College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

3rd Year Students

Reinforced Concrete Design I

I
Dr. Mezgeen S. Ahmed

Contents

ƒ Reinforced Concrete Structures

R.C.

ƒ Materials And Properties

ƒ Load paths

2
21 September 2019
 Reinforced Concrete Structures
1.1 Introduction

Many structures are built of reinforced concrete: bridges, viaducts,

buildings, retaining walls, tunnels, tanks, conduits, and others.
Reinforced concrete is a logical union of two materials: plain
concrete, which possesses high compressive strength but little
tensile strength, and steel bars embedded in the concrete, which
can provide the needed strength in tension.
First practical use of reinforced concrete was known in the mid-
1800s. In the first decade of the 20th century, progress in
reinforced concrete was rapid. Since the mid-1950s, reinforced
concrete design practice has made the transition from that based
on elastic methods to one based on strength. Understanding of
reinforced concrete behaviour is still far from complete; building
codes and specifications that give design procedures are
continually changing to reflect latest knowledge.

3
21 September 2019

1.2 Reinforced Concrete Members

Every structure is proportioned as to both architecture and

engineering to serve a particular function. Form and function go
hand in hand, and the beat structural system is the one that
fulfills most of the needs of the user while being serviceable,
attractive, and economically cost efficient. Although most
structures are designed for a life span of 50 years, the durability
performance record indicates that properly proportioned concrete
structures have generally had longer useful lives.

Reinforced concrete structures consist of a series of “members”

(components) that interact to support the loads placed on the
structures.

The components can be broadly classified into:

4
21 September 2019
1. Floor Slabs

Floor slabs are the main horizontal elements that transmit the
moving live loads as well as the stationary dead loads to the
vertical framing supports of a structure. They can be:

• Slabs on beams,
• Waffle slabs,
• Slabs without beams (Flat Plates) resting directly on columns,
• Composite slabs on joists.

They can be proportioned such that they act in one direction (one-
way slabs) or proportioned so that they act in two perpendicular
directions (two-way slabs and flat plates).

5
21 September 2019

2. Beams

Beams are the structural elements that transmit the tributary loads
from floor slabs to vertical supporting columns. They are normally
cast monolithically with the slabs and are structurally reinforced on
one face, the lower tension side, or both the top and bottom faces.
As they are cast monolithically with the slab, they form a T-beam
section for interior beams or an L beam at the building exterior.
The plan dimensions of a slab panel determine whether the floor
slab behaves essentially as a one-way or two-way slab.

3. Columns

The vertical elements support the structural floor system. They are
compression members subjected in most cases to both bending and
axial load and are of major importance in the safety considerations
of any structure. If a structural system is also composed of
horizontal compression members, such members would be
considered as beam-columns.

6
21 September 2019
4. Walls
Walls are the vertical enclosures for building frames. They are not
usually or necessarily made of concrete but of any material that
esthetically fulfills the form and functional needs of the structural
system. Additionally, structural concrete walls are often necessary
as foundation walls, stairwell walls, and shear walls that resist
horizontal wind loads and earthquake-induced loads.
5. Foundations
Foundations are the structural concrete elements that transmit the
weight of the superstructure to the supporting soil. They could be
in many forms:
ƒ Isolated footing - the simplest one. It can be viewed as an
inverted slab transmitting a distributed load from the soil to the
column.
ƒ Combined footings supporting more than one column.
ƒ Mat foundations, and rafts which are basically inverted slab and
beam construction.
ƒ Strip footing or wall footing supporting walls.
ƒ Piles driven to rock.
7
21 September 2019

8
21 September 2019
Fig. RC Building Elements
9
21 September 2019

Fig. RC Building Elements

10
21 September 2019
1.3 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEHAVIOR

The addition of steel reinforcement that bonds strongly to concrete

produces a relatively ductile material capable of transmitting
tension and suitable for any structural elements, e.g., slabs, beam,
columns.
Reinforcement should be placed in the locations of anticipated
tensile stresses and cracking areas. For example, the main
reinforcement in a simple beam is placed at the bottom fibers
where the tensile stresses develop. However, for a cantilever, the
main reinforcement is at the top of the beam at the location of the
maximum negative moment.
Finally for a continuous beam, a part of the main reinforcement
should be placed near the bottom fibers where the positive
moments exist and the other part is placed at the top fibers where
the negative moments exist.

11
21 September 2019

12
21 September 2019
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a structural material

1- Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength compared

to other building materials.

2- Due to the provided reinforcement, reinforced concrete can

also withstand a good amount of tensile stress.

3- Fire and weather resistance of reinforced concrete is fair.

4- The reinforced concrete building system is more durable than

any other building system.

5- Reinforced concrete, as a fluid material, in the beginning, can

be economically moulded into a nearly limitless range of shapes.

13
21 September 2019

6- The maintenance cost of reinforced concrete is very low.

7- In structures like footings, dams, piers etc. reinforced concrete

is the most economical construction material.

8- It acts like a rigid member with minimum deflection.

9- As reinforced concrete can be moulded to any shape required,

it is widely used in precast structural components. It yields rigid
members with minimum apparent deflection.

10- Compared to the use of steel in structure, reinforced concrete

requires less skilled labour for the erection of the structure.

14
21 September 2019
Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a structural material

1- The tensile strength of reinforced concrete is about one-tenth

of its compressive strength.

2- The main steps of using reinforced concrete are mixing,

casting, and curing. All of this affects the final strength.

3- The cost of the forms used for casting RC is relatively higher.

4- For multi-storied building the RCC column section is larger than

steel section as the compressive strength is lower in the case of
RCC.

5- Shrinkage causes crack development and strength loss.

15
21 September 2019

Materials, And Properties

2.1 CONCRETE

Plain concrete is made by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse

aggregate, water, and frequently admixtures.

16
21 September 2019
Portland Cement
The most common type of hydraulic cement used in the manufacture
of concrete is known as Portland cement, which is available in
various types. Although there are several types of ordinary Portland
cements, most concrete for buildings is made from Type I ordinary
cement.
Concrete made with normal Portland cement require about two
weeks to achieve a sufficient strength to permit the removal of
forms and the application of moderate loads.

Types of Cement

o Type I: General Purpose

o Type II: Lower heat of hydration than Type I

o Type III: High Early Strength

• Quicker strength
• Higher heat of hydration
17
21 September 2019

o Type IV: Low Heat of Hydration

• Slowly dissipates heat less distortion (used for large

structures).

o Type V: Sulphate Resisting

• For footings, basements, sewers, etc. exposed to

soils with sulphates.

If the desired type of cement is not available, different admixtures

may be used to modify the properties of Type I cement and
produce the desired effect.

18
21 September 2019
Aggregates

Aggregates are particles that form about three-fourths (75%) of the

volume of finished concrete. therefore the compressive strength of
the hardened concrete largely depends on the strength, size, shape,
surface texture and grading of aggregate. According to their particle
size, aggregates are classified as fine or coarse.

Coarse Aggregates (Gravel)

Coarse aggregates consist of gravel or

crushed rock particles not less than 5 mm in size.

Fine Aggregates (Sand)

Fine aggregates consist of sand or pulverized

rock particles usually less than 5 mm in size.

19
21 September 2019

Water

Mixing water should be clean and free of organic materials that react
with the cement or the reinforcing bars.

The quantity of water relative to that of the cement, called water-

cement ratio, is the most important item in determining concrete
strength. An increase in this ratio leads to a reduction in the
compressive strength of concrete.

It is important that concrete has adequate workability to assure its

consolidation in the forms without excessive voids.

Admixtures

Applications:
• Improve workability (superplasticizers)
• Accelerate or retard setting and hardening
• Aid in curing
• Improve durability
20
21 September 2019
Concrete Mixing

In the design of concrete mixes, three principal requirements for

concrete are of importance:

• Quality
• Workability
• Economy

21
21 September 2019

™ Lightweight concrete with a unit weight from about 1350 to

1850 Kg/m2 produced from aggregates of expanded shale, clay,
slate, and slag.

Other lightweight materials such as pumice, scoria, perlite,

vermiculite, and diatomite are used to produce insulating lightweight
concretes ranging in density from about 250 to 1450 Kg/m2.

™ NormalǦweight concrete with a unit weight from about 1800

to 2400 Kg/m2 produced from the most commonly used
aggregates— sand, gravel, crushed stone.

™ Heavyweight concrete with a unit weight from about 3200 to

5600 Kg/m2 produced from such materials such as barite,
limonite, magnetite, ilmenite, hematite, iron, and steel punching
or shot. It is used for shielding against radiations in nuclear
reactor containers and other structures.

22
21 September 2019
2.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

The strength of concrete is controlled by the proportioning of

cement, coarse and fine aggregates, water, and various
admixtures. The most important variable is (w/c ) ratio.
Concrete strength (f′c) – uniaxial compressive strength measured
by a compression test of a standard test cylinder (150 mm
diameter by 300 mm high) on the 28th day–ASTM C31, C39.
Specimens were loaded at rate of 0.14 to 0.34 Mpa/s (20 to 50
psi/s) until failure.

Normally, 28-day
strength is used
as the design
strength.

Fig. Typical strength –gain curve

23
21 September 2019

In many countries, the standard test unit is the cube (200 ൈ 200 ൈ
200 mm ). The concrete strength depends on the size and shape of
the test specimen and the manner of testing. For this reason the
cylinder ‫ͳ׎‬ͷͲ  by 300 mm high) strength is 80Ψ of the 150 mm
cube strength and 83Ψ of the 200 cube strength.

24
21 September 2019
Stress-strain relationship:
Typical curves for specimens (
150 X 300mm cylinders) loaded
in compression at 28 days.
Lower-strength concrete has
greater deformability (ductility)
than higher-strength concrete
(length of the portion of the
curve after the maximum stress
is reached at a strain between
0.002 and 0.0025 ).
Ultimate strain at crushing of
concrete Varies from 0.003 to
as high as 0.008.

25
21 September 2019

The rate of applying strain during testing has great influence on the
stress – strain behavior of concrete. it is clear that the descending
branch of the curve is much pronounced at fast than at slow rate of
loading, it is also seen that the maximum strength reached is
somewhat smaller at slower rates of loading.

Optimum design strength of concrete is chosen for technical and

economical reason according to the type of structure, kind of
stresses, and manner of manufactured exposure conditions ..etc.

It is advisable to use concrete strength of at least (20–30)MPa for

non pre-stressed structures and (35-42)MPa for pre-stressed
structures. However, for special situations such as lower story
columns in high rise buildings, high strength concrete with up to 69
MPa are coming into use.

26
21 September 2019
2.3 TENSILE STRENGTH

Concrete tensile strength is about 10 to 15% of its compressive

strength. The strength of concrete in tension is an important
property that greatly affects that extent and size of cracking in
structures. Tensile strength of concrete is usually determined
indirectly by using:

¾ Split-cylinder test (ASTM

C496). A standard 150 X
300mm compression test
cylinder is placed on its side
and loaded in compression
along a diameter. The cylinder
will split in half when the
tensile strength is reached. The
splitting tensile strength is
computed as:

27
21 September 2019

ʹܲ
݂௖௧ ൌ
ߨ݀‫ܮ‬

݂௖௧ ൌ ͲǤͷ͸ fc’

28
21 September 2019
¾ Flexural test (Tensile strength in flexure) evaluates the tensile
strength of concrete indirectly. It tests the ability of
unreinforced concrete beam or slab to withstand failure in
bending. The results of flexural test on concrete expressed as
a modulus of rupture which denotes as (݂௥ ) in MPa or psi.

(ASTM C78 or C293). A plain concrete beam 150 X 150 mm X 750

mm long is loaded in flexure at the third points of 600-mm span until
it fails due to cracking on the tension face. Modulus of rupture ݂௥ is
computed as:
It is accepted (ACI 9.5.2.3) that an average value for ݂௥ may be
taken as

29
21 September 2019

Modulus of Rupture Test

Direct axial tension test. It is difficult to measure accurately and not in use today.

* Tensile strength is about 8% to 15% of compressive strength f ′c

30
21 September 2019
 2.4 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

The modulus of elasticity of concrete varies, unlike that of steel, with

strength. A typical stress-strain curve for concrete in compression is
shown. The initial modulus (tangent at origin), the tangent modulus
(at 0.5 f ′c), and the secant modulus are noted. Usually the secant
modulus at from 25 to 50% of the compressive Strength is
considered to be the modulus of elasticity. The empirical formula
given by ACI-8.5.1 was developed for values of Wc between 15-25
KN/m3

Where:
Wc = density of concrete
f ' c= compressive strength of concrete (MPa)
Ec = second modulus for compressive at service load level.
For normal weight concrete weighting 23 KN/m3 the formula gives:

31
21 September 2019

The “initial tangent modulus” is given by the slope of a line drawn

tangent to the stress-strain curve at the origin.

The “tangent modulus” is given by the slope of a line drawn tangent

to the stress-strain curve at any point on the curve.

The “secant modulus” is given by the slope of a line drawn

from the origin to a point on the curve corresponding to a
40% stress of the failure stress

32
21 September 2019
2.5 CREEP, SHRINKAGE AND Temperature

Creep is defined as the long-term deformation caused by the

application of loads for long periods of time, usually years. The total
deformation is divided into two parts; the first is called instantaneous
deformation occurring right after the application of loads, and the
second which is time dependent is called creep. Long-term
deformation increases at a slowing rate for a period of two to three
years with maximum value recorded at a period of five years.

ACI states that additional long-term deflection resulting from creep

and shrinkage of members under bending is determined by
multiplying the immediate deflection caused by the sustained load by
a factor λο given by

33
21 September 2019

It is inelastic time depended deformation which increase at

decreasing rate during the time of loading.

Total deformation may be 3-4 times as large as elastic short time

deformation.

Creep is most significant during the first 3-4 month's after loading
(about 50%) and about 75% of plastic strain occurs within first year.

Creep is negligible after 5 years .

At service level creep is directly proportional to unit stress.

To reduce effect of Creep one may provide compression steel even

though it may not be required for strength.

Creep cause losses in pre stressed steel.

34
21 September 2019
 = cross sectional area of compression reinforcement
b = width of cross section
d = effective depth of cross section
ξ = time-dependent factor for sustained load
λο = multiplier for additional deflection due to long-term effects

The time dependent factors x are given at different periods of time

3 months ---------------1.00
6 months ---------------1.20
12 months--------------1.40
60 months--------------1.40

Creep can be reduced through using high-strength concrete, good

curing of concrete, and using reinforcement on the compression side
of the cross section as evident in Eq. Multipliers for long-term
deflection are also given in Figure.

35
21 September 2019

Figure. Creep curve for concrete.

36
21 September 2019
 Figure : Long-term deflection multipliers
37
21 September 2019

Shrinkage

Shrinkage of concrete is defined as the reduction in volume of

concrete due to loss of moisture. If the concrete member is not
restrained, no stresses will be produced. On the other hand, stresses
will be developed in case of restraining the concrete member in any
form. Once the allowable tensile stresses are exceeded, tension
cracking will take place.
Shrinkage can be reduced through using a low water-cement ratio,
good curing of concrete, nonporous aggregates, shrinkage
reinforcement, and expansion joints.

ACI specifies that a minimum shrinkage and temperature

reinforcement ratio of 0.0018 is to be used in one-way slabs
perpendicular to the main reinforcement (for ݂y =4200 kg/cm2),
0.002 for ݂y =2800 kg/cm2, but not less than 0.0014.
In general, the same factors have been found to influence shrinkage
strain as those that influence creep—primarily those factors related
to moisture loss.
38
21 September 2019
 Concrete dries non-uniformly, so it is shrinks non-uniformly, which
result in initial shrinkage stresses and strain in the surface layers.

Shrinkage causes cracks in slab, wall. In pre stressed concrete it

leads to partial losses of initial pre-stresses.

Shrinkage is one common cause of deflection that increases with

time.

Shrinkage can be approximated by:

ultimate shrinkage strain ‫ א‬௦௛ ௨ very from 0.2 – 0.7 mm/m ~0.3
mm/m
t
( sh) t ( sh) u
35  t

where,
t= time in days after 7 days moist cured

39
21 September 2019

40
21 September 2019
2.5 Temperature

Like most other materials concrete expands with increasing

temperature and contracts with deceasing temperature.

In indeterminate structures, deformation due to temperature

changes can cause large and harmful stresses.

The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete at normal condition

at temperature (0c-100c) is about 10 millionths per degree Celsius
(10x10-6/C).

41
21 September 2019

2.6 STEEL REINFORCEMENT

The useful strength of ordinary reinforcing steels in tension as well as
compression, the yield strength is about 15 times the compressive
strength of common structural concrete and well over 100 times its
tensile strength.
ƒ Because of its low tensile strength concrete is normally reinforced
with steel.
ƒ Reinforcing steel consist of bars, wires, welded wire fabric and
strand.
ƒ All bars are round bars designated by size as # 6 to #55. This
number corresponding roughly to the bar diameter in (mm).
ƒ To increase the bond between concrete and steel, projections
called ribs are rolled on the bar surface.
ƒ Steel bars are provided in grads, corresponding to the yield point.
ƒ The modulus of elasticity of reinforcing bars is considered be
200,000 MPa.
ƒ The ACI code permits the use of steel with yield strength up to
550 Mpa (80 ksi) provided fy shall be the stress corresponding to
a strain of 0.35 percent.

42
21 September 2019
 Bars (deformed
bars, as in picture) –
for usual construction.
Welded wire fabric
– is used in thins
slabs, thin shells.
Strand Wires – are
used for pre-stressed
Stranded wire concrete.

43
21 September 2019

44
21 September 2019
Steel Reinforcement Bar sizes, I, #

Bars are available in nominal diameters ranging from 5mm to

50mm, and may be plain or deformed. When bars have smooth
surfaces, they are called plain, and when they have projections on
their surfaces, they are called deformed.

Sizes are given as # of 1/8” up to #8 bars. For #9 and larger, the

number is a nominal size (while the actual size is larger).

Steel grade fy
ksi MPa
40 280
50 350
60 420
80 550

45
21 September 2019

Marks for ASTM Standard bars

46
21 September 2019
The introduction of carbon and alloying additives in steel increases
its strength but reduces its ductility. The proportion of carbon used
in structural steels varies between 0.2% and 0.3%. The steel
modulus of elasticity (‫ܧ‬௦ ) is constant for all types of steel. The ACI
Code has adopted a value of ‫ܧ‬௦ ൌʹൈ ͳͲହ ‫ ʹ ܽܲܯ‬ൈ ͳͲ଺ ܲ‫ ݅ݏ‬.
47
21 September 2019

Grades of Reinforcing Steel

Reinforcing bars may be rolled from billet steel, axle steel, or rail steel. Only
occasionally, however, are they rolled from old train rails or locomotive axles. These
latter steels have been cold-worked for many years and are not as ductile as the
billet steels.
There are several types of reinforcing bars, designated by the ASTM, which are listed
after this paragraph. These steels are available in different grades as Grade 50,
Grade 60, and so on, where Grade 50 means the steel has a specified yield point of
50,000 psi, Grade 60 means 60,000 psi, and so on.
• ASTM A615: Deformed and plain billet steel bars. These bars, which must be
marked with the letter S (for type of steel), are the most widely used reinforcing
bars in the United States. Bars are of four minimum yield strength levels: 40,000 psi
(280 MPa); 60,000 psi (420 MPa); 75,000 psi (520 MPa); and 80,000 psi (550 MPa).
• ASTM A706: Low-alloy deformed and plain bars. These bars, which must be
marked with the letter W (for type of steel), are to be used where controlled tensile
properties and/or specially controlled chemical composition is required for welding
purposes. They are available in two grades: 60,000 psi (420 MPa) and 80,000 psi
(550 MPa), designated as Grade 60 (420) and Grade 80 (550), respectively.
• ASTM A996: Deformed rail steel or axle steel bars. They must be marked with the
letter R (for type of steel).
• When deformed bars are produced to meet both the A615 and A706 specifications,
they must be marked with both the letters S and W.

48
21 September 2019
 49
21 September 2019

50
21 September 2019
 Loadings
3.1 Load paths

Structural systems transfer

gravity loads from the
floors and roof to the
ground through load paths
that need to be clearly
identified in the design
process. Identifying the
correct path is important
for determining the load
carried by each structural
member. The tributary area
concept is used to
determine the load that
each structural component
is subjected to.

51
21 September 2019

One way and two way slabs

52
21 September 2019
3.2 Loads on structural members

Load is distributed over the area of the floor. This distributed load
has units of (force/area), e.g. kN/m2.

53
21 September 2019

3.2.1 Loads on (one-way) beams

In order to design a beam, the tributary load from the floor

carried by the beam and distributed over its span is determined.
This load has units of (force/distance), e.g. kN/m.
Notes:
-In some cases, there may be concentrated loads carried by the
beams as well.
-All spans of the beam must be considered together (as a
continuous beam) for design.

54
21 September 2019
This tributary load is determined by multiplying “q” by the
tributary width for the beam.

55
21 September 2019

3.2.2 Loads on (two-way) beams

The tributary areas for a beam in a two way system are areas
which are bounded by 45- degree lines drawn from the corners of
the panels and the centrelines of the adjacent panels parallel to
the long sides. A panel is part of the slab formed by column
centrelines.

56
21 September 2019
NOTE
-An edge beam is bounded by
panels from one side.
-An interior beam is bounded
by panels from two sides.

57
21 September 2019

3.2.3 Loads on columns

The tributary load for the column is concentrated. It has units of

(force) e.g., kN. It is determined by multiplying q by the tributary
area for the column.

58
21 September 2019
Example1

Determine the loads acting on beams B1 and B2 and columns C1

and C2. Distributed load over the slab is q = 10 kN/m2. This is a
5 story structure.

59
21 September 2019

Beam B1 Beam B2

60
21 September 2019
 Column C1 Column C2

61
21 September 2019

3.3 Load types

All structural elements must be designed for all loads anticipated

to act during the life span of such elements. These loads should
not cause the structural elements to fail or deflect excessively
under working conditions.

3.3.1 Classification by direction

1- Gravity loads

2- Lateral loads

62
21 September 2019
3.3.2 Classification by source and activity

1- Dead loads Including:

•Weight of all permanent construction.
• Constant magnitude and fixed location.
Examples:
* Weight of the Structure (Walls, Floors, Roofs,
Ceilings, Stairways, Partitions).
• Fixed Service Equipment.

2- Live loads
The live load is a moving or movable type of
load such as occupants, furniture, etc.
Live loads used in designing buildings are
usually specified by local building codes. Live
loads depend on the intended use of the
structure and the number of occupants at a
particular time.

63
21 September 2019

3- Environmental loads

Wind load (W.L)

The wind load is a lateral load produced by
wind pressure and gusts. It is a type of
dynamic load that is considered static to
simplify analysis. The magnitude of this force
depends on
the shape of the building, its height, the
velocity of the wind and the type of terrain in
which the building exists.

Earthquake load (E.L) or seismic load

The earthquake load is a lateral load caused
by ground motions resulting from
earthquakes. The magnitude of such a load
depends on the mass of the structure and the
acceleration caused by the earthquake.

64
21 September 2019