574 Convection: Bounded Fluid Streams

Convection Heat Transfer:

Bounded Fluid Streams

Tube Flow and Laminar and Turbulent Nusselt Number Inclusion of Two-Stream
Heat Transfer Flows, Entrance Effect, Correlations Bounding Heat Exchange
and Phase Change Surface

Continuous Extended Surfaces: Coaxial Other

Solid Surface: Overall Surface Parallel Arrange-
Entrance Turbulent Flow ments
Region Transitional Flow Hydraulic Efficiency
Discontinuous Coaxial
Flow Liquid-Gas Diameter Counterflow
Laminar Phase Change Large Specific Areas:
Flow Particle Diameter

Area- Local Tube-Wall Local Surface- Average Uniform

Averaged Temperature Convection Convection Surface
Velocity Resistance Resistance Heat Flux
uf Velocity-Area Rku Ru L
Averaged Fluid
Temperature Axial Variation Effectiveness
Tf of Tf and Number of
Thermal Units
he , NTU

Chart 7.4. Various aspects of surface-convection heat transfer, for bounded fluids, considered
in Chapter 7.

7.2 Tube Flow and Heat Transfer

Consider steady-state fluid flow into a tube of circular cross section of diameter D,
with the incoming fluid temperature T f different than the tube surface temperature
T s . Figure 7.1 shows a typical tube flow and heat transfer. We consider a unidirectional
flow, i.e., having only an axial component of the velocity uf = (uf , 0, 0). This axial
component is designated by uf and is given as uf = uf (r), where r is the radial
location. Initially we assume a laminar flow, which has a smooth velocity distribution.
This is depicted in Figure 7.1.
The cross-sectional averaged fluid velocity uf  is obtained by averaging the fluid
velocity over the tube flow cross-sectional area Au , i.e.,

  D/2
1 8 area-averaged
uf A ≡ uf  ≡ uf dA = uf (x, r)rdr (7.1)
Au Au
2
D 0
fluid velocity,

where  A indicates an area-averaged quantity and D is the tube diameter. Here

for brevity, we have used uf  ≡ uf A.
From the equation for conservation of mass (1.26), for steady-state flow we have
(for the control surface A applied over any segment of the tube containing the fluid)

   
(ṁf · sn )dA = (ṁf · sn )dA = (ṁf · sn )dA + (ṁf · sn )dA = 0,
A Aku +Au Aku Au

ṁf = ρf uf  = constant continuity equation, (7.2)