Johnson-Walker 1

Fayth Johnson-Walker

Lindsey Slanker

ENG.1201.J01 English Composition II

26 October 2019

Annotated Bibliography

The purpose of my essay will be to determine the importance of the data of community

crime rates. I am trying to purpose the individual factors that go into crime occuring. The point

of my sources is to discuss: what the crime rate is, who is involved, what factors play into it,

where is it most seen, and what seems to be ignored about it. Some cities are spoke about more

than others based on the amount of crime that occurs in the neighborhood and what exact crime

occured. My research will help my understand why the media and reporters are given the

opportunity to choose what is important enough to announce to the public.

CityLab, and University of Toronto’s School of Cities and Rotman School of Management. “The

Great Crime Decline Is Over in Some Chicago Neighborhoods.” CityLab, 18 Oct. 2019,

https://www.citylab.com/equity/2019/10/chicago-crime-rate-statistics-data-violence-segr

egation/599317/. Accessed on Oct 18, 2019.

This source was created by Richard Florida on October 17, 2019, and published to City Lab to

inform individuals about the “Great Crime Decline”. The Great Crime Decline is the connection

between violence and the disadvantages given in these cities and how it affects the urban areas.

This talks about the homicide rates in the “safest” cities in Chicago. It is stated that the amount

of violence is based on three key factors: concentrated disadvantage (factors including the
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poverty rate and unemployment), immigrant concentration, and residential stability (based on the

share of owner-occupants and the percent of people who lived in the same house since 1995).

The author’s purpose of this article is to inform the public that the amount of crime in Chicago

has been “improving”. The audience of this article I would say are predominately white. This is

because as a African American I know that not only is the crime rate increasing in my

neighborhood, but the crime rate of neighborhoods in Chicago has been terrifically high since

2010. I chose this article because it proves my point of the media ignoring the TRUE facts, and

the ones that needs to be talked about the most.

Richard Florida is co-founder and editor at large of CityLab and a senior editor at The Atlantic.

He is a university professor in the University of Toronto’s School of Cities. I would say he is

credible due to his occupations requiring the ability to research, but I would also call him bias

because as a white man who never stepped foot in neighborhoods he is writing about, his

statement of “violence declining” is left questioned. Because the source is a .com it also tells me

this could be seen as a personal blog, making it less reliable.

I will use this in my paper to point out the factors of what makes a neighborhood unsafe.

“How Safe Is Dayton, Ohio?” U.S. News & World Report, U.S. News & World Report,

https://realestate.usnews.com/places/ohio/dayton/crime. Accessed on Oct 18, 2019.

This source published to UsNews by the Dayton Realestate to persuade home buyers on what is

the best fit home for them. Real Estate salesman jobs are to persuade home buyers by any means
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necessary to purchase a home, even if stretching the truth has to occur. This article breaks down

each neighborhood in Dayton and compares the city itself to other cities in different states -

compared to Tulsa,OK and Fresno, CA, Dayton is below crime rate average - giving home

buyers a certain impression of a neighborhood if they don’t already know about it.

The purpose of this article is to inform the homebuyers of all the factors that go into buying a

dream home and being comfortable. The audience of this article I would say are middle-class or

upper-class individuals given that the lower classes are not in position of buying homes nor in

position of relocating. I chose this article because it helps to analyze environments and I am able

to explain certain circumstances better because these are my neighborhoods.

I would say this is credible due statistics given as well as my knowledge of the information

shown, but I would also call it bias because as I said this is a persuasive article used to promote

home purchases. Because the source is a .com that is partnered with another source, I would say

it could be seen as both reliable and unreliable due to both sides supporting the same

information.

I will use this in my paper as an argument to how society uses media and reporters to determine

that fact of a events and its importance.

Crime Rate By State 2019, http://worldpopulationreview.com/states/crime-rate-by-state/.

Accessed on Oct 18, 2019.

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This source published to World Population Review to inform the different levels of crime in each

state. The point of data is to analyze the amount change, if there are any. This article breaks

down all 50 states and calculate the homicide rate by every 100,000 people. Crimes such as

aggravated assault, robbery, homicide (intentional and accidental), and rape. In 2016, the amount

of motor vehicle theft, burglaries, larceny, and arson has increased to about 5 cases per every

100,000 people.

The purpose of this article is to update the public of the amount of violence that happens in each

state. I would say that this article does not have a particular audience because most of the site is

filled with data. I chose this article because it breaks down each state history dealing with crime

making it more understandable.

I would say this is credible due statistics given as well as my knowledge of the information

shown, but I would also call it not credible because it lacks an author. Because the source is a

.com, I would say it could be seen as both reliable and unreliable due to information being

limited and it not having no reliable resources to refer to. I will use this in my paper to show the

crime factors that are more focused on in each given state.

“Violent Crime Rate.” County Health Rankings & Roadmaps,

https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/measures-data-sources/cu

ty-health-rankings-model/health-factors/social-and-economic-factors/community-

safety/violent-crime-rate. Accessed on Oct 18, 2019.

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This source published to County Health Rankings founded by the Robert Wood Johnson

foundation program. The Robert Wood Johnson foundation program speaks out in response to

proposed changes to the disparate impact standard in implementing and enforcing the Fair

Housing Act. This article breaks down each county in all states and allow the annual violent

crimes that occur as well as the annual crime rate to be analyzed.

The purpose of this article is to individual break down the most popular seen police-callins:

injury deaths, homicides, and firearm fatalities. I would say that this article does not have a

particular audience because most of the site is filled with data and explanations. I chose this

article because it breaks down the causes and effects of crime analysis.

I would say this is not credible due to the lack of information per tab and the lack of references.

Because the source is a .org, I would say it is reliable because it supplies data and explanations

for the given data and it is an educational site. I will use this in my paper to support why crime

ranking is important.

“The Most Dangerous Cities in the US.” EscapeHere,

https://m.escapehere.com/destination/the-10-most-dangerous-cities-in-the-us/?utm_mediu

=cpc&utm_source=google&utm_campaign=EH_GGL_US_MOBI-

SearchETA&utm_cont

ent=g_m_290432843179&cus_widget=kwd-298483539582&utm_term=crime rate by

cities&cus_teaser=&utm_acid=6088014985&utm_caid=854823356&utm_agid=4614331

751&gclid=Cj0KCQjwi7DtBRCLARIsAGCJWBpkturAfH84PzQvZIqv3JUpGIN7I-bZ
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lvJWSjiM60Bc_PhNreQwPQaArvwEALw_wcB. Accessed on Oct 18, 2019.

This article was created by James Stafford and published to Escapehere in ways of calculating

data from cities with the highest population in order to determine if population plays a factor in

the crime rate. John Stafford is a professional blogger that post about things in which he feels is

most important in society. This particular article he posts focus on the effect of a greater

population causing issues such as crime.

The purpose of this article is to analyze community issues and all factors that play into those

issues. The audience of this article I would say is everyone. In my defense, everyone should be

informed of these issues. I chose this article because it broaden out and focus on all issues such

as: poverty, home and health care, lack of employment, and more.

I would say this is not credible due to lack of resources and the continuous amount of ads

presented. Because the source is a .com, the website could be edited, and also because the editor

is blogger everything here could be biased without site references.

I will use this in my paper to help explore greater community issues.

Wilson, James Q., et al. “Crime and the Great Recession.” City Journal, 16 June 2019,

https://www.city-journal.org/html/crime-and-great-recession-13399.html. Accessed on

Oct

18, 2019.
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This source published to City Journal by James Q. Wilson from the original magazine ̈Crime and

the Great Recession ̈. James Q. Wilson is a former professor at Harvard and at UCLA, and he

completed lectures at Pepperdine. Published in the summer of 2011, Wilson study and analyzed

the changes of one's community and the cycle of poverty. He states ̈As the national

unemployment rate doubled from around 5 percent to nearly 10 percent, the property-crime rate,

far from spiking, fell significantly ̈ (CityJournal). His studies proves that the crime rate increases

as the lack of community activities and involvements decreases.

The purpose of this article is to inform individuals on how even the simple things of not having

nearby jobs or shopping centers, or even community activities can strike violence just out of

boredom. The audience of this article is towards African Americans. As a young African

American teen I know how easy it is to negatively get involved into drama or be included into

something off association. I chose this article because Wilson is a knowledgeable man who has

studied this issue and has a perspective that argue both white and black views.

I would say this is credible because Wilson is knowledgeable and holds an honorable title.

Because the source is a .org, the information is reliable to students. Also, the site is ad safe,

allowing for an undisruptive browse.

I will use this in my paper as an evidence supporter by quoting a scholar.

The Marshall Project. “Violent Crime: A Conversation.” The Marshall Project, The Marshall

Project, 16 Nov. 2017,

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https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/11/15/violent-crime-a-conversation. Accessed

on

Oct 18, 2019.

This source published to The Marshall Project by the Marshall Project of an interview between

Thomas Abt and Adam Gelb. The Marshall Project is a nonprofit online organization that

focuses on issues that deals with criminal injustice.The interviewees were Thomas Abt of

Harvard’s Center for International Development and Adam Gelb of Pew’s public safety

performance project. bPublished in the summer of 2011, Wilson study and analyzed the changes

of one's community and the cycle of poverty. He states ̈As the national unemployment rate

doubled from around 5 percent to nearly 10 percent, the property-crime rate, far from spiking,

fell significantly ̈ (CityJournal). His studies proves that the crime rate increases as the lack of

community activities and involvements decreases.

The purpose of this article is to inform individuals on how even the simple things of not having

nearby jobs or shopping centers, or even community activities can strike violence just out of

boredom. The audience of this article is towards African Americans. As a young African

American teen I know how easy it is to negatively get involved into drama or be included into

something off association. I chose this article because Wilson is a knowledgeable man who has

studied this issue and has a perspective that argue both white and black views.

I would say this is credible because Wilson is knowledgeable and holds an honorable title.

Because the source is a .org, the information is reliable to students. Also, the site is ad safe,

allowing for an undisruptive browse.

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I will use this in my paper as an evidence supporter by quoting a scholar.