framework of trehsharnirnyh frames are allowed to take into account the effect of the horizontal component of
thrust on the calculated resistance on the side surface of the pile.
13.7. For pile foundations and piles of columns-one-storey rural building foundations
necessary to carry out checks the stability of the action of the forces of frost heaving soils.
13.8. Calculation of soil characteristics in determining the bearing capacity of piles pp.13.3-
13.6 should be taken for the worst case of seasonal changes in the process of construction and
operation of buildings.
ANNEX 1
Recommended
CALCULATION OF PILES ON JOINT ACTION vertical and horizontal forces and
moments
1. When calculating the piles on the combined effect of the vertical and horizontal forces
and torque in accordance with the scheme shown in the figure, there are two stages of the stress-
strain state of the system "pile - soil".
 load circuit in the pile
In the first stage of the ground surrounding the pile is considered as elastic linearly
deformable medium characterized by the coefficient of the bed with the z , kN / m 3 (ton / m 3 ).
Calculated values of the coefficient of the bed with a z ground on the side of the pile surface
may be determined by the formula

, (1)
where K - factor of proportionality kN / m 4 (Tc / m 4 ) received according to the type of soil
surrounding the pile, in Table. 1 ;
z - depth of the pile in the ground section location m for which the ratio is determined by
the bed, in relation to the ground surface at a high or a grillage grillage sole low grillage;
a - coefficient of working conditions.
In the second stage, at the top of the soil surrounding the pile formed an equilibrium zone
limit (plastic zone), characterized strength proportionality factor a.
Calculation of piles in the case of multi-row of their location in the basement of a raft resting
on the ground, in the absence of seismic effects is allowed to produce, taking into account the
possibility of a consistent development of the first and second stages, the stress-strain state of
soil. In this case, a two-stage calculation is made of piles and working conditions
coefficient a inthe formula (1 ) was adopted a = 1. In all other cases it is necessary to make
a one-step calculation of piles with regard to the conditions of the possible development of the
first stage, only the stress-strain state of the system "pile - primer "operating conditions taking
factor c in formula (1 ) equal to three.
2. Calculation of piles to the combined effect of the vertical and horizontal forces and
moments should include:
a) The calculation of the bearing capacity of piles in the case of the possibility of the
development of the second stage of the stress-strain state of the soil in accordance with
condition

(2)
where H - the estimated value of the lateral force, kN (tf), acting on a pile;
The F d - bearing capacity of piles, as determined in accordance with the requirements
of paragraph. 10 ;
the k - reliability coefficient taken equal to 1.4;
b) check the stability of the soil, according to claim 13 , when the calculation is carried out
only with the assumption of the first stage of the stress-strain state of the soil;
c) calculation of piles in the deformations, including verification of compliance with the
conditions of admissibility of the calculated values of the horizontal displacement of the pile
head and the p and the angle of its rotation p :
u pu u ; (3)
pu ,(4)
where u p , p - estimated values respectively of the horizontal displacement of the pile
head, m, and the angle of its rotation, glad, defined according to the instructions to
claim 5 ;
and u , u - limits respectively of the horizontal displacement of the pile head, m, and
the angle of its rotation, is pleased to be installed in the task to design a building
or structure;
Table 1
The coefficient of Strength proportionality
Primers surrounding the piles and their
proportionality K , kN / factor a , kN / m 3 (ton /
characteristics
m 4 (tf / m 4 ) m3)
Sands large (0.55  e  0.7); clay and loam solid ( I 18 000-30 000 (1800-3000) 71-92 (7,1-9,2)
of of L < 0)
Sands of small (0.6  e  0.75); sand medium size 12 000-18 000 (1200-1800) 60-71 (6,0-7,1)
(0.55  e  0.7), sandy loam solid ( I of of L <0); clay
and loam tugoplastichnye and semisolid (0  I of of
L  0.75)
Silty sands (0.6  an e  0.8); Plastic sandy loam 000 7000-12 (700-1200) 44-60 (4,4-6,0)
(0  I of of L  0.75); clay and loam myagkoplastichnye
(0.5 I of of L  0.75)
Clay and loam tekucheplastichnye (0.75 I L  1) 4000-7000 (400 - 700) 26-44 (2,6-4,4)
Gravelly sands (0.55  e  0.7); coarse soils with sand 50 000-100000 (5000-10 100-120 (10-12)
filling 000)
N o t e s : 1. Lower values correspond to higher coefficient values of flow index I of of L clay and porosity
coefficient e sandy soils, in brackets, and high values of the coefficient K - respectively lower values I of of
L and e. For soils with intermediate values of the characteristics I of of L and e coefficient values are determined by
interpolation.
 The coefficient of Strength proportionality
Primers surrounding the piles and their
proportionality K , kN / factor a , kN / m 3 (ton /
characteristics
m 4 (tf / m 4 ) m3)
2. The coefficient K for dense sands must be taken at 30% higher than the highest value indicated in
the table. 1 coefficients K for a given type of soil.
g) verification of piles of sections on resistance material limit states of first and second
groups (strength, education and disclosure of cracks) on the combined effect of the calculated
effort - the vertical force, bending moment and shear force; This calculation is performed
depending on the material piles according to the requirements of paragraph 3.6 ; design values
of bending moments and lateral forces acting in different sections of the pile should be
determined according to the requirements of the claims 8 and 9, in the case of the possibility of
admission of the second stage of the stress-strain state of the soil, and in other cases - according
to the requirements of the claims 14 and 15 .
3. In the calculation with the assumption of the second stage of the stress-strain state of the
ground state of the system limit "pile - soil" education is taken at a depth of the z the z (within or
on the boundary of the plastic zone) plastic hinge, in which there is a point M u , kN  m (tf  m),
equal to the maximum bending moment, the perceived cross-section of the pile. In the event of
termination of the pile in the grillage two successive plastic hinges are formed: the first - in the
place of incorporation of the pile in the grillage, the second - within or on the boundary of the
plastic zone. For the limit state of the system adopted by the time of formation of the second
plastic hinge.
4. Calculation of piles to the marginal status of the two groups is performed using the
following parameters: the reduced depth of the pile cross section location in the ground ,
given the depth of pile penetration into the soil , as in the case taking into account the
possibility of the development of the second stage of the stress-strain state of the soil, in
addition, given the depth of plastic zone shown calculated lateral force values and the
bending moment , exerted by the pile cap on the pile head, the reduced values of the boundary
of the lateral force , corresponding to the boundary elastic Time "pile - ground" when = 0, the
above boundary horizontal displacement values and boundary turning angle at low grillage in
the level of his soles when = 0, the above displacement values and the angle of rotation of the
pile, which are determined by the formulas:
= Za  ; (5)

= Z i a  ; (6)
= La  ; (7)

, (8)

; (9)

, (10)
where the z , the z i , l - the actual depth of the pile cross section location in the ground, the real
depth of plastic zone and the actual depth of immersion piles (the lower end) into
the ground, m;
 - deformation ratio 1 / m, determined according to the formula

(eleven)
where K - is the same as in the formula (1 );
E - modulus of elasticity of the material pile, kPa (ts / m 2 );
I - moment of inertia of the cross-section of the pile, m 4 ;
b p - conditional width of the pile, m, taken equal to: For piles with a diameter of 0.8 m
barrels and a b p = d + 1 , and for the remaining sections of the size of the piles b p =
1.5 d + 0.5 m;
c - coefficient of working conditions, in accordance with the received item. 1 ;
d - outer diameter of round or square face or side of the rectangular cross-section piles in a
plane perpendicular to the load action, m;
and - the strength proportionality factor kN / m 3 (ton / m 3 ), defined by the Table. 1 : The
values and are determined by the table. 2 and 3 at = 0.
5. Estimated value of the horizontal displacement of the pile in the level of the sole of the
grillage and p , m, and the angle of rotation ofp , glad to be determined by the formulas:

; (12)

; (13)
where N , M - the calculated values of shear force, kN (tf), and the bending moment, kN  m
(tf  m), acting on the pile head (see. the devil );
l 0 - the length of the pile, m, which is equal to the distance from the raft foundation sole
to the ground surface;
E , I - the same as in the formula (11 );
u 0 , 0 - horizontal movement, m, and the cross section of the rotation angle of the
pile, I'm glad to ground level at a high grillage and grillage low - level in its sole
defined by the directions n. 7 with a two-stage calculation and instructions n. 12 in
a one step calculation of piles.
N o t e . This annex is considered positive:
moment and horizontal force is applied to the pile head, if the time and the power accordingly directed
clockwise and the right;
bending moment and shear force in the cross section of the pile if the torque and the power transmitted from
the upper part of the pile conventionally severed at the bottom, respectively, are directed clockwise and the right;
horizontal displacement of the pile section and its rotation if they are directed respectively to the right and in a
clockwise direction.
6. Horizontal force N, kN (tf) corresponding to the boundary of the elastic Time "pile - soil",
a two-stage calculation are determined by the formula

; (14)
 7. The horizontal displacement u 0 m, and the angle 0 , glad when the two-stage
calculation shall be determined by the formulas:
a) for H H el

; (15)

; (16)
b) at H > H el

; (17)

, (18)
where H - the estimated value of the lateral force, kN (tf), applied to the head of the pile;
Of H of el - limit value of the lateral force, determined by the formula (14 ), which is
determined by the table. 2 and 3 depending on the value at z i = 0;
, - Are determined by the table. 2 and 3 , depending on the value of the force , calculated
by formula (8 ).
N o t e . When given the length of the pile <2.6 should use the Table. 2 and 3 for a = 2.6, and the value in
the allowable displacement piles ground level should not exceed 2 cm.

8. Calculated bending moment M z kN  m (m c  m), transverse force H z kN (tf), operating

at a depth z in the cross section of the pile should be determined on the assumption of two stages
work system "pile - soil" within the elastic soil zone by the formulas:

(19)

(20)
where - given the fictitious values of the initial parameters, as determined by the values
of n and l on the table. 2 and 3 ;
- Coefficients whose values are taken at table. 4 depending on the
depth .
Table 2
Present the The parameters for calculating the piles at the hinge of their conjugation with the grillage
length of the
pile
2.6 0.316 0.00 1,000 0.642 1,000 -0.642 0.316 0,000
0.388 0.30 1,238 0.802 1,238 -0.801 0.392 0,000
0.478 0.60 1,603 1,032 1,602 -1.030 0.513 -0.010
0.578 0.90 2,174 1,377 2,170 -1.359 0.730 -0.067
0.682 1.20 3,108 1,904 3,082 -1.804 1,155 -0.279
 Present the The parameters for calculating the piles at the hinge of their conjugation with the grillage
length of the
pile
0.785 1.50 4,772 2,767 4,631 -2.340 2,086 -0.960
2.8 0.344 0.00 1,000 0.643 1,000 -0.643 0.344 0,000
0.422 0.30 1,236 0.795 1,236 -0.795 0.426 0,000
0.520 0.60 1,594 1,020 1,593 -1.018 0.555 -0.010
0.631 0.90 2,142 1,349 2,139 -1.331 0.778 -0.065
0.748 1.20 2,997 1,826 2,973 -1.734 1,191 -0.260
0.864 1.50 4,389 2,541 4,266 -2.168 2,009 -0.840
3.0 0.366 0.00 1,000 0.644 1,000 -0.644 0.366 0,000
0.450 0.30 1,237 0.797 1,237 -0.797 0.454 0,000
0.556 0.60 1,593 1,022 1,593 -1.020 0.591 -0.010
0.678 0.90 2,134 1,347 2,131 -1.329 0.823 -0.064
0.808 1.20 2,955 1,806 2,932 -1.717 1,238 -0.252
0.939 1.50 4.216 2,454 4.103 -2.110 2,007 -0.780
3.2 0.383 0.00 1,000 0.648 1,000 -0.648 0.383 0,000
0.472 0.30 1,238 0.803 1,238 -0.803 0,475 0,000
0.585 0.60 1,598 1,031 1,598 -1.029 0.619 -0.010
0.716 0.90 2,141 1,360 2,138 -1.342 0.862 -0.064
0.860 1.20 2,956 1,819 2,932 -1.730 1,287 -0.250
1,008 1.50 4,167 2,446 4.056 -2.114 2,046 -0.755
3.4 0.395 0.00 1,000 0.653 1,000 -0.653 0.395 0,000
0.487 0.30 1,241 0.810 1,241 -0.810 0.491 0,000
0,606 0.60 1,604 1,043 1,604 -1.141 0.641 -0.010
0.746 0.90 2,155 1,379 2.152 -1.361 0.893 -0.065
0.903 1.20 2,978 1,848 2,955 -1.759 1,333 -0.251
1,067 1.50 4,183 2,480 4,075 -2.150 2,102 -0.750
3.6 0.403 0.00 1,000 0.658 1,000 -0.658 0.403 0,000
0.497 0.30 1,243 0.817 1,243 -0.817 0.501 0,000
0,620 0.60 1,611 1,054 1,611 -1.052 0.656 -0.010
0.768 0.90 2,170 1,398 2,167 -1.381 0.916 -0.065
0.935 1.20 3,009 1,881 2,985 -1.791 1,370 -0.254
1,115 1.50 4,233 2,531 4,124 -2.199 2,160 -0.757
3.8 0.407 0.00 1,000 0.661 1,000 -0.661 0.407 0,000
0.503 0.30 1,244 0.823 1,244 -0.823 0.507 0,000
0.629 0.60 1,616 1,064 1,616 -1.062 0.665 -0.010
0.782 0.90 2,183 1,415 2,108 -1.397 0.932 -0.066
0.967 1.20 3,038 1,910 3,014 -1.819 1,398 -0.258
1,150 1.50 4,321 2,583 4,181 -2.247 2,211 -0.768
4.0 0.409 0.00 1,000 0.664 1,000 -0.664 0.409 0,000
0.507 0.30 1,245 0.827 1,245 -0.827 0.510 0,000
0.634 0.60 1,620 1,070 1,620 -1.068 0.670 -0.010
0.790 0.90 2,193 1,427 2,189 -1.409 0.941 -0.067
0.941 1.20 3,061 1,933 3,037 -1.841 1,417 -0.260
1,174 1.50 4,342 2,626 4.231 -2.285 2,250 -0.778
Table 3
Present the length The parameters for calculating the piles at their anchorage in grillage
of the pile
2.6 0.927 0.00 1,000 -0.943 1,000 0,000 0.927 -0.943
0.963 0.30 1,039 -0.980 1,039 0,000 0.964 -0.981
1,061 0.60 1,158 -1.089 1,158 0,000 1,074 -1.094
1,210 0.90 1,374 -1.275 1,372 0,009 1,281 -1.308
1,407 1.20 1,733 -1.552 1,718 0,054 1,644 -1.700
1,656 1.50 2,337 -1.960 2,258 0.234 2,314 -2.471
2.8 0.947 0.00 1,000 -0.938 1,000 0,000 0.947 -0.938
0.984 0.30 1,039 -0.975 1,039 0,000 0.985 -0.975.
Present the length The parameters for calculating the piles at their anchorage in grillage
of the pile
1,083 0.60 1,156 -1.081 1,156 0,000 1,096 -1.086
1,232 0.90 1,365 -1.260 1,363 0,008 1,301 -1.292
1,425 1.20 1,709 -1.522 1,692 0,052 1,652 -1.663
1,660 1.50 2,256 -1.890 2,183 0.217 2,273 -2.365
3.0 0.972 0.00 1,000 -0.940 1,000 0,000 0.972 -0.940
1,010 0.30 1,039 -0.977 1,039 0,000 1,011 -0.977
1,111 0.60 1,155 -1.083 1,155 0,000 1,124 -1.087
1,263 0.90 1,361 -1.259 1,359 0,008 1,331 -1.291
1,457 1.20 1,690 -1.512 1,676 0,050 1,678 -1.649
1,687 1.50 2,202 -1.856 2,133 0.204 2,268 -2.304
3.2 0,998 0.00 1,000 -0.947 1,000 0,000 0,998 -0.947
1,036 0.30 1,039 -0.984 1,039 0,000 1,037 -0.984
1,141 0.60 1,156 -1.092 1,156 0,000 1,154 -1.096
1,298 0.90 1,361 -1.269 1,359 0,008 1,365 -1.300
1,496 1.20 1,684 -1.519 1,670 0.049 1,714 -1.655
1,729 1.50 2,174 -1.852 2,108 0.197 2.291 -2.286
3.4 1,021 0.00 1,000 -0.957 1,000 0,000 1,021 -0.957
0.061 0.30 1,040 -0.995 1,040 0,000 1,062 -0.995
1,169 0.60 1,157 -1.105 1,574 0,000 1,182 -1.109
1,331 0.90 1,363 -1.285 1,361 0,008 1,398 -1.316
1,537 1.20 1,685 -1.538 1,672 0.049 1,755 -1.673
1,777 1.50 2,168 -1.870 2,102 0.194 2,333 -2.298
3.6 1,040 0.00 1,000 -0.968 1,000 0,000 1,040 -0.968
1,081 0.30 1,040 -1.007 1,040 0,000 1,082 -1.007
1,192 0.60 1,159 -1.118 1,159 0,000 1,206 -1.123
1,360 0.90 1,367 -1.303 1,365 0,008 1,428 -1.334
1,574 1.20 1,692 -1.562 1,678 0.049 1,794 -1.698
1,825 1.50 2,174 -1.900 2,109 0.194 2,382 -2.328
3.8 1,054 0.00 1,000 -0.977 1,000 0,000 1,054 -0.977
1,096 0.30 1,040 -1.017 1,040 0,000 1,097 -1.017
1,210 0.60 1,160 -1.131 1,160 0,000 1,224 -1.136
1,383 0.90 1,371 -1.320 1,369 0,008 1,452 -1.352
1,606 1.20 1,700 -1.586 1,686 0,050 1,827 -1.723
1,867 1.50 2,188 -1.933 2,122 0.195 2,429 -2.364
4.0 1,064 0.00 1,000 -0.982 1,000 0,000 1,064 -0.985
1.107 0.30 1,041 -1.026 1,041 0,000 1,108 -1.026
1,223 0.60 1,162 -1.142 1,162 0,000 1,237 -1.146
1,400 0.90 1,375 -1.334 1,373 0,009 1,470 -1.366
1,629 1.20 1,708 -1.606 1,694 0,050 1,853 -1.775
1,901 1.50 2,203 -1.964 2,137 0.197 2,469 -2.399

In the second stage of the work of the pile design bending moment M zi kN  m (Tc  m),
transverse force H zi , kN (tf), acting at the depth of the z i within the plastic soil zone should be
determined by the formulas:

; (21)

(22)
where z i - depth of the pile arrangement in the ground section, meters, the plastic zone in
relation to the lower sole grillage.
9. In the case of piles in stiff sealing grillage if exclude the possibility of turning its head
(e.g., hard grillage with two or more rows of piles installed in the horizontal direction of action
of the force) in the formula (21 ) instead of M should be calculated termination point M f ,
acting at the interface of the pile with the raft.
Estimated time of termination M f kN  m (Tc  m), determined by the formula

(23)
where - given time, defined by the Table. 3 depending on the value .
10. The bearing capacity of the system "svaya- ground" with the horizontal forces are
determined by the formulas:
1) for the pile having no tight sealing in grillage,

(24)

where - the distance m from the ground surface to the plastic hinge location, which is
determined from the equation

(25)
is an e - eccentricity of the application of the external load to the pile, m;
- Limiting the bending moment, the perceived cross-section of the pile, with regard to
the longitudinal strength, kN  m (Tc  m);
- Factor of unity, except in cases of calculation bases spacer structures for which =
0.7;
- Coefficient taking into account a constant load share in the total load, defined by the
formula

(26)

where - the time constant of the external loads to the foundation section at the lower ends
of piles kN  m (Tc  m);
- However, on external temporary design loads, kN  m (Tc  m);
- Coefficient, = 2.5, with the exception of cases of calculation:
a) especially responsible structures for which at  2,6 accepted = 4 and  5 is
taken = 2.5; at intermediate values of the value determined by the interpolation;
b) the bases with a single in piles on the eccentrically attached vertical compressive load,
which should be taken = 4 regardless of the value ;
2) for the pile, having a rigid terminations in low grillage, the carrying capacity of the
F d should be determined by the formula

(27)
11. When calculating the static piles as part of the bush, if allowed the opportunity of the
second stage of the stress-strain state of the system "pile - soil" should take into account their
interaction. In this case, the calculation is made for a single pile, but the coefficients of
proportionality K , and as multiplied by the reduction factor determined by the formula

(28)
where a - coefficient taking into account soil compaction with piling and received: a = 1.2
for driven piles solid and with = 1 for all other types of piles;
d - diameter or cross-sectional side of the pile, m;

; (29)
x i , y i - coordinates of the axis of i -th in terms of the pile, the load is applied in the
horizontal direction of the axis X ;
x j , y j - is the same as for the j- th pile.

Artwork in the formula (28 ) applies only to the bush piles immediately adjacent to
the i -th pile.
Table 4
The reduced coefficients
depth of the
pile cross
section
location in A1 In 1 From 1 D1 A3 In 3 C3 D3 A4 In 4 C4 D4
the
ground
0.0 1,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 1,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 1,000
0.1 1,000 0,100 0,005 0,000 0,000 0,000 1,000 0,100 -0.005 0,000 0,000 1,000
0.2 1,000 0,200 0,020 0,001 -0.001 0,000 1,000 0,200 -0.020 -0.003 0,000 1,000
0.3 1,000 0,300 0,045 0,005 -0.005 -0.001 1,000 0,300 -0.045 -0.009 -0.001 1,000
0.4 1,000 0.400 0,080 0,011 -0.011 -0.002 1,000 0.400 -0.080 -0.021 -0.003 1,000
0.5 1,000 0,500 0,125 0,021 -0.021 -0.005 0,999 0,500 -0.125 -0.042 -0.008 0,999
0.6 0,999 0,600 0,180 0,036 -0.036 -0.011 0,998 0,600 -0.180 -0.072 -0.016 0.997
0.7 0,999 0,700 0,245 0,057 -0.057 -0.020 0,996 0.699 -0.245 -0.114 -0.030 0.994
0.8 0.997 0.799 0.320 0,085 -0.085 -0.034 0.992 0.799 -0.320 -0.171 -0.051 0.989
0.9 0.995 0.899 0.405 0.121 -0.121 -0.055 0.985 0.897 -0.404 -0.243 -0.082 0.980
1.0 0.992 0.997 0.499 0.167 -0.167 -0.083 0.975 0.994 -0.499 -0.333 -0.125 0.967
1.1 0.987 1,095 0.604 0.222 -0.222 -0.122 0.960 1,090 -0.603 -0.443 -0.183 0.946
1.2 0.979 1,192 0,718 0,288 -0.287 -0.173 0.938 1,183 -0.716 -0.575 -0.259 0.917
1.3 0.969 1,287 0.841 0.365 -0.365 -0.238 0.907 1,273 -0.838 -0.730 -0.356 0.876
1.4 0.955 1,379 0.974 0.456 -0.455 -0.319 0,866 1,358 -0.967 -0.910 -0.479 0.821
1.5 0.937 1,468 1,115 0.560 -0.559 -0.420 0.811 1,437 -1.105 -1.116 -0.630 0.747
1.6 0.913 1,553 1,264 0.678 -0.676 -0.543 0.739 1,507 -1.248 -1.350 -0.815 0.652
1.7 0.882 1,633 1,421 0.812 -0.808 -0.691 0.646 1,566 -1.396 -1.613 -1.036 0.529
1.8 0.843 1,706 1,584 0.961 -0.956 -0.867 0.530 1,612 -1.547 -1.906 -1.299 0.374
1.9 0.795 1,770 1,752 1,126 -1.118 -1.074 0.385 1,640 -1.699 -2.227 -1.608 0,181
2.0 0.735 1,823 1,924 1,308 -1.295 -1.314 0.207 1,646 -1.848 -2.578 -1.966 -0.057
2.2 0.575 1,887 2,272 1,720 -1.693 -1.906 -0.271 1,575 -2.125 -5.360 -2.849 -0.692
2.4 0.347 1,874 2,609 2,195 -2.141 -2.663 -0.949 1,352 -2.339 -4.228 -3.973 -1.592
2.6 0,033 1,755 2,907 2,724 -2.621 -3.600 -1.877 0.917 -2.437 -5.140 -5.355 -2.821
2.8 -0.385 1,490 3,128 3,288 -3.103 -4.718 -3.108 0.197 -2.346 -6.023 -6.990 -4.445
3.0 -0.928 1,037 3,225 3,858 -3.540 -6.000 -4.688 -0.891 -1.969 -6.765 -8.840 -6.520
3.5 -2.928 -1.272 2,463 4,980 -3.919 -9.544 -10.340 -5.854 1,074 -6.789 -13.692 -13.826
4.0 -5.853 -5.941 -0.927 4,548 -1.614 -11.731 -17.919 -15.076 9.244 -0.358 -15.611 -23.140

Table 5
 Present piles When opiranii piles on the When sealing of the rock
When the rock piles opiranii
immersion ground neskalny pile
depth A0 B0 C0 A0 B0 C0 A0 B0 C0
0.5 72.004 192.026 576.243 48.006 96.037 192.291 0,042 0,125 0,500
0.6 50.007 111.149 278.069 33.344 55.609 92.942 0.072 0,180 0,600
0.7 36.745 70.023 150.278 24.507 35.059 50.387 0.114 0.244 0.699
0.8 28.140 46.943 88.279 18.775 23.533 29.763 0.170 0.319 0.798
0.9 22.244 33.008 55.307 14.851 16.582 18.814 0.241 0.402 0.896
1.0 18.030 24.106 36.486 12.049 12,149 12.582 0,329 0.494 0.992
1.1 14.916 18,160 25.123 9,983 9.196 8.836 0.434 0.593 1,086
1.2 -12.552 14.041 17.944 8.418 7,159 6,485 0.556 0,698 1,176
1.3 10,717 11.103 13.235 7.208 5,713 4,957 0.695 0.807 1,262
1.4 9,266 8,954 10,050 6,257 4,664 3,937 0.849 0.918 1,342
1.5 8,101 7.349 7,838 5,498 3,889 3,240 1,014 1,028 1,415
1.6 7.154 6,129 6,268 4.887 3,308 2,758 1,186 1,134 1,480
1.7 6,375 5,189 5,133 4,391 2,868 2,419 1,361 1,232 1,535
1.8 5,730 4,456 4.299 3,985 2,533 2,181 1,532 1,321 1,581
1.9 5,190 3,878 3,679 3,653 2,277 2,012 1,693 1,397 1,617
2.0 4,737 3,418 3,213 3,381 2,081 1,894 1,841 1,460 1,644
2.2 4,032 2,756 2,591 2,977 1,819 1,758 2,080 1,545 1,675
2.4 3,526 2,327 2,227 2,713 1,673 1,701 2,240 1,586 1,685
2.6 3,163 2,048 2,013 2,548 1,600 2,687 2,330 1,596 1,687
2.8 2,905 1,869 1,889 2,453 1,572 1,693 2,371 1,593 1,687
3.0 2,727 1,758 1,818 2,406 1,568 1,707 2,385 1,586 1,691
3.5 2,502 1,641 1,757 2,394 1,597 1,739 2,389 1,584 1,711
4.0 2,441 1,621 1,751 2,419 1,618 1,750 2,401 1,600 1,732
12. In a one-step calculation of pile horizontal displacement u 0 , m, and the angle of
rotation 0 , glad, to be determined by the formulas:

; (thirty)

; (31)
where H 0 , M 0 - calculated values, respectively, the lateral force, kN (tf), and the bending
moment, kN  m (Tc  m), in this section of the pile is assumed to
be H 0 = H and M 0 = M + Hl 0[hereinafter H and M - is the same as in formulas
(12) and (13) ];
HH - horizontal movement section m / kN (m / Tc), the force of H = 1 applied at
ground level;
HM - horizontal movement sections, 1 / kN (l / Tc) from the instant of M = 1, a current
level of the soil surface;
MH - angle of rotation of the section 1 / kN (1 / Tc), the strength H = 1;
the MM - section of the angle of rotation, 1 / (kN m) [1 / (ton m)], from the moment
of M = 1.
Moving the HH , the MH = the HM and the MM are calculated according to
the formulas:

the HH = (32)

MH =HM = (33)

 MM = (34)
where  , E , I - the same as in the formula (11 );
A 0 , Bed and 0 , the C 0 - dimensionless coefficients taken at table. 5 , depending on the
reduced insertion depth of the pile into the ground, determined by the formula
(7 ).
If the value corresponding to the intermediate value specified in the table. 5 , it should be
rounded to the nearest table value.
13. Calculation of the stability of the base surrounding the pile must be made on the
condition (35 ) limits the design pressure exerted on the bottom side surfaces of piles:

(35)

where - the estimated ground pressure, kPa (ts / m 2 ), the lateral surface of the pile,
determined by the formula in the following depth of the z , m, measured at a high
grillage on the ground surface and the low raft foundation - from his soles [when the
z  2 5 - two depths corresponding to z = l / 3, and z = l ; at > 2.5 - at a depth of z =
0.85 /  , where  defined byFormula (11) ];
- The estimated proportion (volumetric) weight of the soil undisturbed, kN / m 3 (ton /
m 3 ), defined in saturated soils, taking into account the weighing in water;
- The calculated values, respectively, of the internal friction angle of soil, hail, and
specific soil adhesion, kPa (ts / m 2 ), adopted in accordance with the instructions
of item. 3.5 ;
- Coefficient taken for driven piles and piles of shells = 0.6, and for all other types of
piles = 0.3;
- Values of the same coefficients as in equation (24 ).

No te . If the calculated horizontal pressure on the ground do not satisfy the condition (35 ), but the load-
bearing capacity piles of unused material and moving piles less than the maximum permitted value, then the
reduced depth of piles > 2.5 calculation must be repeated, having reduced the value of the proportionality
coefficient K. With the new value To check the strength of the material pile, move it, as well as compliance
with the conditions (35 ).

14. Design Pressure , kPa (tf / m 2 ) for contact with the ground on the pile side surface
occurs at depths z , and the calculated bending moment M z , kN m (Tc m), lateral
force H z , kN (n), and a longitudinal strength of N , kN (tf), operating at a depth z in the cross
section of the pile, with the one-step calculation of piles should be determined by the formulas:

(36)

(37)

(38)
 (39)
where K - coefficient of proportionality, measured by the Table. 1 ;
 , E , I - the same as in the formula (11 );
- Given depth, defined by the formula (5 ) depending on the actual depth value z , which
are defined for values of pressure , torque M z and the lateral force H z ;
H 0 , M 0 , l 0 , u 0 , 0 - same as in the claims. 5 and 12 ;
A 1 , A 2 - coefficients whose values are taken at table. 4 ;
A4,B1,
B2,B4,
C1,C2,
C4,D1,
D2,D4
Of N - design axial load, kN (tf), transmitted to the pile head.
- Coefficient of working conditions, received in accordance with paragraph 1..
Amendment of 31.03.2003, the
15. Estimated time of termination of M f , kN  m (Tc  m), taken into account for the one-
step calculation of piles with rigid terminations in the grillage, which makes it impossible to
turn the pile head should be determined by the formula

; (40)
where all the drive letters are the same as in the preceding formulas.
The sign "minus" means that when a horizontal force H, directed from left to right on the
pile head is transmitted from the termination moment directed counterclockwise.
ANNEX 2
Recommended
CALCULATION OF THE CARRYING CAPACITY pyramidal piles with incline of
lateral sides i p > 0.025
Bearing capacity of the F d kN (kgf), pyramidal piles inclined side faces i p > 0.025 may be
determined as the sum of forces calculated foundation soil resistance on the side of the pile
surface and its lower end by the formula

; (1)
where A i - the lateral surface area of the pile within the i -th layer of soil, m 2 (cm 2 );
- Cone angle of the pile, hail;
- The calculated values of the angle of internal friction, hail, and clutch, kPa (kgf /
cm 2 ), i -th layer of soil;
d - side section of the lower end of the pile, m;
n 1 , n 2 - coefficients whose values are given in the table.
Soil resistance under the edge of the pile p i on its side surface p i , kPa (kgf / cm 2 ) are
determined by the formula
 (2)
where the E i - modulus of soil deformation i -go layer, kPa (kgf / cm 2 ) determined by the
results of tests pressiometricheskih;
v i - Poisson coefficient of i -th layer of soil, taken in accordance with the requirements
of SNIP 2.02.01-83 ;
 - coefficient values are given in the table.
Pressure of soil p 0, i , p p , i kPa (kgf / cm 2 ) are determined by the formulas:

p 0, i = (3)

p p, i = (4)

where - the specific weight of the soil i -th layer, kN / m 3 (kg / cm G );

h i - the average location of the depth of the i -th layer of soil, m.

Coefficient The angle of internal friction of soil , hail.

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
n1 0.53 0.48 0.41 0.35 0.30 0.24 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.06
n2 0.94 0.88 0.83 0.78 0.73 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.58 0.54
0.06 0.12 0.17 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.39

No te . For intermediate values of the angle of internal friction , the values of the coefficients n 1 , n 2 ,

and are determined by interpolation.

APPENDIX 3
Recommended
DETERMINATION OF PRECIPITATION BAND pile foundations
Draft s , m (cm) band of pile foundations with single and dual inline piles (piles at a distance
of between 3 - 4 d is determined by the formula

where n - linear load on the pile foundation, kN / m (kgf / cm), taking into account the weight
of the foundation in the form of an array of ground with piles, limited: the top - surface
plan; sides - a vertical plane passing by the outer edges of outer rows of piles; bottom -
a plane passing through the lower ends of piles;
E , v - values of deformation modulus, kPa (kgf / cm 2 ), Poisson's ratio and the soil within the
compressible strata defined above for the foundation in accordance with the SNP
2.02.01-83 ;
0 - coefficient received on the nomogram (see. figure ) depending on the Poisson ratio v ,
reduced foundation width (where b - the width of the foundation, taken along the outer
edges of outer rows of piles; h - depth of piles immersion) and the reduced depth of the
compressible strata H c / h ( of h c - depth of compressible strata).
 The nomogram for determining the values of 0
The values of the coefficient 0 determined by nomogram as follows. On the nomogram
through the point corresponding to the calculated value given the depth of the compressible
strata, a straight line parallel to the x-axis to the intersection with a line width of the above
basement and down perpendicular to the ground line of Poisson's ratio v . From the point of
intersection draw a line parallel to the x-axis to the intersection with the y-axis, which shows
the values of the coefficient 0 .
APPENDIX 4
Recommended
DETERMINATION OF PRECIPITATION SINGLE PILES
Calculation of sediment single piles, cut through the layer of soil to the shear modulus G I
2
of , MPa (tf / m ), and Poisson's ratio v 1 , and resting on the ground, considered as a linearly
deformable half-space, characterized by the shear modulus G 2 and Poisson's ratio v 2 is
allowed to produce at of N the F d / the k and subject to the l / d > 5, the g 1 l / g 2 d > 1
(where l / d > 5 - the length of the pile, m, d - the diameter or side of the cross-section of the
pile m) using the formulas:
a) for a single pile without broadening

; (1)
Of N - vertical load transmitted to the pile, MN (n);
 - coefficient, defined by the formula

.
Here  = 0.17 of ln ( the k v the G 1 l / G 2 d ) - coefficient corresponding to an absolutely rigid
pile ( EA =  );
a = 0.17 ln ( k v 1 l / d ) - the same ratio for the case base with the homogeneous
characteristics of G 1 and v 1 ;
= EA's / the G 1 l 2 - the relative stiffness of the pile;
EA's - the stiffness of the pile shaft in compression, MN (n);
1 - a parameter that determines the increase in rainfall due to
compression of the barrel and is determined by the formula

;
the k v , the k v 1 - factors determined according to the formula the k v = 2.82 - 3.78 v +
2.18 v 2 , respectively, with v = ( v 1 + v 2 ) / 2 and v = v 1 ;
b) for a single pile with the broadening

(2)
where d b - diameter piles broadening.
Characteristics G 1 and v 1 are taken averaged for all layers of the soil within the depth of
pile penetration and G 2 and v 2 - within 10 pile diameters or broadening (for piles broadening)
provided that at the lower ends of the piles are no peat, silts and soils flowing consistency.
CONTENT
1. General Provisions
2. Types of piles
3. The main guidelines for the calculation
4. Calculation of bearing capacity of piles
Piles-rack
Hanging driven piles of all kinds and shell piles, submerged without excavation
Hanging ramming and drilling piles and piles of shells that are filled with concrete
Screw piles
Accounting for negative (negative) ground forces of friction on the lateral surface of
the pile
5. Determination of the bearing capacity of piles based on the results of field research
6. Calculation of pile foundations and their deformations grounds
7. Construction of pile foundations
8. Features of designing pile foundation in collapsible soils
9. Features of the design of pile foundations in swelling soils
10. Features of the design of pile foundations on undermined territories
11. Features of the design of pile foundations in seismic areas
12. Features of the design of pile foundations of overhead power transmission line
supports
13. Features of the design of pile foundations of low-rise buildings in rural
Appendix 1. Calculation of piles to the combined effect of the vertical and horizontal
forces and moments
Appendix 2. Calculation of bearing capacity of pyramidal pile inclined side faces i p >
0.025
Appendix 3: Determination of rainfall belt pile foundations
Appendix 4: Determination of rainfall single pile