Asd VS LRFD

Design of Steel Structures
Min. required references to solve the problems;

- AISC 360-10 / Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, 2010.
- ASCE/SEI 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, 2010.
- AISC Design examples 14.2 American Institute of Steel Construction, 2011.
- AISC Steel Construction Manuel American Institute of Steel Construction, 14. Ed. 2012.
- Steel Structures Design ASD/LRFD, Alan Williams, McGraw-Hill, 2011.
- Steel Design, 5th Ed., William T. Segui, Cengage Learning, 2013.
- Çelik Yapıların Tasarım, Hesap ve Yapım Esasları, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, 2016.
Important Notes;
In this study;
- Use Times New Roman and 12 pt format.
- All figures shall have high quality resolution (min. 300 dpi).
- Write your calculations using relevant formulas step-by-step & give explanations.
- In this study, all of the calculation values and results have to be converted in SI units.
- For this purpose, only use the AISC’s SI Conversion Table as given below.
1
Source: AISC Steel Construction Manuel American Institute of Steel Construction, 14th Ed., 2012
Selected shape type Properties of the steel section
2
SOURCE : AISC 360-10 DESIGN EXAMPLES V14.2
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE D.1 W-SHAPE TENSION MEMBER
Select an 8-in. (203.2 mm) W-shape, ASTM A992, to carry a dead load of 30 kips (133.447 kN)
and a live load of 90 kips (400.340 kN) in tension. The member is 25 ft (7625 mm) long. Verify
the member strength by both LRFD and ASD with the bolted end connection shown. Verify that
the member satisfies the recommended slenderness limit. Assume that connection limit states do
not govern.
Solution:
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required tensile strength is;
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL Pa = DL + LL
= 1.2 (133.447) + 1.6 (400.340) = 800.680 kN = 133.447 + 400.340 = 533.787 kN
AISC Shapes and Database;

From AISC Manual Tables 1-1 the geometric properties are as follows:
W 8 x 21
Ag = 3970 mm2
bf = 134 mm
tf = 10.2 mm
d = 210 mm
ry = 32 mm
AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties
are as follows for ASTM A992:
Fy = 344.750 N/mm2 Fu = 448.175 N/mm2
3
From AISC Manual Tables 1-8, the geometric properties are as follows:
WT 4 x 10.5
ȳ = 21.107 mm
Tensile yielding check:

LRFD ASD
Øt = 0.9 Ωt = 1.67
Pn = Fy A g Pn = Fy A g
Øt Pn = 0.345 x 3970 x 0.9 = 1232.685 > 800.680 kN Pn / Ωt = 1369.650 ÷ 1.67 = 820.150 > 533.787 kN
o.k o.k
Note: For calculation of loads don’t use the AISC Manual Table.
Calculate the values using the formulas of AISC as shown in this part.
Tensile rupture:
Verify the assumption Ae / Ag ≥ 0.75 for this connection:
Calculate the shear lag factor, U, as the larger of the values from AISC Specification Section D3,
Table D3.1 case 2 and case 7.
4
From AISC Specification Section D3, for open cross sections, U need not be less than the ratio of
the gross area of the connected element(s) to the member gross area.
.
U= = = 0.684
Case 2: use the AISC Specification Table D3.1 with ̅ = = 21.107 mm

.
U=1− =1− = 0.908
.
Case 7: < 2⁄3
bf = 134 mm
d = 210 mm
134 < 2/3 x 210= 140 U = 0.85
Use the maximum value of U: U = 0.908
Using AISC specification B4.3:

An = Ag – 4 x (dh + 1.588 mm) x tf
From Table: Bolt 3/4 in. Standard Diameter is 13/16 in. = 20.6375 mm
An = 3970 – 4 x ( 20.6375 + 1.588) x 10.2 = 3070.962 mm2
An = 3970 – 4 x 22.225 x 10.2 = 3070.962 mm2
NOTE: In Turkish Steel Design Code instead of (dh + 1.588 mm) expression (dh + 2.0 mm)
5
Calculate Ae = An U using AISC Specification Section D3.
Ae = 3070.962 x 0.908 = 2788.433 mm2
" .
= = 0.701 < 0.75 ; therefore, table values for rupture are not valid.
#
The available tensile rupture strength is,

Pn = Fu Ae
= 448.175 x 2787.091= 1249104.599 N = 1249.105 kN
From AISC Specification Section D2, the available tensile rupture strength is:
LRFD ASD
Øt = 0.75 Ωt = 2.00
Øt Pn = 0.75 x 1249.105 = 936.828 kN Pn / Ωt = 1249.105 ÷ 2 = 624.553 kN
Øt Pn = 936.828 > 800.680 kN o.k. Pn / Ωt = 624.553 > 533.787 kN o.k.
Check Recommended Slenderness Limit:

& (
'
=( .
) = 238.251 < 300 from AISC Specification Section D1. o.k.
The W8 x 21 available tensile strength is governed by the tensile rupture limit state at the end
connection.
6
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE D.2 SINGLE ANGLE TENSION MEMBER
Source: AISC Steel Construction Manuel American Institute of Steel Construction, 14th Ed.,
2016
Size Dimension Dimension Dimension Dimension Static

(in x in) Parameters
Depth h Thickness Sectional Weight Moment of

(in) s Area (lb/ft) Inertia
(in) (in2) Ix
(in4)
4x4 4 1/2 3.8 12.8 5.56
101.6 mm x 101.6 mm 12.7 mm 2451.6 mm^2 325.12 /mm 141.224 mm^4

101.6 mm
Given:
7
Verify, by both ASD and LRFD, the tensile strength of an L4x 4 x 1/2, ASTM A36, with one
line of (4) -3/4 in.-(19.05 mm) diameter bolts in standard holes. The member carries a dead
load of 20 kips (88.960 kN) and a live load of 60 kips (266.880 kN) in tension. Calculate at
what length this tension member would cease to satisfy the recommended slenderness limit.
Assume that connection limit states do not govern.
Solution:
From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows:
L4x4 x 1/2
ASTM A36
Fy = 36 ksi =248.22 N/mm^2
Fu = 58 ksi =399.91 N/mm^2
From AISC Manual Table 1-7, the geometric properties are as follows:
L4x4x 1/2
Ag = 3.75 in^2= 2149.35 mm^2
rz = 0.776 in.=19.71 mm
y = 1.18 in. = x=29.97 mm
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required tensile strength is:
8
LRFD
Pu=1.2 DL+ 1.6 LL
1.2 (88.960 kN)+1.6(266.880 kN)=533.76 kN
ASD
Pa= DL+LL
88.960 kN + 266.880kN = 355.84 kN
(d= 101.6 mm, bw=101.6 mm, t= 12.7 mm)
Tensile Yielding
Pn = FyAg
= 248.22 N/mm^2 (2419.35 mm^2)

= 600.531 kN
From AISC Specification Section D2, the available tensile yielding strength is:
LRFD
φt = 0.90
φtPn= 0.90(600.531 kN) = 540.477 kN
ASD
Ωt= 1.67
Pn /Ωt = 600.531 kN/ 1.67 = 359.599 kN
9
Tensile Rupture
Calculate U as the larger of the values from AISC Specification Section D3, Table D3.1 Case
2 and Case 8. From AISC Specification Section D3, for open cross sections, U need not be
less than the ratio of the gross area of the connected element(s) to the member gross area,
therefore,
U = 0.500
Case 2:
Case 8, with 4 or more fasteners per line in the direction of loading:
U=0.80
Use U= 0.869
Calculate An using AISC Specification Section B4.3
An = Ag –(dh+ 1/16)t =3.75in^2 – (13/16 in. + 1/16 in.) (1/2 in)
An= (2419.35 mm^2)-(20.6375 mm + 1.5875 mm) (12.7 mm)= 2137.09 mm
10
Calculate Ae using AISC Specification Section D3.
Ae= AnU= 2137.09 mm^2(0.869) =1857.1312 mm^2
Pn= FuAe =399.91 Mpa (1857.13 mm^2) =742.685 kN
LRFD
φt = 0.75
φtPn= 0.75(742.685 kN)= 557.014
ASD
Ωt= 2.00
Pn/Ωt =742.685 kN /2.00 = 371.3425 kN
The L4×4×1/2 available tensile strength is governed by the tensile yielding limit state
LRFD
φtPn=122 kip = 542.656 kN
542.656 kN > 533.760 kN ok
ASD
Pn/φt =359.398 kN
359.398 kN > 355.840 kN ok
Recommended Lmax
Using AISC Specification Section D1:
Lmax= 300r = (300)(0.776 in) (1ft/12.0 in) = 19.4 ft = 5.91312 m
Note: The L/r limit is a recommendation, not a requirement.
11
ASTM A36-STEEL BAR
Name Surname : Ecem TUNCER
Student Number : 120408001
University : İZMİR KATİP ÇELEBİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ
12
EXAMPLE D.3 WT-SHAPE TENSION MEMBER
Given:
A WT6×20, ASTM A992 member has a length of 9,144m and carries a dead load of 177kN
and a live load of 533kN in tension. The end connection is fillet welded on each side for
40,6cm Verify the member tensile strength by both LRFD and ASD. Assume that the gusset
plate and the weld are satisfactory.
Solution:
WT6×20
ASTM A992
Fy= 344 kPa
Fu= 448 kPa
WT6×20
Ag = 6.45 cm
bf = 20.3cm
tf = 1.308cm
rx= 3.98cm
y = 2.768cm = x (in equation for U)
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2(177kN) + 1.6(534 kN) Pa = 177kN + 534kN

= 1067kN = 711kN
Tensile Yielding
Check tensile yielding limit state using AISC Manual Table 5-3.
LRFD ASD
, ∗
=0.9*344*3767*10 =1169 kN =778kN
.
φtPn = 1169kN > 1067 kN o.k. P n Ω t = 778 kN > 711 kN o.k.
13
Tensile Rupture
Check tensile rupture limit state using AISC Manual Table 5-3.
LRFD ASD
φtPn = 951 kN < 1060 kN n.g. P n Ω t = 631 kN < 711 kN n.g.
The tabulated available rupture strengths may be conservative for this case; therefore,
calculate the exact solution.
Calculate U as the larger of the values from AISC Specification Section D3 and Table D3.1
case 2.
From AISC Specification Section D3, for open cross-sections, U need not be less than the
ratio of the gross area
of the connected element(s) to the member gross area.
. × .
U= = = 59.14
. .
Case 2:
.
U =1− =1− .
= 0.932
Use U = 0.932.
Calculate An using AISC Specification Section B4.3.

An = Ag (because there are no reductions due to holes or notches)= 6.45c

Ae = AnU (Spec. Eq. D3-1)= 6.45c (0.932)= 6.01c
Calculate Pn.
Pn = FuAe (Spec. Eq. D2-2)= 448.15kPa(6.01c )= 1574 kN
LRFD ASD
Ωt = 2.00
φt = 0.75 !" 1574 kN
= =787 kN
φtPn = 0.75(1574kN)= 1183 kN Ω# 2.00
1183 kN > 1067 kN o.k. 787 kN > 711 kN o.k.
14
Alternately, the available tensile rupture strengths can be determined by modifying the
tabulated values. The
available tensile rupture strengths published in the tension member selection tables are based
on the assumption
that Ae = 0.75Ag. The actual available strengths can be determined by adjusting the values
from AISC Manual
Table 5-3 as follows:
LRFD ASD
-
φtPn = 951 kN, .
.
!" 45
= 631 12 3 7
. Ω# 0.7546
= 951 kN , . 6.01c .
. . .
= 631 12 8 :
0.75 6.45c .
= 1183kN = 783 kN
The WT6×20 available tensile strength is governed by the tensile yielding limit state.
LRFD ASD
φtPn = 0,75*15722,9465=1179 kN
P n Ω t= 1572,9465*0,5=786 kN
1169 kN > 1067 kN o.k.
786 kN > 711 kN o.k.
Recommended Slenderness Limit
; =.
<
=, =
., .
. = 229 < 300 from AISC Specification Section D1 o.k.
See Chapter J for illustrations of connection limit state checks.
15
SOURCE: AISC 360-10 DESIGN EXAMPLES V14-2
EXAMPLE NO: EXAMPLE D.4 RECTANGULAR HSS TENSION MEMBER
-Verify the tensile strength of an HSS6x4x⅜ , ASTM A500 Grade B, with a length of 30 ft (9,144m). The
member is carrying a dead load of 35 kips(155,68N) and a live load of 105 kips(467,04N) in tension.
The end connection is a fillet welded 1/2-in(12,7mm) thick single concentric gusset plate with a weld
length of 16 in(406,4mm). Assume that the gusset plate and weld are satisfactory
AISC MANUAL TABLE 2-4
From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the materials properties

are as follows;
ASTM A500 Grade B
Fy=46 ksi(317,17 MPa)
Fu= 58 ksi(399,91 MpaFrom AISC Manual Table 1-11,

the geometric properties are as follow; AISC MANUAL TABLE 1-11
HSS6x4x⅜
Ag=6,18 in2 (3987,0888 mm2)
16
ry=1,55 in(39,37 mm)
t=0,349 in(8,8646 mm)
H=6 in(152,4 mm)
B= 4 in(101,6 mm)
LRFD ASD
Pu=1,2(DL) + 1,6(LL) Pa=DL + LL
=1,2(155,68N) + 1,6(467,04N) =155,68N+467,04N
=934,08 N =622,72 N
AISC Specification Table D3.1 Case 6
Calculate U from AISC Specification Table D3.1 Case 6.
> ? >@ ( , )? ( , )( , )
x= (>?@)
=
( , ? , )
=40,64 mm
x ,
U=1- =1- ,
=0,1
Allowing for a 1,5875 mm in fit-up between the HSS and the gusset plate:
An =Ag-2(tp+1,5875mm)t
=3987,0888 mm2 -2(12,7mm+1,5875mm)8,8646mm
=3733,782855 mm2
Ae =AnU
=(3733,782855 mm2) 0,1
17
=373,3782855 mm2
Calculate Pn.
Pn =FuAe
=(399,91 Mpa)( 373,3782855 mm2)
=149317,7102 N
Tensile Yielding
Check tensile yielding limit state using AISC Manual Table 5-4.
LRFD ASD
Pn
ᶲtPn=ᶲt(FyAg) =0.90(317,17 MPa *3987,0888 E
=(317,17 MPa *3987,0888 mm2)/1,67
mm2)
=1138126,459 N>934,08N o.k

=757236,4998N>622,72N o.k
From AISC Specification Section D2, the available tensile rupture strength is :
LRFD ASD
ᶲt=0,75 Ωt=2,0
Pn
=(149317,7102 N)/2,0
E
ᶲtPn=0,75*(149317,7102 N)
=74658,8551N>622,72N
=111988,2827 N>934,08N
The HSS available tensile strength is governed by the tensile rupture limit state.
Recommended Slenderness Limit

; =,
<
= =,
=232
232<300 from AISC Specification Section D1 o.k
Name Surname: Okan ARGIŞ
Number:120408005
University:IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY
18
SOURCE : BOOK-STEEL DESIGN (SEGUI 2013)
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE 3.1 PLATE TENSION MEMBER
A1∕2 × 5 (12.7×127) plate of A36 steel is used as a tension member. It is connected to a gusset
plate with four 5∕8-inch-diameter (15.875mm) bolts as shown in Figure 3.3. Assume that the
effective net area Ae equals the actual net area An (we cover computation of effective net area
in Section 3.3).
a. What is the design strength for LRFD?
b. What is the allowable strength for ASD?
SOLUTION :
For yielding of the gross section:
Ag = 12.7 ×127 = 1612.9 mm2
And the nominal strength is,
SOURCE: TABLE 1-1 in STEEL DESIGN (SEGUI 2013)
1 ksi = 6.895 N/mm2
19
Pn = FyAg = 36×6.895×1612.9 = 400354 N
For fracture of the net section,
An = Ag – Ahole = Ag – 2 holes × (dh + 1.588) ×tr
Ag = 1612.9 mm2
tr = ½ in = 12.7 mm
dh = 11/16 in = 17.46 mm
An = 1612.9 - 2× (17.46+1.588) ×12.7 = 1129.1 mm2
Ae = An = 1129.1 mm2 (This is true for this example, in generally An is founded by using U.)
The nominal strength is
Pn = FuAe = 58×6.895×1129.1 = 451538 N
a. The design strength based on yielding is
ØtPn = 0.90 × 400354 = 360318.6 N = 360.3 kN
The design strength based on fracture is
ØtPn = 0.75 × 451538 = 338653.5 N = 338.7 kN
20
ANSWER : The design strength for LRFD is the smaller value: 338.7 kN
b. The allowable strength based on yielding is

Pn 400354
ΩG
= H.IJ
= 239732.9 N = 239.8 kN
The allowable strength based on fracture is

Pn 451538
ΩG
= K.LL
= 225769 N = 225.8 kN
ANSWER : The allowable service load is the smaller value = 225.8 kN
Name Surname : Haydar Onur ÖZER
Student Number: 120408010
University : İZMİR KATİP ÇELEBİ UNIVERSITY
21
22
SOURCE : BOOK-STEEL DESIGN (SEGUI 2013)
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE 3.2 PLATE TENSION MEMBER
A single-angle tension member, an L31∕2 × 31∕2 × 3∕8, (88.9x88.9x9.525)mm is connected to a gusset plate
with 7∕8-inch-diameter (22.225)mm bolts as shown in Figure 3.4. A36 steel is used. The service loads are
35 kips (155.688 KN) dead load and 15 kips (66.723 KN) live load. Investigate this member for
compliance with the AISC Specification. Assume that the effective net area is 85% of the computed net
area.
a. Use LRFD.
b. Use ASD.
Solution:
First, compute the nominal strengths.

Gross section:
Ag=2.48 in 1600 mm2
And the nominal strength is,
SOURCE: TABLE 1-1 in STEEL DESIGN (SEGUI 2013)
A36
23
1ksi=6.895 N/mm2
Fy= 36 ksi = 36× 6.895= 248.22 N/mm2
Fu= 58 ksi = 58×6.895 = 399.9 N/mm2
L31∕2 × 31∕2 × 3∕8 = L(88.9x88.9x9.525)mm
tr= 1/8 in = 9.525 mm
dh= 7/8 in = 22.225 mm
A n = A g – A hole = A g – 1 hole × (d h + 2+2) ×t r
= 1600-1×(22.225+2+2) × 9.525 = 1350.2 mm2
Ae= An × U , U= 1-x/l (From table D3.1)
Ae=An (%85)
Ae=0.85× 1350.2 = 1147.67 mm2
Yield on Gross Section;
Pn = Fu × Ae = 58×6.895×(1147.67) = 458964.7N(Newton)
Pn=Fy × Ag = 36×6.895×(1600) = 397152 N.mm2
a.The design strength based on yielding is
ØtPn = 0.90 × 397152 = 357436.8 N = 357.4 kN (LRFD)
Pn 397152
= = 237815.56N = 237.81 kN (ASD)
ΩG H.IJ
b.The design strength based on fracture is
ØtPn = 0.75 ×458964.7 = 344223 N = 344.22 kN (LRFD)
24
Pn 458964.7
= = 229482.35 N = 229.48 kN (ASD)
ΩG K.LL
RESULT: The design strength for LRFD is the smaller value: 344.22 kN
The design strength for ASD is the smaller value: 229.48 kN
Name Surname : Ahmet SARISÖZEN
Student Number: 120408013
25
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE D.1 W-SHAPE TENSION MEMBER
A double-angle shape is shown in Figure 3.5. The steel is A36, and the holes are for 1∕2-
inch(12.7 mm)-diameter bolts. Assume that Ae = 0.75An.
a. Determine the design tensile strength for LRFD.
b. Determine the allowable strength for ASD.
FIGURE 3.5
(2L127 x 76.2 x 7.94 LLBB)
SOLUTION
2012
26
2L5 × 3 × 5⁄16 LLBB
Ag = 1554.8356 mm2
b = 76.2 mm
h = 127 mm
r = 2.46 mm
t = 7.94 mm
Figure 3.5 illustrates the notation for unequal-leg double-angle shapes. The notation LLBB
means “long-legs back-to-back,” and SLBB indicates “short-legs back-to back.” When a
double-shape section is used, two approaches are possible: (1) consider a single shape and
double everything, or (2) consider two shapes from the outset. (Properties of the double-angle
shape are given in Part 1 of the Manual.) In this example, we consider one angle and double
the result. For one angle, the nominal strength based on the gross area is
Pn = Fy Ag = 248.22 x 1554.8356 = 385.94 kN
There are two holes in each angle, so the net area of one angle is
An = Ag – tf x (dh + 1.588 mm) x 2
An = 1554.8356 – (7.94)(12.7 + 2) x 2 = 1321.3996 mm2
The effective net area is
Calculate Ae = An U using AISC Specification Section D3.
Ae = 19.05 x 51.2826 = 976.9335 mm2
The nominal strength based on the net area is
Pn = Fu Ae = 399.91 x 976.7722 = 390.62 kN
27
From AISC Specification Section D2 and Book - Steel Design Fifth Edition Chapter 3.2
(William T. Segui)
a. The design strength based on yielding of the gross area is

ɸt Pn = 0.90 x 385.94 = 347.35 kN
The design strength based on fracture of the net area is
ɸt Pn = 0.75 x 390.62 = 292.97 kN
Because 292.97 kN < 347.35 kN, fracture of the net section controls, and the design strength
for the two angles is 2 × 292.97 kN = 585.94 kN.
b. The allowable stress approach will be used. For the gross section,
Ft = 0.6 x Fy = 0.6 x 248.22 = 148.93 N/mm2
The corresponding allowable load is
Ft Ag = 148.93 x 1554.8356 = 231.56 kN
For the net section,
Ft = 0.5 x Fu = 0.5 x 399.91 = 199.96 N/mm2
The corresponding allowable load is
Ft Ae = 199.96 x 976.9335 = 195.35 kN
Because 195.35 kN < 231.56 kN, fracture of the net section controls, and the allowable
strength for the two angles is 2 × 195.35 = 390.7 kN.
Name Surname : Mehmet Akif GÜNDOĞDU
University : Izmir Katip Celebi University
28
SOURCE: McSWEENEYSTEEL.COM
L8*6*½
SOURCE: STEEL DESIGN, SEGUI 5th EDITION
EXAMPLE NO: CHAPTER 3 TENSION MEMBERS 3.7
An angle with staggered fasteners in each leg is shown in Figure 3.17. A36 steel is
used, and holes are for 22,225 mm-diameter bolts.
a. Determine the design strength for LRFD.
b. Determine the allowable strength for ASD.
29
SOLUTION:
From the dimensions and properties tables, the gross area is Ag=4387,1 mm2. The
effective hole diameter is
22,225+3,175=25,4mm
For line abdf, the net area is
An=Ag- ∑ #w * (d or d’)
4387,1 – 12,7 * 25,4 * 2 = 3742 mm2

∗O^
For line abceg, An = Ag -∑ N e * t + ∑
, ^
An=4387,1 – 12,7 * 25,4 – 12,7*[25,4- ∗ ,
] – 12,7*25,4
4387,1-322,6-319,7-322,6 = 3422,2 mm2
Because 1/10 of the load has been transferred from the member by the fastener at d,
this potential failure line must resist only 9/10 of the load. Therefore the net area of 3422,2
mm2 should be multiplied by 10/9 to obtain a net area that can be compared with those lines
that resist the full load. Use
An = 3422,2 * (10/9) = 3802,4 mm2 for line abcdeg.
gcd = 76,2 + 57,15 – 12,7 = 120,6 mm
An = 4387,1 – 12,7* 2,54 – 12,7*[25,4 – (38,1)2/(4*63,5)] – 12,7[25,4 –

(38,1)2/(4*120,6)] – 12,7[25,4-(38,1)2/(4*76,2)] = 3268 mm2
The last case controls: use
An=3268 mm2
*Both legs of the angle are connected, so
Ae=An=3268 mm2
*The nominal strength based on fracture is
Pn= Fu * Ae
Fu = 400Mpa
400 Mpa * 3268 * 10-6 m2 = 1307,2 kN
*The nominal strength based on yielding is
Fy=250Mpa Pn= Fy * Ag
30
Pn = 250 * 4387,1 * 10-6 = 1096,8 kN
a) The design strength based on fracture is

Øt * Pn = 0,750 * 1307,2 = 980,4 kN
Øt * Pn = 0,90 * 1096,8 = 987,1
Design strength = 980,4 kN
b) For the limit state of fracture, the allowable stress is

Ft = 0,5 * Fu = 0,5 * 400 Mpa = 200Mpa and the allowable strength is
Ft * Ae = 200Mpa * 3268 * 10-6 = 653,6 kN
For yielding;
Ft= 0,6 * Fy = 0,6 * 250Mpa = 150 Mpa
Ft * Ag = 150Mpa * 4387,1 * 10-6 = 658kN
Allowable strength= 653,6 kN
FATİH HALİL ERDEM
120408018
IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY
31
SOURCE : STEEL DESIGN 5THE EDITION WILLIAM T.
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE 3.8 C-SHAPE TENSION MEMBER
Determine the smallest net area for the American Standard Channal shown in figure 3.18.
The holes are for 5/8 inch diameter bolts.
Figure 3.18
SOLUTION :
Source : From American Standard Channel Tables 1-1 the geometric properties are as
follows:
32
Ag = 2465 mm2
bf = 54.78 mm
tw = 11.10 mm
depth = 54.80 mm
We can calculate An with ;
An =Ag -∑tw x w
Bolt diameter = 15.88 mm
33
Hole diameter = 15.88 + 1.588 = 17.568 mm
Effective hole diameter ( w ) = 17.568 mm + 1.588 mm = 19.06 mm
NOTE: In Turkish Steel Design Code instead of (d + 1.588 mm) expression (d + 2.0 mm)
We have 2 lines for calculate the smallest net area. Line abe and line abcd.
Line abe :
An = Ag - tw x d = 2465 – 11.1 x 19.06 = 2253 mm2
Line abcd :
An =Ag -∑tw x d + ∑ tw x s2/ ( 4 x g)
s = 50.08 mm from figure 3.18
g = 76.2 mm from figure 3.18
An = 2465 – 2 x 11.10 x 19.06 + 50.082 x 11.10 / ( 4 x 76.2 ) = 2133 mm2
2133 < 2253
ANSWER : The smallest net area = 2133 mm2
Name Surname : Sefa ÇAĞLAR
34
SOURCE :Book: Steel Design 5th Ed. W.T. SEGUI:
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE 3.9
Ag=Gross section area An=Net section area
A36 has 50,000-79,800 (400-550 MPa) ultimate tensile strength,
Minimum yield strength is 36,000 psi (250 MPa),
Ultimate tensile strength of 58,000–80,000 psi (400–550 MPa).
Designation Dimensions Moment of Elastic Section

Inertia Modulus
Imperial Depth Width Web Sectional Weight Ix Iy Wx Wy

(in x lb/ft) h w Thickness (lb/ft) (in4) (in4 ) (in3) (in3)
(in)m s(in)m Area
(in)m (in2)m2 kg/m m4 m4 m3 m3
S 15 x 50 15 5.640 0.550 14.7 50 486 15.7 64.8 5.57

-5 -7 -4 -5
0.381 0.143 0.014 9.48x10-3 1.48 20.2x10 65.3x10 10.6x10 9.1x10
Find the available strength of the S-shape shown in Figure 3.20. The holes are for 3 ⁄4-
inch(19.05mm)-diameter bolts. Use A36 steel.
35
SOLUTION
An = Ag - ∑t × (d or d’)
Effective hole diameter = (3÷4) + (1÷8) = (7÷8)inch [(0.01905m + 0.003175m)=0.022m]
For line ad,
An = 14.7-4(7÷8)(0.622)=12.52 in2 [9.48x10-3-4(0.022)(0.0158)]=8.07x10-3m2
For line abcd, the gage distance for use in the s2÷4g term is
(g÷2)+g1-(tw÷2)=(3.5÷2)+2.75-(0.550÷2)= 4.225 in(0.089÷2)+0.07-(0.014÷2)=0.10m
Figure 3.20.
Starting at a and treating the holes at b and d as the staggered holes gives
An = Ag - ∑t × (d or d’)
=14.7-4(7÷8)(0.622)-(0.550)[(7÷8)-(1.52÷4(4.225))]-(0.550)(7÷8)-2(0.622)[(7÷8)-
(1.52÷4(4.225))]=11.73in2
0.37-4(0.022)(0.0158)-(0.014)[(0.022)-(0.0382÷4(0.10))]-(0.014)(0.022)-2(0.0158)[(0.022)-
(0.0382÷4(0.10))]=7.567x10-3m2
Line abcd controls. As all elements of the cross section are connected,
Ae=An=11.73 in2 (7.567x10-3m2)
For the net section, the nominal strength is
Pn=FuAe=58(11.73)=680.3 kips (400x106)(7.567x10-3)=3026.8kN
For the gross section,
Pn = FyAg= 36(14.7) = 529.2 kips (250MPa x 0.37)=2354kN
36
LRFD SOLUTION
The design strength based on fracture is
ɸtPn=0.75(680.3)=510 kips (0.75(3026800)=2270.1kN)
The design strength based on yielding is
ɸtPn=0.90(529.2)=476 kips (0.90 x 2354000)=2118.6kN)
Yielding of the gross section controls.
ANSWER
Design strength = 476 kips(2118.6kN)
ASD SOLUTION
The allowable stress based on fracture is
Ft=0.5Fu=0.5(58)=29.0ksi (0.5(400MPa)=200MPa)
and the corresponding allowable strength is FtAe=29.0(11.73)=340 kips

______________________________________(200MPa x 7.567x10-3=151.34kN)
The allowable stress based on yielding is
Ft=0.6Fy=0.6(36)=21.6ksi (0.6(250MPa)=150MPa)
and the corresponding allowable strength is FtAg=21.6(14.7)=318kips.
________________________________________150MPa(9.48x10-3)=1422kN
Yielding of the gross section controls.
ANSWER
Allowable strength = 318 kips. (1422kN).
İhsan Ümit AĞZIBÜYÜK
120408021
37
SOURCE : STEEL DESIGN 5th EDITION WILLIAM T. SEQUI
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE 3.10 BLOCK SHEAR STRENGTH OF TENSION

MEMBER
Source: AISC Steel Construction Manuel American Institute of Steel Construction, 14th
Edition
Selected shape type Properties of the steel section
38
Compute the block shear strength of the tension member shown in Figure 3.23. The holes are
for 7∕8 (22.225 mm)-inch-diameter bolts, and A36 steel is used.
a. Use LRFD.
b. Use ASD.
Solution:
From ANSI AISC 360-10 Chapter J Design of Connections Section J4.3. Block Shear
Strength or From Book- Steel Design 5th Edition William T. Sequi Chapter 3 Tension
Member Section 3.5. Block Shear
AISC Shapes and Database;
39
L31/2*31/2*3/8, A36
A = 1612.9 mm2
h= 88.9 mm
b= 88.9 mm
t = 9.525 mm
Q̅ = 25.4 mm
S = 25.4 mm
k=19.05 mm
The available strength for the limit state of block shear rupture along a shear failure path or
paths and a perpendicular tension failure path shall be taken as
Rn = 0.6FuAnv + UbsFuAnt ≤ 0.6FyAgv + UbsFuAnt (AISC Equation J4-5)
Where the tension stress is uniform (angles, gusset plates, and most coped beams), Ubs = 1;
where the tension stress is nonuniform, Ubs = 0.5
Agv = gross area along the shear surface or surfaces
The shear areas are
Agv = (9.525)(190.5) = 1814.5 mm2
Anv = net area along the shear surface or surfaces

(longitudinal surface ab)
and, since there are 2.5i hole diameters,
Anv = 9.525 [190.5-2.5(22.225+3.175)]

=1209.675 mm2
40
Ant = net area along the tension surface (transverse section bc)
The tension area is
Ant = 9.525 [38.1-0.5(22.225+3.175)] = 241.935 mm2
(The factor of 0.5 is used because there is one-half of a hole diameter in the tension section)
AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows for A36:
Fy = 248.22 N/mm2 Fu = 399.91 N/mm2
Since the block shear will occur in an angle, Ubs =1.0 and from AISC Equation J4-5,
Rn = 0.6FuAnv + UbsFuAnt
=0.6(399.91)(1209.675)+1(399.91)(241.935)
=387 kN
with an upper limit of
0.6FyAgv + UbsFuAnt = 0.6(248.22)(1814.5)+1(399.91)(241.935) = 366.989 kN
The nominal block shear strength is therefore 366.989 kN
The design strength for LRFD is φRn , the allowable strength for ASD is Rn/Ω
For LRFD, the resistance factor φ is 0.75, and for ASD, the safety factor Ω is 2 (according to
AISC is 2). These are the factors used for the fracture—or rupture—limit state, and block
shear is a rupture limit state.
LRFD ASD
Φ = 0.75 Ω= 2
φRn = 0.75(366.989) Rn/Ω = 366.989/2
φRn = 275.241 kN Rn/Ω =183.49 kN
Name Surname : Gözde GÖRMÜŞ
University : Izmir Katip Celebi University
41
SOURCE : STEEL DESIGN 5th EDITION WILLIAM T. SEQUI
A tension member with a length of 1.7526 m must resist a service dead load
of 80.064 kN and a service live load of 231.296 kN. Select a member with a rectangular cross
section. Use A36 steel and assume a connection with one line of 0.2225 mm diameter bolts.
SOLUTION:
LRFD
Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2(18*4.448) + 1.6(52*4.448) =466.1504 kN =466150.4 N
firstly, we calculate gross area
4 =Pu/Φ ∗ UV = Pu/0.90*UV =466150.4/0.90*(36*6.894)=2086.93 mm^2
then, we calculate effective area
A- = Pu/Φ ∗ UX = Pu/0.75*UX =466150.4/0.75*(58*6.894)=1554.40 mm^2
we try t=1 in = 25.4 mm
then, we calculate Y
Y = 4 /t=/2086.93/25.4=82,16mm
and we try 25.4 mm*88.9 mm(cross section)
A- = 4\] 4 − 4_` -
= (25,4*88,9) -(23,8125+2)*25,4=1602,43 mm^2 > 1554,40 mm^2 (OK)
we check slenderness ratio;
a b\ = 88.9 ∗ (25.4)^3 / 12 =121400.83 mm^4
A=25.4*88.9=2258.06 mm^2
we know that I=A*r^2 and we find r;
d b\ = ea b\ /A=e121400.83/2258.06=7.33 mm
for slenderness ratio limitation will be satisfied L/r<300
maximum L/r= 1752.6/7.33=239.09 239<300 (OK)
42
ASD
Pa=D+L=80.064+231.296=311.36 kN=311360 N
for yielding, U = 0.6 ∗ UV = 0.6*(36*6.894)=148.9104
Then. we calculate gross area,
4 =Pa/U =311360/148.9104=2090.92 mm^2
for fracture, U =0.5UX =0.5*58*6,894=199.926
we calculate effectıve area,
4- =Pa/U =311360/199.926=1557.37 mm^2
we try t=1 in=25.4mm and calculate Y
Y = 4 /t=2090,92/25,4=82,32 mm
and we try 25,4 mm *88,9 mm (cross section)
A- = 4\] 4 − 4_` -
= (25.4*88.9) -(23.8125+2)*25,4 =1602,43 mm^2 > 1557,37 mm^2 (OK)
we check slenderness ratio;
a b\ = 88.9 ∗ (25.4)^3 / 12 =121400.83 mm^4
A=25.4*88.9=2258.06 mm^2
we know that I=A*r^2 and we find r;
d b\ = ea b\ /A=e121400.83/2258.06=7.33 mm
for slenderness ratio limitation will be satisfied L/r<300
maximum L/r= 1752.6/7.33=239.09 239<300 (OK)
NAME SURNAME :ARTUĞ ENES ALTINTAŞ
STUDENT NUMBER :120408029
UNIVERSITY:IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY
43
SOURCE : BOOK: STEEL DESIGN 5TH EDITION WILLIAM T. SEGUI
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE 3.12 L-SHAPED TENSION MEMBER
Select an unequal-leg angle tension member 15 feet (4572mm) long to resist a service dead
load of 35 kips(155.68 kN) and a service live load of 70 kips(311.36 kN). Use A36 steel. The
connection is shown below.
(19.05mm)
Solution:
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL Pa = DL + LL
= 1.2 (155.68) + 1.6 (311.36) = 684.99 kN = 155.68 + 311.36 = 467.04 kN
For LRFD; (AISC 360-10)

Tensile yielding in the gross section: Øt= 0.9
Pu = Fy A g
Øt Pu
Tensile rupture in net section: Øt = 0.75
Pu = Fu Ae
Ae= effective net area, (mm2)
Ag=gross area of member, (mm2)
Fy=specified minimum yield stress, (MPa)
44
Fu= specified minimum tensile strength, (MPa)
From AISC Steel Construction Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows for
A36;
Fy=36ksi (248.2 MPa)
Fu=50ksi (400 MPa)
fg .==(lm)
Required Ag= Øi∗jk = =3066.5mm2 (4.75 in2)
.= ∗ . (m/ )
fg .==(lm)
Required Ae = = 2163.3 mm2 (3.54 in2)
Øi∗jg . ∗ (m/ )
=
• Members designed for tension; the slenderness ratio; L/r ≤300
The radius of gyration should be at least;
L=15 feet(4572mm)
n 4572
d= = = 15.24 (0.6 o")
300 300
To find the lightest shape that satisfies these criteria, we search the dimensions and
properties table for the unequal-leg angle that has the smallest acceptable gross area and then
check the effective net area. The radius of gyration can be checked by inspection.There are
two lines of bolts, so the connected leg must be at least 5 inches long (see the usual gages for
angles in Figure 1). Starting at either end of the table, we find that the shape with the smallest
area that is at least equal to 4.75 in2 is an L6 × 4 × 1∕2 with an area of 4.75 in.2 and a
minimum radius of gyration of 0.864 in.
Try L6 × 4 × 1∕2.
45
Figure 1
Ed.,2010
Ed.,2010
An = Ag – 2 x (dh + 1.588 mm) x tf
46
Source: AISC360-10 J3.3
An = 3066.5 – 2 x(20.6375 + 1.588) x12.7 =2501.98 mm2
An = 3066.5 – 2x 22.225 x12.7 = 2501.98 mm2 (3.875in2)
NOTE: In Turkish Steel Design Code instead of (dh + 1.588 mm) expression we use
(dh + 2.0 mm).
Calculate Ae = AnU using AISC Specification Section D3 Table D3.1 case2 and case 8..
Because the length of the connection is not known, Equation in case 2 cannot be used to
compute the shear lag factor U. Since there are four bolts in the direction of the load, we will
use the alternative value of U = 0.80.
Source: AISC360-10 Section D3
47
Ae=AnU=2501.98(0.80)=2001.6mm2 ≤ 2163.3 mm2 (Not OK)
We try the next larger shape from the dimensions and properties tables.
Ed.,2010
Try L5 ×3 × 5∕8 (Ag = 4.93 in2 and rmin = 0.746 in.)
(Ag = 3180.6 mm2 and rmin =189.5mm)

Thickness(t)=5/8 in.=15.87mm
An = Ag – 2 x (dh + 1.588 mm) x tf (mm)
An=3180.6-2 (20.6375 + 1.588)(15.87)=2477.8mm2
Ae=AnU=2477.8(0.80)=1982.2 mm2 ≤ 2163.3 mm2 (Not OK)
Passing over the next few heavier shapes,
Ed.,2010
Try L8 × 4 × 1∕2 (Ag = 5.80 in2 and rmin = 0.863 in.)

(Ag = 3741.9mm2 and rmin = 21.9mm)
48
An=3741.9 - 2 (20.6375 + 1.588)(12.7)=3177.4mm2
Ae=AnU=3177.4 (0.80)=2541.9 mm2 > 2163.3 mm2 OK
For ASD; (AISC 360-10)
Tensile yielding in the gross section: Ωt = 1.67

Pa = Fy Ag
Pa/ Ωt
Tensile rupture in net section: Ωt= 2.00
Pa = Fu Ae
Pa =467.04 kN
fp∗qi . ∗ . (lm)
Required Ag= = =3142.5 mm2 (4.86 in2)
jk . (m/ )
fp∗qi . ∗ . (lm)
Required Ae= = 2335.2 mm2 (3.62 in2)
jg (r/ )
=
;
Required rmin= = = 15.24 (0.6 o")
Try L8 × 4 × 1∕2 (Ag = 5.80 in.2 and rmin = 0.863 in.) (Ag = 3741.9 mm2 and rmin = 21.92mm).
For a shear lag factor U of 0.80,
An=3741.9 - 2 (20.6375 + 1.588)(12.7)=3177.4mm2

Ae=AnU=3177.4 (0.80)=2541.9 mm2 > 2335.2 mm2 OK
This shape satisfies all requirements for both LRFD and ASD, so use an L8 × 4 × 1∕2.
Name Surname : ÖZGE SÜMER
University : IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY
49
SOURCE : STEEL DESIGN 5TH ED. WILLIAM.T SEGUI EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE 3.13 L-SHAPED TENSION MEMBER
Design the tension member of Example 3.12 with the aid of the tables in Part 5 of the Manual.
(19.05 mm)
SOLUTION
LRFD
Has taken from (AISC 360-10) for LRFD
Tensile yielding in the gross section: Øt= 0.9
Pu = Fy A g
Øt Pu
Tensile rupture in net section: Øt = 0.75
Pu = Fu Ae
• Members designed for tension; the slenderness ratio; L/r ≤300
The radius of gyration should be at least;
L=(4572mm)
n
d=
4572
$ $ 15.24
300 300
50
!X $ A684.992 12)
r tu ≥ 15.24 mm
UV = (248.2 w!x)
UX = (400 w!x)
|} .==(lm)
y5z{od5N 4 = ∅ = ‚ = 3066.5
• ∗€• .= ∗ . ( )
ƒƒ
!X 684.99(12)
y5z{od5N 4- = = = 2163.3
∅ ∗ UX 0.75 ∗ 400( 2 )
The tables for design of tension members (from table D2-2 on page 16.1-26 of AISC) give
values of 4 and 4- for various shapes based on the assumption that 4- = 0.754 . In addition,
the corresponding available strengths based on yielding and rupture (fracture) are given. All
values available for angles are for A36 steel. Starting with the lighter shapes (the ones with
the smaller gross area), we find that an L6 × 4 ×1„2 , with ∅ !\ = (684.992 kN) based on the
gross section and ∅ !\ =(689.44 kN) based on the net section, is a possibility. From the
dimensions and properties tables in Part 1 of the Manual, r tu = (21.9456 mm). To check this
selection, we must compute the actual net area. If we assume that U = 0.80,
(Note: We already showed the tables on previosus example for angle leg sizes)
51
We use on this example 8th case with 4 or more fasteners per line in the direction of loading,
so take use U=0.80
Au $ A… − A†‡ˆ‰Š $ 3066.5 − 2 ∗ (20.6375 + 1.588) ∗ 12.7 = 2501.98mm
A‰ = Au ∗ U = 2501.98 ∗ (0.80) = 2073.584mm
52
∅i Pu $ ∅i Fg A‰ $ 0.75 ∗ 400 ∗ 2073.584 = 622.075 12 < 684.992 12 (2• •••‘)
This shape did not work because the ratio of actual effective net area A‰ to gross area A… is
not equal to 0.75. The ratio is closer to
2073.584
= 0.6762
3066.5
This corresponds to a required ∅i Pu (based on rupture) of
0.75 0.75
∗ !X = ∗ (684.99212) = 759.751 12
x’#{x“ dx#o” 0.6762
Try an L8 × 4 × 1∕2, with ∅i Pu = (836.224 Kn) (based on yielding) and ∅i Pu =(840.672 kN)
(based on rupture strength, with A‰ = 0.75A… = (2780.64 )). From the dimensions and
properties tables in Part 1 of the Manual, r tu = (21.9202mm). The actual effective net area
and rupture strength are computed as follows:
(A… = 3741.928mm ) Has found from Ex. 3.12
Au = A… − A†‡ˆ‰Š = 3741.928 − 2 ∗ (20.637 + 1.588) ∗ 12.7 = 3177.41mm
A- = 4\ • = 3177.41 ∗ (0.80) = 2541.93
∅i Pu = ∅i Fg A‰ = 0.75 ∗ 400 ∗ 2541.93 = 762.579 kN > 684.992 12 (•—)
ANSWER: Use an L8 × 4 × 1 ∕2, connected through the 203.2 mm leg.
ASD
SOLUTION
Has taken from (AISC 360-10) for ASD
Tensile yielding in the gross section: Ωt = 1.67
Pa = Fy Ag
Pa/ Ωt
Tensile rupture in net section: Ωt= 2.00
Pa = Fu Ae
53
Pa =467.04 kN
r tu $ 15.24
From Manual Table 5-2, try an L5 × 3 × 5 ∕8, with PnΩt = (471.488 kN) based on yielding
of the gross section and PnΩt = (475.936 kN) based on rupture of the net section. From the
dimensions and properties tables in Part 1 of the Manual, rmin = (18.95mm)
L5 ×3 × 5∕8 (Ag = 4.93 in2 and rmin = 0.746 in.) Has found from Ex. 3.12
(Ag = 3180.6 mm2 and rmin =18.95mm)

Thickness(t)=5/8 in.=15.87mm
Using a shear lag factor U of 0.80, the actual effective net area is computed as follows:
Au = A… − A†‡ˆ‰Š =3180.6 - 2 *(20.6375 + 1.588)(15.87)=2477.8mm2
A- = 4\ • =2477.8(0.80)=1982.2 mm2 ≤ 2163.3 mm2

and the allowable strength based on rupture of the net section is
f˜ jš ›œ ∗( = . )
= = = 396.440 kN < 467.040 12 (NO GOOD)
q™ q™
This shape did not work because the ratio of actual effective net area Ae to gross area Ag is
not equal to 0.75. The ratio is closer to
1982.2
= 0.623
3180.6
This corresponds to a required PnΩt (based on rupture), for purposes of using verify the
assumption Ae / Ag ≥ 0.75 for this connection, of
0.75
∗ 467.040 kN = 562.247 kN
0.623
54
Using this as a guide, try L6 × 4 × 5 ∕8, with PnΩt = (560.448 kN) based on yielding of the
gross section and PnΩt = (569.344 kN) based on rupture of the net section. From the
dimensions and properties tables in Part 1 of the Manual, rmin = (21.82mm)
L6 × 4 × 5 ∕8 (Ag = 5.86 in2 and rmin = 0.859 in.) Has found from Ex. 3.12
(Ag = 3780.6 mm2 and rmin =21.82mm)
Au $ A… − A†‡ˆ‰Š $ 3780.6 − 2 ∗ (20.6375 + 1.588) ∗ (15.87) = 3075.16 mm
A- = 4\ • = 3075.16 ∗ 0.80 = 2460.126
Pu Fg A‰ 400 ∗ (2460.126)
= = = 492.025 12 > 467.040 12 (•—)
Ωi Ωi 2
ANSWER: Use an L6 × 4 × 5 ∕8, connected through the 152.4mm leg.
NOTE:
Name Surname :MERT YEŞİLÇINAR
Student Number :120408032
University :IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF

ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING
55
SOURCE : BOOK STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN A.WILLAMS
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE 9.1 W-SHAPE TENSION MEMBER
→The spliced joint shown in Fig. 9.3 is connected with 3/4-in (19.05 mm) diameter
bolts in standard holes. The plate material is A36 steel. Assuming that the bolts are
satisfactory and that block shear does not govern, determine the available tensile
strength of the plates.
31,75 mm 31,75 mm
←→ ←→
76,2 mm
76,2 mm 304,8 mm
76,2 mm
1,2
3
9,525 mm
Pr Pr
14,28 mm
Solution:
The 1/2-in plate governs and from Fig. 9.3 the relevant parameters are
w = 304,8 mm t = 12,7 mm g = 76,2 mm s = 31,75mm
dh = (db + 2mm )
19,05 mm + 2 mm = 21,05 mm
The gross area of the 1/2-in plate is given by
Ag = wt
56
304,8 mm * 12,7 mm = 3870,96 mm2
For the straight perpendicular fracture 1-1, the net area of the plate is given by
An = t(w − 2dh)
= 12,7 ( 304,8-2*21,05)
=3336,29 mm
For the staggered fracture 2-2, the net area of the plate is given by
An = t(w − 3dh + s2/4g)

=12,7 ( 304,8-3*21,05+(31,752)/4*76,2mm
= 3110,95 mm
The connection consists of 10 bolts, each of which may be considered to support 10

percent of the applied tensile force. Since bolt A is in front of fracture plane 2-2, the
fracture plane is required to support only 90 percent of the applied force and the
equivalent net area is
A(n) equiv = A(n)/0.9
= 3110,95 mm / 0.9
=3456,61 mm
For the staggered fracture 3-3, the net area of the plate is given by
An = t(w − 4dh + 3s2/4g)

=12,7 ( 304,8-3*21,05+3*(31,752)/4*76,2mm
= 3194,95 mm
For flat plates the shear lag factor is U = 1.0. Hence,
Ae = AnU
= 3194,95 mm
57
The minimum effective area is limited to
Ae = 0.85Ag
0.85 × 3870,96 mm2
=3290,31 mm2 ... does not govern
LRFD ASD
The design tensile yield strength is The allowable tensile yield strength is
ϕtPn = 0,9 Fy .Ag Pn/Ωt = Fy.Ag/1,67
=0,9*250*3870,96 =250*3870,96/1,67
=870,966 kpa =579,485 Kpa
The design tensile rupture strength is The allowable tensile rupture strength is
ϕtPn = 0,75*Fu*Ae Pn/Ωt = FuAe/2.00
=0,75*400*3290 =400*3290/2.00
=987,000 kpa =658,000kpa
Name Surname : EMRE YILDIRIM
University :IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY
58
SOURCE : BOOK STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN A.WILLAMS
The 1/2-in plate shown in Fig. 9.5 is connected to a gusset plate with longitudinal fillet welds
as
indicated. The plate material is A36 steel. Assuming that the welds are satisfactory and that
block shear does not govern, determine the available tensile capacity of the plate.
The relevant parameters are obtained from Fig. as
From AISC 360 Table D3.1 the shear lag factor is U = 0.87.
w = 101,6 mm t = 12,7 mm l = 152,4 mm l/w = 1.5
Solution:
The gross area of the 1/2-in plate is given by
{4 ]ž }
4 $ 101,6( )Q12,7( ) = 1,29Q10
The effective net area is given by AISC 360 Eq. (D3-1) as
4- = 4\ • = 4 • = 0,87Q1,29Q10 = 1,12Q10 ( )
59
LRFD ASD
The design tensile rupture strength is The allowable tensile rupture strength
is
Ÿ !\ $ 0,75QUX 4-
!\ U{ 4-
= 0,75Q400(w!x)Q1,12Q10 ( ) Ω
=
2.00
2
= 336Q10 400(w!x)Q1,12Q103 ( )
=
2.00
= 224
The design tensile yield strength is
Ÿ !\ = 0,9QUV 4 The allowable tensile yield strength is
= 0,9Q250(w!x)Q1,29Q10
= 290,25Q10 … 6”¡5d"¢ !\ US 4
3
250(w!x)Q1,29Q10
= =
Ω 2.00 1,67
3
= 193,1Q10 … 6”¡5d"¢
Name Surname : Jumanazar OZZYYEV
60
SOURCE:Steel Structures Desing by A.Williams
EXAMPLE NO: Example 9.3 Double Angle Bolted Connection
The two 3½- × 3½- × 3/8-in angles, shown in Fig. 9.6, are bolted to a 3/4-in plate
with 3/4-in dia bolts. All components are grade 36 steel. Assuming that bolt strength
and block shear do not govern, determine the available tensile strength of the double
angles.
Figure:9.6
Solution:
The hole diameter is defined as
Where
And
=22,225mm
The gross area of the two angles is given by AISC Manual Table 5-8 as
61
The net area of the two angles is given by
The shear lag factor U is defined in AISC 360 Table D3.1 Case 2 as
where = eccentricity of connection
= 25,4mm(1.0in) ... from AISC Manual Table 1-7
I = length of the connection = 228,6mm(9in).....from Fig. 9.6
And U=1.0 – 25,4mm/228,6mm
=0,89
62
Alternatively, using AISC 360 Table D3.1 Case 8, the shear lag factor is given as
U = 0.80
< 0.89 ... governs
Hence,
=2776,51*0,89
LRFD ASD
= 0.75 *400,822*
=( 400,822* )/2
=742853,01 N
=493752,6 N
The design tensile yield strength is
The allowable tensile yield strength is
= 0.9*248,68*
= 716163,68 N … governs =(248,68* )/1,67
=475959,71 N … governs
Name Surname : MEHMET EMİN GÖR

63
SOURCE : STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN A.WILLIAMS
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE 9.4. DOUBLE ANGLE WELDED CONNECTİON
The two 3½- × 3½- × 3/8-in (88.9-x88.9-x9.525-mm) angles, shown in Fig. 9.8, are fillet
welded all round to a 3/4-in(19.05-mm) plate. All components are grade 36 steel. Assuming
that weld strength and block shear do not govern, determine the available tensile strength of
the double angles.
The gross area of the two angles is given by AISC Manual Table 5-8 as
A=2.48 in2(1599.997 mm2) from table Ag= 2 x 1599.997= 3199.994 mm2

=An
64
The shear lag factor U is defined in AISC 360 Table D3.1 Case 2 as
U=1.0 − x / ℓ
Where x = eccentricity of connection

=1.0 in (25.4 mm)... from AISC Manual Table 1-7
=length of the connection
=12 in (304.8mm)... from Fig. 9.8
And U=1.0 – 25.4/304.8

=0.917
Hence, Ae=AnU=AgU
=3199.994 × 0.917
= 2934.395 mm2
Fu= 58 ksi (400 N/mm ) Fy= 36 ksi (248 N/mm2)
2
LRFD ASD
Φt Pn= 0.75 Fu Ae Pn/Ωt = Fu Ae/2.00
=0.75 × 0.400 × 2934.395 =0.400 × 2934.395/2
=880 kN =587kN
Φt Pn=0.9 Fy Ag Pn/Ωt =Fy Ag/1.67
=0.9 × 0.248 × 3199.994 =0.248× 3199.994 /1.67
=714 kN... governs =475 kN... governs
Name Surname : Hazal IŞIN
65
SOURCE : STEEL STRUCTURE DESIGN
EXAMPLE NO : 9.5.HOLLOW SECTION
Determine the available tensile capacity of the connection shown in figure. The yield stress of
the HSS 6.000 × 0.280 is Fy = 42 ksi (289.59 Mpa) and the tensile strength is Fu = 58 ksi
(358.54 Mpa). The strength of the 1/2-in (12.7 mm) gusset plate and the 1/4-in (6.35 mm)
fillet weld is adequate.
HSS 6.000 x 0.280
6.35 mm
Solution:
The relevant properties of the HSS 6.000× 0.280 are obtained from AISC Manual Table 1-13
as
Ag = 3.0258x103 mm2 t = 6.604 mm

To allow clearance for the gusset plate, the slot is cut 1/8 in oversize, and the net section of
the hollow structural section at the gusset plate is
An = Ag − 2(tg + 0.125)t
=3.0258x103 mm2 − 2(12.7 + 0.125) × 6.604
=2.8564 x103 mm2
The centroidal height of each segment of the hollow structural section, with a diameter of D
=152mm, is given by AISC 360 Table D3.1 as
x¯ = D/π
=152/3.142
=48.376 mm
The ratio of length of weld to diameter of the hollow structural section is
l/D = 228.6/152
=1.50
66
>1.30
Hence, from AISC 360 Table D3.1 the shear lag factor is given by
U = 1.0
The effective net area of the hollow structural section is given by AISC 360 Eq. (D3-1) as
Ae = AnU
= 2.8564 x103 × 1.0
= 2.8564 x103 mm2
LRFD ASD
ϕtPn = 0.75Fu.Ae Pn/Ωt = Fu.Ae/2.00
=0.75x358.54x2.8564 x103 =358.54x2.8564 x103/2
=768.100 kpa =512.067 kpa
ϕtPn = 0.9Fy.Ag Pn/Ωt = FyAg/1.67
=0.9x289.59x3.0258x103 =289.59x3.0258x103/1.67
=788.617 kpa =524.695 kpa
Name Surname : ÖZGE OĞUR
67
SOURCE: AISC DESIGN EXAMPLES V.14
EXAMPLE:E.1A W-SHAPE COLUMN DESIGN WITH PINNED ENDS
Given:
Select an ASTM A992 (Fy = 50 ksi=344,74Mpa) W-shape column to carry

an axial dead load of 140 kips=622,75Mpa and live load of 420 kips
=1868,25Mpa. The column is 30 ft=9,144m long and is pinned top and
bottom in both axes. Limit the column size to a nominal 14-in. shape.
Solution:
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required compressive strength is:
LRFD ASD
Pa = 140 kips + 420 kips
Pu = 1.2(140 kips) + 1.6(420 kips) = 560 kips
= 840 kips
Pu=1,2(622,75kn)+1,6(1868,25kn) Pa=622,75+1868,25
=3736,5kn =2491kn
Column Selection
From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition, K = 1.0.
Because the unbraced length is the same in both the x-x and y-y directions and rx exceeds ry for all W-
shapes, y-y axis bucking will govern.
Enter the table with an effective length, KL y, of 30 ft, and proceed across the table until reaching the
least weight shape with an available strength that equals or exceeds the required strength.
Select a W14 x132.
Design Examples V14.2
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
68
Return to Table of Contents
E-5
From AISC Manual Table 4-1, the available strength for a y-y axis effective length of 30 ft is:
LRFD ASD
ØcPn = 893 kips(3972,26kn) > 840 kips(3736,5kn) P

o.k. Øc/Pn = 594 kips(2642.24kn) >560kips(2491kn)
n
o.k.
69
EXAMPLE E.1C W-SHAPE AVAILABLE STRENGTH CALCULATION
Given:
Calculate the available strength of a W14x132 column with unbraced lengths of 30 ft = 9.144m in
both axes. The material properties and loads are as given in Example E.1A.
Web Flange Elastic Properties
Area Depth Thickness Width Thickness Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

b t I S r I S r
Designation A d tw f f x x x y y y
2 4 3 4 3
in in in in in in in in in in in
W14X132 38.8 14.66 0.645 14.725 1.030 1530 209 6.28 548 74.5 3.76
(mm) 985,51 372,11 16,383 374,015 26,162 (159,51 mm2 95,5)
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy = 50 ksi (344,74Mpa)
Fu = 65 ksi (448,16Mpa)
W14X132
2 2
Ag = 38.8 in. =985,51 mm
rx=6.28 in. = 159,51 mm2
ry = 3.76 in. = 95,5 mm2
Slenderness Check
Because the unbraced length is the same for both axes, the y-y axis will govern.
K y Ly 1.0 30.0 ft 12.0in
ry 3.76 in. ft
= 95.7
K y Ly 1.0*9(,144*1000mm)
ry 95,5
= 95.7
70
For Fy = 50 ksi=344,74Mpa, the available critical stresses, cFcr and Fcr/ c for KL/r = 95.7 are
interpolated from AISC Manual Table 4-22 as follows:
LRFD ASD
ØcFcr = 23.0 ksi(158,57Mpa) Fcr
= 15.4 ksi (106,17Mpa)
Ώc
Øc Pn = 38.8 in.2 23.0 ksi (158,57Mpa)
Pn
=38.8 in.2 (15.4 ksi) (106,17Mpa)
Ώc
= 893 kips(3972,26kn) > 840 = 594 kips(2642.24kn)

kips(3736,5kn) o.k. >560kips(2491kn) o.k.
Note that the calculated values are approximately equal to the tabulated values
Mehmet Levent Çümen-130408007
71
SOURCE: AISC DESIGN EXAMPLES V.14
EXAMPLE: E1-C and E1-D W SHAPE AVAILABLE STRENGHT CALCULATION
Given: Calculate the available strength of a W14x132 column with umbraced lenght of 30 ft (9.144
m) in both axes. The material properties and loads are as given in example E.1A.
Solution:
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2(622.7 kN) + 1.6(1868 kN) Pa = 622.7 kN + 1868 kN

= 3736kN= 3.736 MN = 2491 kN =2.491 MN
ASTM A992
Fy=50 ksi (344.75 MPa) (MPa=N/mm2)
Fu=65 ksi(448 MPa)
W14-132
Ag=38.8 in2 (25000 mm2)
rx=6.28 in (159.5 mm)
ry=3.76 in (95.5 mm)
Slenderness Check
From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition K=1.0.
Because the unbraced length is the same for both axes, the y-y axis will govern.
) =95.75
( . ( . )
.
=(
72
For Fy=344.75 MPa , the available critical stresses, ΦcFcr and Fcr/Ωc for KL/r=95.75 are
interpolated from AISC Manual Table 4-22 as follows:
When KL/r ≤ 4.71 , cr= [0.658Fy/Fe]Fy
.
( / )
Fe= = 215 MPa (E=199.9x109 N/mm2 ) Elastic Buckling
( . )
.! "
95.75 ≤ 4.71 95.75 ≤ 4.71 95.75 ≤ 113
So, cr= [0.658Fy/Fe]Fy
cr= [0.658(344.75MPa/215MPa)]344.75MPa= 176 MPa
For W14-132:
ΦcPn = 3972kN (893kips) LRFD
01
Ω3
= 2642 kN (594 kips) ASD
LRFD ASD
Pn = A5 Fcr = 176 MPa(

;
) x (25000==> ) Pn = 4.4 MN
= 4.4 MN
01
ΦcPn = 0.9x(4.4 MN) =4.4 MN/1.67)
Ω3
= 3.960 MN
= 2.635MN
(Pu ) 3.736 @A < 3.960 MN (Pa ) 2.5 MN < 2.635 MN

O.K.
O.K.
73
EXAMPLE E.1D W- SHAPE AVAILABLE STRENGHT CALCULATIONS
Given: Calculate the available strenght of a W14x90 with a strong axis unbraced lenght of 30.0 ft
(9.15 m) and weak axis and torsional unbraced lenghts of 15.0 ft (4.6 m). That material properties
and loads are given in Example E.1A.
Solution:
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2(622.7 kN) + 1.6(1868 kN) Pa = 622.7 kN + 1868 kN

= 3736kN= 3.736 MN = 2491 kN =2.491 MN
ASTM A992
Fy=50 ksi (344.75 MPa)
Fu= 65ksi (448 MPa)
W14x90
Ag=17092mm2 (26.5 in.2)
rx= 156 mm (6.14 in.)
ry= 94 mm (3.70 in
Slendernes Check
From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition.
K=1.0.
CDE/FE = 1.0(9.15=)/0.156= =58.6
CGDG/FG =1.0(4.6=)/0.094) =48.9
74
Critical Stresses
The available critical stresses may be interpolated from AISC Manual Table 4-22 or calculated
directly as follows:
Calculate the elastic critical buckling stress, Fe.
>
( / )>
e=
= H2 (199.9E10 IJ) /(58.6)2 = 574.5@IJ
Calculate the flexural buckling stress, Fcr.
( . KL)
.! MKL
4.71 =4.71 = 113
Because =58.6 ≤113,
OF = [0.658Fy/Fe] G
.! MKL
= P0.658 ! . MKL Q 349.25@IJ
.
= 268@IJ
Nominal Compressive Strenght

In= cr. Rg
= 268 @IJ( ) (17092==2)

S
>
= 4.58@A
75
From AISC Specification Section E1, the available compressive strenght is:
LRFD ASD
TO = 0.90 ΩO = 1.67
TO. IU = 0.90(4.58@A) IU/ ΩO = 4.58@A/ 1.67

=4.12 MN = 2.74 MN
= (IV)3.736 @A < 4.12 @A O.K. = (IJ)2.5 @A < 2.74 @A W. C.
MELİKE KARA 130408011

İZMİR KATİP ÇELEBİ UNIVERSITY
76
EXAMPLE E.2 BUILT-UP COLUMN WITH A SLENDER WEB
Given:
Verify that a built-up, ASTM A572 Grade 50 column with PL 25.4 mm × 203,2 mm
flanges and a PL 6.35 mm × 381mm web is sufficient to carry a dead load of 311,36N and
live load of 934,08N in axial compression. The column length is 4,572 m and the ends are
pinned in both axes.
Solution:
From AISC Manual Table 2-5, the material properties
are as follows: Built-Up Column
ASTM A572 Grade 50
Fy = 344,75 MPa
Fu = 448,175 MPa
The geometric properties are as follows:
Built-Up Column
d=431,8 mm
bf=203,2 mm
tf=25,4 mm
h=381 mm
tw=6,35 mm
77
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2(311,36N) + 1.6(934,08N) Pa = 311,36N + 934,08N
= 1868,16 N = 1245,44 N
Built-Up Section Properties (ignoring fillet welds)
A = 2(203,2 mm)( 25,4 mm) + 381 mm(6,35 mm)

= 12774,168 mm2
>(> . )(> .> )^ Y (Z. )^

> >
Iy= +
=355,4*10^5 mm4
[
\
ry=
355,4 ∗ 10^5==4
=]
12774,168 mm2
=52.832mm
Ix=∑ Rd2 + ∑
bc^
>
(Z. )( Y )^ >(> .> )(> . )^

> >
=2(5161.28mm2)(203.2mm)2 + +
=457.8*106 mm4
Elastic Flexural Buckling Stress
78
Because the unbraced length is the same for both axes, the y-y axis will govern by inspection.
=( )
. ( . !> )
>.Y >
)(
=86.5
. ∗
de
( )^>
Fe=
f
. ∗ MKL
YZ. ^>
=
=264.09 MPa
Elastic Critical Torsional Buckling Stress

Note: Torsional buckling generally will not govern if KLy≥ KLz; however, the check is included here
to illustrate the calculation.
From the User Note in AISC Specification Section E4,
Cw= (Iy*h02)/4
=((355.4*10^5 mm4)(406.4 mm)2)/4
=1.469*1012 mm6
From AISC Design Guide 9, Equation 3.4,
J=∑
bg^
79
>(> .> )(> . )h i ( Y )(Z. )^
=
=2251812 mm4
+ mn]
. ∗ jk
( ) [ i[
Fe=[
+ (77224 @IJ)(2251812 == )]
. ∗( MKL)( . Z ∗ o ")
p( . )( !> )q [ i[
=[
=633.65 MPa ≥ 264.079 MPa

Therefore, the flexural buckling limit state
controls. Use Fe =264.079 MPa
Slenderness
Check for slender flanges using AISC Specification Table B4.1a, then determine Qs, the
unstiffened element (flange) reduction factor using AISC Specification Section E7.1.
Calculate kc using AISC Specification Table B4.1b note [a].
rc/gk
kc=
r Y /Z.
=
=0.516, which is between 0.35 and 0.76
80
For the flanges,
b
g
=
.Z
> .
=
=4.00
Determine the flange limiting slenderness ratio,,from AISC specification Table B4a1 case 2,
st
=0.64
. Z( MKL)
.! MKL
=0.64
=11.1
λ; therefore . the flange is not slender and Qs = 1.0.

Check for a slender web, then determine Qa, the stiffened element (web) reduction factor using
AISC Specification Section E7.2
c
g
λ=
Y
Z.
=
=60.0
Determine the slender web limit from AISC Specification Table B4.1a case 5
u
vw
λ r =1.49
xyyyzz
{||.}z
=1.49
=35.9
λ > λ r therefore, the web is slender
Qa = Ae / Ag
where Ae = effective area based on the reduced effective width, be

For AISC Specification Equation E7-17, take f as Fcr with Fcr calculated based on Q = 1.0.
Select between AISC Specification Equations E7-2 and E7-3 based on KL/ry.
KL/r = 86.5 as previously calculated
81
xyyyzz
~ {||.}z∗x.•
4.71 =4.71
>86.5
=113>
~
Because KL/r ≤ 4.71
Fcr = Q [0.658Q*Fy/Fe ]Fy
= 1.0[ 0.6581.0*344.75/264]344.75
=199.955 MPa
.
be =1.92t €
[1- •
( )
‚
€
] ≤ b .where b=h
.
hƒo
. (".h„) .
1.92*6.35* [1- ] ≤ 381
317.5 mm < 381 mm.; therefore, compute Ae with reduced effective web width
Ae = betw + 2 bftf
= 317.5*6.35+2*25.4*203.2
2
=12322.556 mm
Qa = Ae / A
=12322.556/12774.168
=0.965
Q = QsQa from AISC Specification Section E7

= 1.00(0.965)
= 0.965
Flexural Buckling Stress
Determine whether AISC Specification Equation E7-2 or E7-3 applies.

KL/r = 86.5 as previously calculated
82
xyyyzz
~ {||.}z∗•.y…z
4.71 =4.71
>86.5
=115>86.5
Therefore, AISC Specification Equation E7-2 applies.
Fcr = Q [0.658Q*Fy/Fe ]Fy
= 0.965[ 0.6580.965*344.75/264]344.75
=196.5 MPa
Nominal Compressive Strength

Pn = Fcr*Ag
=196.5*12774.168
=2508.7 N
From AISC Specification Section E1, the available compressive strength is:
LRFD ASD
Øc = 0.90 Ωc = 1.67
Øc Pn = 0.90 x 2508.7 N = 2259.9 N Pn / Ωc = 2508.7 N ÷ 1.67 = 1503.4N
ØcPn = 2259.9N > 1868.16 N o.k. Pn / Ωc = 1503.4 N >1245.4 N o.k.
Name Surname :MUSTAFA YEŞİL

83
EXAMPLE E.3 BUILT-UP COLUMN WITH SLENDER FLANGES
Given:
Determine if a built-up, ASTM A572 Grade 50 column with PL9.525 mm. x 266.7 mm. flanges and
a PL 6.35 mm. x 184.15 mm. web has sufficient available strength to carry a dead load of 177.9 kPa
and a live load of 533.8 kPa in axial compression. The column’s unbraced length is 4.57 m in both
axes and the ends are pinned.
Solution:
From AISC Manuel Table 2-5,the material properties are as follows.
Built-Up Column ASTM A572 Grade 50
Fy = 344.75 MPa
Fu = 448.18 MPa
84
Built up Column
d=203.2 mm
bf =266.7 mm
t f =9.525 mm
h=184.15 mm
t w =6.35 mm
L=4570 mm
The required compressive strength is:

LRFD ASD
PU =1.2*(177.92 kN)+1.6(533.76 kN) PU =177.92 kN+533.76 kN
=1067.52 kN =711.68 kN

Ag = 2(266.7 mm)(9.525 mm) +(184.15 mm)(6.35mm)
=6249.988 mm2
Because the unbraced length is the same for both axes, the weak axis will govern.
(9.525mm)(266.7mm)3 (184.15mm)(6.35mm)3
I y =2 [ ]+
12 12
=30.11* 106 mm4
Iy
ry =
A
30.11*106 mm 4
=
6249.988 mm2
=69.41 mm
3 3
I x =2(266.7mm)(9.525mm) (96.836mm)2 + (6.35mm) *(184.15mm) + 2(266.7 mm)(9.525mm)
12 12
= 51.08*106 mm 4
85
Web Slenderness
Determine the limiting slenderness ratio, λr , from AISC Specification Table B4.1a case 5:
E
λr =1.49
Fy
199955MPa
=1.49 =35.88
344.75MPa
h
λ= (Width to thickness ratio)
tw
184.15mm
=
6.35mm
=29.0
λ 〈 λr ;therefore,the web is not slender.
Note that the fillet welds are ignored in the calculation of h for built up sections.
Flange Slenderness
Calculate kc ,
4
kc = from AISC Specification
h / tw
4
kc =
184.15mm
6.35mm
=0.743,where 0.35 ≤ kc ≤ 0.76 o.k.
Use kc =0.743
86
Determine the limiting slenderness ratio, λr ,from AISC Specification Table B4.1a case 2.
kc E
λr =0.64
Fy
199955MPa(0.743)
=0.64
344.75MPa
=13.28
b
λ=
t
133.35mm
=
9.525mm
=14.0
λ 〉 λr ;therefore,the flanges are slender
For compression members with slender elements, Section E7 of the AISC Specification applies.
The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be determined based on the limit states of flexural,
torsional and flexural-torsional buckling. Depending on the slenderness of the column, AISC
Specification Equation E7-2 or E7-3 applies. Fe is used in both equations and is calculated as the
lesser of AISC Specification Equations E3-4 and E4-4.
87
From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition,
K = 1.0.
K y Ly 1.0(4570mm)
=
ry 69.41 mm
=65.84
Elastic Critical Stress, Fe , for Flexural Buckling
π 2E
Fe = 2
 KL 
 r 
π 2 (199955MPa)
=
(65.84)2
=455.25MPa
Elastic Critical Stress, Fe , for Torsional Buckling
Note: This limit state is not likely to govern, but the check is included here for completeness.
I y ho 2
Cw =
4
30.11*106 mm4 (193.68mm) 2
=
4
= 2.82*1011 mm6
88
2(266.7mm)(9.525mm)3 + 184.15mm.(6.35mm.)3
=
3
= 16.94*104 mm4
 π 2 ECw  1
Fe =  + GJ 
 Ix + I y
2
 ( K z L)
=  π (199955MPa )(2.82*10 mm ) + (77224 MPa)(16.94*104 mm 4 )   
2 11 6
1
4 
  51.08*10 mm + 30.11*10 mm 
2 6 4 6
 (1* 4570mm)
=489.33 MPa > 455.25MPa
Therefore,use Fe = 455.25 MPa
Slenderness Reduction Factor, Q

Q = Qs Qa from AISC Specification section E7 where Qa = 1.0 because the web are not slender.
Calculate QX , the unstiffened element (flange) reduction factor from AISC Specification Section
E7.1(b). Determine the proper equation for Qs by checking limits for AISC Specification
Equations E7-7 to E7-9.
b
=14.0 as previously calculated
t
Ekc (199955MPa)(0.743)
0.64 = 0.64
Fy 344.75MPa
=13.3
Ekc 199955MPa (0.743)
1.17 = 1.17
Fy 344.75MPa
=24.3
Ekc b Ekc
0.64 < ≤ 1.17 therefore,AISC Specification Equation E7-8 applies.
Fy t Fy
89
b Fy
Qs = 1.415 − 0.65( )
t Ekc
344.75MPa
=1.415-0.65(14.0) = 0.977
199955MPa (0.743)
Q = QsQa
=0.977(1.0)
=0.977
E 199955MPa
4.71 = 4.71
QFy 0.977(344.75MPa)
115 > 65.9, therefore,AISC Specification Equation E7-2 applies.
 QFy

Fcr = Q  0.658 Fe  Fy
 
 0.977(344.75 MPa )

= 0.977 0.658 455.25 MPa  (344.75MPa )
 
=247.12 MPa
Pn = Fcr Ag
=247.12MPa(6249.988 mm2 )
=1544.5 kN
LRFD ASD
φc = 0.90 Ω c = 1.67
φc Pn = 0.90(1544.5kN ) Pn 1544.5kN
=
=1390.05kN > 1067.52 kN o.k. Ωc 1.67
=924.85 kN > 711.68 kN o.k.
Note: Built-up sections are generally more expensive than standard rolled shapes; therefore, a
standard compact shape, such as a W8 35 might be a better choice even if the weight is somewhat
higher. This selection could be taken directly from AISC Manual Table 4-1.
Name-Surname:Gökhan KARTAL
Student Number:130408016
University:Izmir Katip Celebi University
90
EXAMPLE E.4A W-SHAPE COMPRESSION MEMBER
This example is primarily intended to illustrate the use of the alignment chart for sidesway
uninhibited columns in conjunction with the effective length method.
Given:
The member sizes shown for the moment frame illustrated here (sidesway uninhibited in the plane of the
frame) have been determined to be adequate for lateral loads. The material for both the column and the
girders is ASTM A992. The loads shown at each level are the accumulated dead loads and live loads at that
story. The column is fixed at the base about the x-x axis of the column
Determine if the column is adequate to support the gravity loads shown. Assume the column is continuously
supported in the transverse direction (the y-y axis of the column.
Solution
ASTM A992
Fy=344.7 MPa
Fu=448.1 MPa
W18x50
IX=333X10^6 mm^4
W24X55
IX=562x10^6 mm^4
91
W14x82
Ag=10x10^6 mm^4
Ix= 366.7x10^6 mm^4
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required compressive strength for the column between the roof and floor is:
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2 (185 kN) +1.6 (556 kN) Pa = 185
= 1111 kN +556
= 741 kN
Effective Length Factor

Calculate the stifness reduction parameter, τb , using AISC Manual Table 4-21.
LRFD ASD
PU/Ag= 1111 kN/15483.9 mm^2 Pa/Ag= 742 kN/15483.9 mm^2
PU/Ag= 71.7 kPa Pa/Ag= 47.9 kPa
τb=1.00 τb=1.00
Therefore no reduction in stiffness for inelastic buckling will be required.
Determine Gtop and Gbottom.
†‡ˆ‡
∑( )
‰‡
τ †ŠˆŠ
∑( )
Gtop =
‰Š
h"".•Žo•" ••^‘
( )
‘ "•. ’’
200@‹J Œ
hhhŽo•"’’^‘ (
2 Œ 200@‹J Œ ( )
=1.00* (From Spec.Comm. Eq. C-A-7-3)
o•.""ƒ ’
=1.38
92
†‡ˆ‡
∑( )
‰‡
GBottom = †ŠˆŠ
∑( )
‰Š
h"".•Žo•" ••^‘
‘ "•. ’’
200@‹J Œ
=1.00*
„" Žo•" ••^‘ (From Spec.Comm.Eq. C-A-7-3)
o•.""ƒ ’
2 Œ 200@‹J Œ
=1.63
From the alignment chart, AISC Specification Commentary Figure C-A-7.2, K is slightly less than 1.5;
therefore use K = 1.5. Because the column available strength tables are based on the KL about the y-y axis, the
equivalent effective column length of the upper segment for use in the table is:
“Ž
“”
KL=
. >Z
>.
=
=2.62 meters
93
Take the avaible strength of the W14x82 from AISC Manuel Table 4-1
At KL=2.74 meters, the availe strength in axial compression is:

LRFD ASD
φcPn = 4181 kN > 1111 kN Pn
= 2784 kN > 742 kips
o.k
o.
.
Column A-B
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required compressive strength for the column between the floor and the
foundation is:
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2(444 kN) + 1.6(1334 kips) Pa = 444 kN + 1334 kN
= 2668 kN = 1780 kips
Effective Length Factor
Calculate the stiffness reduction parameter, τb, using AISC Manual Table 4-21
LRFD ASD
Pu / Ag = 2700 kN/15.555 mm^2 Pa / Ag = 1780 kN/15.555 mm^2
=172 Mpa =115 Mpa
τb=1.00 τb=0.994
Determine Gtop and Gbottom accounting for column inelasticity by replacing EcIc with τb(EcIc). Use τb = 0.994.
••••• •–— Ž h"".• ••‘

‘ "•. ’’
2Œ
••••• •–— „" Žo•" ••‘

=(0.994)
o•.""ƒ ’
2 Œ
=1.62
Gbottom = 1.0 (fixed) from AISC Specification Commentary Appendix 7, Section 7.2
From the alignment chart, AISC Specification Commentary Figure C-A-7.2, K is approximately 1.40. Because
the column available strength tables are based on the KL about the y-y axis, the effective column length of the
lower segment for use in the table is:
94
( )
“Ž
( )
KL=
“”
. ∗ .>Z
>.
=
=2.44meters
Take the available strength of the W14×82 from AISC Manual Table 4-1.
At KL = 9 ft, (conservative) the available strength in axial compression is:
ASD
φcPn = 4181 kN > 2668 kN Pn
= 2784 kN > 1780 kN
o.k
o.
. be determined by interpolation from AISC Manual Table 4-1.
A more accurate strength could
Name Surname : AHMET ALİ ARIKAN

95
EXAMPLE (REVISED FROM CLASS EXAMPLE)BUILT-UP COLUMN WITH
SLENDER FLANGES
This example is produced from the one that is solved in the class, in this example slender flange is
the main difference .
Solution:
From AISC Manuel Table 2-5,the material properties are as follows.
Built-Up Column ASTM S355
Fy = 355 MPa
Fu = 450 MPa

Built up Column
bf =300 mm
t f =10 mm
h=200 mm
tw =6 mm
L=5000 mm

LRFD ASD
PU =1.2*(150 kN)+1.6(450kN) PU =150 kN+450 kN
=900 kN =600 kN
96
Ag = 2(300mm)(10 mm) +(200 mm)(6 mm)
=7200 mm2
(10mm)(300mm)3 (200mm)(6mm)3
I y =2 [ ]+
12 12
=45*10^6 mm4
Iy
ry =
A
45 *106 mm 4
=
7200 mm2
=79 mm
3 3
(6mm) *(200mm) 2(300mm)(10mm)
I x =2(300mm)(10mm) (105mm) 2 + +
12 12
= 70.2*106 mm4
Ix
rx
= A
70.2 *106 mm 4
= 7200 mm 2
=98.74 mm
Web Slenderness
Determine the limiting slenderness ratio, λr , from AISC Specification Table B4.1a case 5:
97
E
λr =1.49
Fy
200000MPa
=1.49 =35.37 mm
355MPa
h
tw
200mm
=
6mm
=33.3
Flange Slenderness
Calculate kc ,
4
kc = from AISC Specification Table B4.1b note[a]
h / tw
4
kc =
200mm
6mm
=0.69 where 0.35 ≤ kc ≤ 0.76 o.k.
Use kc =0.69
Determine the limiting slenderness ratio, λr ,from AISC Specification Table B4.1a case 2.
98
kc E
λr =0.64
Fy
200000 MPa (0.69)

=0.64
355MPa
=12.62
b
λ=
t
150mm
=
10mm
=15.0
λ 〉 λr ;therefore,the flanges are slender.
For compression members with slender elements, Section E7 of the AISC Specification applies.
torsional and flexural-torsional buckling. Depending on the slenderness of the column, AISC
Specification Equation E7-2 or E7-3 applies. Fe is used in both equations and is calculated as the
lesser of AISC Specification Equations E3-4 and E4-4.
From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition,
K = 1.0.Because the unbraced length is the same for both axes, the weak axis will govern.
99
K y Ly 1.0(5000mm)
=
ry 79mm
=63.29
π 2E
Fe = 2
 KL 
 r 
π 2 (200000 MPa )
=
(63.29) 2
=492.79 MPa
Note: This limit state is not likely to govern, but the check is included here for completeness.
I y ho 2
Cw =
4
142*106 mm 4 (210mm) 2
=
4
= 1.57*1012 mm6
2(300mm)(10mm)3 + 200mm(6mm)3
=
3
= 21.44*104 mm4
 π 2 ECw  1
Fe =  + GJ 
 Ix + I y
2
 ( K z L)
=  π (200000 MPa )(1.57 *10  
2 12
mm6 ) 1
+ (77200 MPa)( 21.44 *104 mm 4 )   4 

2
(1*5000mm)  45*10 6
mm 4
+ 70.2*1 0 6
mm 
=1219.74MPa > 492.79MPa
100
Slenderness Reduction Factor, Q
Q = Qs Qa from AISC Specification section E7 where Qa = 1.0 because the web are not slender.
Calculate Qs , the unstiffened element (flange) reduction factor from AISC Specification Section
E7.1(b). Determine the proper equation for Qs by checking limits for AISC Specification
Equations E7-7 to E7-9.
b
=15.0 as previously calculated
t
Ekc (200000 MPa )(0.69)
0.64 = 0.64
Fy 355MPa
=12.62
Ekc 200000MPa(0.69)
1.17 = 1.17
Fy 355MPa
=23.07
Ekc b Ekc
0.64 < ≤ 1.17 therefore,AISC Specification Equation E7-8 applies.
Fy t Fy
12.62 < 15.0 ≤ 23.07
b Fy
Qs = 1.415 − 0.65( )
t Ekc
355MPa
=1.415-0.65(15.0) = 0.92
200000 MPa (0.69)
Q = Qs Qa
=0.92(1.0)
=0.92
101
E 200000MPa
4.71 = 4.71
QFy 0.92(355MPa)
116.55 > 65.9, therefore,AISC Specification Equation E7-2 applies.
 QFy

Fcr = Q 0.658  Fy
Fe
 
 0.92(355 MPa )
492.49 MPa

= 0.92  0.658  (355MPa)
 
=247.44 MP
Pn = Fcr Ag
=247.44 MPa*7200 mm2
=1781.57 kN
LRFD ASD
PU =0.9* Pn PU = Pn /1.67
=0.9*1781.57=1603.413 kN =1781,57/1.67 =1066.80 kN
o.k. o.k.
102
SOLUTION ACCORDING TO THE TURKISH STANDART (SAME QUESTION ABOVE)
Solution:
Built-Up Column ASTM S355
Fy = 355 MPa
Fu = 450 MPa

Built up Column
bf =300 mm
t f =10 mm
h=200 mm
tw =6 mm
L=5000 mm

LRFD ASD
PU =1.2*(150 kN)+1.6(450kN) PU =150 kN+450 kN
=900 kN =600 kN
103
Ag = 2(300mm)(10 mm) +(200 mm)(6 mm)
=7200 mm2
(10mm)(300mm)3 (200mm)(6mm)3
I y =2 [ ]+
12 12
=45*10^6 mm4
Iy
ry =
A
45 *106 mm 4
=
7200 mm2
=79 mm
3 3
(6mm) *(200mm) 2(300mm)(10mm)
I x =2(300mm)(10mm) (105mm) 2 + +
12 12
6 4
= 70.2*10 mm
Ix
rx
= A
70.2 *106 mm 4
= 7200 mm 2
=98.74 mm
104
Web Slenderness
E
λr =1.49
Fy
200000MPa
=1.49 =35.37 mm
355MPa
h
tw
200mm
=
6mm
=33.3
105
Flange Slenderness
Calculate kc ,
4
kc =
h / tw
4
kc =
200mm
6mm
=0.69 where 0.35 ≤ kc ≤ 0.76 o.k.
Use kc =0.69
kc E
λr =0.64
Fy
200000 MPa (0.69)

=0.64
355MPa
=12.62
b
λ=
t
150mm
=
10mm
=15.0
λ 〉 λr ;therefore,the flanges are slender
K y Ly 1.0(5000mm)
=
ry 79mm
=63.29
π 2E
Fe = 2
 KL 
 r 
π 2 (200000 MPa )
=
(63.29) 2
=492.79 MPa
I y ho 2
Cw =
4
106
142*106 mm 4 (210mm) 2
=
4
= 1.57*1012 mm6
2(300mm)(10mm)3 + 200 mm(6mm)3

=
3
= 21.44*104 mm4
 π 2 ECw  1
Fe =  + GJ 
 Ix + I y
2
 ( K z L)
=  π (200000 MPa )(1.57 *10  
2 12
mm6 ) 1
+ (77200 MPa)( 21.44 *104 mm 4 )   4 
  45*10 mm + 70.2*10 mm 
2 6 4 6
 (1*5000mm)
=1219.74MPa > 492.79MPa
 Fy

Fcr = 0.658  Fy
Fe
 
 (355 MPa )

= 0.658 492.49 MPa  (355MPa)
 
=262.54 MPa
107
Flange is slender :
Fy
λ > λr → λ=
b 150mm
= =15.0 > λr
Fy
= 12.62
355
=14.67
Fcr t 10mm Fcr 262.54
So ; We use equatıon (8.24b) from table :
Fel Fel
b e = b (1 − c 1 )
Fcr Fcr
λr
Fel = (c2 )F
λ y
108
14.67
Fel = (1.31 × ) × 355
15
=517.31 MPa
c1 = 0.22 , c2 = 1.49 ; because flange is unstiffened
517.31 517.31
be = 300(1 − 0.22 )
262.54 262.54
=291 mm
Ae = (2 × 291 × 10) + (200 × 6)

=7020 mm 2
Pn = Fcr × Ae
= 262.54 × 7020
=1843 kN
LRFD ASD
PU =0.9* Pn PU = Pn /1.67
=0.9*1843=1659 kN =1843/1.67 =1104 kN
Name Surname : HÜSEYİN BURAK ULUDAĞ
109
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE E.5 DOUBLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBER
WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS
Verify the strength of a 2L4x3 /> x3/8 (2L101.6x88.9x9.525 mm) LLBB (3˜4 –in. separation) strut,
ASTM A36, with a length of 8 ft (2.4384 m) and pinned ends carrying an axial dead load of 20 kips
(88.96 kN) and live load of 60 kips (266.88 kN). Also, calculate the required number of
pretensioned bolted or welded intermediate connectors required.
Solution:
ASTM A36
Fy = 248.22 MPa
Fu = 399.91 MPa
From AISC Manual Tables 1-7 and 1-15, the geometric properties are as follows:
/>
L4x3 x3/8 LLBB
rz = 18.263 mm
/>
2L4x3 x3/8 LLBB
rx = 31.75 mm
ry = 39.37 mm for 9.525 mm separation
ry = 42.93 mm for 19.05 mm separation
110
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2(88.96 kN) + 1.6(266.88 kN) Pa = 88.96 kN + 266.88 kN
= 533.760 kN = 355.840 kN
Table Solution
For (KL)x = 2.4384 m, the available strength in axial compression is taken from the upper (X-X)
portion of AISC Manual Table 4-9 as:
For buckling about the y-y axis, the values are tabulated for a separation of 9.525 mm.
To adjust to a spacing of 19.05 mm, (KL)y is multiplied by the ratio of the ry for a 9.525 mm
separation to the ry for a 19.05 mm separation. Thus,
(KL)y = 1.0(2.4384 m)(39.37 mm/ 42.93 mm)
=2.24 m
The calculation of the equivalent (KL)y in the preceding text is a simplified approximation of AISC
Specification Section E6.1. To ensure a conservative adjustment for a 19.05 mm separation, take
(KL)y = 2.4384 m.
The available strength in axial compression is taken from the lower (Y-Y) portion of AISC Manual
Table 4-9 as:
Therefore, x-x axis flexural buckling governs.

Intermediate Connectors
From AISC Manual Table 4-9, at least two welded or pretensioned bolted intermediate connectors
are required. This can be verified as follows:
a = distance between connectors
••
(>. Y )( )
•
™šLt ™
=
=812.8 mm
111
From AISC Specification Section E6.2, the effective slenderness ratio of the individual components
of the built-up member based upon the distance between intermediate connectors, a, must not
exceed three-fourths of the governing slenderness ratio of the built-up member.
= 76.8 controls
=56.8
Note that one connector would not be adequate as 1219.2 mm > 1051.6 mm The available strength
can be easily determined by using the tables of the AISC Manual. Available strength values can be
verified by hand calculations, as follows:
Calculation Solution
From AISC Manual Tables 1-7 and 1-15, the geometric properties are as follows:
/>
L4x3 x3/8
J = 54 924.5 ==
ry = 26.67 mm
E̅ = 24.05 mm
/>
2L4x3 x3/8
Ag = 3458.06 ==>
112
ry = 42.93 mm
= 59.18 mm
H = 0.813
Slenderness Check
Determine the limiting slenderness ratio, , from AISC Specification Table B4.1a Case 3
For compression members without slender elements, AISC Specification Sections E3 and E4 apply.
torsional and flexural-torsional buckling.
Flexural Buckling about the x-x Axis
= 76.8
113
Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling
For nonslender double angle compression members, AISC Specification Equation E4-2 applies.
Fcry is taken as Fcr, for flexural buckling about the y-y axis from AISC Specification Equation E3-2
or E3-3 as applicable.
Using AISC Specification Section E6, compute the modified KL/ry for built up members with
pretensioned bolted or welded connectors. Assume two connectors are required.
a = 2438.44 mm/ 3
= 812.8 mm
ri = rz. (single angle)
= 18.263 mm
J 812.8 ==
=
ri 18.263 ==
= 44.5 > 40, therefore
114
Nominal Compressive Strength =
Pn. = Fcr Ag
= 182 MPa (3458.06 ==> )
= 631.62 kN
MEHMET AKİF KARADAĞ-130408023
115
EXAMPLE E.6 DOUBLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH SLENDER
ELEMENT
Determine if a 2D5E3E LLBB (w-in. separation) strut, ASTM A36,

with a length of 2.44m and pinned ends has sufficient available
strength to support a dead load of 44.48 kN and live load of 133.4 kN
in axial compression. Also, calculate the required number of
pretensioned bolted or welded intermediate connectors.
Solution:
ASTM A36
250 @IJ D5E3E (L12.7x7.62x0.635)
œ 400 @IJ F• 1.656O=
2D5E3E (2L12.7x7.62x0.635) LLBB
F 4.1178O=
F 3.0226O= for 0.147cm seperation
F 3.372O= for 0.295cm seperation
the required compressive strength is:
LRFD ASD
Iœ 1.2 44.48 žA l 1.6 133.4 žA IL 44.48žA l 133.4žA

=266.82 kN =177.88 kN
From AISC Manual Table 4-9, it is determined that at least two welded or pretensioned bolted intermediate
connectors are required. This can be confirmed by calculation, as follows:
>.
a=the distance between connectors= 81.3O=
116
From AISC Specification Section E6.2, the effective slenderness ratio of the individual components of the
built-up member based upon the distance between intermediate connectors, a, must not exceed three-
fourths of the governing slenderness ratio of the built-up member.
≤ ¡
™
Ÿ L
Therefore,
de
¡
J≤
Ÿ f •¢£
Solving for a gives,
F¤ = F• = 1.656 O=
CD 1.0(244O=)
= = 59.25
F 4.1178O=
CD 1.0(244O=)
= = 72.36
F 3.372O=
de
¡
J≤
Ÿ f •¢£
Thus
=
( .Z Zt )(!>. Z)
= 89.87 O= > 81.3O= o.k.
( . )
The governing slenderness ratio used in the calculations of the AISC Manual tables includes the effects
of the provisions of Section E6.1 and is slightly higher as a result. See the following for these calculations.
As a result, the maximum connector spacing calculated here is slightly conservative.
Available strength values can be verified by hand calculations, as follows.
From AISC Manual Tables 1-7 and 1-15, the geometric properties are as follows.
2D5E3E (2L12.7x7.62x0.635) 2D5E3E (2L12.7x7.62x0.635) LLBB
n = 1.8231O= R¦ = 25.03 O=>
F = 2.167 O= F = 3.0226 O=
117
E = 1.646 O= F 6.578 O= § 0.657
Slenderness Check
© 12.7O= 20
ª 0.635O=
¨
Calculate the limiting slenderness ratio,
¨ 0.45 ¨ ¥ ¨ , therefore, the angle has a slender element

«
=12.8
For a double angle compression member with slender elements, AISC Specification Section E7 applies.
The nominal compressive strength, shall be determined based on the limit states of flexural, torsional and
flexuraltorsional buckling. t will be determined by AISC Specification Equation E7-2 or E7-3.
Calculate the slenderness reduction factor, Q. AISC

Specification Section E7
0.45
«
=12.8<20.0
0.91
«
=25.8>20.0
250 @IJ
¬™ 1.34 - 0.76 20.0 ]
200000 @IJ
¬™ 0.804 ¬L 1.0 (no stiffness elements)
Therefore, ¬ ¬™ ¬L 0.804
118
Critical Stress, t
From the preceding text, K = 1.0.
AISC Specification Equations E7-2 and E7-3 require the computation of Fe. For singly symmetric members,
AISC Specification Equations E3-4 and E4-5 apply
Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling
= = 72.36
« . (> t )
F¤ = F• = 1.656 O=
« . !>t
a=81.3cm
Using AISC Specification Section E6
L
=49.1>40, therefore
Ÿ
> >
¡ = ¡ + ŸL
¡ where C¤ = 0.5 for angles back-to-back
Ÿ
=76.3
H >® H > 200000@IJ

= = = 339.06 @IJ
C D > (76.3)>
¯ F °
For double angles, omit term with Cw per the User Note at the end of AISC Specification Section E4.
mn (75000@IJ)(2 JU±²³´)(1.8231O= )
= =
•
R¦ F > (25.03O=> )(6.578O=)>
= 252.5 @IJ
119
+ 4 •§
=¯ ° µ1 − ]1 − >¶ = 184.78 @IJ
•
2§ p + •q
Use the limits based on Fe to determine whether to apply Specification Equation E7-2 or E7-3.
~ « ( .Y )> MKL
t = ¬ ·0.658 ¸ ¹ = 0.804 P0.658 Y .!Y MKL Q 250@IJ
=127.49 MPa
Iº = t R¦ = (127.49@IJ)(25.03O=> ) = 319.1 žA
LRFD ASD
Tj = 0.9 »t = 1.67
Tj Iº = 0.9(319.1 žA) = 287.19>266.82 o.k. IU
»U
=191.08 kN > 177.88 kN o.k
ONUR BORA DİNÇEROL- 130408024
120
121
122
123
124
Doruk Can MUTLU
130408027
İzmir Katip Çelebi University
125
EXAMPLE E.8 : WT COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH SLENDER ELEMENTS
Select an ASTM A992 WT-shape compression member with a length of 6.96 m to
support a dead load of 26.688 N and live load of 80.064 N in axial compression. The ends
are pinned.
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy = 344.75 MPa
Fu = 448.175 MPa
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required compressive strength is:;
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL Pa = PD + PL
= 1.2 (26.688) + 1.6 (80.064) = 160.128 N = 26.688 + 80.064 = 106.752 N
126
Table Solution
From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition, K = 1.0
Therefore, (KL)x = (KL)y = 6.096 m
Select the lightest member from AISC Manual Table 4-7 with sufficient available strength about
the both the x-x axis (upper portion of the table) and the y-y axis (lower portion of the table) to
support the required strength.
Try a WT 7*15.
LRFD ASD
∅ c=Pnx=296.6816 > 160.128 01½
= 197.4912 > 106.752
¾3
o.k. o.k.
= 108.5312 > 106.752

01¿
∅ c=Pny= 162.7968 >160.128

¾3
controls
controls
127
The available strength can be easily determined by using the tables of the AISC Manual. Available
strength values can be verified by hand calculations, as follows.
Calculation Solution:
WT 7*15
Ag = 2851.6072 mm2
rx = 52.578 mm
ry = 37.846 mm
J = 79083.97086 mm4
Qs = 15.5194 mm
ỹ = 39.116 mm
Ix = 7908397.086 mm4
Iy = 4074905.657 mm4
d = 175.768 mm
tw = 6.858 mm
bf = 170.942 mm
tf = 9.779 mm
Stem Slenderness Check

À
λ=
ÁÂ
= 175.768 / 6.858 = 25.6296
128
Determine stem limiting slenderness ratio, λr, from AISC Specification Table B4.1a case 4
E
λ r = 0.75
fy
= 0.75 199955 MPa

344.75 MPa
= 18.1
λ > λ r therefore, the web is slender
Flange Slenderness Check

ÃÄ
>∗ÁÄ
λ= = 170.942 / 2∗19.558 = 8.74
Determine flange limiting slenderness ratio λr, farom AISC Specification Table B4.1a case 3
λr = 0.56
MKL
.! MKL
=0.56
=13.5
λ < λ r therefore, the flange is not slender
129
Because this WT 7*15 has a slender web, AISC Specification Section E7 is applicable. The
nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be determined based on the limit states of flexural,
torsional and flexural-torsional buckling.
x-x Axis Critical Elastic Flexural Buckling Stress:
Kx*L/rx = 1.0*(6.096 m)*(1000mm/m) / 52.578 = 116

∏ Æ
Ç‰
( )^>
Fe = =∏2*(199955 MPa) / (116)2 = 146.8635 MPa
È
Critical Elastic Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling Stress:

Ky*L/ry = 1.0*(6.096 m)*(1000mm/m) / 37.846 = 161
∏ Æ
Ç”∗‰
( )^>
Fey = =∏2*(199955 MPa) / (161)2 = 75.845 MPa
È”
Torsional Parameters
The shear center for a T-shaped section is located on the axis of symmetry at the mid-depth of the
flange.
xo = 0.0 in.
y0= ỹ-(tf /2) = 40.132 mm *- ( 9.779 * 2 ) = 35. 306 mm
(ŕ0)2 = (x0)2 + (y0)2 +(Ix + Iy ) / Ag
= (0.00)2 +( 35. 306 mm )2 – (7908397.86 + 4074905.657 ) / 2851.072
=5451.602
ŕ0 = r(ŕ0)^2 = √5451.602 mm^2 =73.914 mm
H = 1-[(0.0 mm)2 + (35.306)2] / 5451.602 = 0.771
∏ Æ ËÂ
( (ÌÍÎ)^> +GJ)
Ï5(ŕ )^>
Fez =
130
Omit term with Cw per User Note at end of AISC Specification Section E4.
ÐÑ
Ï5(ŕ )^>
Fez =
= ((77224 MPa)*(79083.97086 mm4)) / ((2851.6072 mm2)*(5451.602 mm2))
= 393.015 MPa
Fe = [ÒÓ¿iÒÓÍ
>Ô
][1- 1−
∗ÒÓ¿∗ÒÓÍ∗Ô
(ÒÓ¿iÒÓÍ)^>
]
= (! .Y Õ0Öi
>∗ . !!
. Õ0Ö
)[1- 1−
∗(! .Y
( ! .Y
Õ0Ö)∗(
Õ0Öi
.
.
Õ0Ö)∗( .!! )
Õ0Ö)^>
]
=72.3975 MPa
Check limit for the applicable equation.
~ ( .Z )( .! MKL)
>.> >.>
=
131
= 93.772 MPa > 72.3975 MPa therefore, AISC Specification Equation E7-3 applies
Fcr = 0.877Fe
= 0.877 (72.3975 MPa)
= 63.5030 MPa
Pn = Fcr * Ag
=63.5030 MPa * 2851.6072 MPa
= 181.0336 N
LRFD ASD
Øc = 0.90 Ωc = 1.67
Øc Pn = 0.90 x 181.0336 = 162.7968 N Pn / Ωc = 181.0336 ÷ 1.67 = 108.5312 N
ØcPn = 162.7968 N > 160.128 N o.k. Pn / Ωc = 108.5312 N > 106.542 N o.k.
Name Surname : AHMET FARUK GÖRGÜÇ

132
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE E.9 RECTANGULAR HSS COMPRESSION
MEMBER WITHOUT SLENDER ELEMENTS
Select an ASTM A500 Grade B rectangular HSS compression member, with a
length of 20 ft ( 6096 mm ) , to support a dead load of 85 kips ( 378.08 kN ) and live load of
255 kips ( 1134.24 kN ) in axial compression. The base is fixed and the top is pinned.
Solution:
ASTM A500 Grade B
Fy = 317 mPa
Fu = 399.9 mPA
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1,2 ( 378.08 kN ) + 1.6 ( 1134.24 kN ) Pa = 378.08 kN + 1134.24 Kn
= 2268.48 kN = 1512.32 kN
133
From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a fixed-pinned condition, K = 0.8.
(KL)x = (KL)y = 0.8(6096 mm) = 4876.8 mm
the available strength in axial compression is:

LRFD ASD
qcPn = 0.9 x 317 mPA x ( 3767.734/10^3 ) Pn/Ωc=( 317.17 x ( 3767.734/10^3 ) ) / 1.67
= 715.576 kN
= 1074.935 kN
The available strength can be easily determined by using the tables of the AISC Manual.
Available strength
values can be verified by hand calculations, as follows.
134
HSS12 X 10 X 8/3
Ag = 9419.336 mm^2
rx = 117.094 mm
ry = 101.854 mm
tw=tf = 8.8646 mm
Slenderness Check
Note: According to AISC Specification Section B4.1b, if the corner radius is not known, b
and h shall be taken as
the outside dimension minus three times the design wall thickness. This is generally a
conservative assumption.
Calculate b/t of the most slender wall.
135
ℷ=h/t (304.8 mm – 3(8.8646))/8.8646 = 31.4
Determine the wall limiting slenderness ratio , ℷr , from AISC Specification Table B4.1a Case
12
ℷr = 1.40 (E/Fy)^1/2 1.40(199955 mPA / 317.17 Mpa )^1/2 = 35.2

ℷ<ℷr ; therefore, the section does not contain slender elements
Because ry < rx and (KL)x = (KL)y, ry will govern the available strength.
Determine the applicable equation
(Ky x L)/ ry = 0.8 x 6096 / 101.854 = 47,9
4.71 ((E/Fy)^1/2) = 4.71((199955/317.17 mPA)^1/2) = 118.26
118 > 47.9 so
136
Fe = π^2 E /( KL/r )^2 π^2 199955 / ( 47.9)^2 = 861.88 mPA
Fcr = ( 0.658 ^(Fy/Fe) ) Fy ( 0.658^(317.17/861.88) ) 317.17 = 271.66 mPA
Pn = Fcr Ag 271.66 mPA x 9419.336 mm^2= 2558 kN
LRFD ASD
ⱷc = 0.90 Ωc = 1.67
Pn/Ωc = 2558 kN / 1.67 = 1531.74 kN

ⱷc Pn = 0.90 2558 kN = 2302.2
1531.74 kN > 1512.32 kN ok
2302.2 kN > 2268.48 kN ok
Name Surname : Cihan Sezer

University : Izmir Katip Celebi Universty
137
EXAMPLE E.10 RECTANGULAR HSS COMPRESSION MEMBER WITH
SLENDER ELEMENTS
Given:
Select an ASTM A500 Grade B rectangular HSS305x203 compression member with a length
of 9.14 m, to support an axial dead load of 116 kN and live load of 342 kN. The base is fixed
and the top is pinned.
A column with slender elements has been selected to demonstrate the design of such a
member.
Solution:
ASTM A500 Grade B
Fy = 317 MPa
Fu = 399 MPa

LRFD ASD
PU = 1.2(116 kN) + 1.6(342 kN) PU =116 kN +342 kN
=686.4 kN =458 kN
Table Solution
From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a fixed-pinned condition, K = 0.8.
( KL)x = (KL)y = 0.8(9.14 m) = 7.312 m
138
Enter AISC Manual Table 4-3, for the HSS305x203 section and proceed to the lightest section
with an available strength that is equal to or greater than the required strength, in this case an
HSS305x203
From AISC Manual Table 4-3, the available strength in axial compression is:
LRFD ASD
= 694 kN > 686.4 kN = 458 kN =458 kN
The available strength can be easily determined by using the tables of the AISC Manual.
Available strength values can be verified by hand calculations, as follows, including
adjustments for slender elements
HSS305x203x4.76
Ag = 4361 mm2
rx = 116 mm
ry = 85 mm
b/t =43.0
h/t=66.0
tdas = 4.42 mm
Slenderness Check
Calculate the limiting slenderness ratio, from AISC Specification Table B4.1a case 6 for walls
of HSS
, therefore both the 203 mm and 305 mm walls are slender

elements.
Note that for determining the width-to-thickness ratio, b is taken as the outside dimension
minus three times the design wall thickness per AISC Specification Section B4.1b(d).
For the selected shape,
b = 203 mm – 3(4.42 mm) = 189.74 mm
h = 305 mm – 3(4.42 mm) = 291.74 mm
139
AISC Specification Section E7 is used for an HSS member with slender elements. The
nominal compressive strength, Pn, is determined based upon the limit states of flexural
buckling. Torsional buckling will not govern for HSS unless the torsional unbraced length
greatly exceeds the controlling flexural unbraced length.
Effective Area, Ae
where
Ae = summation of the effective areas of the cross section based on the reduced effective
widths, be
For flanges of square and rectangular slender-element sections of uniform thickness,
where f = Pn /Ae, but can conservatively be taken as Fy according to the User Note in
Specification Section E7.2.
For the 203-mm walls,
=165.845 mm < 189.74 mm

Length that is ineffective = b – be
= 189.74 mm-165.845 mm =23.895 mm
For the 305-mm walls,
= 182.33 mm < 291.74 mm

Length that is ineffective = b – be
=291.74 mm – 182.33 mm = 109.41 mm
Ae = Ag-2(tdas)(b-be)-2(tdas)(b-be)
Ae = 4361 mm2 – 2(4.42 mm)(23.895 mm) – 2(4.42 mm)(109.41 mm) = 3182.58 mm2
140
For cross sections composed of only stiffened slender elements, Q = Qa (Qs = 1.0).
Critical Stress, Fcr
For the limit state of flexural buckling.
ŞEVKET KILIÇ-130408033
141
EXAMPLE E.11 PIPE COMPRESSION MEMBER
Given
Select an ASTM A53 Grad B pipe compression member with a length of 9.144m (9144 mm)
to support a dead load of 155687.75 N (155.69 KN ) and live load of 467063.268 N (467.06
KN) in axial compression. The column is pin-connected at the end in the both axes and braced
at the midpoint in the y-y direction
Solution
From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are follows
ASTM 53 Grade B
Fy=241.325 Mpa
Fu=413.7 Mpa
E=199955 Mpa
From the chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required compressive strength is:
LRFD ASD
Pu=1.2(155.69)+1.6(467.06) Pa =155.69+467.06
=934.124 KN =622.75 KN
Table solution
From the AISC specification commentary Table C-A-7.1 for pinned-pinned condition, K=1.0.
Therefore, (KL)x=9144mm and (KL)y=4572mm . Buckling about the X-X axis is controls
Enter AISD manual Table 4-6 with a KL of the 9144 mm and proceed across the table until
reaching the lightest section with sufficient available strength to support the required strength
142
Try a 10-in Standard pipe
From AISD manual Table 4-6 the available strength in axial compression is:
LRFD ASD
ᶲc Pn=987.505>934.124 KN 01
= 658.336 > 622.75 CU
Øt
ok ok
The available strength can be easily determined by using the table of the AISC Manual.
Available strength values can be verified by hand calculation, as follows.
For AISC Manual Table 1-14, the geometric properties are as follows:
Ag= 7419.34 mm2
r=93.47 mm
D=10.80
T=0.34
Ù
λ= g =31.6
No pipe shown in AISC Manual Table 4-6 are slender at 241.325 Mpa , so no local buckling
check is required , However some round HSS are slender at higher steel strengths , the
following calculation illustrate the required check
Limiting width –to- thickness Ratio
Ò¿
λ r=0.11 from AISC specification Table B4.1a case 9
=0.11>
. >
= 91.1
λ< λ r therefore the pipe is not slender

Critical stress, Fcr
. !
=
=97.8
€ > . >
4.71 =4.71
=135.57 or 136
143
136>97.8 therefore AISC specification Equation E3-2 applies
de
( )^>
Fe =
f
( )
( !.Y)^>
= =206.12 Mpa
Ä¿
€
Fcr=(0.658^ )fy
> . >
> Z. >
=(0.658^ )241.325
=147.84 Mpa
Nominal compressive Strength
IU= FcrAg
=147.84*103KN/m2x0.0074m2
=1094 KN
From AISC specification section E1, the available compressive strength is :
LRD ASD
ᶲc= 0.90 »O=1.67
ᶲc Pn=0.90(1094) 01
Øt .Z!
=
=984.6 KN =655.09 KN
658.336 > 655.09 CU

987.505>984.6 KN ok
ok
Note that the design procedure would be similar for a round HSS column
Name &surname waheedullah mohammadkhail

Student Number 130408050
University izmir katip çelebi üniversitesi
144
EXAMPLE: ????
A W14x74 of A992 steel has a length of 6.096m and pinned ends. Compute the design
compressive strength for LRFD and the allowable compressive strength for ASD.
Material properties.
K=1 for pinned ends
E=199955Mpa
Rx=0.74422m
Ry=0.062992m
Ag=0.014064488m2=14064.488mm2
Fy=344.75Mpa
Solution:
Slenderness ratio= Ú¿ = = 96.77

Z. Z
. Z> >
4.71r®/ G = 4.71E .!
=113.43
the value of Ú¿
< 4.71r®/ G =96.77 < 113.43
Fe=( = ( Z.!!)
Û)
=210.74Mpa
To determine Fcr We will use the equation of Fcr=(0.658) /

E G
Then
Fcr=(0.658) .! /> .!
E344.75 = 173.83Mpa
14064.488
IU = OER± = 173.83Mpa ¯ ° = 2444.829 KN
10Z
So the design compressive strength (ΦxPn) and the allowable strength (Pn/Ω) is given in table
below.
LRFD (design compressive strength) ASD (allowable compressive strength)
TEIU = 0.90E2444.829 = 2200.34CA IU 2444.829
= = 1463.97CA
»O 1.67
Name Surname :hamidullah tani

University : izmir katip çelebi üniversitesi
145
SOURCE :Book-Steel Structure Design Alan Willams
Example 6.7. Design of a W-Shape Column
A column in a braced frame with a height of 15 ft is pinned at the top

and fixed at the bottom and has no intermediate bracing. The loading
consists of an axial dead load of PD = 70 kips, which includes
the weight of the column, and an axial live load of PL = 220 kips.
Determine the lightest W12 column,with a yield stress of 50 ksi,
which can support the load.
The relevant properties of the W12 × 50 section are obtained from
AISC Manual Table 1-1 as
146
Designation W 12 x 50
depth 12.19 309.626mm

Width 8.080 205.232mm
Thickness Web 0.370 9.398mm
Thickness Flange 0.640 16.256mm
Sectional area 14.7 9483.852 mm^2
Weight (lb/ft) 50 74.4082(kg/m)
Moment of Inertia - Ix in^4 394
Moment of Inertia - Iy in^4 56.3
Section of Modulus - Wx in^3 64.7
Section of Modulus – Wy in^3 13.9
147
Length =15ft=15*304.8=4572mm
PD=70 (kip)*4448=311360 N
PL=22 (kip)*4448=978560 N
Fy=50 (ki)* 6.895=344.75 Mpa
From the Table 4-1 (continued) Available Strength in Axial

Compression, kips
W-Shapes
Ag = 14.6in 2 =9419.336 mm 2
rx/ry=2.64
rx=5.18 in=131.57mm
ry=1.96 in=49.784mm
148
from this table we can find
K=0.
K*L=0.8*4572=3657.6 mm
Applying American Society of Civil Engineers, Minimum Design

Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
From ASCE 7 Sec. 2.3.2 combination 2:
149
LRFD ASD
Pu = factored axial load Pu = factored axial load

Pu =1.2PD+1.6PL Pu =PD+PL
=373632+1565696=1939328N Pu =311360 +978560=1289920N
Then we should check the behavior

KL 0 .8 * 4 5 7 2
= = 5 8 .7 8
ry 4 9 .7 8
KL 0 .8 * 4 5 7 2
= = 2 7 .7 9
rx 1 3 1 .5 7
By taking the bigger one =58.78
E 200 *1000
4.71 = 4.71 = 113.44
Fy 344.75
Now we can see that
KL E
≤ 4.71
r min Fy
So its Inelastic Behavior so
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 * Fy
Fe
150
π 2E π 2 * 200*103
Fe = = = 465.63Mpa
KL 0.8* 4572 2
( )2 ( )
r 49.78
344.75
Fcr = 0.658 365.63
*344.75 = 232.33Mpa
Pn *ϕ = 0.9*2188421.714 = 1969579.54KN
LRFD ASD
Pn*ϕ = 0.9*2188421.714 = 1969579.54KN Pn = 2188421.714 = 1310432.16 KN
Pn *ϕ >(1.2PD+1.6PL) η 1.67
Pn
>(PL+PD)
1969579.54>1939328 ……satisfactory η
1310432.16>1289920…….
satisfactory
Name Surname :Fatema Alnwaz

University :Izmir Katip Celebi university
151
Select a W18 shape of A992 steel that can resist a service dead load of 100 kips and a service
live load of 300 kips. The effective length KL is 26 feet.
2012
152
Solution:
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L Pa = D+ L
= 1.2 (444.823) + 1.6 (1334.47) = 2668.9396 kN = 133.447 + 400.340 = 1779.293KN
Trial 1: W 18 x 71
Required Ag =13032.23mm2
Ag=13483.84 mm2> Required Ag (OK)
bf= 194.056 mm tf= 20.574 mm
d = 469.9 mm ry= 43.18 mm
Fy =344.750 N/mm2
Fe= 58.6N/mm2 >>>>>> Fcr = 51.398 N/mm2
Tensile yielding check:
LRFD ASD
Øc= 0.9 Ωt= 1.67
Pn = Fcr Ag Pn = Fy Ag
ØcPn = 0.0514 x 13483.84x 0.9 = 623KN<2668.9 kN Pn/ Ωc=0.6x0.0514x13483.84 = 415.8 <1779.29kN
Not ok >>>>> N.G Not ok >>>>> N.G
Because the initial estimate of Fcr was so far off, assume a value about halfway
Between 33 and 7.455 ksi. Try Fcr = 20 ksi.
Required Ag =21483.83 mm2
Trial:2 So let’s try W18x119:
Ag= 22580>21483.83 mm2 (OK)

Fe= 146.65N/mm2 >>>>>> Fcr = 128.59 N/mm2
153
LRFD ASD
Øc= 0.9 Ωt= 1.67
ØcPn = 0.12859 x 22580x 0.9 = 2613KN<2668.9 kN Pn/ Ωt = 0.6x22580x0.12859 = 1742.13 < 1779.29 kN
Not good enough >>>>> N.G Not good enough >>>>> N.G
This is very close, so try the next larger size.
Trial 3: Try a W18 × 130:
Ag= 24709.63mm2
Fe= 147.69 N/mm2 >>>>>> Fcr = 129.52 N/mm2
LRFD ASD
Øc= 0.9 Ωt= 1.67
ØcPn = 0.12952 x 24709.63x 0.9 = 2883KN>2668.9 kN Pn/ Ωt = 0.6x24709x0.12952 = 1920.23 > 1779.29 kN
.OK o.k
The answer is Using W18x130

Name Surname :ANASS ELHILALI
University :Izmir katip celebi
154
SOURCE :Book - Steel Design (Segui 2013)
EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE 4.9 W12 ×58 - MORE ON EFFECTIVE LENGTH
A W12 × 58, 24 feet long, is pinned at both ends and braced in the weak direction
at the third points, as shown in Figure 4.11. A992 steel is used. Determine
the available compressive strength.
2.4384 m
7.3152 m
Solution:
Source: Book - Steel Design (Segui 2013)
Our example is pinned at both ends as shown in Figure 4.11 → K = 1.
Source : AISC 360-10 DESIGN EXAMPLES V14.2
155
From AISC Manual Tables 4-1 the geometric properties are as
follows:
W 12 x 58
A = 17 in = 17 * 25.4> = 10967.72 ==>
ry = 2.51 in = 2.51 * 25.4 = 63.754 mm
= 2.10 → FE = 2.10 * 2.51 = 5.28 in = 5.28 * 25.4 = 134.112

mm
LRFD: ∅O = 0.90 , ASD: ΩO = 1.67
Effective slenderness ratio in x direction is:
Pinned at both ends → K=1
156
∗ ∗> ∗ >∗> .
.>Y∗> .
= = 54.55
Effective slenderness ratio in y direction is:

∗ ∗Y∗ >∗> .
>. ∗> .
= = 38.25
∗
the larger value, controls.
AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows for ASTM A992:
Fy =50 ksi = 50 * 6.895 = 344.750 N/mm2
Fu = 65ksi = 65 * 6.895 = 448.175 N/mm2
∗ > ∗
.!
? 4.71 * = 113.445 → 54.55 < 113.445 → Inelastic Behavior
Elastic critical buckling stress:

∗> ∗
d∗e
( )^> . ^>
Fe = = = 633.35 Mpa.
f
Ý« h‘‘.•„•
Fcr = (0.658) Ý¸ ∗ G = (0.658) ""h.h„ ∗ 344.750 = 277.354 Mpa.
∅O ∗ IU = ∅O ∗ OF ∗ R±
Pn = OF ∗ R± = 277.354 * 17 * 25.4> = 3041941.013 N = 3041.941 kN.
LRFD
SOLUTION: From Table 4-22 from Part 4 of the Manual and with KL/r = 54.55:
∅O ∗ IU = 0.9 * 3041.941 = 2737.75 KN.
ANSWER : Design strength = 2737.75 KN.
ASD
SOLUTION: From Table 4-22 with KL/r = 54.55:
Kº t >!!.
= * Ag = ∗ 17 ∗ 25.4> = 1821521.57 N = 1821.52 KN.
Ωt Ωt .Z!
ANSWER: Allowable strength = 1821.52 KN.
Name Surname : HADIA HAJJAR

University : İZMIR KÂTIP ÇELEBI ÜNIVERSITESI
157
SOURCE: Book: Steel Design 5th Ed. SEGUI: Example 4.10
EXAMPLE: : Example 4.10 W SHAPE AVAILABLE STRENGHT CALCULATION
Given: The compression member shown in figure 4.12 is pinned at both ends and supported
in the weak direction at midpoint.A service load of 400 kips (1779.2 kN), with equel parts of
dead an live load , must be supported.Use Fy=50 ksi (344.75 MPa) and select the lightest W-
shape
Solution:
Factored Load:
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2(889.6 kN) + 1.6(889.6 kN) Pa = 889.6 kN + 889.6 kN

= 2490.88 kN= 2.49088 MN = 1779.2 kN =1.7792 MN
LRFD SOLUTION
Assume that the weak direction controls and enter the column load tables with KL=9 feet
(2.7432 m).Beginnig with the smallest shapes, the first one found that will work is a W8x58
with a design strength of 634 kips (2820032 N =2.820032 MN )
W8x58
Ag=17.1 in2 (11032.92 mm2)
rx=3.65 in (92.71 mm)
ry=2.10 in (53.34mm)
158
Slenderness Check
From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition

K=1.0.
) =102.8571429
( . ( . YZ )
.
=(
For Fy=344.75 MPa , the available critical stresses, ΦcFcr and Fcr/Ωc for KL/r=102.8571429
are interpolated from AISC Manual Table 4-22 as follows:
When KL/r ≤ 4.71 , cr= [0.658Fy/Fe]Fy
.
Fe=( / )
= 19190.89744 MPa (E=200GPa= 200x103MPa) Elastic Buckling
(> h)
.!
102.8571429 ≤ 4.71 95.75 ≤ 4.71 102.8571429 ≤ 113.4445842
So, cr= [0.658Fy/Fe]Fy
cr= [0.658(344.75MPa/19190.89744MPa)]344.75MPa= 342.1675657 MPa

Pn = 342.1675657 MPa x 11032.92 x 10-3
3775.107319
For W8x58:
ΦcPn =3397.596641
01
Ω3
= 5673.986391
Check the strong axis:

Ì½Î Y
Þ½/Þ¿ .!
= = 10.34 ft > 9 ft
Ì½Î . YZ
Þ½/Þ¿ .!
= = 3.151632 m > 2.7432 m
KxL contols for this shape

Enter the tables with KL= 10.34 feet = 3.151632 m. A W8x58 has an interpoland strength of
ΦcPn= 596 kips= 2651008 N > 560 kips = 2490880 N (OK)
159
Next, investigate the W10 shapes. Try a W 10x 49 with a design strength of 568 kips
(2526464 N)
Ì½Î Y
Þ½/Þ¿ .!
= = 10.53 ft > 9 ft
Ì½Î . YZ
Þ½/Þ¿ .!
= = 3.209544 m > 2.7432 m
Kx Lcontols for this shape

Enter the tables with KL= 10.53 feet = 3.209544 m. A W10x54 is the lightest W10, with
interpolated design strength of 594 kips ( 2642112 N)
Continue the search and investigate a W12x53 ΦcPn= 611 kips (2717728 N) for KL=9 feet
(2.7432 m) :
Ì½Î Y
Þ½/Þ¿
= >. = 8.53 ft < 9 ft
Ì½Î . YZ
Þ½/Þ¿ >.
= = 2.599944 m < 2.7432 m
Ky Lcontols for this shape and ΦcPn= 611 kips (2717728 N)

Determine the lightest W14.The lightest one with a possibility of working is a W14x61. It is
heavier then the lightest one found so far, so it will not be considered
Use a W12x53.
ASD SOLUTION
The required load capacity is P=400 kips (1779.2 kN).Assume that the weak direction
controls and enter the column load tables with KL=9 feet (2.7432 m).Beginning with the
smallest shapes,the first one found that will work is a W8x58 with an allowable strength of
422 kips(1877056 N).
Ì½Î Y
Þ½/Þ¿ .!
= = 10.34 ft > 9 ft
Ì½Î . YZ
Þ½/Þ¿ .!
= = 3.153103448 m > 2.7432 m
KxL contols for this shape

Enter the tables with KL= 10.34 feet = 3.151632 m. A W8x58 has an interpoland strength of
01
Ω3
= 397 kips (1765856) < 400 kips ( 1779200 N) (N.G)
The next lightest W8 that mill work is a W8x67.

Ì½Î Y
Þ½/Þ¿ .!
= = 10.29 ft > 9 ft
Ì½Î . YZ
Þ½/Þ¿ .!
= = 3.136392 m > 2.7432 m
160
The interpolated allowable strength is
01
Ω3
= 460 kips (2046080 N) > 400 kips ( 1779200 N) (OK)
Next ,investigate the W10 shapes.Try a W10x60.

Ì½Î Y
Þ½/Þ¿ .!
= = 10.53 ft > 9 ft
Ì½Î . YZ
Þ½/Þ¿ .!
= = 3.209544 m > 2.7432 m
The interpolated strength is

01
Ω3
= 444 kips ( 1974912 N) > 400 kips ( 1779200 N) (OK)
01
Ω3
Check the W12 shapes.Try a W12x53 = 407 kips (1810336 N) for KL=9 feet (2.7432 m) :
Ì½Î Y
Þ½/Þ¿
= >. = 8.53 ft > 9 ft
Ì½Î . YZ
Þ½/Þ¿ >.
= = 2.599944 m < 2.7432 m
01
Ω3
KyL contols for this shape,and = 407 kips (1810336 N)
Find the lightest W14.The lightest one with a possibility of working ia a W14x61.Since it is
heavier than the lightest one found so far,it will not be considered.
Use a W12x53.
MELİKE SELCEN TUNA 150408045

İZMİR KATİP ÇELEBİ UNIVERSITY
161
EXAMPLE 4.11
Book: Steel Design 5th Ed. W.T. SEGUI: EXAMPLE 4.11
The column shown in the figure 4.13 is subjected to a service dead load of 622,75 kN and a service
live load of 1868,25 kN. Use A992 steel and select W-shape.
(20’ = 6096 mm --------- 6’= 1829 mm --------- 8’ = 2438 mm )
A992 STEEL (Fy =344,74 MPa --- Fu = 448,16 MPa)
Solution
KXL=6096mm and maximum KyL=2438mm. The effective length KXL will control whenever
KxL / (rx/ry) > KyL
or
(rx/ry) < KxL / KyL
In this example,
CED 6096
= 2,5
CGD 2438
so KxL will control if rx/ry < 2.5 . Since this is true for almost every shape in the column load tables, KxL probably
controls in this example.
Assume rx/ry = 1,7
CED 6096
3585,88 ¥ CGD
FE/FG 1,7
LRFD SOLUTION
Pu = 1,2D + 1,6L = 1,2(622,75) + 1,6(1868,25) = 3736,50 kN
Enter the column load tables with KL = 3658mm (12ft). There are no W8 shapes with enough load capacity.
Try a W10x88 (ØCPn=4181,33kN) (rx=115,3mm ry=66,8mm)

Z Z
3523== B 3658mm
/ ,!
Actual
֍ ØCPn > required 3736,50 kN
162
( By interpolation, ØCPn= 4248,05 kN )
Check a W12x79 : (rx=135,6mm ry=77,5mm)

Z Z
/
= ,!
= 3484mm
ØCPn = 4003,40 Kn > 3736,50 kN (OK)
Investigate W14 shapes. For rx/ry = 2,44 (the approximate ratio for all likely possibilities)
CED 6096
= = 2498 == > CGD = 2438==
FE/FG 2,44
For KL = 2743mm (9ft), a W14x74, with a capacity of 3798,78kN is the lightest W14-shape. Since 2743mm is a
conservative approximation of the actual effective length , this shape is satisfactory.
ANSWER: Use a W14x74 (lightest of three possibilities)
ASD SOLUTION
Pa = D + L = 622,75 + 1868,25 = 2491,00 kN
Enter the column load tables with KL=3658mm. There are no W8 shapes with wnough load capacity. Investigate
a W10x88 (For KL=3658mm , Pn/Ωc = 2780,14 kN) :
= = 3523== < 3658==

>
/ ,!
Actual
֍ Pn/Ωc > required 2491,00 kN
(By interpolation, Pn/Ωc = 2824,62kN)
Check a W12x79
Z Z
/
= ,!
= 3484mm > KyL = 2438mm
Pn/Ωc = 2664,48kN > 2491,00 kN (OK)
Investigate W14 shapes. Try a W14x74 :
CED 6096
= = 2498 == > CGD = 2438==
FE/FG 2,44
For KL= 2498mm ,
Pn/Ωc= 2588,86kN > 2491,00kN (OK)
ANSWER: Use a W14x74 (lightest of three possibilities)
M.Bora YESILDAG
160408057
163
Source : Book Steel Design 5th Ed. W.T Segui Example
4.12 W Shape in Compressin memmbers.(Frame)
The rigid frame shown in Figure 4.15 is unbraced. Each member is oriented so thatits web is
in the plane of the frame. Determine the effective length factor Kx forcolumns AB and BC.
304,8mm
304,8mm
381 mm
508mm 508mm 457,2mm

W W24*55 W12*120 W12*96 W24*68
propeties
Ix 561912424,6 mm4 445367625,4 mm4 346720777,5 mm4 770028137,4 mm4
Solution:
Column AB:
For joint A,
= ((346720777,5/304,8)+(445367625,4/304,8)) / ((561912424,6/508)+(770028137,4/457,2))
=0,94
For joint B,
164
=((445367625,4/304,8)+( 445367625,4/381)) / ((561912424,6/508)+(770028137,4/457,2))
=0,95
From the alignment chart for sidesway uninhibited (AISC Figure C-A-7.2), with
GA = 0.94 and GB = 0.95, Kx = 1.3 for column AB.
Column BC:
For joint B, as before,
G = 0.95
For joint C, a pin connection, the situation is analogous to that of a very stiff column attached
to infinitely flexible girders—that is, girders of zero stiffness.The ratio of column stiffness to
girder stiffness would therefore be infinite fora perfectly frictionless hinge. This end condition
can only be approximated inpractice, so the discussion accompanying the alignment chart
recommends that G be taken as 10.0 .
Name Surname = Abdüllatif EROL
Student Number = 160408061
University = Izmir Katip Celebi University,Civil Engineering Depeartment
Mail of Student = latif_erol38@hotmail.com
165
A rigid unbraced frame is shown in Figure 4.17. All members are oriented so that
bending is about the strong axis. Lateral support is provided at each joint by simply
connected bracing in the direction perpendicular to the frame. Determine the effective
length factors with respect to each axis for member AB. The service dead load
is 158 kN, and the service live load
is 632 kN. A992 steel is used.0
3657.6mm
3657.6mm
3657.6mm
4572.0mm
6096.0 6096.0 5486.4 5486.4

mm mm mm mm
Figure 4.17
Properties of American Wide Flange Beams according ASTM A6
Web Flange Sectional I Iy Wx Wy

Depth Width x
Imperial Thickness Thickness Area (mm ) (mm ) (mm ) (mm3)
4 4 3
h (mm) w(mm) t (mm)

w tf(mm) (mm2) x105 x105 x103 x103
W 10 x 33 247,14 202,18 7,37 11,04 6264,5 707,6 152,34 508,44 133,65
W 12 x 14 303,02 100,84 5,08 5,72 2709,67 368,78 10 216,45 17,43
W 14 x 22 349 127 5,84 8,51 4187,09 828,30 29,14 421,28 40,67
166
Solution :
Compute elastic G factors :
For Joint A,
ß
∑( à ) •••,"•∗o•„
= = 1.51
eá h"„•."
ßâ h"ƒ,•ƒ∗o•„ h"ƒ,•ƒ∗o•„
∑ ¯e ° i
â "• " „‘ƒ",‘
For Joint B,
ß •••,"•∗o•„
∑( à ) >∗¯ h"„•." °
= = 1.36
eà
ßâ ƒ ƒ,h• ƒ ƒ,h•
∑ ¯e ° i
â "• " „‘ƒ",‘
1,45
From the alignment chart for unbraced frames, Kx = 1,45 based on elastic behavior.
Determine whether the column behavior is elastic or inelastic.
167
C D 1,45( 3657,6 E 3657,6 )
= = 18226201== = 182.26=
F 106,43
® 202565
4,71] = 4,71] = 114
345
Since
£
< 4,71
£ «
behavior is inelastic, and the inelastic K factor can be
used.
LRFD SOLUTION :
The factoed load is
Pu = 1,2D + 1,6L = 1,2 ( 158 ) + 1,6 ( 632 ) = 1200 kN
Table 4-21 in Part 4 of the Manual with
Kã > sS
= = 191 @IJ
\â Z>Z
and obtain the stiffness reduction factor tb = 0.9877

Joint A,
Ginelastic = tb x Gelastic = 0.9877 (1.51) = 1.49
Joint B,
Ginelastic = 0,98787 (1.36) = 1,34
Answer From the alignment chart, Kx = 1,43, because of the support contitions normal to the
frame, Ky can be taken as 1.0.
ASD SOLUTION :
The applied load is
Pa = D + L = 158 + 632 = 790 kN
Enter Table 4.12 in Part 4 of the Manual with
= Z>Z = 126@IJ
K¢ !
\â
and obtain the stffness reduction factor tb = 0,9703

For Joint A,
Ginelastic = tb x Gelastic = 0,9703 (1,51) = 1,47
168
For Joint B,
Ginelastic = 0,9703 (1,36) = 1,32
Answer From the alignment chart, Kx = 1,43, because of the support contitions normal to the
frame, Ky can be taken as 1.0.
Doğan Köseoğlu - 160408090
169
Example 4.15
Compute the compressive strength of a WT12 ×81 of A992 steel. The effective lengthwith respect to
the x-axis is7.77 m, the effective length with respect to the y-axis is 6.1 m, and the effective length
with respect to the z-axis is 6.1 m.
SOLUTİON:
this shape is a nonslender WT, we use the approach of AISC E4(a). First,compute the flexural
buckling strength for the x-axis (the axis of no symmetry)
Cä D 25.5 ∗ 30.48
= = 87.33
F 8.9
H > ∗ ® H > ∗ 200 ∗ 10
å³ = = = 258.56 =‹J
ž D 87.33>
( F )>
® 200 ∗ 10
4.71] = 4.71] = 113.4
å 345
Since £
< 4.71√ , AISC Equation E3-2 applies:
£ «
€«
åt = 0.658€¸ ∗ = 0.658> Y. Z ∗ 345 = 197.36 =‹J
Z ! .Z
*Pn = Fcr ∗ Ag = 197.36 ∗ h
= 1198.1 žA
Compute the flexural-torsional buckling strength about the y-axis (the axis of
symmetry ):
Compute Fcryusing AISC E3:
C D 20 ∗ 30.48
= = 68.5
F 8.9
From AISC Equation E3- 4
H > ∗ 200 ∗ 10
å³ = = 420.7 =‹J
(68.5)>
170
< 4.71
«
Since
« «
åOFG = 0.658 ∗ = 0.658 > .! ∗ 345 = 244.77 =‹J
Because the shear center of a tee is located at the intersection of the

centerlines ofthe flange and the stem.
E =0
ª€ 3.1
Gç = G − = 6.86 − = 5.31O= = 53.1 ==
2 2
[£ i[«
Fç> =Gç> + Eç> + = 5.31> + 0 + = 49.7O=> = 4970==>
! i Z
\â Z .!
Eç> + Gç> 0 + 53.1>

§ =1− =1+ = 0.433
Fç> 4970
mn 77200 ∗ 23.4
åt • = = = 599 =‹J
R¦ Fç> 60.7 ∗ 49.7
åt + åt = 244.77 + 599 = 843.77 =‹J
åt + åt • 4 t t •§
åt = è é [1 − √1 −
2§ ( OFG + OFê)>
843.77 4 ∗ 244.77 ∗ 599 ∗ 0.433
= µ1 − ]1 − ¶ = 192 =‹J
2 ∗ (0.433) (244.77 + 599)>
IU = OFR± = 192 ∗ 6070.6 ∗ 10ë = 1165.6 CA
The flexural buckling strength controls, and the nominal strength is1198.1 KN.
For LRFD , the design strength is :
∅t ∗ Iº = 0.90 ∗ 1165.6 = 1049 CA
For ASD, the allowable stress is L = 0.6 ∗ 199.36 = 118.4 mpa
And allowable strength is L R¦ = 118.4 ∗ 6070.6 ∗ 10ë = 7187.8 CA
ESSMAT AHMED SAEED SAEED

160408115
171
EXAMPLE 4 . 1 6 [ Book - Steel Design - Segui 2013 ]
Compute the compressive strength of a C15 × 50 ( C380 × 74 ) of A36 steel. The effective
lengths with respect to the x, y, and z axes are each 13 feet ( 4 m ) .
Fy = 250 MPa , Fu = 400 MPa , E = 200 GPa = 200×10³ MPa
Solution:
- Check the flexural buckling strength about the y-axis (this is the axis of no symmetry for a
channel):
172
K=1 , L=13ft = 4×10³ mm , ry = 0.865in = 22 mm
ì.í
îw
= 181.8
².
de
( )²
Fe = , Fe = 59.7 MPa
f
4.71r®/ G = 4.71r(200 × 10³/250) = 133.2
.
Since > 4.71r®/ G , Then → Fcr = 0.877Fe
Fcr = 52.4 MPa
The nominal strength : Pn = Fcr × Ag = 52.4(MPa) × 9480(mm²) = 496752 N = 496.75 KN
- Check the flexural-torsional buckling strength about the x-axis (this is the axis of
symmetry for a channel):
K=1 , L=13ft = 4×10³ mm , rx = 5.24in = 133 mm
.
= 30 G = Shear modulus = 77.2GPa (77200 MPa)
∑
bg³
J = torsional constant = = 1.103×10⁶ mm⁴
².
de
( )²
Fey = , Fey = 2193.2 MPa (E4-8) Cw = warping constant = ..... = 1.32×10¹¹ mm⁶
f
F̄˳= polar radius of gyration about the shear center= 139.446
H²®òó
Fez = [ + mn ]
mm
(CD)² \ ̄˳ ²
(E4-9)
Fez = 550.28 MPa
Fey + Fez = 550.28 + 2193.2 = 2743.5 MPa
¡[ 1 − 1 − ]
Òey i Òez . . •.ù
>ù (Òey i Òez)2
Fe = = 855 MPa
.
< 4.71r®/ G = 133.2
(Fy/Fe)
Since , Then → Fcr = 0.658 . Fy
173
Fy/Fe = 0.292
(0.292)
Fcr = 0.658 . (250) = 221.2 MPa
Pn = Fcr.Ag = (221.2)(9480) = 2096.9 KN
- The flexural buckling strength controls, and the nominal strength is 496.75 KN
LRFD ASD
Øc= 0.9 Ωc= 1.67
Pn = 496.75 Pn = 496.75
ØcPn = 496.75 x 0.9 = 447.1 KN Pn/ Ωc = 496.75 / 1.67 = 297.5 KN
Name Surname : Muhamed Ezwai
Student No: 160408116
174
Book: Steel Structures Design A. WILLIAMS: EXAMPLE 9.1
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT
Example 6.1. Braced Frame Effective Length Factors
For the braced frame shown in Fig. 6.4, determine the effective length factors of the columns.
The girder
may be considered infinitely rigid and the columns are adequately braced in the transverse
direction.
SOLUTION;
The effective length factors may be obtained from Fig. 6.3. For column 12 which is fixed at
one end and pinned at the other
K =0.8 (from fig 6.3)
For column 34 which is fixed at both ends
K =0.65 (from fig 6.3)
K Values for Sway Frames
Effective length factors of sway columns are similarly obtained. In general the effective
length factor exceeds 1.0 except for frames with high structural stiffness. For these
frames, the sidesway amplification factor is
B2 =∆2nd/∆1st
where ∆2nd is second-order drift and ∆1st is first-order drift. When B2 ≤1.1, AISC 360
Sec. A-7.2 permits the use of an effective length factor of K =1.0.
NAME SURNAME : ABUBAKAR MOHAMMED LAWAL

STUDENT NUMBER : 160408128
UNIVERSITY : IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY
175
Example 4.15
Compute the compressive strength of a WT12 ×81 of A992 steel. The effective lengthwith respect to
the x-axis is7.77 m, the effective length with respect to the y-axis is 6.1 m, and the effective length
with respect to the z-axis is 6.1 m.
SOLUTİON:
this shape is a nonslender WT, we use the approach of AISC E4(a). First,compute the flexural
buckling strength for the x-axis (the axis of no symmetry)
Cä D 25.5 ∗ 30.48
= = 87.33
F 8.9
H > ∗ ® H > ∗ 200 ∗ 10
å³ = = = 258.56 =‹J
ž D 87.33>
( F )>
® 200 ∗ 10
4.71] = 4.71] = 113.4
å 345
Since £
< 4.71√ , AISC Equation E3-2 applies:
£ «
€«
åt = 0.658€¸ ∗ = 0.658> Y. Z ∗ 345 = 197.36 =‹J
Z ! .Z
*Pn = Fcr ∗ Ag = 197.36 ∗ h
= 1198.1 žA
Compute the flexural-torsional buckling strength about the y-axis (the axis of
symmetry ):
Compute Fcryusing AISC E3:
C D 20 ∗ 30.48
= = 68.5
F 8.9
From AISC Equation E3- 4
H > ∗ 200 ∗ 10
å³ = = 420.7 =‹J
(68.5)>
176
< 4.71
«
Since
« «
åOFG = 0.658 ∗ = 0.658 > .! ∗ 345 = 244.77 =‹J
Because the shear center of a tee is located at the intersection of the

centerlines ofthe flange and the stem.
E =0
ª€ 3.1
Gç = G − = 6.86 − = 5.31O= = 53.1 ==
2 2
[£ i[«
Fç> =Gç> + Eç> + = 5.31> + 0 + = 49.7O=> = 4970==>
! i Z
\â Z .!
Eç> + Gç> 0 + 53.1>

§ =1− =1+ = 0.433
Fç> 4970
mn 77200 ∗ 23.4
åt • = = = 599 =‹J
R¦ Fç> 60.7 ∗ 49.7
åt + åt = 244.77 + 599 = 843.77 =‹J
åt + åt • 4 t t •§
åt = è é [1 − √1 −
2§ ( OFG + OFê)>
843.77 4 ∗ 244.77 ∗ 599 ∗ 0.433
= µ1 − ]1 − ¶ = 192 =‹J
2 ∗ (0.433) (244.77 + 599)>
IU = OFR± = 192 ∗ 6070.6 ∗ 10ë = 1165.6 CA
The flexural buckling strength controls, and the nominal strength is1198.1 KN.
For LRFD , the design strength is :
∅t ∗ Iº = 0.90 ∗ 1165.6 = 1049 CA
For ASD, the allowable stress is L = 0.6 ∗ 199.36 = 118.4 mpa
And allowable strength is L R¦ = 118.4 ∗ 6070.6 ∗ 10ë = 7187.8 CA
ESSMAT AHMED SAEED SAEED

160408115
177
AlanWilliams Books Example 6.4.
Sway Frame Effective Length Factors by Alignment Chart For the sway frame shown in Fig.
6.8, determine the effective length factors of columns 45 and 56. The girders have a moment
of inertia of twice that of the columns. The columns are adequately braced in the transverse
direction.
For the fixed connection at joint 6, AISC 360 Commentary Sec. A-7.2 recommends a practical
value of
G6 = 1.0
At joint 5, because of the skew symmetrical loading and symmetrical structure the girder is
in reverse curvature with M25 = M52 and
Lg ′ = Lg (2 - M25/M52)
= Lg (2 - 1)
= Lg
G5 = Σ(Ec I c /Lc )/Σ(Eg I g /Lg )
= (2 × 1/254)/(2/508)
=2
178
From the alignment chart for sway frames, the effective length factor is
K56 = 1.45
For the pinned connection at joint 4, AISC 360 Commentary Sec. A-7.2 recommends a
practical value of
G4 = 10
From the alignment chart for sway frames, the effective length factor is
K45 = 2.1
Name Surname : Mustafa Ermiş
University : İzmir Katip Çelebi University
179

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Design of Steel Structures

Min. required references to solve the problems;

Selected shape type Properties of the steel section

AISC Shapes and Database;

Tensile yielding check:

Case 2: use the AISC Specification Table D3.1 with ̅ = = 21.107 mm

Case 7: < 2⁄3

Using AISC specification B4.3:

The available tensile rupture strength is,

Øt Pn = 936.828 > 800.680 kN o.k. Pn / Ωt = 624.553 > 533.787 kN o.k.

Check Recommended Slenderness Limit:

Size Dimension Dimension Dimension Dimension Static

Depth h Thickness Sectional Weight Moment of

4x4 4 1/2 3.8 12.8 5.56

101.6 mm x 101.6 mm 12.7 mm 2451.6 mm^2 325.12 /mm 141.224 mm^4

From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required tensile strength is:

Pu=1.2 DL+ 1.6 LL

1.2 (88.960 kN)+1.6(266.880 kN)=533.76 kN

88.960 kN + 266.880kN = 355.84 kN

(d= 101.6 mm, bw=101.6 mm, t= 12.7 mm)

= 248.22 N/mm^2 (2419.35 mm^2)

Case 8, with 4 or more fasteners per line in the direction of loading:

Calculate An using AISC Specification Section B4.3

An = Ag –(dh+ 1/16)t =3.75in^2 – (13/16 in. + 1/16 in.) (1/2 in)

An= (2419.35 mm^2)-(20.6375 mm + 1.5875 mm) (12.7 mm)= 2137.09 mm

Ae= AnU= 2137.09 mm^2(0.869) =1857.1312 mm^2

Pn= FuAe =399.91 Mpa (1857.13 mm^2) =742.685 kN

542.656 kN > 533.760 kN ok

359.398 kN > 355.840 kN ok

Lmax= 300r = (300)(0.776 in) (1ft/12.0 in) = 19.4 ft = 5.91312 m

Note: The L/r limit is a recommendation, not a requirement.

Name Surname : Ecem TUNCER

Student Number : 120408001

University : İZMİR KATİP ÇELEBİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Pu = 1.2(177kN) + 1.6(534 kN) Pa = 177kN + 534kN

Calculate An using AISC Specification Section B4.3.

Calculate Ae using AISC Specification Section D3.

EXAMPLE NO: EXAMPLE D.4 RECTANGULAR HSS TENSION MEMBER

AISC MANUAL TABLE 2-4

From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the materials properties

ASTM A500 Grade B

Fy=46 ksi(317,17 MPa)

Fu= 58 ksi(399,91 MpaFrom AISC Manual Table 1-11,

Ag=6,18 in2 (3987,0888 mm2)

t=0,349 in(8,8646 mm)

H=6 in(152,4 mm)

From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required tensile strength is:

Pu=1,2(DL) + 1,6(LL) Pa=DL + LL

=1,2(155,68N) + 1,6(467,04N) =155,68N+467,04N

AISC Specification Table D3.1 Case 6

Calculate U from AISC Specification Table D3.1 Case 6.

=3987,0888 mm2 -2(12,7mm+1,5875mm)8,8646mm

Calculate Ae using AISC Specification Section D3.

=(3733,782855 mm2) 0,1

=(399,91 Mpa)( 373,3782855 mm2)

=1138126,459 N>934,08N o.k

Recommended Slenderness Limit

232<300 from AISC Specification Section D1 o.k

Name Surname: Okan ARGIŞ

University:IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY

EXAMPLE NO : EXAMPLE 3.1 PLATE TENSION MEMBER

a. What is the design strength for LRFD?

b. What is the allowable strength for ASD?