Indian National Congress - Wikipedia

Indian National
Congress
The Indian National Congress

( pronunciation (help·info)) (INC, often
called the Congress Party or simply
Congress) is a political party in India with
widespread roots.[16] Founded in 1885, it
was the first modern nationalist
movement to emerge in the British Empire
in Asia and Africa.[a][17] From the late 19th
century, and especially after 1920, under
the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi,
Congress became the principal leader of
the Indian independence movement.[18]
Congress led India to independence from
Great Britain,[b][19][c][20] and powerfully
influenced other anti-colonial nationalist
movements in the British Empire.[d][17]
Indian National Congress
Abbreviation INC
President Sonia Gandhi (Interim)
Parliamentary Sonia Gandhi[1]
Chairperson
Lok Sabha leader Adhir Chowdhury[2]
Rajya Sabha leader Ghulam Nabi Azad
(Leader of the
Opposition)[3]
Founder Allan Octavian Hume
William Wedderburn
W.C. Bonnerjee
Surendranath Banerjee
Monomohun Ghose
M.G. Ranade
Dadabhai Naoroji
Dinshaw Wacha
Pherozeshah Mehta
Founded 28 December 1885
Headquarters 24, Akbar Road, New
Delhi-110001[4]
Newspaper Congress Sandesh
Student wing National Students
Union of India
Youth wing Indian Youth Congress
Women's wing All India Mahila
Congress
Labour wing Indian National Trade
Union Congress
Minority wing Minority Congress
Membership 20 million[5]
Ideology Social democracy[6]
Democratic socialism[6]
Indian nationalism[6]
Civic nationalism[7]
Secularism[8]
Progressivism[6]
Gandhian [6]
Political position Centre-leftsocialism
[9]
International affiliation Progressive Alliance[10]

Socialist
International[11]
Colours Sky blue[12][13]
ECI Status National Party[14]
Alliance United Progressive
Alliance (UPA)
Seats in Lok Sabha 52 /
545
(currently 541 members

+ 1 speaker)
Seats in Rajya Sabha 48 /
245
(currently 238
members)[15]
Seats in State Indian States and Union
Legislative Assemblies Territories
Arunachal Pradesh
Legislative Assembly
4 / 60
Assam Legislative
Assembly
24 /
126
West Bengal Legislative

Assembly†
43 /
295
Bihar Legislative
Assembly†
26 /
243
Chhattisgarh Legislative
Assembly†
68 / 91
Goa Legislative
Assembly
5 / 40
Gujarat Legislative
Assembly†
69 /
182
Haryana Legislative
Assembly
17 / 90
Himachal Pradesh
Legislative Assembly
21 / 68
Jammu and Kashmir

Legislative Assembly‡
12 / 89
Jharkhand Legislative
Assembly†
8 / 81
Karnataka Legislative
Assembly†
66 /
225
Kerala Legislative
Assembly †
19 /
140
Madhya Pradesh
Legislative Assembly†
114 /
231
Maharashtra Legislative
Assembly†
27 /
288
Manipur Legislative
Assembly
19 / 60
Meghalaya Legislative
Assembly
19 / 60
Mizoram Legislative
Assembly
5 / 40
Odisha Legislative
Assembly
9 / 146
Puducherry Legislative
Assembly
14 / 33
Punjab Legislative
Assembly
77 /
117
Rajasthan Legislative
Assembly
118 /
200
Tamil Nadu Legislative

Assembly
7 / 235
Telangana Legislative
Assembly†
6 / 119
Tripura Legislative
Assembly
35 / 60
Uttar Pradesh
Legislative Assembly†
7 / 404
Uttarakhand Legislative
Assembly†
11 / 71
Seats in State Indian states

Legislative Councils Bihar Legislative Council
3 / 75
Karnataka Legislative
Council
38 / 75
Maharashtra Legislative
Council
16 / 78
Telangana Legislative
Council
3 / 40
Uttar Pradesh
Legislative Council
2 / 100
Number of states and 5 / 31

union territories
in government
Election symbol
Website
www.inc.in
Politics of India
Political parties
Elections
Congress is a secular party whose social

democratic platform is generally
considered to be on the centre-left of
Indian politics.[9][21] Congress' social policy
is based upon the Gandhian principle of
Sarvodaya—the lifting up of all sections of
society—which involves the improvement
of the lives of economically
underprivileged and socially marginalised
people.[22][23] The party primarily endorses
social democracy—seeking to balance
individual liberty and social justice, welfare
and secularism. Its constitution states
democratic socialism to be its ideal.[24]
After India's independence in 1947,

Congress formed the central government
of India, and many regional state
governments.[25] Congress became India's
dominant political party; As of 2019, in the
17 general elections since independence,
it has won an outright majority on seven
occasions and has led the ruling coalition
a further three times, heading the central
government for more than 54 years. There
have been six Congress Prime Ministers,
the first being Jawaharlal Nehru (1947–
1964), and the most recent Manmohan
Singh (2004–2014). Although it did not
fare well in the last two general elections
in India in 2014 and 2019 , it remains one
of two major, nationwide, political parties
in India, along with the right-wing, Hindu
nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP).[e][26] In the 2014 general election,
Congress had its poorest post-
independence general election
performance, winning only 44 seats of the
543-member Lok Sabha.
From 2004 to 2014, United Progressive
Alliance, a coalition of Congress with
several regional parties, formed the Indian
government led by Manmohan Singh, the
Prime Minister as the head of the coalition
government. The leader of the party during
the period, Sonia Gandhi has served the
longest term as the president of the party.
As of July 2019, the party is in power in
five legislative assemblies: Punjab,
Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh
and the union territory of Puducherry (in an
alliance with DMK).
History
Pre-independence
A. O. Hume, one of the founders of the Indian National

Congress
First session of Indian National Congress, Bombay,

28–31 December 1885
Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee, The First president of
Foundation
The Indian National Congress conducted

its first session in Bombay from 28–31
December 1885 at the initiative of retired
Civil Service officer Allan Octavian Hume.
In 1883, Hume had outlined his idea for a
body representing Indian interests in an
open letter to graduates of the University
of Calcutta.[27][28] Its aim was to obtain a
greater share in government for educated
Indians, and to create a platform for civic
and political dialogue between them and
the British Raj. Hume took the initiative,
and in March 1885 a notice convening the
first meeting of the Indian National Union
to be held in Poona the following
December was issued.[29] Due to a cholera
outbreak there, it was moved to
Bombay.[30][27][31]
Hume organised the first meeting in

Bombay with the approval of the Viceroy
Lord Dufferin. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
was the first president of Congress; the
first session was attended by 72
delegates, representing each province of
India.[32][33] Notable representatives
included Scottish ICS officer William
Wedderburn, Dadabhai Naoroji,
Pherozeshah Mehta of the Bombay
Presidency Association, Ganesh Vasudeo
Joshi of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha,
social reformer and newspaper editor
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Justice K. T.
Telang, N. G. Chandavarkar, Dinshaw
Wacha, Behramji Malabari, journalist and
activist Gooty Kesava Pillai, and P.
Rangaiah Naidu of the Madras Mahajana
Sabha.[34][35] This small elite group,
unrepresentative of the Indian masses at
the time,[36] functioned more as a stage for
elite Indian ambitions than a political party
for the first decade of its existence.[37]
Early years
Congress "extremist" Bal Gangadhar Tilak speaking in

1907 as the Party split into moderates and extremists.
Seated at the table is Aurobindo Ghosh and to his
right (in the chair) is G. S. Khaparde, both allies of
Tilak.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a constitutional social
reformer and moderate nationalist, was elected
president of the Indian National Congress in 1905.
At the beginning of the 20th century,

Congress' demands became more radical
in the face of constant opposition from the
British government, and the party decided
to advocate in favour of the independence
movement because it would allow a new
political system in which Congress could
be a major party. By 1905, a division
opened between the moderates led by
Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation,
and the new extremists who advocated
agitation, and regarded the pursuit of
social reform as a distraction from
nationalism. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who
tried to mobilise Hindu Indians by
appealing to an explicitly Hindu political
identity displayed in the annual public
Ganapati festivals he inaugurated in
western India, was prominent among the
extremists.[38]
Congress included a number of prominent

political figures. Dadabhai Naoroji, a
member of the sister Indian National
Association, was elected president of the
party in 1886 and was the first Indian
Member of Parliament in the British House
of Commons (1892–1895). Congress also
included Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin
Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gopal
Krishna Gokhale, and Mohammed Ali
Jinnah. Jinnah was a member of the
moderate group in the Congress, favouring
Hindu–Muslim unity in achieving self-
government.[39] Later he became the
leader of the Muslim League and
instrumental in the creation of Pakistan.
Congress was transformed into a mass
movement by Surendranath Banerjee
during the partition of Bengal in 1905, and
the resultant Swadeshi movement.[35]
Congress as a mass movement
Mahatma Gandhi spinning yarn, in the late 1920s
Mahatma Gandhi returned from South

Africa in 1915. With the help of the
moderate group led by Ghokhale, Gandhi
became president of Congress. After the
First World War, the party became
associated with Gandhi, who remained its
unofficial spiritual leader and icon.[40] He
formed an alliance with the Khilafat
Movement in 1920 to fight for preservation
of the Ottoman Caliphate, and rights for
Indians using civil disobedience or
satyagraha as the tool for agitation.[41] In
1923, after the deaths of policemen at
Chauri Chaura, Gandhi suspended the
agitation. In protest, a number of leaders,
Chittaranjan Das, Annie Besant, and
Motilal Nehru, resigned to set up the
Swaraj Party. The Khilafat movement
collapsed and Congress was split.[42]
The rise of Gandhi's popularity and his

satyagraha art of revolution led to support
from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad,
Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan, Khan
Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Chakravarti
Rajgopalachari, Dr. Anugraha Narayan
Sinha, Jayaprakash Narayan, Jivatram
Kripalani, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.
As a result of prevailing nationalism,
Gandhi's popularity, and the party's
attempts at eradicating caste differences,
untouchability, poverty, and religious and
ethnic divisions, Congress became a
forceful and dominant group. Although its
members were predominantly Hindu, it
had members from other religions,
economic classes, and ethnic and
linguistic groups.[43]
At the Congress 1929 Lahore session
under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru,
Purna Swaraj (complete independence)
was declared as the party's goal, declaring
26 January 1930 as "Purna Swaraj Diwas"
(Independence Day). The same year,
Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the
party for demanding full independence,
not just home rule as demanded by
Gandhi.[44]
Subhas Chandra Bose served as president of the

Congress during 1938–39.
After the passage of the Government of

India Act of 1935, provincial elections were
held in India in the winter of 1936–37 in
eleven provinces: Madras, Central
Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United Provinces,
Bombay Presidency, Assam, NWFP,
Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh. After
contesting these elections, the Indian
National Congress gained power in eight
of them except Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh.
The All-India Muslim League failed to form
a government in any province.[45] Congress
ministries resigned in October and
November 1939 in protest against Viceroy
Lord Linlithgow's declaration that India
was a belligerent in the Second World War
without consulting the Indian people.[46]
In 1939, Subhas Chandra Bose, the elected

president in both 1938 and 1939, resigned
from Congress over the selection of the
working committee. The party was not the
sole representative of the Indian polity,
other parties included the Akhil Bharatiya
Hindu Mahasabha, and the All India
Forward Bloc.[47] The party was an
umbrella organisation, sheltering radical
socialists, traditionalists, and Hindu and
Muslim conservatives. Gandhi expelled all
the socialist groupings, including the
Congress Socialist Party, the Krishak Praja
Party, and the Swarajya Party, along with
Subhas Chandra Bose, in 1939.[40]
Azad, Patel and Gandhi at an AICC meeting in

Bombay, 1940
Azad Hind, an Indian provisional

government, had been established in
Singapore in 1943, and was supported by
Japan.[48][49]
In 1946, the British tried the Indian soldiers
who had fought alongside the Japanese
during World War II in the INA trials. In
response, Congress helped form the INA
Defence Committee, which assembled a
legal team to defend the case of the
soldiers of the Azad Hind government. The
team included several famous lawyers,
including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, and
Jawaharlal Nehru.[50] The same year,
Congress members initially supported the
sailors who led the Royal Indian Navy
mutiny, but they withdrew support at a
critical juncture and the mutiny
failed.[51][52]
Post-independence
After Indian independence in 1947, the

Indian National Congress became the
dominant political party in the country. In
1952, in the first general election held after
Independence, the party swept to power in
the national parliament and most state
legislatures. It held power nationally until
1977, when it was defeated by the Janata
coalition. It returned to power in 1980 and
ruled until 1989, when it was once again
defeated. The party formed the
government in 1991 at the head of a
coalition, as well as in 2004 and 2009,
when it led the United Progressive
Alliance. During this period the Congress
remained centre-left in its social policies
while steadily shifting from a socialist to a
neoliberal economic outlook.[53] The
Party's rivals at state level have been
national parties including the Bharatiya
Janata Party (BJP), the Communist Party
of India (Marxist) (CPIM), and various
regional parties, such as the Telugu
Desam Party, Trinamool Congress and
Aam Aadmi Party.[54]
A post-partition successor to the party

survived as the Pakistan National
Congress, a party which represented the
rights of religious minorities in the state.
The party's support was strongest in the
Bengali-speaking province of East
Pakistan. After the Bangladeshi War of
Independence, it became known as the
Bangladeshi National Congress, but was
dissolved in 1975 by the
government.[55][56][55][57]
Nehru/Shastri era (1947–1966)
Jawaharlal Nehru served as the first Prime Minister of

India. (1947–64)
The election symbol of the Congress party between
1952 and 1969
From 1951 until his death in 1964,

Jawaharlal Nehru was the paramount
leader of the party. Congress gained
power in landslide victories in the general
elections of 1951–52, 1957, and 1962.[58]
During his tenure, Nehru implemented
policies based on import substitution
industrialisation, and advocated a mixed
economy where the government-controlled
public sector co-existed with the private
sector.[59] He believed the establishment
of basic and heavy industries was
fundamental to the development and
modernisation of the Indian economy.[58]
The Nehru government directed
investment primarily into key public sector
industries—steel, iron, coal, and power—
promoting their development with
subsidies and protectionist policies.[59]
Nehru embraced secularism, socialistic
economic practices based on state-driven
industrialisation, and a non-aligned and
non-confrontational foreign policy that
became typical of the modern Congress
Party.[60] The policy of non-alignment
during the Cold War meant Nehru received
financial and technical support from both
the Eastern and Western Blocs to build
India's industrial base from nothing.[61][62]
During his period in office, there were four

known assassination attempts on
Nehru.[63] The first attempt on his life was
during partition in 1947 while he was
visiting the North-West Frontier Province in
a car. The second was by a knife-wielding
rickshaw-puller in Maharashtra in 1955.[64]
A third attempt happened in Bombay in
1956.[65] The fourth was a failed bombing
attempt on railway tracks in Maharashtra
in 1961.[63] Despite threats to his life,
Nehru despised having excess security
personnel around him and did not like his
movements to disrupt traffic.[63]
In 1964, Nehru died because of an aortic

dissection, raising questions about the
party's future.[66][67][68] After Nehru's death
in 1964, the congress party started to face
internal crisis. There were differences
among the top leadership of the Congress
regarding the future of the party which
makes lot of issues within the party. This
resulted in formation of many congress
named parties in India Kerela Congress,
Orissa Jane Congress, Bangla Congress,
Utkal Congress, Bharatiya Kranti Dal, etc.
K. Kamaraj became the president of the All

India Congress Committee in 1963 during
the last year of Nehru's life.[69] Prior to that,
he had been the chief minister of Madras
state for nine years.[70] Kamraj had also
been a member of "the syndicate", a group
of right wing leaders within Congress.In
1963 the Congress lost popularity
following the defeat in the Indo-Chinese
war of 1962.To revitalize the party, Kamraj
proposed the Kamaraj Plan to Nehru that
encouraged six Congress chief ministers
(including himself) and six senior cabinet
ministers to resign to take up party
work.[71][72][73] After Nehru's death in May
1964, Kamaraj was widely credited as the
"kingmaker" in Indian politics for ensuring
the victory of Lal Bahadur Shastri over
Morarji Desai as the successor of
Nehru.[74] The Congress was then split into
two parties : Indian National Congress(O)
and Indian National Congress (I) as a left-
wing/right-wing division. Indira Gandhi
wanted to use a populist agenda in order
to mobilize popular support for the party
while Kamraj and Desai stood for a more
right-wing agenda.[75]
As prime minister, Shastri retained many
members of Nehru's Council of Ministers;
T. T. Krishnamachari was retained as
Finance Minister of India, as was Defence
Minister Yashwantrao Chavan.[76] Shastri
appointed Swaran Singh to succeed him
as External Affairs Minister.[77] Shashtri
appointed Indira Gandhi, Jawaharlal
Nehru's daughter and former party
president, Minister of Information and
Broadcasting.[78] Gulzarilal Nanda
continued as the Minister of Home
Affairs.[79] As Prime Minister, Shastri
continued Nehru's policy of non-
alignment,[80] but built closer relations with
the Soviet Union. In the aftermath of the
Sino-Indian War of 1962, and the
formation of military ties between China
and Pakistan, Shastri's government
expanded the defence budget of India's
armed forces. He also promoted the White
Revolution—a national campaign to
increase the production and supply of milk
by creating the National Dairy
Development Board.[81] The Madras anti-
Hindi agitation of 1965 occurred during
Shastri's tenure.[82][83]
Shastri became a national hero following

victory in the Indo-Pakistani War of
1965.[84] His slogan, "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan"
("Hail the soldier, Hail the farmer"),
became very popular during the war.[85] On
11 January 1966, a day after signing the
Tashkent Declaration, Shastri died in
Tashkent, reportedly of a heart attack; but
the circumstances of his death remain
mysterious.[86][87][88] Indian National
Congress (O) was led first by Kamraj and
later by Morarji Desai. The "O" stands for
organisation/Old Congress. Some people
used to it the Original Congress. .[75]
Indira era (1966–1984)
After Shastri's death, Congress elected

Indira Gandhi as leader over Morarji Desai.
Once again, politician K. Kamaraj was
instrumental in achieving this result. In
1967, following a poor performance in the
general election, Indira Gandhi started
moving towards the political left. In mid-
1969, she was involved in a dispute with
senior party leaders on a number of
issues. The two major issues were Gandhi
supporting the independent candidate, V.
V. Giri, rather than the official Congress
party candidate, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, for
the vacant post of the President of
India.[89][90] The second issue was Mrs.
Gandhi's abrupt nationalization of the 14
biggest banks in India, which resulted in
the resignation of the finance minister,
Morarji Desai. Later in the year, the
Congress party president, S. Nijalingappa,
expelled her from the party for
indiscipline.[91][92] Mrs. Gandhi as a
counter-move launched her own faction of
the INC. Mrs. Gandhi's faction, called
Congress (R), was supported by most of
the Congress MPs while the original party
had the support of only 65 MPs.[93] This
was also known as Congress(I) was led by
Indira Gandhi. The "I" in the name of
congress stood for Indira. It was also
known as INC(R) R stands for Requisition.
It soon came to be known as the New
Congress. In the All India Congress
Committee, 446 of its 705 members
walked over to Indira's side. This created a
belief among Indians that Indira's
Congress was the Real Congress (INC-R).
After the separation of the two parties,
there was also a dispute about the party
logo. The "Old Congress" retained the
party symbol of a pair of bullocks carrying
a yoke while Indira's breakaway faction
were given a new symbol of a cow with
suckling calf by the Election Commission
as the party election symbol. The split
occurred when, in 1969, a united
opposition under the banner of Samyukt
Vidhayak Dal, won control over several
states in the Hindi Belt.[94]
In the mid-term parliamentary elections
held in 1971, the Gandhi-led Congress (R)
Party won a landslide victory on a platform
of progressive policies such as the
elimination of poverty (Garibi Hatao).[95]
The policies of the Congress (R) Party
under Gandhi before the 1971 elections
included proposals to abolish the Privy
Purse to former rulers of the Princely
states, and the 1969 nationalisation of
India's 14 largest banks.[96]
Indira Gandhi, second-longest-serving Prime Minister
of India and the only woman to hold the office.
The New Congress Party's popular support

began to wane in the mid-1970s. From
1975, Gandhi's government grew
increasingly more authoritarian and unrest
among the opposition grew. On 12 June
1975, the High Court of Allahabad
declared Indira Gandhi's election to the
Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's
parliament, void on the grounds of
electoral malpractice.[97] However, Gandhi
rejected calls to resign and announced
plans to appeal to the Supreme Court. She
moved to restore order by ordering the
arrest of most of the opposition
participating in the unrest. In response to
increasing disorder and lawlessness,
Gandhi's cabinet and government
recommended that President Fakhruddin
Ali Ahmed declare a State of Emergency,
which he did on 25 June 1975 based on
the provisions of Article 352 of the
Constitution.[98]
During the nineteen-month emergency,
widespread oppression and abuse of
power by Gandhi's unelected younger son
and political heir Sanjay Gandhi and his
close associates occurred.[99][100][101] This
period of oppression ended on 23 January
1977, when Gandhi released all political
prisoners and called fresh elections for the
Lok Sabha to be held in March.[102] The
Emergency officially ended on 23 March
1977.[103] In that month's parliamentary
elections, the opposition Janata Party won
a landslide victory over Congress, winning
295 seats in the Lok Sabha against
Congress' 153. Gandhi lost her seat to her
Janata opponent Raj Narain. On 2 January
1978, she and her followers seceded and
formed a new opposition party, popularly
called Congress (I)—the "I" signifying
Indira. During the next year, her new party
attracted enough members of the
legislature to become the official
opposition.[104]
In November 1978, Gandhi regained a

parliamentary seat. In January 1980,
following a landslide victory for
Congress (I), she was again elected prime
minister.[105] The national election
commission declared Congress (I) to be
the real Indian National Congress for the
1984 general election.However, the
designation I was only dropped in
1996.[106][107][108]
During Gandhi's new term as prime

minister, her youngest son Sanjay died in
an aeroplane crash in June 1980.[109][110]
This led her to encourage her elder son
Rajiv, who was working as a pilot, to enter
politics. Gradually, Indira Gandhi's politics
and outlook grew more authoritarian and
autocratic, and she became the central
figure within the Congress Party. As prime
minister, she became known for her
political ruthlessness and unprecedented
centralization of power.[111]
Gandhi's term as prime minister also saw
increasing turmoil in Punjab, with
demands for Sikh autonomy by Jarnail
Singh Bhindranwale and his militant
followers.[112] In 1983, they headquartered
themselves in the Golden Temple in
Amritsar and started accumulating
weapons.[113] In June 1984, after several
futile negotiations, Gandhi ordered the
Indian Army to enter the Golden Temple to
establish control over the complex and
remove Bhindranwale and his armed
followers. This event is known as
Operation Blue Star.[114]
On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhi's
bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant
Singh, shot her with their service weapons
in the garden of the prime minister's
residence in response to her authorisation
of Operation Blue Star.[113] Gandhi was due
to be interviewed by British actor Peter
Ustinov, who was filming a documentary
for Irish television.[115] Her assassination
prompted the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, during
which more than 3,000 people were
killed.[116]
Rajiv Gandhi and Rao era (1985–1998)

Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (1984–1989) and
President of the Indian National Congress
In 1984, Indira Gandhi's son Rajiv Gandhi

became nominal head of Congress, and
went on to become prime minister upon
her assassination.[117] In December, he led
Congress to a landslide victory, where it
secured 401 seats in the legislature.[118]
His administration took measures to
reform the government bureaucracy and
liberalise the country's economy.[119] Rajiv
Gandhi's attempts to discourage
separatist movements in Punjab and
Kashmir backfired. After his government
became embroiled in several financial
scandals, his leadership became
increasingly ineffectual.[120] Gandhi was
regarded as a non-abrasive person who
consulted other party members and
refrained from hasty decisions.[121] The
Bofors scandal damaged his reputation as
an honest politician, but he was
posthumously cleared of bribery
allegations in 2004.[122] On 21 May 1991,
Gandhi was killed by a bomb concealed in
a basket of flowers carried by a woman
associated with the Tamil Tigers.[123] He
was campaigning in Tamil Nadu for
upcoming parliamentary elections. In
1998, an Indian court convicted 26 people
in the conspiracy to assassinate
Gandhi.[124] The conspirators, who
consisted of Tamil militants from Sri
Lanka and their Indian allies, had sought
revenge against Gandhi because the
Indian troops he sent to Sri Lanka in 1987
to help enforce a peace accord there had
fought with Tamil separatist
guerrillas.[125][126]
P. V. Narasimha Rao served as the tenth Prime
Minister of India (1991–1996). He was the first prime
minister from South India.
Rajiv Gandhi was succeeded as party

leader by P. V. Narasimha Rao, who was
elected prime minister in June 1991.[127]
His rise to the prime ministership was
politically significant because he was the
first holder of the office from South India.
His administration oversaw major
economic change and experienced several
home incidents that affected India's
national security.[128] Rao, who held the
Industries portfolio, was personally
responsible for the dismantling of the
Licence Raj, which came under the
purview of the Ministry of Commerce and
Industry.[129] He is often called the "father
of Indian economic reforms".[130][131]
Future prime ministers Atal Bihari

Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh continued
the economic reform policies begun by
Rao's government. Rao accelerated the
dismantling of the Licence Raj, reversing
the socialist policies of previous
governments.[132][133] He employed
Manmohan Singh as his finance minister
to begin a historic economic change. With
Rao's mandate, Singh launched India's
globalisation reforms that involved
implementing International Monetary Fund
(IMF) policies to prevent India's impending
economic collapse.[129] Rao was also
referred to as Chanakya for his ability to
push tough economic and political
legislation through the parliament while he
headed a minority government.[134][135]
By 1996, the party's image was suffering

from allegations of corruption, and in
elections that year, Congress was reduced
to 140 seats, its lowest number in the Lok
Sabha to that point. Rao later resigned as
prime minister and, in September, as party
president.[136] He was succeeded as
president by Sitaram Kesri, the party's first
non-Brahmin leader.[137] During the tenure
of both Rao and Kesri, the two leaders
conducted internal elections to the
Congress working committees and their
own posts as party presidents.[138]
Sonia/Rahul era (1998–present)

Manmohan Singh served as the 13th Prime Minister
of India between 2004 and 2014.
The 1998 general election saw Congress

win 141 seats in the Lok Sabha, its lowest
tally until then.[139] To boost its popularity
and improve its performance in the
forthcoming election, Congress leaders
urged Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi's widow,
to assume leadership of the party. She had
previously declined offers to become
actively involved in party affairs, and had
stayed away from politics. After her
election as party leader, a section of the
party that objected to the choice because
of her Italian ethnicity broke away and
formed the Nationalist Congress Party
(NCP), led by Sharad Pawar. The
breakaway faction commanded strong
support in the state of Maharashtra and
limited support elsewhere. The remainder
continued to be known as the Indian
National Congress.[140]
Sonia Gandhi struggled to revive the party

in her early years as its president; she was
under continuous scrutiny for her foreign
birth and lack of political acumen. In the
snap elections called by the National
Democratic Alliance (NDA) government in
1999, Congress' tally further plummeted to
just 114 seats.[141] Although the leadership
structure was unaltered as the party
campaigned strongly in the assembly
elections that followed, Gandhi began to
make such strategic changes as
abandoning the party's 1998 Pachmarhi
resolution of ekla chalo, or "go it alone"
policy, and formed alliances with other
like-minded parties. In the intervening
years, the party was successful at various
legislative assembly elections; at one
point, Congress ruled 15 states.[142] For
the 2004 general election, Congress
forged alliances with regional parties
including the NCP and the Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam.[143] The party's
campaign emphasised social inclusion
and the welfare of the common masses—
an ideology that Gandhi herself endorsed
for Congress during her presidency—with
slogans such as Congress ka haath, aam
aadmi ke saath ("Congress hand in hand
with the common man"), contrasting with
the NDA's "India Shining"
campaign.[141][144][145][146][147] The
Congress-led United Progressive Alliance
(UPA) won 222 seats in the new
parliament, defeating the NDA by a
substantial margin. With the subsequent
support of the communist front, Congress
won a majority and formed a new
government. Despite massive support
from within the party, Gandhi declined the
post of prime minister, choosing to
appoint Manmohan Singh instead. She
remained as party president and headed
the National Advisory Council (NAC).[148]
During its first term in office, the UPA

government passed several social reform
bills. These included an employment
guarantee bill, the Right to Information Act,
and a right to education act. The NAC, as
well as the Left Front that supported the
government from the outside, were widely
seen as being the driving force behind
such legislation. The Left Front withdrew
its support of the government over
disagreements about the U.S.–India Civil
Nuclear Agreement. Despite the effective
loss of 62 seats in parliament, the
government survived the trust vote that
followed.[149] In the Lok Sabha elections
held soon after, Congress won 207 seats,
the highest tally of any party since 1991.
The UPA as a whole won 262, enabling it
to form a government for the second time.
The social welfare policies of the first UPA
government, and the perceived
divisiveness of the BJP, are broadly
credited with the victory.[150]
By the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, the party

had lost much of its popular support,
mainly because of several years of poor
economic conditions in the country, and
growing discontent over a series of
corruption allegations involving
government officials, including the 2G
spectrum case and the Indian coal
allocation scam.[151][152] Congress won
only 44 seats,[153] which was its worst-ever
performance in a national election with its
vote share dipping below 20% for the first
time.[154] Gandhi retired as party president
in December 2017, having served for a
record nineteen years. She was succeeded
by her son Rahul Gandhi, who was elected
unopposed in the 2017 Indian National
Congress presidential election.[146]
Rahul Gandhi resigned from his post after

the 2019 Indian general election, due to
the party's dismal performance. The INC
had managed to win only 52 seats, hence
failing to provide an official Leader of the
Opposition for a second consecutive term.
The post of Party President is currently
vacant.[155]
Election symbols
Election symbol of Indira's Congress (R) party during
the period 1971–1977
As of 2014, the election symbol of

Congress, as approved by the Election
Commission of India, is an image of a right
hand with its palm facing front and its
fingers pressed together;[156] this is usually
shown in the centre of a tricolor flag. The
hand symbol was first used by Indira
Gandhi when she split from the Congress
(R) faction following the 1977 elections
and created the New Congress (I).[157]
The symbol of the original Congress

during elections held between 1952 and
1971 was an image of two bullocks with a
plough.[158] The symbol of Indira's
Congress (R) during the 1971–1977 period
was a cow with a suckling calf.[159]
In general elections
Party Change Percentage Vote
Year Legislature Seats won Outcome
leader in seats of votes swing
5th Central
Bhulabhai 42 / 147
1934 Legislative 42 – – N/A
Desai
Assembly
Interim
6th Central Sarat Government
59 / 102
1945 Legislative Chandra 17 – – of India
Assembly Bose (1946–
1947)
1st Lok 364 / 489

1951 364 44.99% – Government
Sabha
2nd Lok Jawaharlal 371 / 494

1957 7 47.78% Government
Sabha Nehru 2.79%
3rd Lok 361 / 494

Sabha 3.06%
4th Lok 283 / 520

Sabha 2.94%
5th Lok 352 / 518

Sabha Indira 2.90%
6th Lok Gandhi

153 / 542
1977 199 34.52% Opposition
Sabha 9.16%
7th Lok 351 / 542

1980 198 42.69% Government
Sabha 8.17%
8th Lok 415 / 533

Sabha Rajiv 6.32%
9th Lok Gandhi 197 / 545

1989 218 39.53% Opposition
Sabha 9.48%
10th Lok P. V. 244 / 545

Sabha Narasimha 3.87%
1996 11th Lok Rao 140 / 545 104 28.80% Opposition,

Sabha 7.46% later
outside
support for
UF
12th Lok Sitaram 141 / 545

1998 1 25.82% Opposition
Sabha Kesri 2.98%
13th Lok 114 / 545

Sabha 2.48%
14th Lok Sonia 145 / 543

2004 31 26.7% 1.6% Government
Sabha Gandhi
15th Lok 206 / 543

Sabha 2.02%
16th Lok 44 / 543

Sabha Rahul 9.25%
17th Lok Gandhi 52 / 542

2019 8 19.5% 0.2% Opposition
Sabha
Sonia Gandhi, the current interim President of INC
Current structure and

composition
Congress was structured in a hierarchical
manner by Mahatma Gandhi when he took
charge as the president of the party in
1921.[160] The party was a "broad church"
during the independence movement;
however, Jawarlal Nehru's descendants
have turned the party into a "family firm"
with hereditary succession.[161][162][163] At
present, the president and the All India
Congress Committee (AICC) are elected by
delegates from state and district parties at
an annual national conference; in every
Indian state and union territory—or pradesh
—there is a Pradesh Congress Committee
(PCC), which is the state-level unit of the
party responsible for directing political
campaigns at local and state levels, and
assisting the campaigns for parliamentary
constituencies.[164] Each PCC has a
working committee of twenty members,
most of whom are appointed by the party
president, the leader of the state party,
who is chosen by the national president.
Those elected as members of the states'
legislative assemblies form the Congress
Legislature Parties in the various state
assemblies; their chairperson is usually
the party's nominee for Chief Ministership.
The party is also organised into various
committees, and sections; it publishes a
daily newspaper, the National Herald.[165]
Despite being a party with a structure,
Congress under Indira Gandhi did not hold
any organizational elections after
1972.[166]
The AICC is composed of delegates sent

from the PCCs.[165] The delegates elect
Congress committees, including the
Congress Working Committee, consisting
of senior party leaders and office bearers.
The AICC takes all important executive
and political decisions. Since Indira Gandhi
formed Congress (I) in 1978, the President
of the Indian National Congress has
effectively been the party's national leader,
head of the organisation, head of the
Working Committee and all chief Congress
committees, chief spokesman, and
Congress' choice for Prime Minister of
India. Constitutionally, the president is
elected by the PCCs and members of the
AICC; however, this procedure has often
been bypassed by the Working Committee,
which has elected its own candidate.[165]
The Congress Parliamentary Party (CPP)

consists of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha
and Rajya Sabha. There is also a Congress
Legislative Party (CLP) leader in each
state. The CLP consists of all Congress
Members of the Legislative Assembly
(MLAs) in each state. In cases of states
where the Congress is single-handedly
ruling the government, the CLP leader is
the Chief Minister. Other directly affiliated
groups include: the National Students
Union of India (NSUI), the Indian Youth
Congress – the party's youth wing, the
Indian National Trade Union Congress,
Mahila Congress, its women's division, and
Congress Seva Dal—its voluntary
organisation.[167][168]
Dynasticism
Dynasticism is fairly common in many

political parties in India, including the
Congress party.[169] Six members of the
Nehru–Gandhi family have been
presidents of the party. The party started
being controlled by Indira Gandhi's family
during the emergency. This was
characterized by servility and sycophancy
towards the family which later lead to
hereditary succession of Rajiv Gandhi as
successor after Indira Gandhi's
assassination, as well as the party's
selection of Sonia Gandhi as Rajiv's
successor after his assassination, which
she turned down.[161] Since the formation
of Congress(I) by Indira Gandhi in 1978,
the party president has been from her
family except for the period between 1991
and 1998. In the last three elections to the
Lok Sabha combined, 37% of Congress
party MPs had family members precede
them in politics.[170]
State and territorial units
Andaman and Nicobar TCC

Andhra Pradesh PCC
Arunachal Pradesh PCC
Assam PCC
Bihar PCC
Chandigarh TCC
Chhattisgarh PCC
Dadra and Nagar Haveli TCC
Daman and Diu TCC
Delhi PCC
Goa PCC
Gujarat PCC
Haryana PCC
Himachal Pradesh PCC
Jammu and Kashmir PCC
Jharkhand PCC
Karnataka PCC
Kerala PCC
Lakshadweep TCC
Madhya Pradesh PCC
Maharashtra PCC
Manipur PCC
Meghalaya PCC
Mizoram PCC
Nagaland PCC
Odisha PCC
Puducherry PCC
Punjab PCC
Rajasthan PCC
Sikkim PCC
Tamil Nadu PCC
Telangana PCC
Tripura PCC
Uttar Pradesh PCC
Uttarakhand PCC
West Bengal PCC
Ideology and policies
Congress is a civic nationalist party that
follows a form of nationalism that
supports the values of freedom, tolerance,
equality, and individual rights.[7]
Throughout much of the Cold War period,

Congress supported a foreign policy of
nonalignment that called for India to form
ties with both the Western and Eastern
Blocs, but to avoid formal alliances with
either.[171] support for Pakistan led the
party to endorse a friendship treaty with
the Soviet Union in 1971.[172] In 2004,
when the Congress-led United Progressive
Alliance came to power, its chairperson
Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished
the premiership to Manmohan Singh. This
Singh-led "UPA I" government executed
several key pieces of legislation and
projects, including the Rural Health
Mission, Unique Identification Authority,
the Rural Employment Guarantee scheme,
and the Right to Information Act.[173][174]
Economic policy
The history of economic policy of

Congress-led governments can be divided
into two periods. The first period lasted
from independence, in 1947, to 1991 and
put great emphasis on the public sector.
The second period began with economic
liberalization in 1991.
At the beginning of the first period, the

Congress prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru
implemented policies based on import
substitution industrialization and
advocated a mixed economy where the
government-controlled public sector would
co-exist with the private sector.[175] He
believed that the establishment of basic
and heavy industry was fundamental to
the development and modernisation of the
Indian economy. The government,
therefore, directed investment primarily
into key public-sector industries—steel,
iron, coal, and power—promoting their
development with subsidies and
protectionist policies.[176] This period was
called the Licence Raj, or Permit Raj,[177]
which was the elaborate system of
licences, regulations, and accompanying
red tape that were required to set up and
run businesses in India between 1947 and
1990.[178] The Licence Raj was a result of
Nehru and his successors' desire to have a
planned economy where all aspects of the
economy were controlled by the state, and
licences were given to a select few. Up to
80 government agencies had to be
satisfied before private companies could
produce something; and, if the licence
were granted, the government would
regulate production.[179] The licence raj
system continued under Indira Gandhi.In
addition, many key sectors such as
banking, steel coal, and oil were
nationalized.[93][180] Under Rajiv Gandhi,
small steps were taken to liberalize the
economy.[181]
In 1991, the new Congress-party

government, led by P. V. Narasimha Rao,
initiated reforms to avert the impending
1991 economic crisis.[131][182] The reforms
progressed furthest in opening up areas to
foreign investment, reforming capital
markets, deregulating domestic business,
and reforming the trade regime. The goals
of Rao's government were to reduce the
fiscal deficit, privatize the public sector,
and increase investment in infrastructure.
Trade reforms and changes in the
regulation of foreign direct investment
were introduced in order to open India to
foreign trade while stabilising external
loans. Rao chose Manmohan Singh for the
job. Singh, an acclaimed economist and
former chairman of the Resrve Bank,
played a central role in implementing these
reforms.
In 2004, Singh became prime minister of
the Congress-led UPA government. Singh
remained prime minister after the UPA
won the 2009 general elections. The UPA
government introduced policies aimed at
reforming the banking and financial
sectors, as well as public sector
companies.[183] It also introduced policies
aimed at relieving farmers of their
debt.[184] In 2005, Singh's government
introduced the value added tax, replacing
the sales tax. India was able to resist the
worst effects of the global Economic crisis
of 2008.[185][186] Singh's government
continued the Golden Quadrilateral, the
Indian highway modernisation program
that was initiated by Vajpayee's
government.[187]
At present, Congress endorses a mixed

economy in which the private sector and
the state both direct the economy, which
has characteristics of both market and
planned economies. Congress advocates
import substitution industrialisation—the
replacement of foreign imports with
domestic products. Congress believes the
Indian economy should be liberalised to
increase the pace of development.
Healthcare and education

In 2005, the Congress-led government
started the National Rural Health Mission,
which employed about 500,000
community health workers. It was praised
by economist Jeffrey Sachs.[188] In 2006, it
implemented a proposal to reserve 27% of
seats in the All India Institute of Medical
Studies (AIIMS), the Indian Institutes of
Technology (IITs), the Indian Institutes of
Management (IIMs), and other central
higher education institutions, for Other
Backward Classes, which led to the 2006
Indian anti-reservation protests.[189] The
Singh government also continued the
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme, which
includes the introduction and
improvement of mid-day school meals and
the opening of new schools throughout
India, especially in rural areas, to fight
illiteracy.[190] During Manmohan Singh's
prime-ministership, eight Institutes of
Technology were opened in the states of
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa,
Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and
Himachal Pradesh.[191]
Security and home affairs
Congress has strengthened anti-terrorism

laws with amendments to the Unlawful
Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).[192] The
National Investigation Agency (NIA) was
created by the UPA government soon after
the November 2008 Mumbai terror
attacks, in response to the need for a
central agency to combat terrorism.[193]
The Unique Identification Authority of India
was established in February 2009 to
implement the proposed Multipurpose
National Identity Card, with the objective
of increasing national security.[194]
Foreign policy
Manmohan Singh with President Barack Obama at the
White House
Congress has continued the foreign policy

started by P. V. Narasimha Rao. This
includes the peace process with Pakistan,
and the exchange of high-level visits by
leaders from both countries.[195] The party
has tried to end the border dispute with
the People's Republic of China through
negotiations.[196][197] Relations with
Afghanistan have also been a concern for
Congress.[198] During Afghan President
Hamid Karzai's visit to New Delhi in August
2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid
package to Afghanistan for the
development of schools, health clinics,
infrastructure, and defence.[199] India is
now one of the single largest aid donors to
Afghanistan.[199]
When in power between 2004 and 2014,

Congress worked on India's relationship
with the United States. Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh visited the US in July
2005 to negotiate an India–United States
Civil Nuclear Agreement. US president
George W. Bush visited India in March
2006; during this visit, a nuclear
agreement that would give India access to
nuclear fuel and technology in exchange
for the IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear
reactors was proposed. Over two years of
negotiations, followed by approval from
the IAEA, the Nuclear Suppliers Group and
the United States Congress, the agreement
was signed on 10 October 2008.[200]
Congress' policy has been to cultivate

friendly relations with Japan as well as
European Union countries including the
United Kingdom, France, and Germany.[201]
Diplomatic relations with Iran have
continued, and negotiations over the Iran-
Pakistan-India gas pipeline have taken
place.[202] In April 2006, New Delhi hosted
an India–Africa summit attended by the
leaders of 15 African states.[203] Congress'
policy has also been to improve relations
with other developing countries,
particularly Brazil and South Africa.[204]
Presence in state
governments
Current ruling parties in India

BJP (13)
Coalition with BJP (6)
INC (5)
Other parties (AAP, AITC, BJD, CPI(M), TRS and
YSRCP) (6)
President's rule (1)
As of December 2018, Congress (INC) is in

power in the states of Punjab,
Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan and Madhya
Pradesh where the party has majority
support. In Puducherry, they share power
with alliance partner Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam. The party during the post-
independence era has governed most of
the States and union territories of India.
List of current INC and UPA

governments
Party/alliance Seats in Last
State/UT Chief Minister CM since
partner Assembly election
V. Narayanasamy 16 May
Puducherry INC (15), DMK (2) 6 June 2016 17/33
(INC) 2016
Amarinder Singh 16 March 4 February

Punjab INC (78) 78/117
(INC) 2017 2017
11
Bhupesh Baghel 17 December
Chhattisgarh INC (68) 68/91 December
(INC) 2018
2018
INC (118), 11
Ashok Gehlot 17 December
Rajasthan BTP (2), 121/200 December
(INC) 2018
RLD (1) 2018
INC (118), 11
17 December
Madhya Pradesh Kamal Nath (INC) BSP (2), 121/231 December
2018
SP (1) 2018
List of Prime Ministers

Prime
No. Tenure Duration Constituency
Ministers
Jawaharlal 15 August 1947 – 27 16 years,

1 Phulpur
Nehru May 1964 286 days
Lal Bahadur 9 June 1964 – 11 1 year,

2 Allahabad
Shastri January 1966 216 days
Gulzarilal
Nanda 11 January 1966 – 24
– 26 days Sabarkantha
(Acting Prime January 1966
Minister)
24 January 1966 – 24 11 years,

March 1977 59 days;
Uttar Pradesh (Rajya Sabha),
3 Indira Gandhi
14 January 1980 – 31 4 years, Rae Bareli, Medak
October 1984 291 days
31 October 1984 – 2 5 years,

4 Rajiv Gandhi Amethi
December 1989 32 days
P. V. Narasimha 21 June 1991 – 16 May 4 years,

5 Nandyal
Rao 1996 330 days
Manmohan 22 May 2004 – 26 May 10 years,

6 Assam (Rajya Sabha)
Singh 2014 4 days
List of Prime Ministers (former

Congress members)
A majority of non-Congress prime

ministers of India had been members of
the Congress party earlier in their careers.
Prime
No. Tenure Duration Constituency
Ministers
2 years,
1 Morarji Desai 24 March 1977 – 28 July 1979 Surat
65 days
2 Charan Singh 28 July 1979 – 14 January 1980 139 days Baghpat
2 December 1989 – 10 November

3 V. P. Singh 343 days Fatehpur
1990
Chandra 10 November 1990 – 21 June

4 223 days Ballia
Shekhar 1991
H. D. Deve Karnataka (Rajya

5 1 June 1996 – 21 April 1997 324 days
Gowda Sabha)
6 I. K. Gujral 21 April 1997 – 19 March 1998 332 days Bihar (Rajya Sabha)
See also
Statewise election history of the Indian
National Congress
Congress Working Committee
All India Congress Committee
Pradesh Congress Committee
List of Presidents of the Indian National
Congress
List of Indian National Congress
breakaway parties
Nehru–Gandhi family
List of political parties in India
Politics of India
References
Notes
a. "The first modern nationalist

movement to arise in the non-
European empire, and one that
became an inspiration for many
others, was the Indian Congress."[17]
b. "South Asian parties include several of
the oldest in the post-colonial world,
foremost among them the 129-year-
old Indian National Congress that led
India to independence in 1947"[19]
c. "The organization that led India to
independence, the Indian National
Congress, was established in 1885."[20]
d. "... anti-colonial movements ... which,
like many other nationalist movements
elsewhere in the empire, were strongly
infuenced by the Indian National
Congress."[17]
e. "During the first five decades of India's
independence, the left-of-center,
secular Indian National Congress (INC)
and its factions have ruled almost
continuously ... While the Hindu
nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP) ..."[26]
Citations
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2019.
3. Politics hidden (8 June 2014).
"Ghulam Nabi Azad named Congress
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Firstpost. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
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7. N. S. Gehlot (1991). The Congress
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7100-306-8.
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19. Chiriyankandath, James (2016),
Parties and Political Change in South
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58620-3
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Comparative Politics: Interests,
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INC, history, symbol, leaders and
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25. "Indian National Congress, Political
Party, India". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
"... broadly based political party of
India. Formed in 1885, the Indian
National Congress dominated the
Indian movement for independence
from Great Britain. It subsequently
formed most of India's governments
from the time of independence and
often had a strong presence in many
state governments."
26. Strömbäck, Jesper; Kaid, Lynda Lee
(2009), The Handbook of Election
News Coverage Around the World ,
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70345-5
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"On this day in 1885, Indian National
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one of the oldest political parties of
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31. Pattabhi Sita Ramaiah (1 November
2018). "The History of the Indian
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Internet Archive.
32. Singh, Kanishka (5 December 2017).
"Indian National Congress: From 1885
till 2017, a brief history of past
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Further reading
The Indian National Congress: An Historical
Sketch, by Frederick Marion De Mello.
Published by H. Milford, Oxford University
Press, 1934.
The Indian National Congress, by Hemendra
Nath Das Gupta. Published by J. K. Das
Gupta, 1946.
Indian National Congress: A Descriptive
Bibliography of India's Struggle for Freedom,
by Jagdish Saran Sharma. Published by S.
Chand, 1959.
Social Factors in the Birth and Growth of the
Indian National Congress Movement, by
Ramparkash Dua. Published by S. Chand,
1967.
Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian
National Congress in 1969, by Mahendra
Prasad Singh. Abhinav Publications, 1981.
ISBN 81-7017-140-7.
Concise History of the Indian National
Congress, 1885–1947, by B. N. Pande, Nisith
Ranjan Ray, Ravinder Kumar, Manmath Nath
Das. Published by Vikas Pub. House, 1985.
ISBN 0-7069-3020-7.
The Indian National Congress: An Analytical
Biography, by Om P. Gautam. Published by
B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985.
A Century of Indian National Congress, 1885–
1985, by Pran Nath Chopra, Ram Gopal, Moti
Lal Bhargava. Published by Agam Prakashan,
1986.
The Congress Ideology and Programme,
1920–1985, by Pitambar Datt Kaushik.
Published by Gitanjali Pub. House, 1986.
ISBN 81-85060-16-9.
Struggling and Ruling: The Indian National
Congress, 1885–1985, by Jim Masselos.
Published by Sterling Publishers, 1987.
The Encyclopedia of Indian National Congress,
by A. Moin Zaidi, Shaheda Gufran Zaidi,
Indian Institute of Applied Political Research.
Published by S.Chand, 1987.
Indian National Congress: A Reconstruction,
by Iqbal Singh, Nehru Memorial Museum and
Library. Published by Riverdale Company,
1988. ISBN 0-913215-32-5.
INC, the Glorious Tradition, by A. Moin Zaidi,
Indian National Congress. AICC. Published by
Indian Institute of Applied Political Research,
1989.
Indian National Congress: A Select
Bibliography, by Manikrao Hodlya Gavit, Attar
Chand. Published by U.D.H. Pub. House,
1989. ISBN 81-85044-05-8.
The Story of Congress PilgrFile: 1885–1985,
by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress.
Published by Indian Institute of Applied
Political Research, 1990. ISBN 81-85355-46-
0. (7 vols)
Indian National Congress in England, by
Harish P. Kaushik. Published by Friends
Publications, 1991.
Women in Indian National Congress, 1921–
1931, by Rajan Mahan. Published by Rawat
Publications, 1999.
History of Indian National Congress, 1885–
2002, by Deep Chand Bandhu. Published by
Kalpaz Publications, 2003. ISBN 81-7835-
090-4.
Bipan Chandra, Amales Tripathi, Barun De.
Freedom Struggle. India: National Book
Struggle. ISBN 978-81-237-0249-0.
External links
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Indian National Congress - Wikipedia

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Indian National Congress - Wikipedia

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Indian National

The Indian National Congress

International aﬃliation Progressive Alliance[10]

(currently 541 members

West Bengal Legislative

Jammu and Kashmir

Tamil Nadu Legislative

Seats in State Indian states

Number of states and 5 / 31

Congress is a secular party whose social

After India's independence in 1947,

A. O. Hume, one of the founders of the Indian National

First session of Indian National Congress, Bombay,

The Indian National Congress conducted

Hume organised the ﬁrst meeting in

Congress "extremist" Bal Gangadhar Tilak speaking in

At the beginning of the 20th century,

Congress included a number of prominent

Mahatma Gandhi spinning yarn, in the late 1920s

Mahatma Gandhi returned from South

The rise of Gandhi's popularity and his

Subhas Chandra Bose served as president of the

After the passage of the Government of

In 1939, Subhas Chandra Bose, the elected

Azad, Patel and Gandhi at an AICC meeting in

Azad Hind, an Indian provisional

After Indian independence in 1947, the

A post-partition successor to the party

Nehru/Shastri era (1947–1966)

Jawaharlal Nehru served as the ﬁrst Prime Minister of

From 1951 until his death in 1964,

During his period in oﬃce, there were four

In 1964, Nehru died because of an aortic

K. Kamaraj became the president of the All

Shastri became a national hero following

Indira era (1966–1984)

After Shastri's death, Congress elected

The New Congress Party's popular support

In November 1978, Gandhi regained a

During Gandhi's new term as prime

Rajiv Gandhi and Rao era (1985–1998)

In 1984, Indira Gandhi's son Rajiv Gandhi

Rajiv Gandhi was succeeded as party

Future prime ministers Atal Bihari

By 1996, the party's image was suffering

Sonia/Rahul era (1998–present)

The 1998 general election saw Congress

Sonia Gandhi struggled to revive the party

During its ﬁrst term in oﬃce, the UPA

By the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, the party

Rahul Gandhi resigned from his post after

As of 2014, the election symbol of

The symbol of the original Congress

1st Lok 364 / 489

2nd Lok Jawaharlal 371 / 494

3rd Lok 361 / 494

4th Lok 283 / 520

5th Lok 352 / 518

6th Lok Gandhi

7th Lok 351 / 542

8th Lok 415 / 533

9th Lok Gandhi 197 / 545

10th Lok P. V. 244 / 545