PHYSICS: PROJECT ON LASER

SENSITIVE ALARM

Name: K. Shanmukha Naveen

Class : XII
 COMPONENTS / MATERIAL REQUIRED

1)BREADBOARD: A breadboard also known as protoboard is a type of solderless electronic

circuit building. You can build a electronic circuit on a breadboard without any soldering!
Best of all it is reusable.

2)LDR: A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled

variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light
intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity
3) RESISTOR: A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of
electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific
voltage for an active device such as a transistor.

4) NPN TRANSISTOR: NPN is one of the two types of bipolar transistors, consisting of a
layer of P-doped semiconductor (the “base”) between two N-doped layers. A small current
entering the base is amplified to produce a large collector and emitter current.
5) LASER POINTER: A laser pointer or laser pen is a small handheld device with a power
source (usually a battery) and a laser diode emitting a very narrow coherent low-powered
laser beam of visible light, intended to be used to highlight something of interest by
illuminating it with a small bright spot of colored light.

6)LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when
an electric current passes through it.
7) BATTERY: A container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy is
converted into electricity and used as a source of power.

8) WIRE: Metal drawn out into the form of a thin flexible thread or rod. That connects
different components in a circuit.
9)BUZZER: An electrical device that makes a buzzing noise and is used for signaling.

10)BATTERY CLIP: It is the thing with two studs on it, it provides an electrical connection to
the battery.
11)CAPACITOR: A device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of
conductors separated by an insulator.
 INTRODUCTION

Security is a most important factor today. Technology develops day by day in the world. The
crime gang also improves their technology to perform their operation.

So technology of security should be modern with time to protect the crime works. We decide
to make a security project as our project. In this project we have used laser light to cover a
large area.

We know laser light goes through long distance without scattering effect. It’s also visible
only at source and incident point, otherwise invisible.

These two properties help us to build up a modern security system, which may name as
“laser security”.

When any person or object crossover the laser line the security alarm will ring and also the
focus light will “on” to focus the

entrance of unauthorized person. We can make security boundary of single laser light by
using mirror at every corner for reflection

.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

 Connect a photocell to a 5K resistor. This will pick up the laser light and enable the alarm.

2) Use a 2N7000 transistor to link the resistor, a 1uF 63v capacitor, a 5v siren and a 9v
battery clip. The attached schematic should demonstrate how the parts come together. Use a
breadboard to hold them in place and make sure the board is small enough to fit into a project
box. Do not connect the battery yet.

3) Use tape, glue, or strips of Velcro to mount the two project boxes on either side of the
door you wish to protect.

4) Connect a 9v battery to the first project box and replace it in the exact position is was in.

5) Turn the laser on with the toggle switch and make sure it lines up perfectly with the photo
cell. The alarm is now activated. If anything breaks the beam, the siren will go off.
 WORKING

1) This circuit is based on LDR (Light Depended Resistor), a variable resistor in which the
resistance varies according to the light intensity falling on it.

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2) The LDR and resistor R1 forms a potential divider network, which is the main part of our
security alarm circuit.

3) We have already discussed about how transistor acts as a switch, the same principle is
used here.

4) The voltage drop across the LDR is used to drive the transistor switch. When the voltage
drop is above cut in voltage (0.6V), the transistor is turned ON.

5) LDR has low resistance (mΩ range) in the presence of light and high resistance (MΩ
range) in the absence of light.

6) In our security alarm, a LASER light is allowed to fall on the LDR continuously using 3
mirrors (see the project arrangement figure).

7) Light from other sources should not be allowed to fall on the LDR, so place the LDR in a
box with a single hole to pass LASER.

8) In this situation, the resistance offered by LDR is too low, since the LASER light is
continuously allowed to fall on the LDR surface.

9) Thus the voltage drop across the LDR is also low [V=IR (Ohm’s law)] which is
insufficient to turn ON the transistor, so the transistor remains in OFF state.
10) When a person (e.g.: thief) makes a block to the continuous flow of LASER beam, then
the light falling on the LDR gets blocked. Thus its resistance increases to a high value in the
order of MΩ range (According to Ohm’s law V=IR).

11) While resistance increases the voltage drop also increases, when this voltage drop
exceeds the cut in voltage of the silicon NPN transistor (2N7000), it will turn ON.

12) Then current from Vcc starts flowing to ground via the buzzer and transistor, which
makes the beep sound.

13) The beep sound from the security alarm gives the indication of some security failures.
 USES OF LASER SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM

1) LASER SECURITY SYSTEM LOCKS WORKING: Laser door alarm is based on the
interruption of Laser beam. The laser pointer is used as the source of light beam.

 If somebody tries to break the laser path, then an alarm will be generated in a few seconds.
Normally laser door alarm circuit will have two sections.
 First one, laser transmitter is a laser pointer readily available. This is powered with 3-volt DC
supply and fixed on one side of the door frame.
 The receiver will have a Photo transistor at the front end. We use 2N7000 NPN Darlington
photo transistor as a laser sensor.
 Here IC1 is used as a voltage comparator with its inverting input tied to a potential divider
R2-R3. We use the inverting input to keep at half supply voltage.

2) LASER SYSTEM: Laser technology products will calculate distance by measuring the time
of flight of very short pulses of infrared light. It is different from the traditional surveying
instrument method of measuring phase shifts by comparing the incoming wavelength with
the phase of the outgoing light pulse.

 Solid objects will reflect back a certain percentage of the emitted light energy. It only needs
to be a small percentage for our sensitive detector to pick it. We can measure the time it takes
for a laser pulse to travel to the target and back with a reflection. By knowing the constant
speed of light we can calculate the distance traveled. It calculates accurate area of house and
protects it from thief’s.
 3) THEFT DETECTION BY LASER SYSTEM: It can be designed as a simple electronic project
for demonstration in science exhibitions. It can also be made as a mini or major project for
electrical or electronic students.

 When making this laser security system one can know all about laser beams and their
installation. While preparing a laser security system, we need to concentrate on the
microcontroller program and installed with the laser beam device.
 When using traditional photo resistors for preparing security systems one has to consider the
natural light phenomena. Laser are strong in beam width and can be focused on the perfect
target.
 By using laser security system one can

be safe in the case of harmful effects

to the body. As the beam width used in

The laser security systems are not strong

beam widths. Which are used in the

cutting devices.

4)OTHER USES OF LASER SECURITY SYSTEMS: The Laser security systems are high tech
innovations that have gained popularity in home and office security systems. These are used
to be expensive solutions for security needs. Depending on cost and fast technological
advancements laser security systems becoming more adoptable.
 CONCLUSION

 Home security is rapidly growing field and there are new & improved burglar alarms
popping up every day.
 With rapid advancement of technology, the filled is turning out to be an area full of scope
and new changes can be made to make it’s more efficient.
 It has years to come, because security is of prime importance to one and all.