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Fundamentos da hélice
1 de março de 2002 para a Sailplane & Electric Modeler Magazine
Shop now Em resumo, uma hélice move o ar. Ele converte o torque de sua fonte de energia
(um motor ou motor) em empuxo e a velocidade de rotação (rpm) em
velocidade linear. A combinação de um motor elétrico e uma hélice transforma
corrente (Amps) em empuxo e tensão em velocidade.
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Passo de medição
Fly Electric A maioria das hélices é rotulada com sua altura e diâmetro, mas é possível
determinar as duas com uma hélice com defeito. O diâmetro é simples de
medir, é claro.
Shop now
Não há nada mágico no número 2,36; é apenas 75% de π (pi), porque estamos
medindo o passo na marca de 75% de diâmetro.
Requerimentos poderosos
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Esta fórmula nos diz uma série de coisas. Primeiro, ele nos diz que a rpm não é
diretamente proporcional à potência. Dobrar a potência do eixo e manter o
passo e o diâmetro iguais aumentará a rotação por um fator de 1,26 (a raiz
cúbica de 2).
Na prática, mudar de uma hélice para outra alterará a rotação e a potência. Isso
ocorre porque a alteração da carga no eixo do motor altera as rpm, o que altera
a potência necessária, o que altera as rpm e assim por diante. A combinação de
motor e hélice encontrará um novo ponto operacional no qual a potência do
eixo produzida é igual à potência de entrada da hélice necessária. No próximo
mês , falarei sobre como a potência de saída do motor está relacionada à tensão
de entrada, corrente e rpm, e como isso pode ser matematicamente conectado à
fórmula da hélice acima para prever o que realmente acontecerá.
Fluxo de ar
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O ângulo de ataque relativo do inclinação quando se move em uma velocidade do
fluxo de ar à lâmina da hélice
depende da velocidade de ar muito baixa. É por esse motivo que as hélices de
rotação da lâmina e da alta frequência, como 10 × 9 ou 12 × 12, geralmente
velocidade do fluxo de ar
recebido. exibem um desempenho ruim em baixas
velocidades do ar. Um avião equipado com uma
hélice desse tipo geralmente exibe um desempenho ruim de decolagem ou
decolagem e depois ganha vida quando o modelo estiver em alta velocidade.
Também como uma asa, se o ângulo for muito baixo, nenhuma sustentação
será produzida. Uma hélice de passo baixo em um plano rápido (por exemplo, 8
× 3, 12 × 5 etc.) pode chegar ao ponto em que não produz empuxo (em um
mergulho, quando a gravidade fornece a força para manter o avião em
movimento) . Em vôos de alta velocidade, o impulso de uma hélice pode cair
muito baixo para superar o arrasto muito antes de o avião atingir a velocidade
de vôo projetada. De acordo com Bob Boucher, da Astro ight, essas hélices
devem ser relegadas a agitar a tinta. Obviamente, essa a rmação foi feita nos
dias anteriores aos modelos de slow- yer, que geralmente ostentam adereços
muito grandes de tom baixo.
Para muitas aeronaves, um bom compromisso é uma hélice com uma relação
diâmetro / inclinação de cerca de 3: 2 ou 4: 3 (por exemplo, 8 × 6, 9 × 6, 10 × 7,
11 × 8, 12 × 8, 12 × 9 e assim por diante). Uma hélice desse tipo não será
instalada em velocidades relativamente baixas (geralmente abaixo da
velocidade de estol do modelo) e permanecerá e ciente em velocidades de vôo
relativamente altas.
Em muitas aeronaves em escala real, a hélice tem passo ajustável em voo, para
que possa ter um tom baixo para o impulso máximo de decolagem e um tom
mais alto para a e ciência ideal de cruzeiro. Algumas aeronaves pequenas em
escala real podem ser equipadas com uma das três hélices diferentes,
dependendo da necessidade do momento: passo baixo para retirar cargas
pesadas do solo, mas cruzeiro lento, padrão para uso geral ou passo alto para
cargas leves, mas cruzeiro rápido .
A maioria das hélices modelo possui apenas duas pás porque uma hélice de
duas pás geralmente é mais e ciente do que uma hélice maior que produz o
mesmo impulso e velocidade do ar. Um equívoco comum é que isso ocorre
devido às lâminas que operam nas vigílias umas das outras, mas esse é apenas
um fator pequeno. Lembre-se de que o ar no qual a hélice está girando está se
afastando da parte traseira da hélice, de modo que a esteira de cada lâmina
também se move para trás, deixando ar limpo para a próxima lâmina. Uma
hélice razoavelmente inclinada teria que ter um grande número de pás antes de
começar a interferir no ar umas das outras.
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Making It Turn
Uma hélice sem fonte de energia é inútil; portanto, no próximo mês , veremos
como um motor elétrico interage com a hélice para converter a energia elétrica
na forma que precisamos para o voo, como impulso e velocidade no ar.
Curtir 60 pessoas curtiram isso. Cadastre-se para ver do que seus amigos gostam.
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Shehar Bano Safeer Awan
11 de outubro de 2010
Robert Pegg
06 de novembro de 2010
Shazad Irani
02 de fevereiro de 2011
coisa boa
Zohair Kanga
02 de fevereiro de 2011
bem explicado,
"a rmativo"
Anant Saraogi
09 de março de 2011
senhor, por favor, me diga a fonte de onde você tirou a fórmula ...
como eu tenho que mostrar os cálculos com a fonte das fórmulas usadas
Stefan Vorkoetter
09 de março de 2011
Ayberk Okan
May 29, 2011
Helpful article sir.An unbalanced airscrew powered by a glow engine can also
cause dramatic situations depending on the degree of unbalance factor and the
diameter/mass of the propeller.I can’t stop myself thinking that can absolute
factory prebalance be possible because most beginners do not balance their
propellers.They think its unneccessary i guess.It may be ok with a cox engine
maybe but if you are running an OS 140RX it can be very dangerous both for the
humans and investment.
Agus Suprianto
August 15, 2011
please explain to me how to calculate slip, geometric pitch, and effective pitch..??
thank’s before
Loreann Wells
August 26, 2011
Stefan Vorkoetter
August 26, 2011
Loreann, thrust is equal to input power times ef ciency divided by pitch speed
(where all units are SI).
Les Clark
August 29, 2011
I have a Hendrickson Wood 2 blade prop. The only markings i could nd are
h68f82 21659 .
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Can anyone tell me what that means? Thanks Les.
Stefan Vorkoetter
August 29, 2011
Les, I assume you’re not talking about a model airplane prop. I would guess
that one of 68 and 82 is the diameter, and the other is the pitch. If you
measure the diameter and it’s one of these, then you’ll know.
Abdul Wahhab
September 07, 2011
awesomely explained !
Padmanabhan Vijayaraghavan
September 19, 2011
hi give a name of a book where i can nd more abt this and marine prop
Jesse Nderitu
September 30, 2011
am working on a small plane and need some advice,i would like to know why my
plane is failing to lift,has a wooden propeller one piston engine NEED HELP
PLIZ(currently in Uganda )
William Herrmann
October 04, 2011
I am having trouble getting the pitch from my air eld T28 prop as it is a multi piece
prop and the hub i tall there is no listing of pitch i am trying to replace it with a
master airscrew when i replace the motor with a power 32 770kv from a power 25
520kv so i want to get the right prop. plane is 1400mm and about 5.5lbs. motor is
a little under powered or not enough kv for prop size..is about 13in 3 blade.
guessed at a 7 pitch ???? want to use original prop if possible…?????
Bruce Parrott
October 18, 2011
i’m looking for a cheap three blade prop 5″ dia for a de havalland beaver i’m
building out of scrap for fun hanging ornament. Pitch of no importance, just needs
to turn and look right, any help please?
Vikas Agarwal
November 08, 2011
Dixansh Sharma
February 06, 2012
Paulo
March 09, 2012
chuck
March 24, 2012
How do you choose an airfoil for a propeller? I need to carve a 1:4 scale Vs11 3-
bladed german propeller for the 1:4 scale Ju87 i’m building
shubham sharma
July 12, 2012
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Fred G
November 05, 2012
Joseph L. McCauley
April 04, 2013
The formula above is not for the motor hp, it’s for the power transmitted by the
prop to the air. This is less than the motor output, which is simply torque times
RPM. The amount by which it’s less is the mechanical ef ciency=power
output/(power input).
Joseph L. McCauley
April 04, 2013
Book: Marine Hydrodynamics, by Newman. MIT Press in the 1970s. The ideas
apply to props in air, props submerged in water, and surface-piercing marine props.
Same physics/hydrodynamics so far as power, etc are concerned.
Stefan Vorkoetter
April 04, 2013
Sorry Joseph, that formula is for the power _absorbed_ by the propeller, not
the power that is turned into useful thrust and velocity. Thus, it _is_ equal to
the power that the motor must output. To get the power _produced_ by the
propeller, you have to multiply by an additional factor that represents the
ef ciency of the propeller (and that factor will vary with speed, medium, etc.,
so it can’t be included in the constsant k).
Antonio Silva
October 14, 2013
Hi Stefan,
We use CF ground adjustable custom made blades in our prop hubs. These are 1/5
scale of the Corsair. I have a pitch adjusting tool I purchased from GSC of Canada,
but this measures in DEGREES pitch. I need to know the equivalent in inches of
pitch (and vice-versa). The length of the blade is 325 mm from the hub to the tip
and I suppose to set the dial at 25% of this distance from the tip, thus 81.5 from
the tip. At this point the blade is 55.2 mm wide.
Is there any software that can do this conversion automatically?
Thank you for any information.
Sander Liivandi
March 10, 2014
Greetings,
Yours faithfully,
Sander Liivandi
nabil hilmi
April 13, 2014
one thing though.there is another article they did not take 75% of pi.and then again
pi is constant for any circle .that not mean to nd the pitch at the position 75%
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of(r) you take 75% of pi..for any circle what ever it is pi is the same pi which it is
constant value ..
Stefan Vorkoetter
April 14, 2014
Nabil, 75% of pi, times the diameter, is the same as pi times 75% of the
diameter. I merely combined the 75% (0.75) with pi (about 3.14) so that one
wouldn’t have to compute 75% of the diameter. That is,
Val Resnick
June 04, 2014
Stefan, I’m trying to design a ducted fan. It’s small. It is 30mm OD. with a 12mm
dia. hub leaving small blades.
How would you calculate the pitch ? The same formula as above?
I’m thinking I could use the tangent of the chord at 75% instead of h/w ?
(I’m designing this in CAD)
Stefan Vorkoetter
June 04, 2014
Val, the blade should be twisted, so that the pitch is constant. So you’ll get a
different angle at each distance from the hub, but the pitch should remain the
same. The only reason we use the 75% point for a propeller is because the
blade is typically the widest there, or near there, thus minimizing
measurement error.
So to compute pitch at any given distance from the centre, use pi * d * height /
width where d is the distance from the centre, and height and width are as
measured at that distance. Or, as you’ve noticed, you can use tan(c) instead of
height / width, where c is the angle of the blade.
santhosh
July 29, 2014
Hello sir …may I know what kind of propeller used in mini rc hover craft for thrust
and air bag ll up ..I’m dng mini project …I need ur help sir thanq
Machia
May 22, 2015
Excellent, but still can’t grasp propeller tip stall. Can you please explain this?
Stefan Vorkoetter
May 22, 2015
john
November 21, 2015
hello sir, i want to know ho to calculate all the thing about propeller,i wanna to built
a small propeller using pvc pipe(plastic pipe).im used pvc pipe 5 inchi .so after
cutting ,i get 8 piece blade.1 blade radius is 2.5cm and long is 14 inch.
manikandan
January 29, 2017
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Hello sir,I am doing one rc aeroplane project.how to select the method of
propeller.the plane will lifted 5 to 6 mgs (add plane weight and payload) ,so which
material is more flexible than wood. thanks
Bob Hodo
June 07, 2017
Fascinated by your article. Do you know if the data you cite re: how an
11 inch propeller needs 41% more power than a 10″ propeller of the
same pitch to turn the same rpm also applies to small aircraft. I own a grumman
cheetah which left the factory as the 150hp version of the 180hp grumman tiger.
The modern props for us are both Sensenich, but the cheetahs is 72.5″ and 61″
pitch, and the tigers is 76″ and 61″ to 65″ pitch. Any idea how much of the extra 30
hp is being used by the 3.5″ longer prop?
Stefan Vorkoetter
June 08, 2017
I expect that it does apply to full scale propellers too. With power (for a xed
rpm) being proportional to diameter4, a 76″ prop should take (76/72.5)4 times
as much power as a 72″ prop. That works out to 1.21 times. 180hp is 1.2
times 150hp, so the prediction is pretty much right on.
Bob Hodo
June 09, 2017
mossey
June 11, 2017
cosy
October 26, 2017
Sincerely yours
Stefan Vorkoetter
October 26, 2017
Thanks for catching this! I’ve corrected it to read, “of the same pitch”.
Hossain
February 10, 2018
Hi,
I took propeller 12”x 6”(Pitch). But when I used ur formula to measure pitch I got
something around 1.6 pitch.
I don’t understand how come measured pitch is different from whats it written in
propeller.
Also, in the pitch formula the units got cancel as same units (hight/width).
Thanks.
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Stefan Vorkoetter
February 11, 2018
Perhaps you made a measurement mistake, or the propeller isn’t of the stated
pitch. What brand of propeller is it. What were the measurements? Yes, the
units of height/width cancel, resulting in a ratio which is then multiplied by
3/4 times pi times the diameter (e.g. 12″), giving a result with the same units
as the diameter (e.g. 6″).
Sarvesh
March 12, 2018
Hi!
I wonder what this line means “The combination of an electric motor and a
propeller turns current (Amps) into thrust and voltage into speed.”?
Stefan Vorkoetter
March 12, 2018
The way an electric motor works, more voltage results in more speed, and
more load on the motor (“thrust”) results in a higher current draw. Of course,
the two are interrelated, since increasing the voltage generally also increases
the load (because whatever is connected to the motor becomes harder to turn
the faster you turn it).
Munaf
May 23, 2018
Hi Mr stefan
Could you please provide a formula for thrust calculation generated by Prop Blades
in terms of Rpm of a propeller blade, blade angle?
AS well as if we have a variable pitch propeller what will be the forces require to
change the pitch?
Stefan Vorkoetter
May 23, 2018
A propeller doesn’t have a speci c blade angle. The angle varies as you move
outward from the hub. The amount of force required to change the pitch
would probably vary with the pitch, how fast you want to change the pitch,
and numerous other factors.
Alberto Munizaga
September 09, 2018
Hi Stefan
If I want to takeoff a quadcopter over 4000 meters of altitude, in that case will be
better a 3 blade prop than a 2 blade(better I mean more time flight)? thinking
about the lack of air? I will appreciate your comments. thanks
Stefan Vorkoetter
September 09, 2018
At higher altitude, what you want is a larger diameter prop. The air density is
lower, which means you need to move more air to get the same amount of
thrust (since the quadcopter still weighs the same). However, if you don’t have
room for a larger propeller, a 3-bladed one might help.
Anant
December 09, 2018
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Sir i have nd that the pitch of 1045 propeller is 4.5 inch in google ,then i do some
calculation to nd thrust.But that is wrong. rstly rpm and thrust i nd
practically.Now by applying your pitch formula the answer is approx right.But
sometime i thought that 4.5inch is the pitch of one prop.I am totally confused
where i am wrong.please give me answer as soon as possible.
Stefan Vorkoetter
December 10, 2018
Anant, I’m sorry, but I don’t quite understand what you’re asking. You said you
did a calculation and it was wrong, and then you did a calculation and it was
right. But yes, a 10×4.5 propeller has 4.5 inches of pitch.
Christi
January 21, 2019
In your comment to Val Resnick, you said that the following equation can be used
to calculate the pitch at any distance:
Pitch = pi * distance from center * (height/width)
I’m confused because (2.36 * diameter) seems to be more than (pi * distance)
when measured at the 0.75 mark.
For example
height = 1″
width = 4″
Diameter = 16″
Distance @ 0.75 mark = 6″
Pitch = 2.36 * 16″ * (1/4) = 9.44
Pitch = pi * 6 * (1/4) = 4.71
Why are the two formulas not equal? What am I doing wrong?
Stefan Vorkoetter
January 21, 2019
You are correct. The formula I gave Val should have been 2 * pi * distsance *
(height/width). I have added an edit to the original comment.
Christopher Knee
February 07, 2019
Some of Top Flite props have a designation 18×6-10 (part number TOPQ5216)!
Do you know what these THREE numbers mean?
Also, Vess props have a 23A and 23B prop. As far as I can see by performance data
(From forum: FlyingGiants > Gas Engines > Real world rpm), a 23A prop is close to
a 23×8 prop. So does A = 8, B = 10 etc?
Stefan Vorkoetter
February 08, 2019
From what I recall, the Top Flite props have non-constant pitch, with lower
pitch at the tips for higher thrust at low speeds. In my opinion, it’s marketing
mumbo jumbo. What you have is a prop that’s not ideal at any speed. I’ve
never heard of Vess props before, but if they choose not to follow standard
conventions for labeling their props, then I can’t take them seriously.
Everyone else uses the DxP convention, from the tiniest model airplane prop
manufacturer to the makers of full-scale propellers.
Graham Hill
February 10, 2019
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Great Artice thanks Stefan. I’m a little confused though regarding your mix of
‘diameter’ and ‘radius’ when measuring ‘pitch’.
You say – “measure 75% of the distance from the hub to the tip of the prop’ ” – but
then the formula you quote, uses diameter. Surely you have measured 75% of the
‘radius’ of a prop’ blade and not 75% of the diameter – which would actually be
50% (half-way) along one of the prop’ blades …
Can you clarify that for me please … Thanks
Stefan Vorkoetter
February 10, 2019
The “75% of the distance from the hub to the tip of the prop” is to nd the
spot at which to measure the blade width and height to determine the pitch.
The formula expressed in terms of diameter is still correct.
ganesh
April 27, 2019
Thanks Stefan … i dont know if am calculating this wrong but here is a sample
attempt for my hobby based on this calculation and am wondering where am going
wrong.
I use Hubsan 65mm propellers, and racerstar 8520 motors (with an rpm of
53500). Given those as the basis, i tried some calculation here.
pitch = 2.36 x height/ width = 2.35 x 0.19 inches(height)/ 0.31 inches
= 1.475
diameter = 6.5 cm = 2.55 inches
p/D = 0.576 which is less than 0.6 so i used the Thrust formula that says : from
https://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.php?1217933-Exponents-and-
factors-for-prop-calculators – pls see Martyn Mckinney’s post
Thrust (oz.)= K X P(in.) X D(in.)^3 X RPM^2 X 10^-10
– Assuming k is 0.015 (prop constant) I get
= 0.015 x 0.576 x (2.55^3) x (53500^2) x 10^-10
= 0.04 ounces = 1.17 gms
The empirical tests naturally indicate that this motor can go up to 30 gms or so but
then am surely missing something (maybe my constant is wrong) or messing many
things any thoughts ?
thanks.
Stefan Vorkoetter
April 27, 2019
Ganesh
April 27, 2019
Thanks much, Stefan … i did make a mistake with the pitch there. But as you said
these do break down at very small scales. I kept pushing forward on this and got to
my magic 30 gms but am not sure i did it right.
If i go about calculating Power, from your formula above, i get something like this:
Power = k x rpm^3 x diameter^4 x pitch
= 5.3 x 10^-15 x 53500 rpm ^3 x 2.55 inches dia ^ 4 x 1.475 (the pitch value i
calculated)
= 51.33 Watts
With that in mind, if i apply another formula for mass (equation 6 from
https://quadcopterproject.wordpress.com/static-thrust-calculation/?
unapproved=1827&moderation-
hash=1cf4ddc2e7c1e166f03c1e4487ba86c5#comment-1827) i get
D^2 = 6.548
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p = 1225 gms / meter cube (converted this)
P^2 = 2635.573
therefore m = 30.96 (gms !?)
I dont know if am messing with the units (i’ve played inches and grams to my
knowledge) but I did post this query to the other gentleman who had this site at
the end to validate. Thanks to you once again (as i’ve borrowed the constant from
your article above.
thanks.
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