Adjustable Speed Induction Motor Drive

Motor Input Waveform: -

 Measurement of Speed Control Characteristics
 Speed Vs. frequency
fs(Hz) Nr(rpm)
1.17 0
2.50 70
4.33 128.2
6.17 180.7
8.00 231.4
10.00 286.5
13.17 375.1
25.50 741.2
42.83 1242.7
50.00 1463.8

1600

f(x) = 29.38x - 8.97

1400

1200

1000
Nr(rpm)

800

600

400

200

0
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

fs(Hz)
 (voltage/ frequency) Vs. frequency

fs(Hz) Vs/fs(V/Hz)
1.17 0.000
2.50 1.333
4.33 1.154
6.17 0.973
8.00 0.792
10.00 0.633
13.17 0.532
25.50 0.549
42.83 0.537
50.00 0.527
 1.400

1.200

1.000

0.800
Vs/fs(V/Hz)

0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

fs(Hz)
 Motor Current Vs. frequency

fs(Hz) Is(A)
1.17 0.8
2.50 1.1
4.33 1.1
6.17 1
8.00 0.8
10.00 0.7
13.17 0.65
25.50 0.8
42.83 0.9
50.00 0.9
 1.2

1.1

0.9

0.8
Is(A)

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

fs(Hz)
 Power Vs. frequency

fs(Hz) Ws(W)
1.167 20
2.500 20
4.333 20
6.167 20
8.000 20
10.000 20
13.167 20
25.500 60
42.833 120
50.000 140
 160

140

120

100
Ws(W)

80

60

40

20

0
0.000 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000

fs(Hz)
 Measurement of Speed Control Characteristics with Voltage Control
 Speed vs Inverter Output Voltage

Vs(V) Nr(rpm)
80 728
80 729.3
102 736.8
118 740
132 742.1
146 743.8
160 745
178 745.9
190 746.4
 750

745

740
Nr(rpm)

735

730

725
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Vs(V)
 Motor current Vs. Inverter output voltage

Vs(V) Is(A)
80 0.7
80 0.7
102 0.8
118 0.9
132 1
146 1.15
160 1.3
178 1.5
190 1.65
 Power Vs. Inverter output voltage

Vs(V) Ws(W)
80 60
80 60
102 40
118 60
132 60
146 80
160 80
178 100
190 100
 110

100

90

80

70
Ws(W)

60

50

40

30

20
50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210

Vs(V)
 Discussion
1. What is the motive for keeping V/f constant with adjustable speed drives?

V =E+ I ×( R1+ X 1)

E=4.44 k w . N . f .∮

(Assuming voltage drop across R1 and

X1 are negligible)

Then “ I ×( R1 + X 1 ) ” can be
neglected

∴ V ≈ E

V
So, ∮∝
f

If frequency is increased while keeping the voltage at constant, ∮ decreases which result in
decreasing the torque produced and also if frequency is decreased while keeping the voltage at
constant, ∮ increases which result in saturation of the core and hence it will draw more magnetic
current.

Therefore, maintaining a constant V/f relationship is crucial in order to maintain maximum

available torque and preventing magnetic saturation
2. Why not V is increased with f for speeds above the rated speed and the effect to the motor?

Frequently inverters are designed for direct connection to the main supply without a
transformer so as a result maximum inverter output voltage is limited to a value similar to that of the
main voltage. Since the inverter is normally designed for a standard induction motor (220 V, 50 Hz
operation). So it can be said that, when the inverter is set to deliver 50 Hz, the voltage should be 220 V
(within the inverter’s voltage range).
As for an example when the frequency is raised to 100 Hz, the voltage should be ideally
increased up to 440 V in order to obtain maximum flux. The inverter cannot supply voltages above
220 V, and it can only maintain up to speeds a little above rated speed. Furthermore it should be noted
that even if the inverter could provide higher voltages, they cannot apply to a standard motor since the
winding insulation is designed to withstand up to the rated voltage.

3. Compare the degree of speed controllability with frequency control and voltage control?

According the speed Vs. frequency graph it can be observed that for a unit Hz value speed is
increased by 29.385rpm.(approximate value gained by a linear trend line), and that rate is nearly fixed.
According to speed Vs. inverter output voltage graph, in order to increase the speed by 18.4rpm
(746.4 rpm-728 rpm),110V (190V-80V), voltage difference had to be given. And also that rate is
reducing with the increasing voltage.
So it can be said that degree of controllability with frequency control is higher than voltage
control.
4. Comment on the motor voltage and current waveform?
40Hz Voltage waveform signal (a non-sinusoidal AC wave form) is given to the motor and it is
generated by a six step voltage source inverter which can apply a constant voltage for a specific period
of time. And it also accounts for the constant torque speed controlling and frequency changing by
adjusting the potentiometer of the inverter.

Current waveform is also a 40-Hz frequency waveform but it is highly distorted compared to
the voltage waveform. And there is a phase shift between the two waveforms. The total harmonic
distortion of the current waveform is higher than that of the voltage waveform.
5. Outline the salient features of control circuit giving reasons for the use of different
potentiometers?
The speed-input signal in the converter control loop after removing its noise, sharp edges,
spikes,.. in the slow-up/slow-down circuit, is compared with the dc-link voltage feed back and then
again result signal is compared with the dc-link current feed back signal. This current control loop is
incorperated for stability reasons, and for protection purposes (for example: To clamp the maximum
current at some predetermined value). The resulting signal, after verifying for its range at the
compensation circuit, it is sent to the comparator circuit where it is compared with six saw-tooth
waveforms each having 600 phase difference, to generate six-converter drive signals. Sawtooth wave
forms are generated from six sine wave signals, deduced from the supply, using a sine to sawtooth
converter circuit. The gate signals are then applied to the converter through pulse transformers in the
gate drive circuits. The dc link voltage is therefore proportional to the speed-input signal.

Since the voltage feed back potentiometer affect the converrter section, only it can be
used to change Vdc without affecting thed frequency . Two potentiometers VR1 and VR2 on the slow-
up/slow-down circuits are used to adjust the rate of change of speed input signal. Potentiometers VR1
and VR3 of the N-I error amplfier are used to adjust the voltage and current feed back ratios
respectively. VR2 and VR4 are used to adjust the control signal transient and VR5 is to adjust final
signal range.