A²ymbw H¶v

tIc-f-¯nse Xm{´nI]mc-¼cyw: Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw

{]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw X½n-epÅ sshIm-cnItNÀ¨-bmWv X{´-im-kv{X-
¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\w. {]m]-©n-I-X-bn-epÅ hnizm-k¯n A-[n-jvTn-X-ambn«v
X{´w hnI-kn-¨p. imco-cnIhyh-Øn-Xn-bn A´Àeo-\-am-b k¯ DbÀ¯n
A\p`qXn- {]m]vX-am-¡pIsb¶ e£yw Xm{´n-I-X-bn Dcp¯ncn-ªXv
Bßo-bX {]_-e-am-b-t¸m-gmWv. Xm{´n-I-X-bn-eqsS ssNX-\ym-hØ a\-Ên-
em-¡n IpÞ-en\n DWÀ¯p-Ibpw Úm\k¼m-Z-\-¯n-eqsS sFIyw {]m]n-¡p-
I-bpw thW-sa¶v kÀ tPm¬ hpt{Um^v hyà-am-¡p¶p−v.1
ssZhnI þ {]Ir-Xn-i-àn-I-tfmSv CW-§n-t¨-cm³ kaq-l-_-Ôn-bmb
a\p-jy³sNbvX ]cn-{i-a-¯nsâ ^e-amWv X{´-im-kv{X-sa¶v2 tUm. _n.-kn.
_me-Ir-jvW³ ]d-bp-¶p. {]Ir-Xn þ ]pcpj Zzµz-I-ev]-\-bpsS hyh-Ø-bnÂ
cqV-am-b Úm\-\nÀh-N-\-amWv X{´-km-[-\-bpsS ASn-Øm\w. BZn-a-P-\-X-
bpsS Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-bn ]cn-ØnXn {]Xn-`m-k-¯nsâ kzm[o-\w hyàn
Nn´-Isf ]p\Àh-Nn¨p. \nb-{´-W-hn-t[-b-am-hm¯ {]IrXnLS-I-§Ä A\p-`-h-
§-fmbpw Ak-´p-ãn-I-c-§-fmbpw \ne-\n-¶-t¸mÄ a\Êv AYhm CÑm-i-ànsb
{Ia-s¸-Sp-¯n ssZhnI-Xsb {]Xn-`m-k-§-fn Btcm-]n-¨p. AwK-N-e-\¯nepw
D¨-mcW-i-Ð-§-fnepw AÛpX Bib§fnepw BZna Xm{´n-IX cq]-s]«p
sh¶mWv hnizmkw. {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-f-hmb Ne-\m-ß-I-Xbpw ]cn-Wm-a§
- fpw kaq-l-
Po-hn-X-¯n kzm[o\w sNep-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. aXm-cm-[-\-bpsS {]Ya-L-S\ cq]-s¸-«Xv
Cu X¯z-§fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv.
aX-¯n\v c−p LS-I-§-fp-−v. H¶v, {]Ir-Xnsb a\-Ên-em-¡m-\pÅ
kwcw-`-§-fn \n¶p-f-hm-Ip¶ aX-hn-izm-k-§Ä. c−v, {]Ir-Xnsb
IogS¡m-\pÅ ]cn-{i-a-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« aX-N-S-§p-IÄ. \nKq-V
-§fpw ZpÀ{K-l-§-fp-amb {]Ir-Xn-i-àn-IÄ {]mIr-X-a-\p-jysâ
a\-Ên-ep-f-hm-¡nb {]Xn-I-c-W-§-fmWv c−n-tâbpw ASn-Øm-\w3
F¶ \nK-a\w BZn-a-P-\-X-bpsS Pohn-X-¯n {]Ir-Xn¡p−mbncp¶ {]m[m\yw
hyà-am-¡p-¶p. aXm-ß-I-Nn-´-bnse sshZn-Im-cm-[-\sb XpSÀ¶v kaq-l-¯n-ep-S-
se-Sp¯ \ho\ZmÀi-\n-I-X-bpsS ^e-am-bmWv X{´-im-kv{X-¯nsâ DÛhw.
\nb-X-amb [Àa-§fpw KpW-§fpw tNÀ¶ A\p-jvTm-\-]-²-Xn-bmbn Xm{´n-IX

5
]n¶oSv ]cn-W-an-¨p. X\p (Physical) kw_-Ôn-bmb Imcy-§Ä a\-Ên-em¡n
Bß\n-jvTm-]-c-amb {]tbm-K-¯n-eqsS Úm\mÀP-\-sa¶ hnim-emÀYw- X{´-
¯n-\p-−v. AXp-sIm−v icoc[Àa{]Xn-]m-Z-I-imkv{Xw F¶pw X{´w Adn-b-s¸-
Sp-¶p. Pohn-X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« kwkvImc[mc-bm-Wn-Xv. \ncp-à-tIm-i-¯nÂ
X{´-¯n\v \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ hyXykvX AÀY-§Ä Xmsg tNÀ¡p¶p. 4
1. X\ytX hnkvXm-cytX
Úm\w- A-t\-\-bnXn X{´w
Úm\w AYhm Ad-nhv hym]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶XpsIm−v imkv{X-¯n\v X{´w
F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.

2. kÀtÆfÀYmtb\ "X\y't´
"{Xm'bt´ N `bm-Ö\m:
P\-\-a-cW hr¯-¯n \n¶v kwc-£n-¡p¶ imkv{Xsa¶pw AÀYw
X{´-¯n-\p-−v. ]pcp-jmÀY-§-fn hym]n-¡-p-Ibpw Ahsb c£n-¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p¶ imkv{XamWnXv.
3. X\ptX {Xmb-tX N \nXyw X{´-anXn hnZpÀ_p[mx
\nXyw hym]n-¡p-Ibpw c£n-¡p-IbpwsN¿p-¶ imkv{X-amWv X{´-sa¶v
_p[-·mÀ ]d-bp-¶p.
4. X{´n CXn [mtXm-cnl [mc-WmÀYmXv
X{´ytX At\-\bnXn X{´w
X{´[mXp-hn\v IpSpw_w c£n¡pI F¶mWv hnh£.
IpSpw_w kwc-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\mepw X{´-sa-¶ÀYw. sFln-I-
X-bn \n¶v P\s¯ {XmW\wsN¿p¶ imkv{XamWv X{´w. a{´-
§-fpsS kwKo-X- ssieo`mh-¯n \n¶v X{´n F¶ hmZy-mÀYam-
bn«pw X{´iÐs¯ \njv]m-Zn-¸n-¨psh¶ A`n-{]m-bhpw \ne-\nÂ
¡p¶p−v.
X{´-imkv{Xw A\p-jvTn-¡p-Ibpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ hyànsb
AXv kwc-£n-¡p-w F¶ kmcmw-i-¯n-emWv Cu \nÀh-N-\-§Ä sNs¶-¯p-¶Xv.
X{´w Hcp A\p-jvTm\PohnXhr¯n-bmbn \ne-\nÀ¯nt]mIp-¶-Xn-\pÅ Blzm\-
amImanXv. tKm{X-kw-_-Ôn-bmb hnizm-k-§-fnÂ\n¶mWv BZna Xm{´n-I-X-

6
bpsS DZ-bw. CXv {ZmhnU Bßo-b-X-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«ncn¡p-¶p. ]n¶o-Sv
Bcy-X-{´wIqSn tNÀ¶-t¸m-gmWv ]Iz-hpw {]_p-²-hp-amb \ho\ LS\ X{´-
im-kv{X-¯n DbÀ¶-Xv. {]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-§fn amä-§Ä hcp¯n ]cn-hÀ¯-\-
s¸-Sp¯n Pohn-X-¯nsâ kpJ-ku-I-cy-§Ä¡mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡m-sa¶v kaqlw
Icp-Xn-bn-cp¶p.5 {]IrXnX¯z-§-fn A´Àeo-\-amb Nn´m-]-²-Xn-bmbn X{´-
imkv{Xw hnI-kn-¨p. a{´-hm-Z-¯nsâ A\p-jvTm-\ þ Bib Awi-§Ä¡pw
BZn-{Zm-hnU hnizmk Nn´-I-fp-ambn kmay-ap-−v. CXv X{´-¯n-te¡v ]cn-hÀ
¯-\-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. ImÀjnIhyh-Ø-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v X{´-hnZy
{]_-es¸«p. Irjn-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-hy-h-Ø-bn {]Ir-Xn-bp-sS \ne-\nev]v
{]Jym-]n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse {]]-©-¯nsâ ØnXn-L-S-\bpw tZymXn-¸n-¡p-¶p−v.
A§s\ amXr-k-¦-ev]w Pohn-X-`m-K-ambn \nÀW-bn-¡p-I-bpw kmaq-ly-L-S-I-§-
fn {][m-\-s¸-«-Xmbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A½-ssZ-h-§-fnepw DÂ]m-Z\ tijn-¡p-th-−n-bpÅ aX-NS-§p-I-
fnepw hniz-kn-¨n-cp¶ {]mIrX IÀj-I-k-ap-Zm-b-§-fn-emWv X{´-hn-Zy-
bpsS Dd-hnSw InS-¡p¶sX¶v tZho-{]-kmZv NtXm-]m-[ymb Icp-
Xp¶p.6
aXw þ X{´w þ a{´-hmZw þ Bßo-bX F¶nh ]c-kv]cw _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-
¡p-¶p. AXoXiàn-Isf AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS Xr]vXn¡pw Ir]-bv¡p-
am-bn {]oXn{]hr-¯n-IÄ A\pjvTn-¡p-Ibm-Wv CXnsâ ASn-Øm-\w. Pohn-X
¯nse ssPhnIXzc-IÄ, imco-cnI]cn-Wm-a-§Ä, Bib]cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä- Ch
sbÃmw AXo-X-i-àn-bn-te¡p a\p-jys\ \bn-¨p. H¸w \ntj-[-§Ä, hne-¡p-IÄ,
Acp-Xp-IÄ F¶nh hnizmk k¦ev]-¯n cqV-am-bn. CXv ]men-¡-s¸-Sp-
t¼mÄ kwc-£-Whpw A\p-{Klhpw e`n-¡p-sa-¶mWv hnizm-kw. kv{Xo þ
]pcpj þ {]IrXn Nn´-I-fnepw kmaqlnIhyh-Ø-bn-ep-saÃmw Ch hyXykvXmÀY
§-fn ØnXnsN¿p-¶p.
{]Ir-Xn-sbbpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-t¯bpw \bn-¡p-Ibpw `cn-¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p-¶p F¶p hniz-kn-¡-s¸-«p-h-cp¶ a\p-jym-Xo-X-§-fmb iàn-
Isf {]oXn-s¸-Sp-¯p-Itbm A\q-Iq-e-am-¡p-Itbm sN¿-emWv aXw.7
{]Ir-Xn-i-àn-bn DÛq-X-amb `bm-i-¦-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯\^e-am-bn-«mWv
aXm-cm-[\ \nehn h¶-Xv. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n kzm[o\wsNep-¯p¶ {]Ir-
Xnsb ASp-¯-dn-bm\pw Ah-bn \ne-\n¡p¶ hmkvX-hn-I-Xsb a\-Ên-em-

7
¡m\p-ap-Å {ia-]-²-Xn-I-fm-bmWv Xm{´nINn´-bpsS BhnÀ`mhw. hyàn, kaql-
[m-cWIÄ¡v \nb-{´n-¡mt\m D·q-e\w \S-¯p-¶-Xnt\m km[y-a-Ãm¯ AXo-{µnb
LS-I-§sf \nb-{´-W-¯n-em¡n Ah-bp-ambn _Ôw (Relation) Øm]n-s¨-Sp-
¡m\pw Cu t_m[-_-Ô-\-¯n-eqsS B{i-bXzw t\Sp-¶-Xn-\p-amWv BZn-a-
Xm{´n-IX {ian-¨-Xv. CXn ]©-`q-Xm-cm-[\bpsS BZy-L-S-I-§Ä k¶n-th-in-
¸n¨p. {]]©w ]©-`q-X-¯n ASnØm-\-s¸-Sps¶¶pw AXv a\p-jy-kr-ãn-bpsS
P\-\-þ-a-c-W-§-fn-eqsS {]_-e-am-Ip-¶p-sh-¶pw, X{´-imkv{Xw hniz-kn-¡p-¶p−v.
Cu X¯z-¯nsâ {]Ya LS-\ BZnaXm{´n-I-X-bn ImWmw. hnizm-km-[n-jvTn-X-
ambn IrXy-cq]w X¿m-dm-bn-sÃ-¦nepw {]mNo\P\-X-bn ]©-`q-Xm-cm-[\ X¯z-
c-ln-X-amb k¦ev]-¯n {]I-S-ambncp¶p. `qan, Pew, Aán, hmbp, BIm-iw
F¶n-hbmWv ]©-`q-X-§Ä. ]©-`q-Xm-ßI {]]-©-¯nsâ Hmtcm LS-\-bn-ep-
apÅ hyXn-cn-à-XIfpw ]cn-Wm-a-§fpw P\-X-bn PnÚmk hfÀ¯p-Ibpw
Bcm-[\mkz`m-h-¯ntes¡¯n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn«p−v. ]©-`q-X Bcm-[\m
k{¼-Zm-b-¯n-te¡v {]]-©clkykXy-§sf tNÀ¯v X¯zm-[njvTnX-ambn X{´w
]n¶oSv ]cn-hÀ¯\s¸«p. Bcm-[-\-bpsS `mK-am-bpÅ Xm{´nI {]I-S-\-]-²-Xn-
I-fn {]IrXnssien-tbmSv XmZm-ßy-s¸-Sp¶ hn[-¯n-epÅ A\pjvTm\{]{In-b
IÄ BwKnIhmNn-Im-`n-\-b-§-fmbn tNÀ¶p. krãn-¡m-t\m \in-¸n-¡mt\m km[y-
am-hm¯ Imem-h-Øm-K-Xn-Isf Hcp ]cn-[n- hsc ]cn-c-£n-¡p-hm-\pw Bcm-[n-¡p-
hm\pw am{Xsa km[n-¡p-I-bp-Åp-sh¶v BZn-a -Xm-{´n-IÀ a\-Ên-em¡n. A§s\
{]m]-©nI Nn´m-K-Xnbn \neo-\-amb ]T-\-ambn X{´w hnI-kn-¨p.
Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew apX tZi-¯n-sâbpw hwio-X-bp-sSbpw Awi-§Ä
kzmwio-I-cn¨v ]cn-hÀ¯\hnt[-b-ambn X{´w \ne-\n¡p¶p. {Iao-Ir-X-amb
A\p-jvTm\w aptJ-\ -ssP-h{]Ir-Xn-bp-am-bpÅ a\p-jysâ tNÀ¨ Cu imkv{X-
¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-am-Wv. ssih-tKm{X k¦-ev]-¯n-eqsS Dcp-¯n-cnª Xm{´n-
IX A½tZh-Xm-cm-[-\-bn-eqsS ]pãn-s¸-«p. X{´-im-kv{X-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\
amb IÀam-\p-jvTm-\-]-²-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v hyXy-kvX-§-fmb A`n-{]m-b-§Ä \ne-
hn-ep-−v. alm-cp-{Z-bm-a-fw, {]mW-tXm-jnWn F¶n-h-b\ - p-k-cn¨v thZ-{In-bm
hnhÀPn-XÀ X{´-amÀK-¯n\v AÀl-c-söv ]d-b-s¸-Sp¶p. X{´-im-kv{X-¯n\v
anI¨ ]T-\-§Ä \ÂInb BÀXÀ Bhve³,
imà-X-{´s¯ A[n-£n-]vX-am-¡n-¯oÀ¯ ]qPm-hn[n AssZzX
hmZ-¯nsâ {]mtbm-Kn-I-hiw am{X-am-sW¶pw KWn-X-imkv{X

8
 kn²m-´-a-ÃmsX asäm-¶p-a-Ã "EtKzZ' t{]mà-amb tZho-kq-à-
¯n-ep-Å-sX¶pw8 {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p-−v.
{]IrXn-iàn-I-tfm-SpÅ Bcm-[-\-bmWv X{´-¯nsâ kmÀh-eu-InI {]Xn-
`m-k¯n\v apJy-Im-cWw. GjymänIv antYm-fPn F¶ {KÙ-¯n kÀhm-ß-
hm-Zw, aÀXym-Im-c-]qP, hniz-tZ-h-Xm-hm-Zw, {]Xo-Im-ß-IX XpS-§n-b- L-S-I-§Ä
hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-s−-¦nepw {]IrXniàn-Isf Bcm-[n-¡p¶ k{¼-Zm-b-¯n-
\mWv {]mapJyw e`n-¨-sX¶v9 kqNn¸n-¡p-¶p. DÀh-c-Xm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-ambn
_Ô-s¸«v `qansb amXr-_nw-_-ambn Btcm-]n-¡p-Ibpw Xm{´nIk¦ev]-¯n-
eqsS kao-]n¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv temIXm-{´n-I-X-bpsS Ncn-{X-k-Xy-¯nsâ
`mK-ambn \ne-\n¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p−v. tPmk^v Imws]-Ãnsâ A`n-{]m-b-
¯n C´y-bn F.-Un. 500 apX 1500 hsc-bpÅ Ime-L-«-¯n-epÅ
Xm{´nI _nw_-]-cn-I¸-\-I-fn amXr-tZ-hnbpambn _Ô-s¸« Bcm-[-\-I-fm-
bn-cp-¶p \ne-\n-¶Xv.10 hnIm-c-§sf \nb-{´n¨v, kao-Ir-X-am-¡n C{µn-b-§Ä¡v
A[o-\-ambn hÀ¯n-¡m³ Xm{´n-IX hn`m-h\wsN¿p¶ _rl-¯mb Bibw
Blzm\wsN¿p-¶p-−v. AXn-\p-th−n \nb-a-§Ä [ym\-co-Xn-IÄ, tbmKw, amÀKw,
DuÀP-kw-`-c-Ww, t{]m£-Ww F¶nh X{´--im-J-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p-. thÄUv antYm-
fPn Fgp-Xnb emcp-sk- Xm{´nIhnZy-bnse {]Xn-]m-Z\ Imcy-¯n-sem¶v sshIm-
cnI\nb-{´Ww Xs¶-bmsW¶v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p−v. CXv km[n-¨m am\p-jnI
iànsb B[ym-ßnIe£y-§Ä {]m]vX-am¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp¯m
sa¶v At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p-.11
ssewKnI Xm{´n-IXsb¶ Bi-bhpw sshIm-cnI A\p-`-hs¯ Bßo-
bm-\p-`qXnbmbn amäp-¶ Imcyw hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v. {]IrXn þ ]pcpj GIo-I-c-
Ws¯ `mc-Xob Xm{´n-IX DbÀ¯n-Im-«p-¶-Xv B´-cnINn´m-K-Xn-IfpsS A\p-
jvTm-\§Ä ap³\nÀ¯nbm-Wv. sPbnwkv ÌÃnbpw amÀK-cäpw X{´-s¯-¡p-dn¨v
hnh-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xm{´ntImÀPw kzmb-¯-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v iàn AsÃ-¦n kv{Xo
ssNX-\y-t¯m-sSm¸w ]pcp-tjmÀP-s¯bpw Bcm-[n¡W12sa¶v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
X{´-¯nsâ hyXy-kvX-§-fmb hn`m-K-§-fpÄs¸sS FÃm taJ-eI
- -fnepw ssih -þ-
imtàb Zzµz-]-cn-Iev]-\-Isf BZ-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-−v. CXn-s\m¸w Xs¶
Xm{´n-I-hn-Zy-bn Bßo-bhpw `uXn-I-hp-am-bpÅ hgn-I-fn-eqsS Bß-k-¯
Xncn-¨-dn-bm-\pw ]c-amÀY-¯n-te¡v F¯n-t¨-cm-\pw \nc-h[n hgn-I-fps−¶v13
Xm{´nIKth-j-IÀ hyà-am-¡p¶p. ChsbÃmw X{´-im-kv{X-¯nsâ {][m-\-

9
e£yw Bß-km-£m-XvIm-chpw Poh·pàm-h-Ø-bp-am-sW¶ kqN\ \ÂIp-
¶p−v. X{´-im-kv{X-¯n _mly-hpw \nKq-V-hp-amb taJ-eI
- Ä \ne-\n¡p-
t¼mÄ Xs¶ Bcm-[-\m-tI-{µ-§Ä AsÃ-¦n t£{X-§Ä tI{µoIcn-¨mbn-cp¶p
Xm{´n-I-X hnI-kn-¨p-h-¶-Xv. A\p-jvTm-\-¯n\pw BN-c-W-¯n-\papÅ CSw
F¶ k¦ev]¯nsâ hyà-X-bmWv CXv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. C§-s\-bpÅ
t£{X-§Ä {]tXy-In¨v tIc-f-¯n-ep-Åh hmkvXp]pcp-jsâ tcJm-Nn-{Xs¯
ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯nbmWv14 LS-\m-]-c-ambn \nÀan-¡p-¶-sX¶v kvsäÃm {Imwdnjv
]d-ªn-«p−v.
Xm{´n-IXbpw {_mÒ-Wcpw
`mc-X-¯n {]_-e-amb X{´-¯n\v aäv cmPy-§-fnepw ]n´p-SÀ¨-¡m-
cp−v. AXmXv aX-¯nsâ Bcm-[\mhn[n-I-fn hnizmkkÖ-amb A\p-jvTm-
\-§Ä \ne-\n¡p¶p. {Kokv, tdmw, ssN\, Xn_-¯v, t\¸mÄ F¶n-hn-S-§-
fn X{´-amÀK-§-fp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. Hfn-¼n-Ivknse hnP-b-¯n-\mbn sUan-ä-dpsS
D]m-k-Isc B{i-bn¨ {Ko¡p-Imcpw tdmam-¡m-cnse shÌm-fp-IÄ F¶p hnfn-
¡-s¸« ]ptcm-ln-X-cp-saÃmw CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Ch-bn kv{XoIÄ¡pw
{]mXn-\n-[y-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p.15 {^m³knse ]ptcm-ln-X-cpsS a{´-hm-Z-{In-b-Ifpw
bqtdm-]y³ ImÀjn-IP\-X-bpsS ]ptcm-lnXhnizm-khpw BtKm-f-Xm-{´n-I-Xsb
kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p−v. CXn Ahm-´chn`m-K-§fpw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Xm{´nI am{´nI
{Inb-IÄ A\p-jvTn¨p hcp-¶p. saIvkn-t¡m, UmÀ]mSv (d-jy), Imen-tUm-\nb,
amÀIzn-kkv Zzo]v, s]dp, sI«v, h\nI (sXt¡ B{^n-¡), kmt]m-S-Ivkv,
lyqdm¬, \yqSvI, _m«Ivkv XpS§n \nc-h[n tKm{X-tZiP\-X-I-fn aXm-cm-[-\-
bpsS Xm{´n-Im-N-c-W-§Ä A\p-jvTm-\-hn-izm-k-§-fn ØnXnsN¿p-¶p-−v.
Pohn-X-¯n {Iao-Ir-X-amb \njvT-hgn {]m]vX-am-t¡− kn²n-I-fmWv X{´-
¯nsâ s]mXpe£yw. Cu kn²n-I-fn-te-¡pÅ {]tbm-K-§-fmWv km[-\.
inh-tI-{µo-Ir-X-amb hnizm-k-¯n \n¶mWv X{´-imkv{Xw hnI-
kn-X-am-b-Xv.16 lmc-¸³ kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ Imew apX X{´-
imkv{Xw {]_-e-am-bn-cp-¶p. `mc-X-¯n Gähpw {]mNo-\-amb
imkv{Xw X{´-am-sW¶v ^nen¸v duk¬ Zn BÀ«v Hm^v X{´
bn hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v.17
C{µo-b-tI-{µo-IrX-a-Ãm¯ Úm\-¯n-eqsS e`y-am-Ip¶ A\p-`q-Xn-bmWv
Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS ASn-Øm-\w. hnizm-km-[n-jvTnXamWn-Xv. thZ-Im-e-t¯mfw
10
]g¡w `mcXob X{´-im-kv{X-¯n-\p−v. ]n¶oSv sshZn-IXbpsS Awiw X{´-
¯n Ie-cp-Ibpw k½n-{i-im-J-bmbn hf-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. `mc-Xob {]mam-WnI
{KÙ-§-fn {ipXn, kvarXn, ]pcmWw F¶n-hbv¡ptijw \memw-Øm\w
X{´-¯n-\mWv. BK-aw, \nK-aw, bmafw, Umacw, DÍoiw, I£-]pSw XpS§n
\nc-h[n k{¼-Zm-b-§-fn X{´-imJ hnI-kn-¡p¶p. thZ-t¯mfw {]kàn
X{´-¯n-\p-s−¶v IÃqI `«³ kaÀYn-¡p-¶p−v.
sshZnIo Xm{´n-Io-ssN-h, Zznhn[m {ipXn: IoÀ¯nX
D]m-k\mtZh-X-Isf e£y-am¡n X{´w ]t©m-]m-k\Ifmbn Xncnªp.
kqcy³, KW-]Xn, hnjvWp, inh³, iàn F¶o tZh-X-Isf ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-
bm-bn-cp-¶p AXv. kucw, KmW-]-Xyw, sshjvWhw, ssihw, imàw F¶n-§s\
Ah Adnbs¸«p. ]t©m-]-mk\m k{¼-Zmbw ]n¶oSv {XntZ-hXm k¦-ev]-¯n-
te¡v Npcp-§n. sshjvWhw, ssihw, imtàbw F¶n-§-s\. hnjvWp-kw-_-Ôn-
bm-bh sshjvW-hhpw inh-kw-_-Ôn-bm-bXv ssihhpw iàn AYhm tZhnsb
kw_-Ôn-¨Xv imtà-b-hp-am-Wv. tIcfk{¼-Zmbw, Imivaocn k{¼-Zmbw, KuV
k-{¼-Zmbw, hnemk k{¼-Zmbw F¶n-§s\ \mep {][m\ k{¼-Zm-b§fp-−v.
Bcy-·m-cpsS hc-thmsS -X{´w {]_-e-am-sb-¦nepw \ne-hn-epÅ P\-X-bpsS
Pohn-X-N-cy-bn Xm{´n-IX \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. am\p-jn-tImÀP-§sf kao-Ir-X-am-
¡p-Itbm Za-\m-h-Ø-bn-te¡v F¯n-¡p-Itbm sN¿p¶ {]tbmKhn[n-I-fmWv
X{´-¯n-\p-Å-Xv. X{´w, BK-aw, kwlnX F¶nhbmWv X{´-im-kv{X-¯nse
{][m-\ LS-I-§Ä. X{´w imtà-bhpw BKaw ssihhpw kwln-X-ssh-jvhhp
amWv. inh-þ-]mÀhXn kwhmZcq]-¯n-ep-Å-XmWv an¡ X{´-{K-Ù-§fpw. inh³
]mÀh-Xn¡v D]tZ-in-¨p-\-evIp¶ X{´w BKaw F¶pw ]mÀhXn inh\v ]dªp-
\ÂIp¶ X{´-imkv{Xw \nK-a-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. ssihw, imtà-bw, KmW-]Xyw,
skucw, sshjvW-hw, alm-ho-cw, ]mip-]-Xw, hoc-ssh-jvWhw, hoc-ssihw,
Nm{µw, kzbw-`phw, im_cw, tLmc-am-b, I]m-en-Iw, hocw, s_u[w, ssP\w,
No\w, Iuew, XpS§n \nc-h[n BK-a-§-fp-−v. tbmKw, \nÀKpW D-]m-k\ XpS-
§nb B´-cnIÚm\hnj-b-§-fmWv \nK-a-§Ä.
{]Ir-Xymcm-[-\-bn-eqsS Bcw-`n¨ Xm{´nIX enwKm-cm-[-\, tbm\o-]q-P,
arKm-cm-[-\, hr£m-cm-[-\, kÀ¸m-cm-[\ F¶n-h-bn-eqsS hfÀ¶p. {]Ir-Xn-
i-àn-Isf Bcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw A\p-{K-l-¯n-\mbn At]-£n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I-bm-
bn-cp¶p BZy coXn. BImiw, kqcy³, ag, Aán, {]`mXw F¶o {]IrXn

11
iàn-Isf hnfn-¨-t]-£n-¡p¶ k{¼-Zmb kvXpXn-I-fmWv CXn {][m-\-ambpw
\ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. _n.-kn. 5000\pw 3000\pan-Sbv¡v X{´-¯n\v henb {]Nm-c-
ap-−mbn. thZm-Nmcw, sshjvW-hm-Nmcw, ssihm-Nmcw, Z£n-Wm-Nmcw F¶v \mev
BNm-c-hn-[n-IÄ X{´-¯n ]d-bp-¶p. Z£n-W-Im-fn- tZ-hX
- bpw Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯n
Ejn-bp-ambn D¯-cm-av\mb {]Im-c-apÅ BNm-c-amWv Z£n-Wm-Nm-cw. CXn\p
hn]-co-X-amWv hmam-Nmcw. Xma-k-kz-`m-h-ap-Å-h-cmWv CX-\p-jvTn-¡p¶ hmam-
Nm-cn-IÄ. Im]m-enIÀ, ]ip-]-X-·mÀ, Ime-ap-J-·mÀ, `mÞn-tI-c-·mÀ, ZnKw-_-c-
·mÀ, Nn\m-Nm-c-·mÀ, AtLm-c-·mÀ, Iufm-Nm-c-·mÀ XpS-§n-b-h-cmWv hmam-Nm-cn-
IÄ. imco-cn-tImÀP-§-fpsS {]k-c-Whpw \nÀh-l-Whpw hgn-bmWv tZh-Xm-\p-
`q-Xnsb¶ kn²m-´-¯n-emWnhÀ hniz-kn-¨-Xv.
BZn-a-a-\p-jysâ {]hr-¯n-bnepw Nn´-bnepw {]I-S-amb Xm{´n-I -k-¦ev]w
Ahsâ apt¶m«pÅ Pohn-X-{I-a-¯nepw kzm[o\w sNep-¯n. Bibhn-\n-a-b-
§-fmb ico-cmw-K-§f
- psS Ne-\-¯nÂ\n¶pw Xm{´nIap{Z-Ifpw \ymk§fpw
iÐ-¯nÂ\n¶v a{´-§fpw KqV-_o-Pm-£-c-§fpw \ne-hn h¶p. X{´w aX-hn-
izm-k-taJe F¶Xn-ep-]cn kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ IqSn ]T-\-am-Wv. BZy-P-\-X-bpsS
Iq«mb Pohn-X-¯nÂ\n¶v Dcp-¯n-cª kwLt_m[-amWv kaq-lm-cm-[-\-bpsS
{]mY-anIt{iWn. {]Ir-Xnsb a\-Ên-em-¡p-Ibpw \nco-£n-¡p-Ibpw Ah kz´w
Pohn-X-¯nsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Isf kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶-sX-§s\sb¶v Is−-¯p-Ibpw
sN¿p-¶Xv X{´-m[njvTnX kmwkvIm-cnI hni-I-e\¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-bmWv.
sshZnIaXhpw Xm{´n-I-a-Xhpw hyXy-kvX-im-J-I-fm-bn-Xo-cp-Ibpw Ah-
bn ]n¶oSv an{iWw kw`-hn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvsX¶v Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw hyà-am-
¡p-¶p. ssihtKm{X-k-¦-ev]-¯n-te¡v Bcy-aXw tNcp-Ibpw sshZnI þ
Xm{´n-I-X-bn ]pXn-sbmcp imJ Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \ne-hn {Zmhn-U-
kw-kvImc tI{µo-Ir-X-amb Hcp Bcm-[-\m-]-²Xnbmbn-cp¶p \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶Xv.
AsshZn-I-amb Cu D]m-k\{Inb-bn-te¡v sshZn-Imwiw IeÀ¶p. CXv A\p-jv
Tm-\m-ß-I-ambo ]n¶oSv hn]p-eo-I-cn-¨p. {]IrXn{]Xn-`m-k-§-fn-em-cw-`n¨ Bcm[\,
cq]-k-Öo-I-c-W-§-tfm-sS-bpÅ tZh-Xm-k-¦ev]§fn-te¡v Btcm-]Ww sNbvXp.
sshZn-I-X km[m-cWP\-§-fn-te¡v hym]n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw PmXn-Nn´ {]_-e-
am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ {Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-c-¯n-te¡v Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS Awi-§Ä
tNÀ¶p. Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS ASn-Øm\w {Zmhn-U-hÀK-¯n \n¶m-sW¶v
sI. Zmtam-Z-cs\t]m-epÅ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ ]d-bp-¶p−v. amXr-tZ-h-Xm-cm-[-\-bn-
eq-sS-bmWv aX-t_m[w iàn-{]m-]n-¨-Xv.18
12
 hnfþ\n-ew F¶nhbpambn _Ô-s¸«v A½-ssZ-h-k-¦ev]w cqV-ambn
XoÀ¶p. BZna {ZmhnUk¦ev]-¯nse hrãn Nn´m-L-S-I-§-fpsS Dcph Zriy-
§-fmbn tZh-Xmk¦ev]w ]cn-Wan-¨p. `qan/ hn¯v/ hnf; A½ (kv{Xo)/ KÀ`w/
Poh³ ({]-k-hw) XpS-§nb Zzµ-z§fneqsS Ch hnI-kn-X-am-bn. `qan-bnÂ\n¶v e`n-
¡p¶ hnfk¼-¯n-eqsS Pohn-X-¯nsâ Bhmkhyh-Øn-Xn¡v t{]cI-Xzhpw,
t]mj-I-Xzhpw AkvXn-Xzhpw hÀ[n-¡p-sa¶ Nn´ krãn¨ t_m[-amWv A½
tZh-Xm-cm-[-\-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-¯n\p ImcWw. ImÀjn-I-hr-¯n-bp-ambn Cg-
tNÀ¶-mWv {ZmhnUP\-X-bn Cu k¦ev]w thcq-¶n-b-Xv. inh-tKm-{XNn-´bpw
amXr-tZ-h-Xm-cm-[-\bpw X½n kam-\-X-I-fp-−v. `qan-sb-bpw amXr`m-h-s¯bpw
kmZr-iy-s¸-Sp¯n Bcm-[n-¡p¶ ØnXnhntijw ]pcm-X-\- kwkvImc]²-Xn-I-
fnÂ\n-¶pw Is−-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p. KÀ`-]m-{X-¯nÂ\n¶pw hf-cp¶ kkyhpw, kvss{XW
-kz-Xz-¯nsâ Bhn-jvIm-c-ambn {]Xn-^-en-¡p¶ kv{Xo cq]hpw (X-e-Io-gm-bn,
Imep-IÄ AI-änb coXn) kv{Xo þ `qan- Zz-µz-I-ev]\bpsS kmZr-iy-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-I-
fpsS cm{ão-b-¯n-te-¡msW¯p-¶-Xv. A½ tZhXm Nn´ BZn-as - sih Iev]-\-
bpsS {]mcw-`- \nÀh-N-\-§-fp-ambn ka-c-k-s¸-Sp-Ibpw, inh-iàn k¦ev]w DS-se-
Sp-¡p-IbpwsNbvXp. iàn-taf\w aqe-amWv inh-km-¶n[yw ]qÀWX {]m]n-¡p-¶-
sX¶ BÀj-kn-²m-´-¯nsâ {]Y-a-Nn-´, {Zmhn-Uamb amXrtZ-hXmþssih-
k-¦ev]-¯n eo\-amWv. sImässh F¶ \ma-¯n-emWv {Zmhn-U-cpsS tZh-Xm-
k-¦ev]w hnI-kn-¨-Xv. sImähsâ kv{Xo enwK-hm-Nn-bmWv sImähn. sImähÀ
F¶ \ma-]-Z-¯n\v cmPm-hv, Xe-h³, hnP-b-imen, \mY³ XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv
AÀY-§Ä19. CXn \n¶v `c-W-k-{¼-Zmbw AYhm kwc-£-Ww {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-
¨pÅ AÀYhyàX ImWmw. c£n-¡p-¶-hsâ ]Xv\n AYhm kv{Xobpw AtX
[Àaw A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p. A§s\ AhÄ sImähnbmIp-¶p. ]pcpjtZh-k-¦ev]
t¯-¡mÄ BZna {Zmhn-UÀ¡v kvss{XW-tZ-h-X-ItfmSv Cg-b-Sp-¸-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p.
BN-c-W-§-fnepw A\pjvTm\-§-fnepw A½-ssZ-h-t¯m-SpÅ hnizm-k-`-àn-bnÂ
hÀ[\hp-−m-bn.
"sImässh' k¦ev]w Xm{´nINn´-bpsS tNÀ¸n ZpÀK, Imfn
XpS-§nb tZh-X-I-fmbn ka-c-k-s¸-Sp-Ibpw, D]m-k\mhn[n-IÄ
krãn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.20
BZna {Zmhn-UÀ kvXpXn-Itfm KoX-I-§-tfm {Kma-`m-jm-]-Z-§-fn-epÅ
IoÀ¯-\-§tfm D]-tbm-Kn-¨pÅ ]cn-tZ-h-\-§-fmbn tZh-Xm-cm-[\ \S-¯p-Ibpw

13
BNm-c-§-f-\p-jvTn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bcy-k-¦-c-t¯msSbh ]cn-Wm-a-s¸«v
BVy-h-XvI-cn-¡-s¸« `mjm{]tbm-K-ambn. XpSÀ¶v \nÀZnã D]-tbm-K-Nn´
hyà-am-¡p¶ k¦ev]w t_m[n-¸n-¡p¶ a{´m-cm-[\bmbn CXv ]cn-W-an¨p.
BZy Ime-L-«-§-fn {]IrXn, AXn-Po-h\w, ss]XrIw, ]mc-¼cyw F¶o LS-I-
§Ä amXr-tZ-h-X-bpsS AhØmt`Z-§-fmbn k¦ev]n-¨ncp¶p. P\X a¡fmbpw
tZh-X amXm-hmbpw kaãnt_m[-a\Ên-te¡v ]cn-W-an- ¡p¶ ØnXn-Zz-µ-zam-Wn-Xv.
{Zmhn-UaX¯n amXr-tZ-h-Xm-cm-[-\-bpsS BZn-a-]m-T-§-fpsS tijn-¸p-IÄ ASn-
Øm-\-]-c-ambn C¶pw ImWmw. `bw/A`bw F¶o k¦ev]-§-fpsS hyXy-kvXX -
IfnhnsS {]I-S-amWv. c£/ in£ F¶nh A`-b- h-c-Z-§-fmbn \ne-\n¡p-¶p.
amXr-Zmb{Ia-¯nsâ ]mc-¼c - yhpw ss]Xr-I-Xzhpw {ZmhnU amXr-k-¦ev]-¯n-
ep−v. Htc tZh-X-bpsS kzXz-¯n Xs¶ ssNX-\y-h-¯mb [\m-ßI DuÀPhpw
hn]-coX DuÀPhpw ImW-s¸-Spw.
Ct´mþbqtdm-]y³ `mj D¨-cn-¡p¶ P\-hn-`m-K-am-bn-cp¶p Bcy-·mÀ.
_n.-kn. c−mw kl-{km-Ð-¯n-emWv D¯-tc-´y-bn-te¡v ChÀ F¯n-b-Xv.
sshZnIamb kwkvImcka-\zbw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw
sNbvXXnh-cm-Wv. Aánsb apJytZh-X-bmbn k¦ev]n-¡p-Ibpw bmK-¯n-eqsS
Bcm-[\mk{¼-Zm-b-¯n\v cq]w \nÝ-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. H¸w thZ-kvXp-Xn-
I-fneqsS hyXykvX IÀacoXn-IÄ Bcw-`n-¨p. a\p-jysâ {]hr-¯n-IÄ¡pw
km^-ey-¯n\pw Hmtcm tZh-X-Isf hyhØ-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw Ah-tcm-SpÅ
Bcm-[-\-I-fn-eqsS Dt±iye£yw DZvt_m-[n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ima-\-Isf
AsÃ-¦n B{K-l-§sf \nhr-¯n¨p In«p-¶-Xn-\pÅ D]m-[n-bmbncp¶p bmK-
IÀa§Ä. AXn-\mbn D]m-ky-tZ-h-Xsb Aán-bn-te¡v Blzm\wsN¿p¶p. C{µ³,
Aán, ba³, \ncy-Xn, an{X³, hcp-W³, hnjvWp, `K³, hmbp XpS-§nb tZh-X-
Isfbmbn-cp-¶p {][m-\-ambpw Blzm-\w-sNbvXv Bcm-[n-¨n-cp-¶Xv. CXn-\pÅ
]ptcm-ln-X-Øm\w kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Ejnamtc-sä-Sp¯p. thZ-¯nse a{´-{Z-ãm-
¡-fm-bn-cp¶p Ejn-amÀ. Bßo-bm-\p-`q-Xn-bn {_Ò-k-am-\-ambn ZÀi-\w e`n-¡p-
¶-Xp- h-gn- a{´-§Ä krãn-¡-s¸-Sp¶psh¶mWv hnizmkw. a{´-¯n-epÅ
Bß-k-¯ km£m-XvIm-c-`m-h-¯n- Ihn-bmb Ejn-bn k¶n-th-in-¡p-Ibpw
]n¶oSv hr¯-Ir-Xy-X-bn ]p\Àhn-\y-kn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ap¶q-dn-e-[nIw
Ejn-amÀ thZ-§-fnse kqàw cNn-¨-Xmbn ]d-bp-¶p. Aán-bn-eqsSbmWv an¡
Bcm-[-\-Ifpw \-S-¯n-b-Xv. Nne kky-§-fpsS eX-IÄ, {Zhy-§Ä F¶nh
Aán-bneqsS Blq-Xn-bmbn kaÀ¸n¨p. Aán -tZ-h-X-bpsS ka-£w, bÚ-

14
¯nsâ e£yw F¯n-¡p-sa-¶mWv k¦ev]w. thZ-¯nse BZy-kvXp-Xnbpw
Ah-km\ kvXp-Xnbpw Aánsb Dt±-in-¨pÅXmWv. aq¶p`mh-¯n Aán-cq]w
\ne-\n¡p-¶p-sh¶v Icp-Xp¶p.21

1. `qan-bn \S-¡p¶ kakvXIÀa§-fp-sSbpw ]ptcm-lnX `mh-¯n-

epÅ Aán.
2. A´-co-£-¯n \ne-\n¡p¶ taL-kz-cq-]-\mb Aán.
3. BIm-i-¯n ØnXnsN¿p¶ kqcy-cq-]-¯n-epÅ Aán.

Aán-bpsS Cu {XnaqÀ¯o-`mhw sshZn-I-a-X-¯nsâ hym]-\-¯n {_Ò,

hnjvWp, atl-iz-c³ F¶o aq¶p k¦ev]-¯n-te¡v Btcm-]n-Xambn. KmÀl-
]Xyw, Bl-h-\obw, Zm£n-WmXyw F¶o Øm\-§fpw Aán¡v e`n-¨p. tZh-X-
Isf bÚ-th-Zn-bn-te¡v hnfn¨p hcp-¯p-¶Xv Aán-bmWv. tZh-Xbv¡pw ]ptcm-
ln-X³ AsÃ-¦n Ejn¡pw CS-bn CS-\ne/a[y-hÀ¯n Øm\w Aán-h-ln-
¡p-¶p.22 kÀh-tZ-h-Xm-k-¦ev]-t¯bpw Aán-bn-eqsS Bcm-[n¨v Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯m-
sa¶v BcyÀ hniz-kn-¨ncp¶p. Bcy-cpsS thZaX-¯n-te¡v, Xm{´n-IX ebn-¨
t¸mÄ sshZn-IX am{X-amb ]ptcm-lnX]²-Xn-IÄ¡v AXv a§-teev]n-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. KpW-tI-{µo-Ir-X-ambn Bcw-`n¨ PmXn-hy-hØ ]n¶oSv P·-hn-ti-j-
ambn ]cn-Wan¨p. AXns\ ap³\nÀ¯nbmWv sXmgn hn`-P\w DS-se-Sp¯Xv.
PmXn-bpsS s]mXpt{iWn {_mÒ-W³, £{Xn-b³, sshiyÀ, iq{ZÀ F¶o \mep-
hÀW-§fmbn {]_-e-s¸-«p-. sshZnIkmln-Xy-¯n-emWv PmXn-hy-h-Ø-sb-¡p-dn-
¨pÅ BZy-]-cm-aÀiw ImWp-¶-Xv.
{_mÒ-tWmky apJ-am-koÂ/_mlq cmP\yx IrXx
DucpXZ-ky,-bZvsshiyx]Zv`ymw iqt{Zm APm-bX23
hncmSv ]pcpj k¦ev]¯n-te¡v PmXn-hy-h-Øsb tNÀ¯p hmbn-¡p-I-bmWv
kmb-W³ DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ `mjy-Im-c·mÀ sNbvX-Xv. {_Ò-¯nsâ _rlZvcq]-
sa¶ hncmSv k¦ev]-¯nsâ apJ¯v \n¶v {_mÒ-W-\pw ssIIfnÂ\n¶v £{Xn-
b-\pw XpS-I-fn \n¶v sshiy\pw Imep-I-fn \n¶v iq{Z\pw P\n-¨p. apJw
_p²n-bp-sS-bpw _mlp-kw-c-£-W-¯n-sâbpw Ducp-k-¼-¯n-sâbpw ]mZw tkh-\-
¯n-sâbpw k¦ev]-s¯-bmWv {]Xn-\n-[m\wsN¿p-¶-Xv. {]]-©-¯nsâ \ne-
\nev]p-Xs¶ ta¸-dª \mep LS-I-§-fpsS tNÀ¨-bn tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
CXv hyàn þ kaq-l-t_m-[-¯nsâ AkvXn-Xz-LS-\-bmbn ]cn-W-an-¡p¶p. Cdm-
15
\n-b³ Bcy-·mÀ¡n-S-bnepw \mep-hn-[-¯n-epÅ PmXn-hn-`P
- \w \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-
Xmbn tUm.s\Ãn-¡Â apc-fo-[-c³ hyà-am-¡p-¶p.24

AYÀh (Athar-va), cY-sb-Øthm (Rathaestao), hkv{Xn-bm-^vjykv

(Vastriafshys), lyqtXmkv (Huitos) F¶nh Ah-cpsS "AhØ'
(Avesta) t`Z-a-\p-k-cn-¨p-Å PmXn-hn-`-P-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]ptcm-ln-X³
F¶ÀY-¯n-emWv AYÀh {]tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. "AYÀ' F¶
hm¡n\v Aán-sb-¶ÀYw. cYsb Øthm F¶ ]Z-¯n \n¶v
cY-س AYhm tbm²m-hmb hoc\pw k¼-¶³/ IÀj-IÀ XpS-
§nb AÀY-¯nÂ\n¶v "hkv{Xn-bm-^vjykpw cq]wsIm−p. "hkvXp'
sh¶ hm¡nÂ\n¶mWv hkv{Xn-bm-^vjy-knsâ DÛhw. ASna/
Zmk³ XpS-§nb AÀYw \njv]m-Zn¸n-¡p¶ "lyqtXmjv' (Hutosh)
F¶ ]lvehn ]Z-¯n \n¶pw "lyqtXmkv' D−m-bn.25
PmXn-hy-hØ thZ-Im-e¯v KpWm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw ]n¶oSv
P·-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n ]p\Àhym-Jym-\n-¡-s¸«p. A§s\ ]mc-¼-cy-hmZw
{]_-e-am-hp-Ibpw sshZn-Im-\p-jvTm-\-§-fn P·-`-{Z-X-hy-à-ambn ]men-¡-s¸-
Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIcf X{´-im-kv{X-¯n\v ]c-ip-cm-a- ]pcm-hr-¯-t¯mfw ]g-
¡-ap-−v. kwkvIr-X-¯n cNn¨ tIc-fa-mlmßyhpw ae-bm-f-¯n-epÅ tIc-f-
N-cn-{Xhpw {_mÒWm[n-\n-th-ihpw tIc-f-¯nsâ DXv]-¯nIY-Ifpw hyà-am-
¡p¶p. Kp−À«v 1843Â A¨-Sn¨v {]km-[\wsNbvX-XmWv tIc-tfm-Xv]¯n.
CXn aq¶p `mK-§-fmbn {Iao-I-cn-¨mWv hnjb kzoI-cWw \S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
tIc-f-`q-an-bpsS Bcw-`-w apXÂ {InkvXp-hÀjw 216-epÅ `rKp-cm-asâ Ncn-{X-w,
H¶mw `mK-¯nepw ZznXob `mK-¯n {InkvXp-hÀjw 428 hsc-bpÅ s]cp-am-¡-
·m-cpsS `c-W-Im-e-w, {XnXob `mK-¯n XpSÀ¶pÅ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Ime-
L-«hpw hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. ]c-ip-cm-a³ tIc-f-krãn \S-¯n-b-Xnsâ sFXn-lyw
C{]-Im-c-amWv.
£{Xn-bsc h[n-¨-Xn-\p-tijw At±lw \mep kap-{Z-§Ä¡v a[y-¯n-
epÅ {]tZiw alÀjn-amÀ¡v Zm\w \ÂIp-¶p. \oÀ hogv¯n DS-a-Øm-h-Imiw
\ÂInb `qan-bn \n¶p- Xs¶ ]c-ip-cm-a³ ]pd-¯m-Ip-¶p. tZh-tk-\m-[n-]-
\mb kvIµsâ klm-b-t¯msS kap-{Z-¯nsâ A[n-tZ-h-X-bmb hcp-Ws\
X]-Ên-eqsS Bcm-[n¨p Ipd¨p `qan hm§p-¶p. I\ym-Ip-am-cn-bn \n¶v tKmIÀW-

16
t¯¡v agp-sh-dnªv ]c-ip-cm-a³ kz´-am-¡nb `qan-bpsS hym]vXn Af-¶p. Ahn-
sS¯ntNÀ¶ tZh-·mÀ ]c-ip-cm-a-t£-{X-sa¶v \ma-I-cWw sNbvX Øe-¯nsâ
BkvYm-\-amb tKmIÀW¯n inhs\ Bcm-[\maqÀ¯n-bmbn k¦ev]n-¡p
Ibpw sNbvXp. BZy-ambn P\-hmk tbmKyam¡m³ Ahn-tS¡v IrjvWm-\Zn
Xoc¯p \n¶v {_mÒ-Wsc sIm−-ph-cp-I-bmWv ]c-ip-cm-a³ sNbvX-Xv. {_mÒ-
Wsâ F«pa-¡-fn apXnÀ¶ Bsf FÃm {_mÒ-W-cp-tSbpw A[n-]\ - m-¡n.
]n¶oSv \nc-h[n {_mÒ-W-sc-s¡m−v h¶v 64 {Kma-§-fn ]mÀ¸n-¨p.26 BZy-
ambn 108 Cuiz-c-{]-XnjvT \S-¯n, {_mÒ-Wsc Ønc-hm-k-¯n-\mbn sIm−p-
h-s¶-¦nepw kÀ¸-`bw \nan¯w AhÀ ChnsS \n¶p-c-£-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. ]n¶o-
SmWv Aln-Ñ-{X-¯n \n¶pw {_mÒ-Wsc sIm−p-h-cn-Ibpw a{´-hmZw, X{´w,
sshZyw XpS-§n-b-h-bv¡pÅ Ah-Im-i-§Ä \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv.
64 {Kma-§Ä
1.tKmIÀWw, 2.tKma-Ip-Sw, 3.Imcm-h-Ãn, 4.aÃqÀ, 5.F¸m-\qÀ, 6.sN¸m-
¶qÀ, 7.IS-eqÀ, 8.IÃ-¶qÀ, 9.Imcy¨nd, 10.s]¿m³ Nnd, 11.Xr¡m-Wn,
12.Xr¡« 13.Xr¡¬]m-e, 14.Xrt¨me, 15.sImÃqÀ, 16.tIma-fw,
17.shÅm-d, 18.sh§m-Sv, 19.sh¦Sw, 20.sNt§m-«,v 21.tImSo-iz-cw,
22.a©o-iz-cw, 23.DSp-¸p, 24.i¦-c-\m-cm-bw, 25.tIm«w, 26.inh-Ãn,
27.tamd, 28.]©, 29.hn¯Â, 30.Ipam-c-aw-Kew, 31.A\-´-]pcw,
32.I®-]p-cw, 33.s]¿-¶qÀ, 34. s]cn-©-ÃqÀ, 35. Imcn-¡m-Sv,
36.Cuim\-aw-Kew 37.Be-¯qÀ, 38.Icn-t´mfw, 39. XrÈn-h-t]-cqÀ,
40.]¶n-bqÀ, 41.sNmÆcw, 42.]d-¸qÀ, 43.sFcm-Wn-¡pfw, 44.aqjn-I-
¡p-fw, 45.Ccn-§-Sn-t¡mSv, 46.AS-¸qÀ, 47.sN§-t\m-Sv. 48.Dfn-sb-¶qÀ,
49.Iep-X-\m-Sv, 50.Ie-¨qÀ, 51.Cfn-`n-bw. 52.O½pµ, 53.Ah-«n-]p¯qÀ,
54.ImSpI-cp-I, 55.InS-§qÀ, 56.Imcm-\-ÃqÀ, 57.Ihn-bqÀ, 58.Gäp-eWn-
bqÀ, 59.\nÂa-®, 60.A·m-Wn, 61.A³a-ew, 62.Xncp-h-Ãm-bn,
63.sN§-Wn-bqÀ.27
BZy 32 {Kmaw Xpfp-\m-«nepw _m¡n-bp-Åh ae-\m-«nepw (tIcfw) ØnXn
sN¿p¶p. ]g-´p-f-hÀ, Xpfp-\-¼n-IÄ F¶ t]cn-emWv Xpfp-{Km-a-¡mÀ Adn-b-
s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. CXn 64þmwas¯ {Kma-¯nsâ t]cv am{Xw N-cn-{X-tc-J-I-fn-en-Ã.
krãn¨ Øe-¯nsâ kÀ¸`bw amdp-¶-Xn-\pw A\p-{Klw hm§p-¶-Xn-\p-ambn
kÀ¸m-cm-[m\ Bcw-`n-¨p. `qan-bn kÀ¸-¡m-hp-IÄ \nÀan¨v {]IrXnkwc-£Ww

17
\S-¯n. Ipe-tZ-h-Xsb {]Xn-jvTn¨v Ifcn(B-cm-[\tI{µw)IÄ Øm]n-¨p. IS
tem-c-§-fpsS kwc-£-W-¯n-\m-bn ZpÀKm-tZ-hnbpw ae-tbm-c-kw-c-£-W¯n\m-bn
imkvXmhpw {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸-«p.28 {_mÒ-WcpsS tIc-f-¯nse BK-a-\-s¯-¸än
Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ hyXy-kvXm-`n-{]m-b-§Ä tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. F.-Un. H¶nÂ
¯s¶ ChnsS {_mÒ-W-cpsS kmao-]y-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v s]cn-¹kv (Periplus)
tâbpw tSmf-an-bp-sSbpw hnh-c-W-§Ä kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v. _n.-kn. 3þmwiX-I-¯nÂ
Bcy-·mÀ tIc-f-¯nse¯nbn-cp-¶-Xmbn {io[-c-ta-t\m³ ]d-bp¶p.
{InkvXz-Ð-¯nsâ BZy-i-X-I-§-fn Bcy-·m-cpsS Bi-b-§fpw
BNm-c§fpw tIc-f-¯n-te¡p \pgªp Ib-dn-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn\v
kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-IÄ km£ywhln-¡p¶p29sh¶v At±lw Iq«n-t¨À
¡p-¶p.
\Zo-X-S-§fn {Kma-§-Ä XoÀ¯v {]_-e-cmbn XoÀ¶ {_mÒ-WÀ {InkvXz-Ð-
¯nsâ BZy-L-«-¯n Xs¶ sXt¡m«v {]bmWw XpS-§n-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v
sI.-F³.-K-tWjpw hyà-am-¡p-¶p.30 Nne ]Ã-h-im-k-\-§-fn \n¶v {In.hÀjw
4, 5 \qäm-−p-I-fn sXt¡ C´y-bn ChÀ Ønc-hm-k-ap-d-¸n-s¨¶pw tcJ-s¸-
Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. acp-a-¡-¯mbw kzoI-cn-¡p-I, ap³Ip-Sp-a-bn-te¡v amäwhcp-¯pI
XpS-§nb Nne BNm-c-§Ä ]c-ip-cm-a³ \S-¯n-sb¶v ]d-bp-¶p. {In.hÀjw
216 tIb-]p-c-¯n \n¶pw tIc-f³ F¶ t]cpÅ cmPm-hns\ s]cp-am-fmbn
Ah-tcm-[n¨v tIc-f-`-c-W-taev]n-¨p-sh¶mWv sFXnlyw. C§s\ 20 s]cp-am-¡-
·mÀ tIc-fw `-cn¨psh-¶mWv hnizm-kw. _mWs¸cp-amÄ _p²-a-Xm-\p-km-cnbmbn
tIcfw Dt]-£n-¨p. {In.-h.315Â Ipe-ti-J-c-s¸-cp-am-fns\ tIc-f-`cWtaev]n-¡p-
hm³ {_mÒ-WÀ k¶-²-cm-bn. 18 hÀj-t¯mfambn-cp¶p At±l¯nsâ `cWw.
tNc-am³ s]cp-am-fm-bn-cp-¶p Ah-km\w \mSp- `-cn-¨-Xv. F.-Un. 700 t\mS Sp¯v
D¯-c-`m-c-X-¯nÂ\n¶v {_mÒ-W-cpsS k©mcw (BcyÀ) ae-_mÀ `mK-t¯
¡mbn. AhÀ Cu tZi-¡m-cp-ambn k¼À¡w ]peÀ¯p-Ibpw aXm-cm-[-\-t_m[w
hÀ[n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]c-ip-cm-a³ tZh-X-Isf {]Xn-jvTn-¨v, ]qPm-hn-[m-\-
§Ä k¦ev]n-¡p-Ibpw ]ptcm-ln-Xsc Iev]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. H¸w X{´w, a{´-
hmZw F¶n-hbv¡v {]tXyI {_mÒ-Wsc Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-¯nbXmbpw ]d-b-p¶p.
XoÀ¯pw Bcy-hw-i-P-cmWv ae-bmf {_mÒ-W-sc¶v temK³ hniz-kn-¡p-¶n-Ã.
s]cp-am-¡-·m-cpsS AkvX-a-\-Im-e-¯mWv {_mÒ-WÀ h¶-sX¶v A\p-am-\n-¡p-
¶-Xn Akz-m`m-hn-I-X-bnÃ31 F¶pw ae-_mÀ am\zen ]d-bp-¶p-−v. ChÀ `c-W

18
-tI-{µ-§Ä¡v kam-\-amb iàn-bmbn \ne-\n-¶Xv G.-Un. 3þmw \qäm-−nsâ
BZy-hÀj-§Ä¡pw F.-Un.774\pw a[y-¯n-emsW¶nXn kqNn-¸n-¡p¶p.
IZw_ cmPm-hmb abq-c-hÀa-\m-bn-cp¶p thZ-{_m-Ò-Wsc tIc-f-
¯nsâ kmaq-lnINcn-{X-¯n {][m-\-s¸-«-h-cm-¡n-b-Xv. sshZnI
{_mÒ-W-cpsS BNm-c-§-fn \n¶v hyXy-kvX-amb ]e IÀa§fpw
Ah-cpsS hchn\v ap¼v ChnsS \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. {_mÒ-WcpsS
BK-a-\-¯n\v ap¼v ]tc-Xm-cm-[-\-bn AØn-IÄ kq£n¨p hbv
¡p-¶-Xnsâ {]m[m-\y-a-\p-k-cn¨v Bßm-hn\v tam£w e`n-¡p-sa¶v
hniz-kn-¨p.32
F¶m {_mÒW-cpsS hc-thmsS tKm{X-hÀK-¡mcp-ambn AhÀ¡v k¼À¡-
ap-−m-hp-Ibpw X§Ä¡v hi-amb a{´-X-{´m-\p-jvTm-\-§sf sIm−v Cuiz-cs\
kzm[o-\n¡msa¶v hniz-kn-¸n¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. NnXm-`kvaw DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ
]tc-Xm-h-in-ã-§Ä ]pWy-XoÀY-¯n \na-Ö\wsN¿p-I-hgn tam£w km[n-¡p
-sa¶ hnizmkw {]_-e-am-bn. {_mÒWm[n-]-Xy-hpw BK-a-\hpw hyà-am-¡p¶
]c-ip-cm-aIY km¦-ev]n-I-hpw {_mÒ-W-cpsS htc-WyX Dd-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn
Na-¨-Xm-sW¶papÅ A`n-{]mbw \ne-hn-ep−v. tIc-fw h\\n_n-U-ambncps¶¶pw
{Zmhn-UcpsS hmk-hpw tZh-Xm-cm-[-\bpw ChnsS \ne-\n-¶n-cp-s¶¶pw Ncn-{X-Im-
c·mÀ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. cmPm-hm-bn-cp¶ tIc-f³ ISÂ aS-§nb Øe¯v IpSn-
tbdn Xma-k-am-cw-`n-¨p-sh¶ an¯n\v ]n³_ew \ÂIp¶ tIc-tfm-Xv]¯n IrXn-
IÄ \nc-h-[n-bp-−v. {]mNo-\-amb tIc-tfm-Xv]¯n hnkvXc
- n-¡p¶ Hcp cN\-bnÂ
kap{Zw Cuiz-cm-Ú-bm Xms\ ]n³hm-§n-b-Xm-sW¶p hyà-am-¡p-¶33 ]cm-
aÀi-w tNÀ¯ncn¡p-¶p.
F¦ntem ]−v {_Ò-\-cp-fm Ae-I-S-e-Sn-¨p-sImÅpw
F®w sIm−-S§mss¡-I-sfÃmw s]men-hp-hn-«p-¸n³
hm§n-s¡mÄhq-Xm-Ith, kap-{Zcm-P-\m-bn-cn-s¸mcp
hcp-W-cm-P³ aInÄhpäp Xmt\-Xm³ s]äp-sImÄhqXpw sNbvXp
tIc-f³ cmPm-hn\v hcp-W³ Xsâ ]p{Xn-sb \ÂIn (Zm-\w) F¶ sFXnlys¯
kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶-XmWo ]cm-aÀiw. ]c-ip-cm-a-N-cnXw sFXn-ly-{]m-[m-\y-apÅ IY-
bmbn Icp-Xm-sa-¦nepw ae-bmf Xm{´n-I-hy-h-Ø-bpsS ASn-Øm\LS-I-§-fnÂ
At±-l-¯n\v hfsc {]m[m-\y-ap−v. tIc-tfm-Xv]-¯nbn t£{X-{]-Xn-jvT-bpsS
BZy- A-h-Imin F¶ Øm\w ]c-ip-cm-a-\n \n£n-]vX-am--bn-cp-¶p. kap-{Z-

19
Xo-c¯p ZpÀKm-tZ-hn-tbbpw {]Xn-jvTn-¨p. ae-b-cnsI imkvXmhns\ {]Xn-jvTn-¨p,
\mKhpw `qXhpw {]Xn-jvTn¨psh¶pw s]cp-a\ {Kma-¯n¶p NneÀ¡p ]pcm-W-
hr¯n Iev]n¨psImSp¯p; c−m-aXp h¶ ]cn-j-bn NneÀ¡v X{´-hr-¯n-
sIm-Sp¯p, 64 {Kma-¯n¶pw X{´-hr¯n Iev]n-¨n-«nÃsb¶pw tIc-tfm Xv]-¯n-
bn ]d-bp¶p.34 tZhXm]oU- amdn a\p-jysc kpc-£n-X-cm-¡m³ k·-{´-hmZhpw
H¸w Xs¶ NneÀ¡v ZpÀa-{´-hm-Zhpw Iev]n-¨p-sh-¶p-an-Xn kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v.
ae-bnÂ\n¶p hcp¶ ZpÀtZ-h-X-Isf XSp-¸m³ ZpÀa{´w tkhn¨p
XS-ªp-\nÀ¯pI F¶pw B]¡m-e-¯n-¦Â `{Zs\ tkhn¨p
B]-¯p-Isf \o¡pI F¶pw Acp-fn-sN-bvXp... ]ns¶ Icn-Im«p
{Kma-¯n ImWn-sbmS Im«p-amSw C§s\ c−mÄ¡pw ZpÀa-{´hpw
k·-{´hpw I¸n-¨p-sIm-Sp¯p.35
tIcfamlm-ßy-¯n t£{X-\nÀamWw Xm{´nIØm\\nÀWbw F¶nh
hyà-am-¡p-¶p. Im©o-]p-c¯v sshjvWh `à-\mb {_mÒ-W³ hkn-¨n-cp-
s¶¶pw ]c-ip-cm-a³ At±-l-t¯m-sSm¸w Imth-cn-\-Zn-bpsS D¯-c-Xo-c-s¯-¯n-
sb-¶pw- CXn ]d-bp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v ]c-ip-cm-a³ X\nsb \Zn IS-¶p-t]m-bn.
At¸mÄ {_mÒ-W³ Aánsb {]mÀYn¨v AcWn-¡-j-W-§Ä \Zn-bn-en«v ]mew
t]mse-bm¡n \Zn XcWwsNbvXp. Ct±-l-¯nsâ Cu X]:{]`mhw I−v ]c-ip-
cm-a³ Ccp-]-¯n-\m-em-bncw t£{X-Øm-\-§-fpsS X{´w \evIn-sb¶v tIc-f-
a-mlm-ßy-¯nse X{´-{]-Zm\sa¶ A²ym-b-¯n hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.
km[p km[p alm-`mK Imth-co-X-cWw Xh:
tX\Xzw XctWm \mav\m `hn-jykn \ kwib:36
AÀYw: tl alm-`m-K, \¶mbn A§-bpsS Imthco XcWw! AXp \nan¯w
A§v Xc-W³ F¶ \ma-¯m Adn-b-s¸Spw, kwi-b-an-Ã.
Xc-W-\-ÃqÀ {_mÒ-WÀ¡v X{´-Øm\w e`n¨ IY-bm-Wn-Xv. Xc-W-
ZznP-·mÀ¡v X{´m-[n-Imcw e`n-¡p¶ \nc-h[n t£{X-{]-XnjvTm kµÀ`-§fpw
CXn tNÀ¯n-«p-−v. e£vao[c-Zzn-P³, ImÀap-I-Zzn-P³, h\-{]-km-Z-hn-{]³,
hrj-`- Zzn-P³, Znhy-aw-Ke hn{]³, IÀ¸qc hn{]³, awKf ZznP³, kwK-ta-i-]pc
hn{]³ XpS-§nb \nc-h[n X{´n-amsc¡pdn-¨pÅ kqN\ amlm-ßy-¯nÂ
\ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶p. tIc-f-Xm-{´n-I-X-bpsS {]mNo-\-X-bn-te-¡pÅ \nK-a-\-§Ä
hyà-am-¡p-I-bm-Wn-h-sb-Ãmw. tIc-f-¯nse ]c-ip-cm-a-\nÀan-X-amb t£{X-§-sf-

20
¸-änbpw {_mÒWmK-a-\-s¯-¸-änbpw {][m\ X{´n-amsc Ipdn¨pw {_Òm-Þ-
]p-cm-W-¯n-epÅ kwkvIr-X-tI-cfamlm-ßy-¯nepw ]cm-aÀin-¨n«p−v-. PmXn-
hy-h-Ø-bpsS {]mcw`Im-e-§-fn ]ptcm-ln-Xcpw \m«p-`-c-W-IÀ¯m-¡fpw X½n-
epÅ _u²nI þ ImbnI sNdp¯p\n¸p-Isf km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶XmWv ]c-ip-
cm-asâ £{Xn-b-h[sa¶v Imhmew \mcm-b-W -]-Wn-¡À \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.
Bcy-·m-cpsS A[n-\n-th-i-¯n-\p- hf-sc- ap¼p Xs¶ `mc-X-¯nÂ
{ZmhnUÀ hmk-ap-d-¸n-¨n-cp¶p. Bcy-kzm-[o\w Xosc CÃm-Xn-cp¶
AhÀ A`n-hr-²-amb Hcp kwL-SnX kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS DS-a-I-fm-bn-
cp¶p.37
]c-ip-cm-a³ tKm{X-¯n-sâtbm hwi-¯n-sâtbm t\Xr-Øm\w hln-¨n-
cp¶ hyàn-bmbncp¶n-cn¡mw. H¸w an¯nsâ Øm\-t¯¡v At±lw ]cn-Wm-a-
s¸-«n-«p-ap-−v. ]c-ip-cm-a-\nÀan-X-am-Wv tIcfw F¶ sFXn-ly-¯nsâ bmYmÀYyw
{_mÒW Øm\-\nÀW-b-¯n\v At±lw Hcp Imc-W-ambn F¶ hkvXpX am{X-
amsW¶38 `mjm-kmlnXyNcn-{X-¯nse \nco-£Whpam-bn-Xns\ _Ôn-¸n-¡m-hp-
¶-Xm-Wv. {_mÒ-W-cpsS sXmgnÂ]-c-amb AkvXn-Xz-¯n\pw `c-W-hÀK-¯nsâ
hnt[-b-Xz-¯n\pw {]tbmP-\-s¸-Sp¶ coXn-bn ]ucm-WnI an¯mb `rKp-hnsâ
£{Xnb hntcm-[Xzs¯ tNÀ¯v tIc-f-kr-ãnbpw, Zm\hpw, Ah-Imi{]Jym-]-
\hpw ]p\Àh-Nn-¡p-IbmWv sNbvXsX¶v cmLhhmcn-bÀ kqNn-¸n-¡p¶p.
]ptcm-ln-X-cmb -{_m-ÒWcptSbpw `c-W-P\-X-bp-tSbpw Ah-Im-im[nImc§Ä
hyà-am-¡m-\mWv Cu sFXnlyw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv.39 {_mÒ-Wm-[n-]Xyw, _u²-
ZÀi\w, sshZn-Im-cm-[-\, Xm{´n-IX Ch ]c-kv]cw _Ô-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. hyXym-kv
Xmcm-[-\-Ifn \mKw, ]nXr, hr£w, ]£n F¶n-hbv¡v Øm\-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p.40
kz´w A[o-i-Xzhpw, {]mamWyhpw hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ASn-Øm-\-am-¡p-¶-
Xn-\p-ambn ]utcm-lnXy {]m[m-\ys¯ {_mÒ-WÀ X{´-]qÀhw DuÀP-kz-eam¡n.
F.-Un. A©mw\qäm-−n AXyp-¯-c-tZ-i-¯n Is−-Sp¯ enJn-X-¯nÂ
Hcp cmPm-hnsâ {_mÒW`àn hyà-am-¡p¶Xv temK³ ae-_mÀ am\z-enÂ
tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.
\½psS Bßob iàn, BbpÊv, Btcm-Kyw, A[o-iXzw, A[n-
ImchmgvN Ch hÀ[n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Cu temI¯pw ]c-tem-I-
¯p-apÅ \½psS t£a-þ-tam-£-§Ä Dd-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw {_mÒ-W

21
 À¡mbn CXn-\m `qan Zm\wsN¿p-¶p. AhÀ XpSÀ¶pw Iqdp-Å-
hcpw kam-[m-t\-Ñp-¡-fp-am-bn-cn-¡Ww.41
{_mÒ-W-cpsS kwL-SnXiànbpw \ne-\n¸n\pw htc-Wy-X-bv¡papÅ
A[n-ImctI{µo-I-c-Whpw an¡-bn-S-§-fnepw {]_-e-ambncp¶p-. £{Xnbhn`m-Ks¯
AYhm `c-W-hÀKs¯ hnizm-k-[Àa-¯nsâ t]cn ASn-¨-aÀ¯n- hbv¡pIbpw
htc-Wy-X-bpsS hyàmt_m-[-¯n-eqsS kaq-l-¯nse Hu¶Xyw Ic-Ø-am-¡p-
Ibpw sNbvX {_mÒ-W-cpsS \ne-\n¸nsâ Ncn-{X-am-Wn-Xv. `qkz-¯n\pw
kmwkvIm-cnIk¼-¯n\pw DS-a-Øm-h-Imiw {_mÒ-W-hn-`m-K-w Ic-Ø-am-¡n.
]¯v {][m\ KW-§-fmbn {_mÒ-Wsc thÀXncn-¨n-«p-−v. kmc-kz-Xw, I\ym-
Ip-_vPw, KmÔmcw, DXvIew, anYne XpS-§nb Øe-§-fn \nh-kn-¡p¶ ]©-
Ku-UÀ Hcp KWw. alm-cm-{ã, sXep-¦v tZiw, I¶-S, Xan-gv\m-Sv, tIcfw F¶n-
hn-S-§-fn \ne-\n¡p-¶-hÀ ]©-{Zm-hn-UÀ. ae-bmf {_mÒ-WÀ ]©-{Zm-hn-
U-cnÂs¸-Sp-¶p. FÂ.-sI.A\-´-Ir-jvW-¿À sshZnIIme-kw-kvIm-cs¯ hln-
¡p-¶-h-cmWv {_mÒ-W-sc¶v hyàam-¡p-¶p.42 tIcf{_mÒ-Wsc s]mXpsh
\¼q-Xncn F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p. hniz-kn-¡pI, A`n-e-jn-¡pI F¶o AÀY-§Ä
e`n-¡p¶ \¼pI (totrust) F¶ hm¡n-t\mSv Øm\w, ]Zhn XpS-§n-b-hsb
¡pdn-¡p¶ _lp-am\ tZymX-I-amb Xncn F¶ D]-kÀKw tNÀ¯mWv \¼q-Xncn
F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ \njv]¯n. s]cn-¹-kn-sâbpw tSmf-an-bp-sSbpw tcJ-I-fn \n¶v
{In.-h. H¶mw\qäm-−n Xs¶ tIcfw {_mÒ-W-cpsS \nhm-k-Øm-\-§-fmbncp
s¶¶v sXfn-bp-¶p. \¼q-Xn-cn- k-ap-Zmbw {][m-\-ambpw 2 hÀK-§-fmbn hn`-Pn-¨n-
«p-−v.
1. \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv
2. \¼q-Xncn
\¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv ae-bmf {_mÒ-W-cn DbÀ¶ BVy-X-tb-dnb hn`m-K-
amWv. aX-]-c-amb Imcy-§-fn IqSp-X {]m[m-\y-hpw A´n-a-hm¡pw ChÀ
¡p−v. \¼q-Xncn kmam-\y-hn-`m-K-amWv. ChÀ km[m-c-W-§-fmb {_mÒW-
IÀa-§Ä A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p. P]w, ]qP, ]utcm-lnXyw, kÔym-h-µ\w F¶nh
bmWv Ch-cpsS {][m\ [Àa-§Ä. {Kmas¯ ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n \¼q-Xn-cn-
amÀ c−v hn`mK-§-fmbn Xncn-ªn«p-−v.
1. ]¶n-bqÀ {Kma-¡mÀ 2. sNmÆ-ÃqÀ {Kma-¡mÀ

22
 ]¶n AYhm sshjvW-hm-h-Xm-c-amb hcm-ls¯ kw_-Ôn¨ {Kma-
amWv ]¶n-bqÀ. ChÀ sshjvWh tkh-I-cm-Wv. D]m-k-\-bnepw ZÀi-\-¯nepw
hnjvWp-kw-_-Ôn-bmb {Inb-IÄ¡pw ]²XnIÄ¡pw ChÀ {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-bn-
cp¶p. sNmÆ-ÃqÀ {Kma-¡mÀ ssihcmWv. inh-kw-_-Ôam-Wnh-cpsS BNm-cm-\p-
jvTm-\-§Ä. \¼q-XncnamÀ {Kma-§sf ASn-Øm-\-am¡nbmWv kmaqly-L-S\
cq]o-I-cn-¨-Xv. {][m-\-s¸« ]¯v ip²-\-¼q-Xncn {Kma-§-fpsS t]cp-IÄ Xmsg
sImSp-¡p-¶p.
1) ipI]pcwþinh-]pcw F¶pw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. (sNm-Æ-ÃqÀ AYhm
sNmÆcw F¶pw hnfn-¡p-¶Xv Cu {Kmas¯bmbn-cn-¡Ww),
2) s]cp-h\w, 3) Ccn-§m-e¡pS 4) ]¶n-bqÀ 5) Imcn-¡mSv 6)XrÈn-
h-t]-cqÀ 7) s]cn-s©-ÃqÀ 8) sh§-\mSv 9) Be-¯qÀ 10) FS-¡mSv
"tI-c-tfm-Xv]-¯n-'bn tIc-f-tZ-is¯ \mep {][m\ Ig-I-§fmbn Xncn¨v
A[n-]-Øm\w \¼q-XncnamÀ¡v \ÂIn-b-Xmbn ]d-bp-¶p.43

1. s]cn-s©-ÃqÀ IgIw
N{µ-Kn-cn¸pgbv¡pw tImc-¸p-gbv¡pw CS-bv

¡pÅ tZiw
A[n-]³ þ X§Ä
2. ]¶n-bqÀ IgIw
tImc-¸p-gbv¡pw Icp-h-¶qÀ (]-¿-¶qÀ Ig-Iw)
]pgbv¡pw CS-bv¡pÅ tZiw
A[n-]³ þ Ducn¸cnj aqÊXv
3. ]d-¸qÀ IgIw
Icph-¶qÀ]p-gbv¡pw (]mÀ¸qÀ IgIw) Ipam-c-\-
ÃqÀ ]pgbv¡pw a[y-¯n-epÅ tZiw.
A[n-]³ þ {Kma-Wn
4. sN-§-¶qÀ IgIw
Ipam-c-\-ÃqÀ ]pg apXÂ tIc-f-¯nsâ
Z£n-W-ko-a-h-sc-bpÅ tZiw.
A[n-]³ þ ]−m-c-¯nÂ

{_mÒ-W-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ `cWþkmwkvImcnI tI{µ-§-

fm-bn-cp¶p Xfn-IÄ. Imcym-tem-N\sN¿m-\pÅ t£{XwþA¼ewþtZhm-ebw
F¶ hnh£ IqSn ImWn-¸-¿qÀ Xfn-IÄ¡p \ÂIp-¶p. \mev IgI-¯n¶p
Iev]n¨ ]cn-jbv¡p Ccn-¸m³ \mev Xfnbpw XoÀ¯p þ ta¯-fn, Iogv¯-fn,
s\Sn-b-¯-fn, Nn§-]p-c-¯fn. C¯-fn-bn Ccp¶p c£n-¡p-¶Xv Xfn-bm-Xn-cn-amÀ
23
F¶ t]cp-Å-hcm44sW¶v tIc-tfm-Xv]¯n ]d-bp-¶p. Xfn-I-fpsS c£n-Xm-¡-
fmWv Xfn-bm-Xn-cnamÀ. Xfn-bm-Xn-cn-am-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n-epÅ `cWw icn-bm-Im-sX-
h-¶-t¸mÄ s]cp-am-¡m-·msc sIm−p-h-¶p-. ØenIfmWv XfnIfmbn ]cn-W-an- ¨
sX¶v ]d-bm-dp-−v. ]Xn-s\«v Xfn-IÄ ]n¶oSv cq]o-I-cn-¨p \oteizcw, N§-\mSv,
Xfn-¸-d-¼v, cma³X-fn, tImgn-t¡m«pXfn, tIm«m-bn-¡p-¶¯pXfn, ap−mbv, ]d-
¼p-X-fn, Xncp-hn-ezm-a-e, ta¯-fn, Iogv¯-fn, Nn§-]p-c-¯p-X-fn, s\Sn-b-X-fn,
Ac-¯-fn, ISp-¯p-cp-¯n, Xfn-bn (tIm-«bw), I−nbqÀ, Xncp-\-µn-¡-c. CXnÂ
{][m-\-s¸«Xv ta¯fn apX s\Sn-b-X-fn-h-sc-bpÅ \mev Xfn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

1. aqjn-I-¡pfw → ta¯fn
2. sFcm-Wn-t¡mSv → Iogv¯fn
3. ]d-hqcv → s\Sn-b-Xfn
4. Ccn-ªm-Sn-¡pS → Nn§-]p-cw-Xfn

Cu Xfn-Isf \m¦p-X-fn-IÄ (\m-ev) F¶v ]d-bm-dp-−v. Xfn-I-fn inh-{]-XnjvT

]n¶oSv \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. A§s\ inht£{X-ambn Xfn-IÄ ]cn-W-an--¨p. 18
{][m-\-s¸« BNm-c-§Ä {_mÒ-WÀ¡v hn[n-¨n-«p-−v.45
1.tXmepw tImepw (Ir-jvWm-Pn-\hpw ZÞpw) 2.IW (A-¼v) 3.Icn-
¼Sw, 4.A¦w (]ng CuSm-¡m-\pÅ A[n-Imcw), 5.Np¦w, 6.Gg
(Im-Wn-¡), 7.tImg (I-¸w), 8.B\, 9.hmÄ, 10.hoc-irw-Je, 11.hncniv
(_lpaXn) 12.hmZyw, 13.\nb-a-sh-Sn, 14.s\än-¸«- w, 15.]S]o-T, 16.]d¡pw
Iq-¯v, 17.ap¶nÂX-fn, 18.Nncp-X-hnfn (A-bn-¯- hn-fn). BNm-c-§Ä
s¡m¸w Ch A[n-Imc [Àaw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
tIc-f-¯nse {_mÒ-W-cpsS PmXn-]-c-amb t{iWn -]-«nI Xmsg tNÀ
¡p¶p.46
1.X{¼m-¡Ä, 2.Aã-Kr-l-¯n-em-VyÀ, 3.hninã{_mÒ-WÀ (A¡n-
¯n-cn, ASn-Xn-cn, tNmam-Xn-cn, `«-Xn-cn), 4. kmam\y {_mÒ-WÀ
5.PmXn am{X-·mÀ 6.kmt¦-Xn-I-·mÀ (t]m-än-amÀ, F{¼m-·mÀ),
7.im]-{K-kvXÀ, 8.]m]n-jvT-·mÀ(]¶n-bqÀ {Kma-¡mÀ, {Kma-Wn-IÄ)
\yq\-Pm-Xn-I-fmb 1. Ff-b-·mÀ (C-f-b-Xv) 2. aq¯Xv

24
 bmK-§Ä sN¿n-¡p-I, k¶ymkw kzoI-cn-¡pI, `n£ hm§pI F¶nh
sN¿p-¶Xv BVy-{_m-Ò-W-cm-Wv. bmKwsN¿p¶ {_mÒ-Wsc hkn-jvT-{_mÒ-W
sc¶pw hnfn-¡p-¶p. {_mÒ-W-cn {]Yat{i-Wn-bn \n¡p-¶Xv X{¼m-¡-
fmWv. Bgvhmt©cn X{¼m-¡sf¶pw Iev]-t©cn X{¼m-¡-sf¶pw c−p IpSpw-
_-§-fp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. Bgvhmt©cn am{Xw C¶h-ti-jn-¡p¶p. N{I-hÀ¯n
F¶ÀY-apÅ k{am«v ]Z-¯n \n¶mWv X{¼m¡fpsS DZv`hw. ChÀ¡v {][m-
\-s¸« \mep-]-Z-hn-IÄ Iev]n¨p \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p.47
1. `{Zm-k\w
Fhn-sSbpw e`n-¡p¶ {][m-\ ]oTw
2. kÀh-am\yw
kÀh-Ø-e-¯p-apÅ _lp-am-\yX
3. {_Ò-km-{amPyw
FÃm {_mÒ-W-cp-sSbpw A[o--iXzw
4. {_Ò-hÀ¨kv
thZ-¯n-t·-epÅ A[n-Imcw
Ch X{¼m-¡-fpsS PmXn]c-amb Hu¶-Xy-¯nsâ hymJym-\-amWv. kaq-l-
¯nepw t£{X-þ-bmKk¶n-[n-I-fnepw {]Y-a-Øm\w ChÀ¡p- X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p.
hnin-ã-{_m-Ò-Wsc A¡n-¯ncn, ASn-Xn-cn, tNmam-Xn-cn, `«-Xncn F¶n-§s\
hnfn-¡p-¶p. ChÀ Aán-tlm{Xn, `«-Xncn F¶n-§s\ c−v alm-hn-`m-K-§-fmbn
thÀXn-cn-ªn«p-ap-−v. Aántlm{Xn-IÄ aq¶p hn[w-.48
1. A¡n-¯ncn
Aán-b-N\w
2. ASn-Xncn
Aáym-[m\w
3. tNmam-Xncn
tkma-bmKw
Aáym-[m-\w, Aán-tãmaw, AXn-cm{Xw F¶nh sshZnI bmK-§-fm-Wv.
Cu bmK-§ÄsN¿p¶ {_mÒ-Wsc kmam-\y-ambn Aán-tlm-{Xn-IÄ F¶p
hnfn-¡p-¶p. B[m\w, bmKw, Aán F¶n-§s\ Npcp-¡-t¸-cp-I-fn-emWv
Aáym-[m\w, Aán-tãmaw, AXn-cm{Xw F¶o bmK-§Ä Ad-nbs¸«n-cp-¶-Xv.
ASn-Xncn B[m\hpw tkmam-Xncn AYhm tkma-bmPn tkma-bmKhpw, A¡n-
¯ncn Aán-b-N-\hpw \S-¯p-¶p. ]g-b-Im-e¯v tIc-f-¯n\v hS¡v tImc-¸p-g
bv¡pw, sX¡v Bep-hm-¸p-gbv¡pw CS-bv¡pÅ Øe¯v am{Xsa bmK-IÀaw
A\p-jvTn-¡m-\mhq Fs¶mcp \nbaw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. Ccp]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ
a[y-t¯msSbnXn\v amä-ap-−m-bn.

25
 ssh-ZnIhnj-b-¯n Úm\mÀP-\hpw Úm\-Zm-\hpw \ÂIp-¶Xv `«-Xn-
cnamcmWv. hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ BNm-cy-Øm\w hln-¡p¶ hm[ym-·mÀ, sshZn-
IÀ, kvamÀ¯-·mÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ Cu hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸-Sp-¶p. sshZn-Ih
- nZy A`y-
kn-¸n-¡p¶ Be-b-§Ä \S-¯p-¶-h-cmWv hm[y-m·mÀ. hÀW\nb-ahym-Jym-Xm-
¡sf sshZn-I-·mÀ F¶pw kvarXn hymJym-X-¡sf kvamÀ-¯·msc¶pw hnfn-
¡p-¶p. kmam-\y-·mÀ ]ptcm-ln-X-hr¯n A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p. Aã-ssh-Zy-·mÀ,
imkv{X-\-¼qXn-cnamÀ, {KmaWn \¼q-Xn-cnamÀ, thZm-`ymkw Dt]-£n-t¡-−-hÀ
XpS-§n-b- hn-`mK-amWv PmXn-am-{X-·mÀ. \¼n, aqÊv F¶n-hÀ Aã-ssh-Zy-·m-cmWv.
]c-ip-cm-as\ tNmZywsNbvX-hsc im]-{K-kvXÀ F¶pw hnfn-¡p-¶p. DucnÂ
¸cnj apÊXp-amÀ Cu hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸-Sp¶p. ChÀ¡v A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i§Ä
Ipd-hm-Wv. PmXn-am-{XÀ, ]m]n-jvTÀ XpS-§nb hn`m-K-¡mÀ¡v Hm¯n-Ã. thZm-²y
b\w, bmKw, tjmUm-i-{In-b-IÄ F¶n-h-bn Hm¯p-Å- sshZnI {_mÒ-WÀ¡v
AÀl-X-bp-−v. {][m-\-s¸« ]¯v Ah-Im-i-§Ä {_mÒ-WÀ¡v kmam-\y-ambn
Iev]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.49

1. GSv
thZm-`ym-k-¯n\pw A[ym-]-\-¯n-\p-apÅ Ah-Imiw

2. BSv
bmKm-\p-jvTm-\-¯n-\pÅ Ah-Imiw
3. ]n¨
KmÀlnI ]utcm-ln-Xym-h-Imiw
4. `n£
k\ykn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Ah-Imiw
5. Hm¯v
thZw D¨-cn-¡m³ (Hm-Xm³) DÅ Ah-Imiw
6. im´n
t£{X-]q-P-bv¡pÅ Ah-Imiw
7. ASp-¡f
{_Ò-W-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡v ]mNIwsN¿m\pÅ Ah-Imiw
8. Ac§v
imkv{Xm-¦-¯n thjw sI«m\pÅ Ah-Imiw
9. IShv
aäv {_mÒ-WÀs¡m¸w kv\m\-¯n\pw, XpSÀ¶v kv]À
in¡m\papÅ Ah-Imiw
10. ]´n
aäv {_mÒ-WÀs¡m¸w Htc ]´n-bn `£Ww
Ign-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw

GSv Ah-Im-i-apÅ \¼q-Xn-cn¡v aäv H¼Xv Ah-Im-i-¯n\pw hn[n-bp−v.

F¶m BSv F¶ c−m-as¯ Ah-Im-i-apÅ BÄ¡v GSv Hgn-sI-bpÅ
Ah-Im-i-§Ät¡ AÀlXbp-Åq. \¼q-Xn-cnamcn Xs¶-bpÅ CXc hn`m-K-§-

26
fp-am-bpÅ CS-s]-SÂ, kmaq-lnI kwc-£Ww, PmXn ImÀ¡iyw, kam\hn`m-K-
§-fp-am-bpÅ AI-ew, ]mc-¼-cym-h-Im-i-hmZw F¶n-h hyà-am-¡p¶XmWo
]¯h-Im-ihpw. CXn \¼q-Xncnamcn Xs¶-bpÅ t{iWo-Xn-cnhpw sXmgnÂ
hn`-P-\hpw ØnXn Øm-\hpw hyà-am-Wv. CXn-s\m¸w A¡-c-tZin, C¡-c-tZin
F¶n-§s\ IqSn kmt¦-XnI {_mÒ-WÀ¡n-S-bn Xncn-hp−v. PmXn-bn Xmgv¯
-s¸« {_mÒ-W-hn-`m-Ks¯ aq¯-Xv, Cf-bXv F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p. inh-ZznP
{_mÒW\v (C-´y-bpsS Ing-¡³ Xoc-§-fn Xma-kn-¡p-¶-hÀ), {_mÒ-W-
bp-h-Xn-bn P\n-¨-h-\mWv aq¯-Xv. {_mÒ-Wm-N-mc-hpw ]ptcm-ln-X-IÀahpw
ChÀ sN¿p-¶p. ssihhn`m-K-¯nÂs¸« aq¯-Xv, XnS-s¼gp-s¶-Ån-¡m³ Ah-
Im-i-apÅ hn`m-K-am-Wv. iq{Z-cmb \mbÀ hn`m-K-¯nsâ {im²-IÀa-§Ä sN¿n-
¡p-¶-h-cmWv Cf-bXpamÀ. CX-h-cpsS Ipe-s¯m-gn-emWv. Ch-cn Xs¶ c−p
hn`m-K-ap-−v.
1. H¶mw ]cnj
2. c−mw ]cnj
ChÀ ]c-kv]cw `£Ww Ign-¡p-Itbm sshhm-ln-I_Ô-¯n-teÀs¸-Sp-Itbm
sN¿p-¶n-Ã. \¼q-Xn-cnam-cnse XmW-hn-`m-K-am-Wn-Xv. Zmb-{I-ahpw, BNm-chpw
\-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cp-tSXpt]mse -Xs¶ A\p-hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. \¼ymXn F¶mWv Ch-
cnse [\n-IÀ Adnbs¸Sp-¶Xv.
BZyXm{´n-I³ ]c-ip-cm-a-\m-sW¶v Xm{´n-I-hn-`mKw hniz-kn¡p¶p.
X{´-hr¯n A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv X{´n-amÀ. IrjvWm\-Zn¡v A¡-sc-\n¶v
]c-ip-cm-a³ c−v ]c-tZin {_mÒ-Wsc sIm−p-h-¶psh¶pw ktlm-Z-c-§-fmb
Ch-cpsS tbmK-_ew ]co-£n-¡m³ \Zn-bnse Pew DbÀ¯n-sb¶pw t\cs¯
kqNn-¸n¨ sFXnly¯n\v ]mT-t`-Z-ambn ]d-bm-dp-−v. tPyjvT³ kn²n-sIm−v \Zo
Pe-¯nsâ apI-fn-eqsS k©-cn-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. A\p-P-\m-Is« Pew hIªv
a®n-eq-sSbpw. A§s\ XcWwsNbvX-bmÄ Xc-W\-Ãqcpw, a®n-eqsS \S-¶-bmÄ
Xmgva®p-ambn. tIc-f-¯nse {][m-\-s¸« Xm{´nIIpSpw-_-§-fm-Wn-Xv. `qan-bpsS
kwc-£-W-¯n-\m-bn-«mWv t£{X-§Ä \nÀan-¡-s¸-«sX¶mWv hnizm-kw. `q{]
tZi¯nsâbpw P\-XbpsSbpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw hnizm-k-]-ch
- p-amb [Àas¯
ap³\nÀ¯n t£{X-\nÀam-Whpw _nw_-{]-Xn-jvTbpw \S¯n. ]c-ip-cm-a³ Nne
]co-£-W-§-fn IqSn-bmWv {_mÒ-WÀ¡v Xm{´n-Im-[n-Im-cw- \ÂIn-bXv. `qan

27
\nÀan¨v ae-bm-f-sa¶v t]cp \ÂIn `qankwc-£-W-¯n-\m-bn«v \qsä«v Cuizc
{]Xn-jvTbpw50 sNbvX-Xmbn tIc-tfm-Xv]-¯n-bn hyàam¡p¶p.
tlmahpw [ym\hpw, `K-h-Xn-tk-h, ]pjv]m-RvPen, A´y\a-kv
Imcw, {XnIm-e-]q-P, KW-]-Xn-tlmaw, arXyp-RvP-bw, aq¶p-e£w
kl{k\maw, [m\z-´-cw, {Kl-im-´n, kl-{k-t`m-P-\w F¶n-§s\
At\Iw Cuiz-c-tk-h-IÄ Ign¨p kpIrXw hÀ[n¸n¡pI F¶p
{io]-c-ip-cm-a³ thZ-{_m-Ò-W-tcmSp AcpfnsNbvXp. Cuh®w
F¶p thZ-{_m-Ò-Wcpw ssI Gev¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
F.-Un. F«mw\qäm-−n Xs¶ tIc-f-¯n t£{Xm-cm-[\ Bcw-`n-¨p
sh¶mWv Icp-Xp-¶Xv. AXn\v ap¼v tZh-X-Isf ap³\nÀ¯n-bpÅ Bcm-[\m
{Inbm-]-²-Xn-IÄ {Kma-§-fntem bÚ þ bmK-im-e-I-fntem `h-\-§-fntem \S-
¯n-bn-cp¶p. Xm{´n-Im-cm-[-\-m{KÙ-§-fneqsSbpw hn[n-I-fneqsS-bp-amWv BN-
cW IrXyX \nÀh-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ \njvTm-k-{¼-Zmbw Xm{´n-I-X-bn Dcp-¯ncn
ª-Xv. hyà-amb Bi-b-§fpw ZÀi-\-§fpw tNÀ¶v {]_-e-s¸« A\p-jvTm\w
CXnsâ {]tXy-IX Bbn-cp¶p. tZhXm{]XnjvT Bcw-`n¨ Imew apXÂ Xs¶
tIc-f-¯n Xm{´nIhnZybpw {]Nm-c-¯n-em-bn. {_mÒ-Wm-[n-]-Xy-¯n ]pãn-
{]m-]n¨ Xm{´n-I-a-X-§-fn A{_m-Ò-W -km-¶n-[y-hp-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. tIc-f-
¯n \nc-h[n Xm{´nI IpSpw-_-§-fmWpÅ-Xv.51
1. aW-en-¡-c- t]män 11. ssI-\n-¡c \¼q-Xncn
2. Iq¡c t]män 12. sh¼n-fnb¯p \¼q-Xncn
3. Ipf¡S ]−m-c-¯n 13. Iqäm-e-¡m«p \¼q-Xncn
4. Xmg-a¬ t]män 14. `{Z-Imfn aä-¸nÅn \¼q-Xncn
5. Ipgn-¡m«p `«-Xncn 15. Ipcp-¸-¡m«p \¼q-Xncn
6. ]d-¼qÀ `«-Xncn 16. ta¡mSv \¼q-Xncn
7. ISn-b-t¡m \¼q-Xncn 17. IüÅn \¼q-Xncn
8. a\-b¯mäp \¼q-Xncn 18. aä-¸Ån \¼q-Xncn
9. ]pen-b-¶qÀ \¼q-Xncn 19. Ip¶¯p `«-Xncn
10. CS-¸Ån \¼q-Xncn 20. tN¶mÊp \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv

28
21. IÃqÀ \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv 26. kqcy-Im-eSn `«-Xn-cn-¸mSv
22. Im«p-am-SÊp \¼q-Xncn 27. ]pen-b-¶qÀ \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv
23. ]m¼pwtabv¡m«p \¼q-Xncn 28. ]pXp-a\ \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv
24. Im{¼¯p \¼q-Xncn 29. Xc-W-\-ÃqÀ \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv
25. s]mS-bqÀ \¼q-Xncn 30. s]cn-t©cna\ \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv
tIc-f-¯nse Xm{´n-I-hr¯n A\p-jvTn-¡p¶ {][m-\-s¸« IpSpw-_-§-
fm-Wn-h. CÃs¯ apXnÀ¶ hyàn-bm-bn-cn¡pw apJy-X-{´n. CÃt¸cn-emWv
an¡-hcpw Adnbs¸Sp-¶-Xv. BNc-W-§-fnepw A\p-jvTm-\-§-fnepw Nne amä-
§Ä ChÀ¡v s]mXpsh ImWpw. ]£§Ä F¶v Ch Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
DZm: ]d-¼qÀ ]£w, Xmgva¬ ]£w, Ipgn-¡m«v ]£w
]c-ip-cm-a³ A\p-h-Zn¨p \ÂInb Ipe-hr-¯n-bmWv ]mc-¼-cym-h-Im-i-
apÅ X{´sa¶v X{´n-amÀ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. ChÀ¡v ASn-Øm-\-]-c-ambn Hcp
k{¼-Zmbhpw tXhmc tZhXbpw ImWpw. tZhsâ Bcm-[-\-bmWv tXhmcw.
CÃ-§-fnse ]qPmapdn-I-fmWv tXhm-c-¸p-c-IÄ. ChnsS tXhmc_nw_-§Ä
{]Xn-jvTn-¨n-«p-−m-Ipw. ]utcm-lnXyIÀaw A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ap¼mbn tXhm-c-
aqÀ¯nIsf Bcm-[n¨p {]oX-cm-¡p-¶p. X{´n-amÀ¡v, Xm{´n-I-hr-¯n A\p-jvTn-
¡m³ km[n-¡m¯ kml-N-cy-¯nÂ, X{´w A`y-kn¨ asäm-cmsf AXn-\mbn
Ab-bv¡p-¶p. X{´n-bpsS BÄt¸cv F¶m-Wt±lw Ad-nbs¸Sp¶Xv. AXv ]mc-¼-
cym-h-Im-i-apÅ Xm{´nIIpSpw-_-¯n \n¶mI-W-sa-¶n-Ã. ]c-ip-cmaIev]n-X-
§-fmb aqe-Xm-{´nI IpSpw-_-§-fn \n¶v CÃ-§Ä ]e-Xmbn ]ncnªv \nc-
h[n t]cp-I-fn ]e- Ø-e-§-fmbn ]mÀ¸p-d-¸n-¨n-«p−v. F¶m Nne IpSpw-_-
§Ä A\yw \n¶-Xmbpw NneÀ Xm{´nIhr¯n-Xs¶ Dt]-£n-¨-Xmbpw ImWmw.
BZna Bcm-[\LS-\-bn sshZn-I-amb Hcp ]mc-¼-cy-hr¯n ]peÀ¯nbncp-¶p.
Xm{´n-I-a-X-¯nsâ hym]-\t¯msS Ah-bn Xm{´nI kwkvImcw Ie-cp-Ibpw
A§s\ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fn sshZn-Iþ-Xm-{´nIX \ng-en¨p ImWp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. X{´-¯nsâ IqsS a{´-hm-Zw sXmgn-embpw Imcy-\n-hr¯nhn`m-K-ambpw
\ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. a\x-imkv{X]c-amb kao-]\w a{´-hm-Z-¯n-\p-−v. a{´-hmZw
sN¿m\pw Bdv CÃ-§sf ]c-ip-cm-a³ Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp¯nbncp-¶p. IÃqÀ, Ip¶-
¼-d¼v, Im«-pam-SÊv, Ime-Sn, Imf-ImSv, I¡mSv, ASn-I-t¨-cn, IWn-bm«w, Ipgn-a\,

29
]pXp-t¡m-S-³ aq¯a\, I¡m-Sv, IÃ-¡mSv XpS-§nbh {][m-\- am{´nI IpSpw-_-
§-fm-Wv.
i¦-cmNmcy-cpsS Ime-L-«-¯n kaq-l-¯nsâ A\-h[n A\m-Nm-c-§Ä
aX-]-c-hpw hnizm-km-[n-jvTn-X-hp-ambn \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. {_mÒWaXtI{µo-IrX--
amb hnizm-k-{]-am-W-¯n PmXn-bnse FÃm hÀW-§-sfbpw _m[n-¡p¶
Bi-b-KXnIfp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. hÀKw, hwiw, kaqlw, kv{Xo ]pcpjt`Zw, ]mc-¼cyw,
Bßobw F¶o LSI-§Ä A\p-hÀ¯n-¡p¶ BNm-c-K-Xn-Isf imkv{XobXbp-
sSbpw Ime-L-«-¯n-sâbpw t_m[-]-²-Xn-I-fp-ambn hnNn-´\w \S-¯p-Ibpw
]p\-sc-gp¯v \S-¯p-I-bp-amWv At±lw sNbvX-Xv.
{InkvXp-hÀjw 87-þmw iX-I-¯n tIc-f-¯n kaqlw, hyàn, tZhX,
ip²w F¶nhsb ap³\nÀ¯n \nc-h[n BNm-c-§Ä \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶p. Ah-
Xmsg tNÀ¡p-¶p.52

1. ]Ãp tX¡p-hm³ tIm D]-tbm-Kn-¡-cp-Xv.

2. DSp¯ hkv{X-t¯m-Sp-IqSn ap§-cpXv.
3. Ipfn-¡m³ hcp-t¼mÄ DSp¯ ap−v tXmÀ¯m³
D]-tbm-Kn-¡-cp-Xv.
4. {]mX-k-Ôybv¡p ap¼p Ipfn-¡-cp-Xv.
5. Ipfn-¡msX `£Wkm[-\-§Ä ]mIwsN¿-cpXv.
6. C¶se tImcn-sh¨ shÅw C¶p]tbm-Kn-¡-cpXv
7. \njvIm-a-am-bnt« IÀaw sN¿m-hq.
8. Im Igp-Imt\m atäm FSp¯ shÅw ]m{X-
¯n _m¡n h¶m aäm-h-iy-§Ä¡p D]-
tbm-Kn-¡-cp-Xv.
9. {_mÒ-Wm-Zn-IÄ iq{Zm-Zn-Isf sXm«mepw
10. XmW-PmXn-¡msc ASp-¯mepw
11. XmWPmXn¡mÀ sXm« Pem-i-b§
- Ä sXm«mepw
Ipfn-¡Ww
12. NqÂsIm−v ASn¨ \ne¯p Xma-kn-¡msX
Nhp-«n-bmepw

13. `kvaw BZyw taÂt¸m«v H¶pw ]ns¶ hne-§s\

aq¶pw hcn-bmbn IpdnbnSWw.
14. {_mÒ-W³sN¿p¶ FÃm IÀa§Ä¡pw th−p¶
a{´w, IÀawsN¿p¶ {_mÒ-W³ Xs¶ D¨-cn-
¡-Ww

30
 15. Xte Znh-ks¯ tNmdpw Idnbpw
16. Ip«n-IÄ `£n¨ _m¡nbpw
17. inh\p \nth-Zn¨ km[-\hpw
D]-tbm-Kn-¡-cpX.v
18. ssIsIm−p hnf-¼nb Blmc {Zhyhpw
19. tlmam-Zn-Iġp Fcp-a-bpsS ]m apX-em-
bhbpw
20. tNmdv Dcp-«msX hmcn-¯n-¶p-Itbm Dcp-«nb Dcpf
]IpXn D−n«v Xmsg hbv¡p-Itbm sN¿-cp-Xv.
21. Aip-²-am-bm shäne apdp-¡pI IqSn sN¿-cpXv.
22. {_Ò-Nmcn \njvT-sbbpw {hX-s¯bpw A\p-jv
Tn-¡Ww.
23. ]Tn-¸p Ign-ªm Kpcp-Z-£nW sN¿Ww
24. s]cp-h-gn-bn sh¨p thZw D¨-cn-¡-cp-Xv.
25. tjmU-i-IÀa§Ä bYm-Imew bYm-hn[n
sN¿Ww.
26. I\y-Isb hn¡-cp-Xv.
27. ^es¯ B{K-ln¨v {hXs¯ A\p-jvTn-¡-cp-Xv.
28. ]pd-¯mb kv{XoIsf sXm«m kv{XoIÄ Ipfn-
¨nt« D®m-hq.
29. Ibvt¡m-f-tâbpw the-IÄ {_mÒ-
30. shfpt¯S-tâbpw W³ sN¿-cp-Xv.
31. cp{Zm-£m-Zn-I-fn {_mÒ-WÀ am{Xta inh-]qP
sN¿m-hq.
32. iq{Zsâ {im²-¯n\p {_mÒ-WÀ {]Xn-{Klw
hm§-cp-Xv.
33. ]nXm-a-l-sâbpw amXm-a-l-sâbpw Ah-cpsS ]Xv\n-
am-cp-sSbpw {im²-§Ä Du«-Ww.
34. FÃm Aam-hm-kn¡pw {im²w Du«-Ww.
35. amXm-]n-Xm-¡-·mÀ acn¨ sImÃw XnI-bp¶ Znhkw
]nÞn F¶ {Inb sN¿Ww.
36. ta¸-dª k]nÞn XnI-bp¶ Znhkw hsc
Zo£bpw thWw.
37. {im²w Dut«-−Xp \£-{X-¯n-em-Wv.
38. k]nÞn Ime¯v ]pe- h-¶m AXp-Ig
- ntª
k]nÞn sN¿mhq.

31
39. Zs¯Sp¡-s¸« a¡fpw kz´w AÑ-\-½-am-cpsS
{im²w Du«-Ww.
40. kz´w `qan-bnte ihw Zln-¸n-¡m-hq.
41. k\ymkn kv{XoIsf ImW-cp-Xv.
42. k\ymkn acn-¨m bmsXmcp {Inbbpw sN¿-cp-Xv.
43. k\ym-kn-¡mbn Kbm-{im²w t]mepw Du«-cp-Xv.
44. `À¯m-hns\ Hgn¨v A\ys\ ImWpI
Ch-sbm¶pw
45. Zmkn-amtcmSp IqSmsX ]pd-¯n-d-§p-I {_mÒW kv{Xo
46. shfp¯ \nd-¯n-ep-Å-X-Ãm¯ hkv{Xw [cn-¡pI IÄ sN¿-cp-Xv.

47. aq¡p Ip¯pI sNbvXmÂ

{_mÒ-W³
48. aZy-]n-¡pI {`ã-\mIpw
49. asämcp {_mÒW kv{Xobn {]th-in-¨mepw
50. tZhm-e-b-¯n t{]X {]XnjvTsN¿-cp-Xv.
51. tZh {]Xn-asb iq{Zm-Zn-IÄ sXm«p-IqS
52. Hcp tZh\p \nth-Zn¨ km[\w asämcp tZh\pw
\nth-Zn-¡-cp-Xv.
53. tlmawsN¿msX hnhm-lmZnIÀa-§Ä sN¿-cpXv.
54. BioÀhZn-¡pI Ch {_mÒ-WÀ
At\m\yw
55. \a-kvIcn-¡pI sN¿-cp-Xv.
56. sImÃw tXmdp-apÅ ]ip-ta[w sN¿-cpXv.
57. ssihssh-jvW-hmZn t`Z-§Ä Acp-Xv.
58. Hcp ]qWp-\q am{Xta [cn¨p IqSp
59. aq¯-a-Is\ thfn Ign-¡m-hq.
60. £{Xn-bm-Zn-IÄ A¶w-sIm-−mWv {im²-aq-«-−-Xv.
61. AhÀ A½m-hsâ {im²-aq-«-Ww.
62. Ah-cpsS apXÂ acp-a-¡Ä¡m-Wv.
63. `À¯mhp acn¨ kv{Xo k\y-kn-¡-Ww.
64. AhÀ DS-´Sn NmS-cpXv

{_mÒ-W-a-Xs¯ tI{µo-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp¶p Ch \ne-\n-¶-Xv. i¦-cm-Nm-cyÀ

cNn-¨-sX¶v Icp-Xp¶ im¦-c-kvarXn/ `mÀK-h-kvarXnbn tNÀ¯ncn-¡p¶ Cu
BNm-c-§Ä ]eXpw B Ime-L-«-¯n \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶Xpw Bcy-·m-cpsS PmXn-

32
K-W-\bv¡v ap³Xq¡w \ÂIp-¶-Xp-am-bn-cp¶p. Xm{´nItaJ-e-bnepÅ Nne
\nb-a-hy-h-ØbpanXn tNÀ¯n-«p-−v. kZm-Nmcw, hyàn-\njvT, PmXn-hy-hØ
F¶n-h-bpsS Ime, kab_Ôn-X-amb ImgvN-¸mSv Cu \nb-a-kw-ln-X-I-fnÂ
\n¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw. Pe-¯n tZh-Xm-km-¶n[yaps−¶pw AXn-\m Pe-
¯nsâ ]cn-ip²n kq£n-¡-W-sa¶pw hniz-kn-¨mWv DSp¯ hkv{X-t¯m-Sp-
IqSn ap§-cpsX¶v ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Xm{´n-I-amb ]cm-aÀiw 13, 14, 17, 19, 22,
25, 31, 50, 51, 52, 57, 58 \¼À `mK-§-fn tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p¶ \nb-a-§-fn-ep−v.
ssih-`-àn-bpsS `mK-amb `kva-[m-cWw c−v kÔy-I-fnepw \S-¯-W-sa-¶
hyhØ Pemw-is¯ kmwio-I-cn¨v icoc¯nsâ DuÀP se-h hÀ[n-¸n-¡p-
¶-Xn\v th−n-bm-Wv.
thZm-[n-I-fmb {_mÒ-W³ a{´m-[n-Im-c-hpw kzb-ta¡p-¶p. kam-\-
Pm-Xn-¡msc, a{´m-[n-Imcw G¸n-¨m BVyXzw A\y-h-XvI-cn-¡p-sa¶v Nn´-
bn \n¶mhWw C¯-c-samcp ]cm-aÀiw. bmK]q-Pm-hn-[n-I-fn Fcp-a-bpsS ]mÂ,
]ip-hntâXn\p kam-\-ambn ImWp-¶n-Ã. Xm{´n-I-X-bpÄs¸-sS-bpÅ Ncy-IÄ
A`y-kn-¡p¶ hnZymÀYnbpsS am\-kn-I-\ne \njvTm]qÀW-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww. {_mÒW
{Inb-I-fmb tjmU-i-IÀa-§Ä hgnbmWv ZznPXzw {]m]n-¡p-¶sX¶ hnizm-khpw
CXn-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. D]-\-b\w am{X-aà {_mÒWyw \ÂIp-¶-
sX¶ {]kvXm-h-\-bm-Wn-Xv. cp{Zm£ ]qP A\yÀ¡v hn[n-¨n-«n-sÃ-¶ {]Jym-]-
\-¯n PmXn cm{ãobw sXfn-ªv ImWmw. t£{X-¯n tZhssNX-\y-¯n\v
lm\n hcp-sa¶ Nn´-bn-emWv ]tcX {]XnjvTsN¿-cpsX¶p ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
F¶m {Zmhn-U-¯n \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶ kÀhm-ß-hm-Z¯n NmhpIsf sh¨m-c-m
[\ \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. BcyÀ¡pap¼pÅ BN-c-W-hn-[n-I-fnÂ, ]tc-Xm-hin-ã-§Ä
Bcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw kwc-£n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p−v. {_mÒ-WÀ¡v am{Xta t\cn«v
hn{K-lm-cm-[\ \S-¯m³ A[n-ImcapÅp-sh¶ Nn´-bn \n¶mWv iq{Z-Pm-Xn-
IÄ¡v ]qPbpsS `mK-ambn _nw_-kv]Àiw \ntj-[n-¨-Xv. Ime-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-
bmb PmXnhn`-P\w ChnsSbpw kv]ã-am-Wv. ]ptcm-lnXhr¯n-bnepw sshZnI þ
Xm-{´n-Im-cm-[-\-I-fn-epapÅ taÂt¡m-bva-bpw khÀW-]-£-]m-X-hp-an-hnsS hyà -
am-Ip-¶p. Cuiz-ck¯ H¶m-b-Xn-\m tZh-t`Zw ths−¶pw ]c-tZi¯nepÅ
ssihþsshjvWh `n¶X Bh-iy-an-söpw \nb-a-I-mc³ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. ]c-
tZin {_mÒ-W-cn \n¶v Xncn-¨-dn-bm-\mWv Hä ]qWp am{Xta {_mÒ-W³
[cn-¡mhpsh¶v ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu BNm-c-§Ä i¦-c- \nÀan-X-a-söpw

33
]n¶oSp -h-¶ ]mc-¼-cy-¡mÀ FgpXn tNÀ¯XmIm-sa¶pw `mjm-km-lnXy Ncn-{X-
Im-c-\mb BÀ. \mcm-bW ]Wn-¡À hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
]c-tZ-i¯v \S-¸n-Ãm-¯XpsIm−mWv Ch A\m-Nm-c-§-fmbXv;
{]_-e-·m-cmb cmPm-¡-·mÀ Nne BNm-c-§Ä Ahn-S-hnsS \S-¸nÂ
hcp-¯n-b-Xmbn tIÄhn-bp-−v. F¶m C{X hfsc BNm-c-§Ä
HcmÄ krãn-¨v FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw Xebv¡paosX sh¨p sImSp-¯-
Xmbn temI-N-cn-{X-¯n Hcn-S¯pw I−n-«n-Ã.53
a[y-Ime Xm{´nI ]mc-¼-cy-IÀ¯m-¡-fmbn `h-{Xm-X³, hnez-aw-Kew,
\mcm-b-Wm-Nm-cy³, am[-h³, hmkp-tZ-h³, cmL-hm--\µ³, chn, Cuim\ inh-
Kpcp F¶o BNm-cy-·msc DÄs¸-Sp¯mw. i¦-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Ime-¯n-\p-tijw
14þmw \qäm-−n-\n-Sbv¡v tIc-f-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶ BNm-cy-·m-cm-Wn-hÀ. inYn-e-
am-bn-cp¶ Xm{´nINcym-hn-ti-js¯ {Iao-I-cn-¡m-\pw kmXznI KpW-\n-jvT-am-
¡p-¶-Xn\pw t£{X- tI-{µo-IrX, Bcm-[-\m-]²Xn¡v {]m_eyw \ÂIp-¶-Xn\
hÀ {i-an-¨p. i¦-c-\m-bn-cp¶p C¯-c-samcp {Ia-oIc-W-¯n\v ASn-¯d C«Xv.
KpW-kn-²m-´hpw IÀahnim-e-Xbpw ]ucm-lnXy{]Øm-\-¯n\v Icp-X-em-bn-cn-
¡W-sa¶ {]mtbm-KnXbn-eq¶nb hnime km[y-X- ]tcm-£-ambn CXneqsS
km[n-¨-p.
X{´-k-ap-¨-b-¯nsâ IÀ¯mhmb tN¶mkv \mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS
Ime-t¯m-sS-bmWv X{´-im-kv{X-¯nsâ \nb-Xhpw hyàhpw GI-tZi km{¼-Zm-
bn-I-hp-amb BNmc]²-Xnbpw ssk²m-´nIhyà-Xbpw D−m-b-Xv. imcZm
XneIw t]mse-bpÅ {]mNo\ Xm{´nI{KÙ-§-fpsS kzm[o\w X{´-k-ap-¨-b-
¯n D−m-bn-«p−v. {KÙ-IÀ¯m-¡-fmbpw X{´-imkv{X ]Þn-X-·m-cp-amb
A\-h[n Xm{´nIt{ijvTÀ ]n¶oSv Xm{´n-I-cw-K¯v {]hÀ¯n¨v kw`m-h\
sNbvXp. ssI\n-¡c \¼q-Xncn, tN¶mkv i¦-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn, ]c-ta-iz-cm-\p-jvTm\
sagp-Xnb ]c-ta-iz-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn, IrjvW-]m-jm-W-hn-{]³, sXmgp-hm-\qÀ, ]pen-
b-¶qÀ \mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv, \mK-kzman \¼q-Xn-cn, Xmgva¬, Xc-W
-\-ÃqÀ, Ipt_-c³ \¼q-Xncn, inhN{µnI Fgp-Xnb hmkp-tZ-h³ \¼q-Xncn,
`{ZZo]n-I-bpsS cN-bn-Xmhv \mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xn-cn, ]pS-bqÀ`mj-sb-gp-Xnb hmkp-
tZ-h³ \¼q-Xncn, Ipgn-¡m-«p]-¨Im-c³ Ipgn-¡m«p atl-iz-c³ `«-Xn-cn-¸mSv, X{´-
c-Xv\m-Icw Fgp-Xnb Aa-e- {_-Ò-b-Xn, X{´-ip-²-Im-c³ `«m-c-I{i thtZm-¯-a³,
\mcZob ]²Xn, e£vao-kp-J-in-jy³ F¶nhsbgp-Xnb ]c-am-\-µ-P-bXn, AÀY-

34
c-Xv\m-hen cNn¨ hna-e-kym--ß-iw`p, ssih-]-cn-`mjm aRvPcn IÀ¯m-hmb
\nKa- Úm\ tZh³, ]ca `«m-cI N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp, Kpcp-
hnsâ injy³, kn.thep-ssh-Zy³, ]d-hqÀ {io[-c³X{´n-IÄ, ]qªmÀ ImÀ¯n
tI-b³ X{´nIÄ F¶n-hÀ Hmtcm Ime-L-«-¯nepw X{´-im-kv{X-¯nsâ {]Nm-
c-I-cmbncp¶p.54 A{_m-Ò-W-cmb X{´n-amÀ \ne-hn-ep-−m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw \¼q-
Xncn CÃ-§-fn P\n¨ X{´n-am-cm-bn-cp¶p Xm{´n-I-cw-K¯v IqSp-Xepw {i²
]Xn-¸n¨Xv. ]mc-¼-cym-\p-km-cn-bmb sXmgn-se¶ \nebpw BVy-X-bpsS
]n³_-e-hpw CXn\v Icp-t¯-In. G.-Un. BZyZi-I-§Ä s]mXpsh kwL
IrXn-I-fpsS Ime-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p. kwL-c-N-\-I-fn-seÃmw Xs¶ sshZnI
{_mÒ-W-cpsS kmaq-lnI{]mXn-\n-[yhpw `cWtaJ-e-I-fn AhÀ sNep-¯nb
kzm[o-\hpw hnh-cn¨pZml-cn-¡p-¶p−v. G.-Un. 1 apXÂ 5hsc Ime-L-«-¯nÂ
BcytI{µo-IrX-amb kwkvIm-c-¯n\v Z£n-tW-´y-bn {]mapJyw e`n-¨n-cp-¶p.
thZ-Im-e-tZ-h-Xmk¦ev]-§sf H¶n¨mcm-[n-¡p¶ ssieokhn-ti-jX
kwL-c-N-\-I-fnepw hyà-am-Ip-¶p-−v. _e-tZ-h³, hnjvWp, hcp-W³ F¶n-hsc
ka-ãn-`mh-¯n Bcm-[n-¨p. CXn-\mbn kvtXm{X-]m-cm-bW coXn, _mlp-\m-am-
hÀ¯\coXn, DZvt_m-[\coXn F¶n-§s\ ]e D]m-k\m]²-Xn-IÄ Bcw-
`n¨p. tZh-X-bpsS A]-Zm-\-§sf hÀWn¨v B{Kl-\n-hr¯n hcp-¯p-¶-XmWv
kvtXm{X-]m-cm-bW coXn. thZ-kvXp-Xn-IÄ, E¡p-IÄ, kqà-§Ä F¶nh
CXn\v DZmlcW§-fmWv. tZh-X-bpsS KpWw, kz`m-hw, hr¯n (IÀaw) F¶n-
hsb ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n \qtdm AXn-e-[n-Itam \maw Dcp-hn-Sp-¶-XmWv _lp-
\m-am-hÀ¯\ coXn. Atãm-¯-cn, itXm-¯-cn, kl-{k-\maw F¶nh Cu coXn-
bn-ep-Å-h-bm-Wv. X§-fpsS ka-Im-enI Bh-iy-I-Xsb hni-Z-am¡n t_m[n-¸n-
¡p-I-bmWv DZvt_m-[\coXn. Imcy-km[y-¯n-\pÅ Nne a{´-§Ä Cu KW-¯nÂ
s¸-Sp-¶p.
]c-tZi {_mÒ-W-cn \n¶v hyXn-cn-à-ambn IÀam-\p-jvTm-\-¯nepw
BNm-c-]-²-Xn-I-fnepw IrXy-Xbpw ip²hpw \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ A\p-hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p.
kÔym-h-µ-\w, tjmU-i-IÀa§Ä, Aán-tlm-{XmZn{Inb-IÄ, thZ-kw-kvIm-c-
¯nsâ ]mc-¼cyw F¶nh tIc-fob Xm{´nImNm-c-§-fpsS khn-ti-jXbmWv.
ap{Zm {][m\amb IÀa-§fpw BN-c-W-§fpamWv tIc-fob X{´-¯nsâ {]tXy-
I-X. CXctZin-I-fpsS ]pPm-hn-[n-I-fn a{´-§-fpsS km{¼-Zm-bnI \nb-a-
enJnX D¨m-c-W-¯n-\mWv {]m[m-\yw. F¶m IÀa-{]-[m-\-amWv ae-bmf ]qPm-
hn-[m-\-§Ä. Gsd-¡psd am\p-jn-I-X-bn-te¡v F¯n-¨p-sIm-−pÅ Bcm-[\m
35
hn[n-IÄ¡mWnhnsS ap³K-W-\. ip²m-ip-²-§Ä atä-sXmcp tZik{¼-Zm-b-
t¯-¡mfpw tIc-f-¯n {][m-\-s¸-«Xpw BN-c-Wo-b-hp-am-Wv.

Bcy-Xm-{´n-IX
tZ-h-Xm-cm-[-\-bpsS Bcy-{In-bm-]-²-Xn-I-fmWv Bcy-Xm-{´nIZÀi-\-¯nsâ
s]mXp-kz-`m-hw. Xm{´n-IX ss\kÀKn-Ihpw kzXz-tI-{µo-Ir-X-hp-amb imkv{X-
im-J-bmbn DÛ-hn-¨p-sh-¦nepw sshZn-I-amb Nme-I-i-àn-bpsS kmao-]yhpw
km[y-Xbpw X{´-im-J-bn cqV-am-bn-¯oÀ¶n-«p-−v. hyXy-kvX-amb Bcm-[-
\mk{¼-Zm-b¯neqsS e£y{]m]vXnt\tS− Bß-Úm-\s¯ Xs¶ BKa-
im-kv{Xw Nq−nIm«p¶p. Bcm-[\mhn[n-I-fn aq¶phn`m-K-ap−v. sshZnIw,
Xm{´nIw, an{iw. tZho`mK-h-X-mIc³ X{´s¯ thZmw-K-ambn Icp-Xn. Bdv
apJ-t¯m-Sp-IqSnb inhs\ B[m-c-am¡n X{´w hnI-kn-¨p. jUm-av\mbw
F¶ t]cn-emWv CX-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ]qÀhm-av\m-bw, Z£n-Wm-av\m-bw, ]Ýn-am-av
\m-bw, D¯-cm-av\mbw, DuÀ[zm-av\mbw, Aam-av\mbw F¶n-§s\ jUm-av\mb
hn`mKw Adnbs¸«p. X{´-c-lky¯n Ch hni-Z-ambn {]kvXm-hn-¨n-«p−v.
]qÀhmav\mbw a\-Ênsâ tZh-X-bmb N{µs\ Iem-cq-]-¯n PU-bneWnªpw
{Xnt\-{X-\mbpw \ne-sIm-Åp¶ ssih-`m-h-amWv. {io`p-h-t\-izcn, efn-Xm, {Xn]pS,
]ßm, kc-kzXn, iqen-\n, \nXym, XzcnX, h{P {]kvXm-cnWn, A¶-]qÀWm,
hmKvhm-ln\n, alm-e£van F¶o tZh-X-amsc ChnsS hyà-am-¡p-¶p. BN-c-W-
§-fnse IÀa-ip²n-sbbpw a{´-`m-K-§-sfbpw kzoI-cn-¡p¶h-cm-WnhÀ.
kaq-l-s¯ a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Úm\wsIm−v hkvXp-¡sf ASp-
¯-dn-bp-¶Xn\p-apÅ hnizmk{]am-Ws¯ km[q-I-cn-¡p-I-bmWv ]qÀhm-av\m-b-
¯nÂ. a\-Ênsâ km[y-X-bn-eqsS hnj-bm-Zm-\s¯ hnh-cn-¡p-I-bmWmZyw. {]]-
©-¯nÂ, BI-am\w hym]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ s]mXp-Úm-\s¯ a\-Ênsâ {Zhy-t_m-[-
ambn I−v {]Xn-^-e-n¸n¡m-\n-hnsS {ian-¡p-¶p. a\-Êns\ Hcp s]mXpa-Þ-e-
¯n kmZr-iy-s¸-Sp¯n, GI-tZ-io-b-amb kaq-l-t_m-[\s¯ D×-bnÂ
ZÀin-¡m³ Xm{´n-I-X-bn X{´-ÚÀ ]cn-{i-an-¡p-¶p.
D¯-cm-av\m-b-¯n alm-Im-fn-I, Z£nW ImfnI, Kply-Im-fn, ivaim\
ImfnI, `{Z-Im-fn, GI-PnX, D{K-PmX, XmcnWn, ImÀXym-bn\n, On¶-a-kvX,
\oe kc-kzXn, ZpÀK, Pb-ZpÀK-, \hZpÀK, hiq-en, [qa-]Xn, hnim-em-£n,
Kucn, _K-em-ap-Jn, {]Xyw-Kn-cm, amXwKn, aln-j-aÀZn\n F¶o tZh-Xm-aqÀ¯n-

36
Isf inh-\n \n¶v ZÀin-¡p-¶p. imtà-b-`m-h-¯nsâ Iuf-amÀKk-¦ev]-
¯n {]Xn-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ Cuiz-co-b-X-bmWnhnsS Bcm-[-\mÀl-ambncn
¡p-¶-Xv. [mÀanINn´-bp-sS- imtà-b-]-Ý-m¯-e-¯nsâ km[y-X-bn-te¡v ChnsS
Xm{´n-IX \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. DuÀ[zm-av\m-b-¯n {ioaXv {Xn]p-c-kp-µ-cn, {Xn]p-
tc-in, ss`c-hn, {Xn]pc ss`chn, ivaim\ ss`c-hn, `pht\in ss`chn, kXvIq-S-
ss`-chn, A¶-]qÀW ss`c-hn, ]©-an, tjmU-in, hem-he, amen\n F¶o
tZh-X-IÄ cp{Z-ssN-X-\y-¯n {]I-So-Ir-X-am-Ip-¶p. D]m-k\bnse Cuizc
Ncy-bn taev]-dª tZhn-am-cmWv {Inb-IÄ¡pw D]m-k\mNcy-IÄ¡pw km£yw
hln-¡p-¶Xv. ]c-am-ß-{]m]vXnsb¶ {_Òm-\-µ-ckw D]m-k-I\v D]m-[n-bneqsS
\nd-th-dp¶p. NXp-cm-av\m-b-¯n ]pcp-jmÀY§-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-amWv e£y-tlXp.
[Àaw, AÀYw, Imaw, tam£w F¶o \mep kwhn-[m-\-§-fn-eqsS Bßm-hn-
sâbpw ico-c-[Àa-¯n-sâbpw `hy-{]m]vXn kÖ-am-¡p¶p. [Àa-¯n-eq-¶nb AÀY
Ima-tam-£m-Zn-I-fpsS km[y-X-bn-te-¡pÅ t{]c-Wbpw km^-ey-hp-amWv NXp-
cm-av\mb X{´-¯nsâ hkvXp-\n-jvTX. DuÀ[zm-av\mbw Znhyþhoc`mh§Ä¡v
aqe-Kp-W-ambn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
arXyp-RvP-b³, cp{Z³, ss`c-h³, arX-k-RvPo-h-\n, hSp-I-ss`-c-h³ Z£n-Wm
aqÀ¯n F¶o tZh-X-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-XmWv Z£n-Wm-av\m-bw. At[m-av\m-b
¯n tZh-{]-Xn-jvT, t£{X-Øm-]\w, Bk-\-hn-[n-IÄ, b{´-c-N-\, a{´-]p-c-
Ý-c-Ww, _en, tZhX F¶nh hnh-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. l\p-am³, KW-]-Xn, i¦-c-\m-cm-
b-W³, \c-knwlw, IrjvW³, hnjvWp, tKm]m-e³ XpS-§nb hyXykvX tZh-
`m-h-§-sf-bmWv ]Ýnamav\mb-¯n hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. t\cs¯ kqNn-¸n¨Xp
t]mse X{´-§Ä, imàw, ssihw, kwlnX F¶n§s\ aq¶p {][m\ hn`m-K
§-fmbn Xncn-ªn-«p-−v. iàn-kw-_-Ôn-bmWv imàw. inh Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS
{]mam-Wn-IX ssih-`m-K-¯nsâ s]mXpkz`m-h-amWv. hnjvWp-hns\ {]Xn-\n-[o-
I-cn¨ X{´-im-J-bmWv kwln-X-IÄ.
{]apJ imtàb Xm{´n-I-X-bn 20 {KÙ-§-sf-¸än hni-Zo-I-cn-¨n-«p-−v.
AXn-_r-l-¯mb Hcp Xm{´nIimJ-bmWv imtàb]²-Xn-bn DÄs¡m-Ån-
¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ah \oe-]-Xm-I, hma-tIiz-c, arXyp-RvP-b, tbmKmÀWh, amb,
Z£nWmaqÀ¯n. ImfnI, lc-Ku-cn, Imta-iz-cn, Ip_vPn-I, ImÀXym-b-\n, {]Xyw-
Kn-c, alm-e£van, {Xn]p-cmÀWh, kc-kzXn, tbmKn\n, hmcmln, Khm-£n, \mcm-
b-Wn, arUm\n F¶n-h-bm-Wv. D]m-k-\-bpsS {]Im-i-t{km-X-Êns\ Is−-¯m\pw,
Bßkm-£m-XvI-mc¯n\pw Cu tZhXmk¦ev]-¯neqsS \nÀtZin-¡p-¶p-. 64
37
Iufm-Nmc{]Im-c-amb Xm{´n-IX \ne-hn-ep-ÅXmbn kuµ-cy-e-lcn hnh-cn-¡p-
¶p−v.
NXpx-j-ãym, Xss{´:kI-e-aXn kÔm-b-`p-h\w
ØnX-kvX-¯Â kn²n {]k-h, -]-c-Xss{´:]ip-]Xn:!!
]p\-kvXz-¶nÀ _Ôm-Z-Jne ]pcp-jmÀssYI LS-\mþ
kzX{´w tX X{´w £nXn-X-e-a-hm-Xo-X-c-ZnZw55
hymJym\w:
alm-{Xn-]p-c-kp-µcn! ]ip-]-Xn-bmb alm-tZ-h³ AXmXp kn²n-Isf am{Xw
P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn kaÀY§-fmb alm-amb X{´w apX-embn 64 X{´-§-fmÂ
ka-kvX-amb {]]-©-t¯bpw kÔm\w sNbvXn«v kzØ-\mbn Ccp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v
{iotZ-hn-bpsS \nÀ_-Ô-¯m 64 X{´-§-fnepw ]d-ªn-cn-¡p¶ ]pcp-jmÀY-§sf
FÃmw apJy-tXz\ LSn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\p X\n-sb-Xs¶ kzmX-{´y-ap-Å-Xmb Cu
X{´s¯ ({iohn-tZym-]m-k\m X{´w) `qan-bn-e-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. hocw, Znhyw F¶o
apJy-Zz-µz`m-h-¯nsâ {]mapJyw Cu X{´-§-fn \n£n-]vX-am-Wv.
almambm-X{´w, iw_-c-X-{´w, tbmKn-\n-X-{´w, Pme-iw-_cw, X¯z-iw-
_-c-Iw, ss`c-hm-ã-Iw, {_mÒo, atl-iz-cn, Iuamcn, sshjvWhn, hmcmlo,
C{µmWo, Nmap-Þm, inh-`qXn F¶n k]vX-am-Xr-¡sf kw_-Ôn¨ {_mÒo-
X{´w (_-lp-cq-]m-ã-Iw) XpS-§nb F«p-X{´hn`mKw, {_Ò-bm-a-fw, hnjvWp-
bm-a-fw, cp{Z-bm-afw, e£vao-bm-afw, Dam-bm-a-fw, kvIµ-bm-a-fw, KtW-i-bm-afw,
Pb-{Z-Y-bm-afw XpS-§nb F«v bma-fm-ãI X{´-§Ä, N{µ-Úm\w amen-\o-X{´w,
alm-kw-tam-l\w, atlm-Ñpjyw, hmXpew, hmXp-tem-¯cw, lrÂt`-Zw, X{´-
t`Zw, Kply-X{´w, ImanIw, Iem-hm-Zw, Iem-kmcw, Ip_vPn-Im-a-Xw, Xt{´m-¯-cw,
hoWm-Jyw, t{XmXew, t{XmX-tem-¯-cw, ]©m-arXw, cq]-t`-Zw, `qtXm-UvVm-a-cw,
Ipe-km-cw, Iptem-UvVn-iw, Ipf-Nq-Vm-aWn, kÀh-Úm-t\m-¯-cw, alm-Im-fo-
a-Xw, alm-e-£vao-a-Xw, kn²-tbm-tK-izcnaXw, Ipcq-]nImaXw, tZh-cq-]n-Im-a-Xw,
kÀh-ho-c-aXw, hna-em-aXw, ]qÀhm-av\mb X{´w, ]Ýn-am-a-\mb X{´w, Z£n-Wm-a-v
\mb X{´w, D¯-cm-av\mb X{´w, DuÀ[zm-av\mb X{´w, sshti-jnI X{´w,
Úm\mÀWhw, hocmhen X{´w, Acp-tWiw, tamln-\oiw, hnip-t²-izc X{´w
F¶n-h-bmWv 64 X{´-hn-`m-K-§Ä.
X{´-§Ä hn]p-e-im-J-bmbn \ne-\n¡p-¶p. sFXnly-{]-Imcw {][m-\
s¸« 64 X{´-§fpw cNn-¨Xv Bt{X-b -E-jn-bmWv. Cu X{´-im-J-I-fnse {]Xn-
38
]mZyhnjbw hyXy-kvX-§-fmb D]m-k-\-I-fpw. alm-am-bm-iw-_-c-¯n amb
{]]©\nÀam-W-amWv {]Xn-]mZyw. \ne-hn-epÅ hkvXp, IrXn F¶n-h-bnÂ
sshcp-[yhpw sshhn-[yhpw krãn-¡p-I, {`aw Df-hm-¡pI F¶ [Àa-am-Wn-Xn
\pÅXv. PohÂ{]Ir-Xn-bnse N£p-Êns\ ad¨v, Zriys¯ asämcp Xc-¯nÂ
t_m[ys¸-Sp-¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. tbmKn-\o-Pm-e-iw-_c¯n tbmKn\n apX-emb
tZh-X-Isf ZÀin-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bpÅ {]tbm-K-hn-[n-bmWv tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
CXn-\m-bpÅ km[-\-I-fpw tbmK-hn-[n-IfpanhnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p. \ho-\-amb
Zriys¯, {]Ir-tXy-\-bpÅ hmkvX-hn-I-Xsb ad¨v krãn¨v hyRvPn-¸n-¡p-¶-
Xn\pw Cu X{´-¯n\v Ign-hp-s−¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. CXn\v IufamÀKkam-\-
amb Nne IÀam-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä \S-¯p-Ibpw Xmakhn[n-{]-Im-c-apÅ BNm-c-§Ä
A\p-jvTn-¡pIbpw thW-sa-¶mWv hn[n. ivaim-\-¯n-en-cp¶v Nne {Inb-§Ä Cu
X{´kn²n e`n-¡p-¶-Xn\v \S-¯Ww. X¯z-iw_c¯n C{µ-Pm-e-hn-Zysb
hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. X¯z-k-ln-X-amb IÀa-]²XnbmWnXn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
ss`c-hm-ãIw ss`chkw_-Ôn-bmb X{´-amÀK imJ-bm-Wv. ssih-]-c-
amb tZhXmk¦ev]-amWv ss`c-h³. kn²-ss`-c-h³, hSp-I ss`-c-h³, I¦mf
ss`c-h³, Ime-ss`-c-h³, Imem-án-ss`-c-h³, tbmKn-\n-ss`-c-h³, alm-ss`-c-h³,
iàn-ss`-c-h³ F¶n-h-cmWv X{´-imkv{X {]Xn-]m-Z-I-cmb Aã-ss`-ch aqÀ¯n-
IÄ. hkvXp, k¼¯v F¶n-hsb ap³\nÀ¯n-bpÅ kn²n-{]-IcWamWv ss`c-
h-X-{´-imJ apt¶m«phbv¡p-¶Xv. \n[n Is−-¯pI, Zrãn-bn ImWm¯
Imcy-§Ä Adn-bp-I, k¼¯v Fhn-sS-bmsW¶v Is−-¯-pI, Ch ss`c-h-X-{´-
§-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-¯nÂs¸Sp-¶p. [\mÀP-\-]-c-amb cmPkamÀK-am-Wn-sX¶v
]d-bmw.
k]vX-am-Xr¡fpambn _Ô-s¸« Xm{´nIhn[n-IÄ 8 X{´-im-J-IfneqsS
hnh-cn-¡p-¶p-. {_mÒn, atl-iz-cn, Iuam-cn, sshjvWhn, hmcm-ln, atl-{µn,
Nmap-Þm, inh-ZqXn F¶o amXrtZh-X-Isf {Inb-I-fneqsS F§s\ {]km-Zn-
¸n-¡mw, Ima-\m-hn-t[-b-cm¡mw F¶ ZÀi-\-§-fn-eqsS-bmWv Cu X{´w hnI-kn-
¨Xv. bma-fm-ãIw bmafsb¶ tbmKn-\nsb kw_-Ôn¨ X{´-hn-`m-K-amWv. kn²n,
hiyw, Imaw XpS-§nb sshj-bnI Imcy-§sf hni-Z-ambnXn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p.
Ima-kn-²-tbm-Kn-\n-bm-Wv bmaf F¶ tZh-X. A\y-`m-hs¯ hiam-¡p-I, A\p-`-
hn-¡pI F¶ IÀa-¯nsâ ^em-\p-cq-]amb X{´-im-J-bm-WnXv. ZpÀa-{´-hmZIe-
I-fpw, IÀa-§fpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ X{´-im-J-bmWv N{µ-Úm\w. amen-\o-hnZy
kmKc k©m-c-^-es¯- hnh-cn-¡p¶p. ISÂ, kap-{Z-bm{X, \n[n F¶n-h-
39
bmWnXn tNÀ¯ncn-¡p-¶-Xv. kap-{Z-¯nsâ ]e `mK-§-fn ØnXn sN¿p¶
\n[n Ah-bpsS ZÀi-\w, {]tbmKw, kzoI-cWw F¶n-h-sb-¡pdn¨pÅ Kth-j-
Whpw {Inbm]²-Xn-I-fp-amWv amen\n hnZy-bn hnh-cn-¡p-¶Xv. alm-k-t½m-
l\¯n \n{Zm-{]-[m-\-§-fmb kn²n-IÄ¡pth−n-bpÅ A\p-jvTm-\-{In-bIÄ
IqSmsX DWÀ¨-bnÂ\n¶v \n{Z-bn-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯n-¸n¡p¶ {Inb-IÄ IqSn
DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. Xmakhn[n-{]-Im-c-apÅ _o`-Õ-§-fmb \nc-h[n IÀa-
§Ä CXn\pth−n A\p-jvTn-¡-Ww. hma-Pqãhpw Xmak{]Im-c-apÅ ]qPm
hn[n-I-fmWv. hma-amÀK-¯n Xs¶-bmWv Cu X{´-¯nsâ Bcm-[-\m-hn-[n-IÄ.
aZyw, amwkw XpS-§n-bhbmWv BN-c-W-h-kvXp-X-IÄ, alm-tZhw X{´-tbm-K-
¯n Gähpw cl-ky-hn`m-K-amWv. kv{Xo kw-_-Ô-amb BNmcw \njvT-]qÀhw
\S-¯p-Ibpw ]pãn, DuÀP-kz-e-X, ØnXn-k-a-Xzw F¶nh BÀPn-¡p-IbpamWn
Xnsâ ^e-§-Ä. tbm\n ]qP ChnsS {][m-\-ambn BN-cn-¡p-¶p. hmXp-tem-
¯aw, hmXp-ew, ImanIw F¶o X{´-§-fnse {]Xn-]mZyw BIÀj-Ww enwK
{]XnjvT F¶n-h-bmWv. IÀam-\p-jvTm\]²-Xn-IÄ¡m-Wn-Xn {]m[m\yw. hmam-
Nmc {]kn-²-§-fmWv lrZvt`-Z-X{´w. Im]m-enI X{´hn`m-K-¯n-enXv DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.
ssih-a-X-kw-_-Ôn-bm-WnXv.
{In.hÀjw Ggmw\qäm-t−msS Z£n-tW-´y-bn Im]m-en-I-X{´w hym]n-
¨n-cp-¶p. Xe-tbm-«n-bp-ambn `n£m-S\w \S-¯nb Im]m-e-X-{´-hn-izm-kn-Isf
{In.h.630 Ime-L«¯n C´ybn lpbm³kmMv I−ncp-¶p. ssih-·mÀ,
]mip-]-X-·mÀ, Im]m-en-I-·mÀ, Imcp-WnI kn²m-´n-IÄ F¶o \mep hn`m-K-
¯nÂs¸« ssihmcm-[-I-cm-bn-cp-¶nhÀ. alm-{hXnIÄ F¶ t]cnepw Im]m-enIÀ
Adn-b-s¸-«p. I]m-e-hp-ambn ]{´−p hÀjw `n£m-S\w \S-¯p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p
Im]m-en-I-fpsS {][m-\-s¸« {hX-N-cy. AÇoe`mj-W-amWv asämcp coXn. CXnsâ
]n´p-SÀ¨-bm-Imw tIc-f-¯nse ]qc`cWn]m«p-I-fn ImWp-¶Xv. IqSmsX
tkma-kn-²m-´-¯nsâ {]Nm-c-I-cpw hnizm-kn-I-fp-am-Wn-hÀ. k+Dam= tkma: Da-
tbmSv tNÀ¶-h³ F¶ AÀYamWv tkma-]Z¯n\p-ÅXv. inh\pw iànbpw
Hcp-an¨ {]]-©-k-XyamWv Ch-cpsS Xm{´n-I-kn-²m´w. AXp-sIm−v kv{Xo þ-
]p-cpj tNÀ¨-bn-emWv temI-¯nsâ \ne-\nevs]¶ X¯z-amWv Im]m-enI aX-
¯nsâ s]mXp-ZÀi\w. ChÀ ImamJysb¶v ]mÀh-Xnsb A`n-kw-t_m-[\
sN¿p-¶p−v. tam£sa¶ kZm-inh {]m]vXn-s¡m¸w Xs¶-bmWv ssaYp-\m-\p-`-
h-sa¶nhÀ hniz-kn-¨p. \c-_-en, amwk-\n-thZyw, ihm-cm-[\, ihm-k\w, cà-
aZy\nthZyw F¶nh Im]m-en-I-cpsS BNm-c-§-fn hcp-¶p. F¶m ss`ch

40
Imfn-k-¦ev]s¯ {]km-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\mbn GXv IÀahpw A\p-jvTn-¡p¶ hn[-
¯n-te¡v Im]m-enIaXw Xmgv¯-s¸-«p. hma(CS-Xv)¯neq-sS-bmWv BNm-c-§Ä
A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶Xv. jUvI-a-e-t`-Z\w, kl-{km-c-tbmKw F¶nh CXn {]Xn-
]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. X{´-t`Zw, X{´-Kplyw F¶nh Kply-§Ä AYhm cl-ky-
§-fmb X{´amÀK-§-fm-Wv. aäv X{´-§-sf-¡mÄ cl-ky-kz-`mhw Ch hln-
¡p-¶p. arK-_en, Xmak{Inb-IÄ F¶nh CXnsâ BN-c-W-kz-`m-h-§-fpw.
Iem-hmZw sshb-ànIhnj-b-kw-_-Ôn-bmb X{´-hmZ{KÙ-am-Wv. Ie-
IÄ, N{]-I-e-IÄ F¶n-hsb Cu X{´-imJ hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p. CXn Iem-
{KlWw, Iemtam£Ww, Iemtcm]Ww, Zi-Øm\{KlWsa¶nh hnh-cn-¨n-cn-
¡p-¶p. hmÕymb\ X{´s¯¸änbpw hni-Z-amb tcJ-IÄ CXn-ep-−v. A\y
]-Xv\nsb hiy-¯n-eqsS kao-]n-¡m\pw kzoI-cn-¡m\pw hn[n-IÄ ]d-ªn-cn-¡p¶p.
ssewKn-I-]-c-amb Imcy-§sf A\p-`htbmKy-am-¡m-\pÅ IÀa§Ä CXnÂ
hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p−v. a{´-hm-Z-kw-_-Ôn-bmb {Inb-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p-I-bmWv Iem-
kmc¯nÂ. hÀtWmÂIÀj hn[n-bmWnXnse {][m-\-{]-Xn-]mZyw. hmam-Nmc¯nÂ
s¸« IpÞn-Xm-arXw LSn-Im-kn-²n hyà-am-¡p-¶p. CXn-\mbn Kply-§-fmb
{Inb-I-fp-−v. saÀ¡pdnsIm−pÅ kn²n atXm-¯c¯n hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. Imcy-
km-[y-X-bmWnXnsâ {]tbm-K-^ew. hoWmtbmKn-\n-bpsS A\p-{Kl-¯n-\m-bn-
«mWv hoWm-Jy-X{´w. kwt`m-K-b-£nWn F¶pw Cu tZh-Xbv¡v t]cp-−v.
LSn-Im-RvP\]mZpIkn²n¡mWv t{XmX-tem-¯cw. \n[n-I-s−-¯pI, hntZim
Ka\w \S-¯p-I, [\w -k-¼m-Zn-¡pI F¶n-hbSn-Øm-\-am-¡n- Cu X{´-im-J
cq]-s¸-«-p. LSn-I-¯n\v ]m\-]m-{X-sa¶pw ARvP-\-¯n\v \n[n- I-s−-¯m-\pÅ
ajn-sb¶pw ]mZp-I-¯n\v hntZ-i-bm-{X-bv¡pÅ sNcp-s¸-¶pw AÀYw. C¯cw
IÀa-§Ä¡pÅ D]m-k\m hn[n-I-fm-Wn-Xv.
t{Xm-X-tem-¯cw b£n-Isf {]Xy-£-¯n I−v A`oã-kn-²n-h-cp-¯m
\pÅ X{´-am-Wv. 64,000 b£n-I-sf-¸än CXn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶p. ]©-`q-X-
kw-_-Ôn-bmb X{´-amWv ]©m-arXw. Im]m-en-I-a-X-¯nse ]©X{´imJ-Ifpw
]©m-ar-Xhpw kam\]²-Xn-I-fm-Wv. imco-cn-I-amb D¶-a-\-¯n\pw \mi-cm-ln-Xy-
¯n-\p-apÅ Cu X{´-¯n amc-W-{In-b-IÄ DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Im]m-enI
kn²m´¯n Xs¶-bpÅ ZnKw-_c ssk²m-´n-I-X-bn cqV-amb A©p
X{´-coXnIfn kÀ¸-Úm-\mZn hnj-b-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ZnKw-_c
aX¯n s¸Sp¶ £W-]-WI imkv{Xhpw ]n¶o-SpÅ X{´-hn-h-c-W-¯n-ep-−v.

41
 X{´-im-kv{X-¯nse {]kn-²-§fpw ASn-Øm\ X¯z-hn-[n-bm hyà-
am-¡-s¸«Xpamb 64 X{´-§sf¸än Xm{´n-IÀ¡n-S-bn hyXy-kvXm-`n-{]m-b-ap−v.
kn²n-{]-Z-amb C¯cw X{´-¯n BXy-´nI e£y-amb tam£-amÀK-s¯-
¸än hni-Z-am-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¶pw kn²n am{Xta hyà-am-¡p-¶p-Åp-sh¶pw ]cm-aÀ
i-ap-−v. icoc[Àas¯ hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-−v X\-ph-\p-k-mcn-bmb A\p-`qXn
hnti-j-§-fmWv 64 X{´-I-e-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶Xv. F¶m kuµ-cy-e-lco
hymJym-\-¯n 64 X{´-§Ä sshZnIt{ijvT-Xbv¡v kam-\-amb imkv{X-am-
sW¶pw B´-cmÀY {]tNm-Z-I-amWv Ah-bpsS e£-W-sa-¶pw hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.
F¦nepw ]c-am-ß-ssN-X-\y-amb iàn-bp-ambn {]m]ym-hØ hcn-¡m³ asämcp
X{´-amb hma-tI-izcX{´s¯ krãn-¨p. {iohn-tZym-]-mk\mamÀKs¯ hyà-
am-¡p¶ ImZn-aXw Xs¶-bmWnXv. Iufm-K-a-§-fmb X{´-§Ä Imcy-kn-²n-¡pÅ
D]m-k\mhn-`m-K-§-fm-sW¶pw Ahbv¡v Xmak kz`m-h-¯n-epÅ {Inb-IÄ A\p-
jvTn-t¡−Xps−¶pw kuµ-cy-e-lcn hymJym-\n¨ e£vao-[-c³ hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
`uXnIm{Kl-§Ä¡pÅ ]qÀ¯oI-c-W IÀa-§-fmWv NXp:jãn-X-{´-§Ä.
sFlnI -kn-²n-b-ÃmsX ]c-amÀYe£y-¯n\v Ah {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¶n-sö Hcp
\nK-a\w \ne-hn-ep−v. ]c-`m-cym-K-a-\w, _en XpS-§nb Xma-k-{In-bIÄ A\p-jvTn-
t¡-−-Xp-sIm−v Iuf-amÀK-Xm-{´n-I-X-bpsS {]I-S-`mhanXn AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
PmXn-]-c-amb hnth-N-\hpw Cu 64 X{´-§Ä A\pjvTn¡p-¶Xv kw_-Ôn-¨p-
−m-bn-cp-¶p. thZm-[n-Im-c-an-Ãm¯ iq{ZÀ, aäv k¦-c-Pm-Xn-IÄ F¶n-hÀ¡v 64
X{´-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡m-ambncp¶p. ss{XhÀWnIÀ¡mWv ]c-ta-izc {]Zm-\-amb
N{µ-I-em-hn-Zy-IÄ A\pjvTn¡m³ tbmKy-X \nÀWbn¨-Xv. F¶m hma-amÀK¯n
eqsS iq{ZÀ¡pw N{µ-Ie hnZy sN¿msa¶ hn[nbpw \ne-\n¡p¶p. Iufw,
an{i-Iw, kmbIw F¶v aq¶p Xc-¯n Xm{´n-I -a-Xm-Nm-c-§Ä \ne-\n¡p
¶p−v. an{i-I-a-X-¯n N{µ-I-em, tPymÕ-\m-h-Xo, Iem-\n[n, IpfmÀWhw,
Iptf-izcn, `ph-t\-iz-cn, _mÀ-l-kv]-Xyw, ZpÀhm-k-hnXw F¶o F«v X{´-§-
fp−v. ka-bm-Nmc {]Xn-]m-Z-I-amb ip`m-K-aI ]©-I-¯n hknjvTkwln-X,
k\-I-kw-lnX, ipI-kw-lnX, k\-µ-\-kw-ln-X, k\ÂIp-amc kwln-X F¶o
]©-kw-ln-X-IÄ DÄs¡mÅn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
B´-cn-I-amb Xm{´n-Im-\p-jvTm\ kn²n km[y-am-Im¯ D]m-k-IÀ
¡mWv _mlym-N-cW hn[n-IÄ. a\-Ênsâ IÀXr-Xz-`m-h-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨v \S-
¯p¶ _mly-]qP `uXn-Im-h-iy-kn-²n-¡mWv {][m-\-ambpw \S-¯p-¶-Xv. {ioN-{I
-{Xn-tIm-Wm-cm-[\ _mlym´ctaJ-e-Isf ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n c−phn[-¯nÂ

42
\nÀh-ln-¡m³ km[n-¡pw. BZy-t¯Xv IpÞ-en\niàn D]m-kn-¨p-WÀ¯p¶
coXn-bmWv. Iuf-amÀK¯n {XntIm-Wm-´ÀK-X-amb _nµphns\ [ym\n-¡p-¶p.
hyXy-kvX-amb Xm{´n-Im-cm-[-\-bn {ioN-{Im-´ÀK-X-amb {XntIm-W-t¯bpw
kv{XobpsS {]Xy-£-tbm-\o-tIm-W-t¯bpw Bcm-[n-¡p-w. ]qÀh-Iu-f-·mÀ {XntIm-
Ws¯bpw D¯-c-Iuf·mÀ kv{Xo AwK-t¯bpw [ym\n-¡p¶p; ]qPn-¡p-¶p. ]qP-
bn-eqsS t_m[m-ß-I-amb IpÞ-en-\n DuÀ[z-ap-J-am-¡p-I-bmWv e£yw. Cu
Bcm-[-\-bn-seÃmw Xs¶ iàn-bp-sSbpw inh-sâbpw km¶n-[y-ap−v. amXr-tZ-
hm-cm-[-\-bn-eqsS DuÀP-s¸« tZh-Xm-k-¦ev]-¯nsâ Bcy-h¡-cn¨ amXr-I-
I-fm-Wnh. imà-k-{¼-Zmb¯nsâ Bß--]-c-X-bpsS _oPw thZm-´ÀK-X-amWv.
CXn aq¶v {][m\ iàn-I-fpsS ]mc-kv]-cy-amWv Poh-t_m-[-¯nsâ DÄL-S-
\sb apt¶m«p \bn-¡p-¶Xv. CÑm-i-àn-Úm-\-iàn {Inbm-iàn kzcq-]nWn56
F¶ \ma {]-kvXm-h\ Cu iànsb hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
CÑ, {Inb, Úm\w F¶n-h-bmWv Pohn-X-hn-P-b-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\sa¶v
X{´-imkv{Xw ]d-bp-¶p. Ch a\p-jysâ {]hr¯naÞ-ew Xzcn-Xs - ¸-Sp¯p-w.
X{´kn²m´{]Imcw iànbmWnh km[-I\v {]Zm\wsN¿p-¶-Xv. am\-hn-I-X-
bpsS ]ndhn apXÂ \ne-\nev]nsâ km[y-X-Isf hsc ]cn-c-£n-¡m³ imtàb
Bcm-[\IfmWv BZn-a-Xm-{´n-IÀ kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-\m iànsb
D]m-kn-¡m\pw D]m-k-\-bnse IÀaamÀK¯n-eqsS [njWmt_m[-\-¯nsâ
hyàX a\-Ên-em-¡m\pw Xm{´n-IÀ¡v Ign-ªp. IÀaw, tbmKw, `àn, Úm\w
XpS-§nb LS-I-§Ä Xm{´n-Im-cm-[-bnse LS-\-I-fm-bn tNÀ¯pshs¨-¦nÂ
am{Xsa km[\ ]qÀW-tXm-Xn ^e-{]m]vXnbnse-¯p-I-bp-Åp-sh¶v Xm{´n-
IÀ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.
inh³ AYh -cp-{Zs\ D]m-k\mtZh-X-bmbn Icp-Xp¶ Bcm-[\m k{¼-
Zm-b-amWv ssih-Xm-{´nI{KÙ-§-fn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv. CXcXm{´nIZÀi-\-
§sf hne-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw hmZn-¡pIbpw sNbvXv, Bß-Úm\w kZm-inh
{]m]vXn-bn-eqsS km[n-¡p-sa¶v hniz-kn-¡p-I-bmWnhnsS. {]]-©w, ambm-X¯zw
apX ]rYzo-X¯zw hsc-bpÅ 28 X¯z-§-fm \nÀan-¡-s¸-«-hb- m-sW¶v
ssihÀ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. inh³ kz´w h{à-¯n-eqsS BKa§sf DZvt_m-[n-¸n-
¡p-¶p-sh¶v X{´w ]d-bp-¶p-−v. inh-k-Zv`mhw, ]iphnNm-cw, ]mi-hn-Nmcw F¶n-
§s\ ]S-e-k-{¼-Zm-b-§-fn-embn Xm{´nIX¯z-§sf hnh-cn-¡p-Ibpw Øm]n-
¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Nn¯nsâ {]m]vXn-bmWv X{´-¯nsâ e£y-sa¶v {][m-\-

43
s¸« ssihm-K-a-{K-Ù-amb Cuim-\-in-h-Kp-cp-tZh ]²Xn-bnse {Inbm-]m-Z-¯nÂ
kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p−v.
{_Òm-Þ-¯n apgp-h\pw \ndªp \n¡p¶ D×sb k¯v
F¶pw AXns\ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ ka-ãn-bmb Adn-hns\ Nn¯v57
F¶pw \nXy-ssN-X-\y-bXn hyà-am-¡p-¶p-.
Nn¯v F¶ k¦ev]w Adn-hn-te-¡pÅ kzcq-]-Úm-\-am-Wv. AXnsâ {]m]vXn
B\-µ-¯n-te-¡pÅ hgn Xpd-¡pw. BK-ahpw \nK-a-hp-amWv ssih-X-{´-¯nÂ
{][m-\-s¸-«-Xv. ]mÀhXo ]c-ta-iz-c³ (in-h³/ iàn; {]IrXn/]pcp-j³) X{´-
k-Xy-§sf temI-¯n\v shfn-hm-¡n-sb¶v Xm{´n-IÀ hniz-kn-¡p¶p. {]IrXn
]pcp-j-aqe-ssN-X-\y-hp-ambn tNÀ¶v {]]©t_m[-sa¶ X{´-Úm-\s¯ t_m[n-
¸n-¨p-sh¶v kmcw.
inhsâ ]©-ap-J-§sf ASn-Øm-\-am¡n BK-a-§Ä \ne-hn h¶p.

1. ktZym-PmXw
t-bm-K-Pw, Nn´yw, ImanIw, ImcWw

2. hma-tZhw
Zo]vXw, APn-Xw, kq£vaw, kl-{kw, Awip-aZv, kp{]-t`Zw
3. AtLmcw
\nizm-km-K-aw, hnP-bw, kzbw`q BK-aw, (A-\n-em-Kaw,
hocm-K-aw)
4. XXv]p-cpjw
cuchw, hnaew, aIp-Sw, _nw_w N{µ-Úm\w
5. Cuim\w
t{]mZvKo-Xw, efn-Xw, kn²w, k´m\w, kÀthm-àw,
]mc-ta-iz-cw, Inc-Ww, hmXpew

]©m-av\mbw F¶p t]cpÅ Cu BK-a-im-kv{X-¯n 28 X{´-§-fp−v.

18 cp{Z-tZZw 10 inh-t`Zw F¶n-§s\ Zznhn-`m-K-§-fmbn Ch Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
ssih-X-{´-§Ä¡v {][m-\-ambpw \mep hn`m-K-§-fp-−mIpw. Ncym-`m-Kw, {Inbm-
`m-Kw, tbmK-`m-Kw, Úm\-`mKw F¶n-§s\bh Adn-bs¸Sp-¶p. ]qPm-Zn-Im-cyw,
hn[n, {Zhyw F¶n-h-bmWv Ncym-`m-K¯v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xv. hmcm-lo-X-{´-¯nÂ
{][m-\-s¸« 12 BK-a-§-sf-¸än hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah apàI, imc-Z, {]]©,
almÀW-hw, I¸, -]n-©-em, I]n-e-tbm-K,- ip²n, AarX, kn², hoc, kwlc
F¶n-h-bm-WXv. Bcy-k-¦ev]-¯nepw ssihm-cm-[-\bv¡v {]map-Jyw e`n-¨n-cp¶p.
BK-a-§sf s]mXp-hn c−mbn Xncn-¡p-¶p.
1. kZm-K-a-hpw 2. Ak-Zm-K-ahpw

44
 ]qP, Bcm-[-\, A\p-jvTm\w F¶nh hnh-cn-¡p-¶Xv kZm-Kaw, X¯z-
ZÀi\w, Úm\w F¶nh hyà-am-¡p-¶Xv Ak-Zm-K-ahp-am-Wv. ZÀi\Xes¯
ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n ssZzXm-K-aw, ssZzXm-Xo-Xm-K-aw, AssZz-Xm-Kaw F¶v aq¶v
Xncn-hp-I-Ä IqSnbp−v. enwKm-cm-[-\, \mKm-cm-[\ F¶nh BZn-a-Im-e¯v Xs¶
{]Nmcw e`n-¨n-cp¶ BNm-c-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. tKm{X-k-¦ev]-¯nemZy-ambn ssih-
km-¶n-[y-am-bn-cp-¶p DS-se-Sp-¯n-cp-¶-Xv. Bß-cq-]n-Wn-bmb iàn-bp-am-bpÅ
tNÀ¨- inh-\nse AkvXnXzw ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. {]IrXnsb iàn-bmbpw ]pcp-
js\ inh-\mbpw Btcm-]n¨pÅ ZÀi\khn-ti-jX BZyImew apXÂ `mc-X-
¯n \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. ssih-k-¦ev]-¯n\v {Zmhn-U-a-X-¯n IqSp-X {]m[m\yw
e`n-¨n«p−v.
sshjvWh X{´-amWv kwln-X-IÄ. 12000 {KÙwhsc Cu imJ-bn-
ep−v. {][m-\-ambpanXv aq¶p hn`m-K-ambn Xncn-¡p-¶p. ]©-cm{X imJþGIm-b-\ -
th-Zw, Ipe-th-Zw, kmXz-Xw, ]©-cm-{X þ NXpkn-²m-´m-Sn-Øm\imJ-bm-Wv.
BK-a-kn-²m´w, a{´-kn-²m´w, X{´-kn-²m-´w, X{´m-´c kn²m´w F¶n-
h-bmWv \mev kn²m-´-§Ä. BK-a-kn-²m-´-¯n kmXz-c-kw-ln-X, ]ujvI-c-
kw-ln-X, Pbm-Jy-kw-lnX, lb-{Kohkwln-X, F¶o {][m\ LS-I-§Ä
DÄs¡m-−n-cp-¶p. sshJm-\kw, ]©cm{Xw F¶ c−v {][m-\-s¸« imJ-I-fmbn
sshjvW-h-X{´w ]ncn-ªn-«p-−v. {_Ò-\nÀan-X-amWv sshJm-\-k-sa¶pw \mcZ
kr-ãn-bmWv ]©-cm-{X-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. `mK-h-Xw, IÀaw, hnZy, Ie, IÀ¯hyw,
sshti-j-{In-b, kwbaw, Nn´m-amÀKw, tam£w F¶nh DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-XmWv
]©-cm{Xw. Nne {][m-\-s¸« kwln-X-IÄ Ch-bmWv: AlnÀ_p-[\
- y-kw-ln-X,
I]n-RvP-e-kw-ln-X, Cuiz-c-kw-ln-X, Pbm-Jy-kw-ln-X, ]cm-i-c-kw-ln-X, ]Zva-
kw-lnX, _rlZv {_Ò-kw-lnX, `c-[zm-P-kw-ln-X, km¯z-X-kw-lnX, {io{]iv\-
kw-lnX, hnjvWp-kw-lnX, hnjvWp-Xn-eI kwln-X, e£vao-X-{´-kw-ln-X, aco-
Nn-kw-ln-X, ]ujvIckwln-X, AK-kvXy-kw-lnX, A\n-cp²kwln-X, Dt]-{µ-
kw-ln-X, Imiy-]-kw-ln-X, Imiy-t]m-¯-c-kw-lnX, \mc-ZkwlnX, ]mc-ta-iz-c-
kw-ln-X, {]Im-i-kw-ln-X, {]Zyp-av\-kw-ln-X, {_Ò-kwlnX, alm-k\Xv Ipam-c-
kw-ln-X, amÀ¡-tÞbkwlnX, e£vao-\m-cm-bWkwlnX, hknjvTkwlnX,
hmkp-tZhkwlnX, hniz-man-{X-kw-ln-X, hnjvWpX-Xz-kw-lnX, hnjvWp-X{´w,
hnjvWpkwlnX, hnjvWp- c-lkyw, hnjz-Ivtk\mkwln-X, sshJm\kX{´w,
tijkw-lnX, k\ÂIp-amckwlnX, kpZÀi\kwlnX, lb-ioÀjkwln-X,
lnc-Wy -KÀ`kwln-X. CXn ]ujvIckwlnX hsc {]Im-in-X-§-fmWv.

45
 ssh-jvWm-h-mcm-[\ thZ-Imew apX \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. X{´-¯n ip²w
IqSp-X-epÅ aqÀ¯n-bmWv hnjvWp. lncWyKÀ`s\¶ kq£va-`m-h-¯nepw
hncmSv ]p-cp-j-s\¶ hniz-`m-h-¯nepw {]I-S-am-Ip¶ Cuizc-k-¯-bmWv kwlnXm
{]Xn]mZ-I\mb tZhX. hym]\ioe-ap-Å-h³ F¶ AÀY-¯n-emWv hnjvWp ]Z-
\n-jv]-¯n. Pohn-I-fnse AWphnepw {]Ir-Xn-bnse hniz`mh-¯nepw \ne-sIm-
Åp¶ kq£va Øqeiàn-bmWv hnjvWp-sh¶v X{´w ]d-bp-¶p. sshjvWh
X{´-¯n Úm\{][m\amb kwLÀj-W-s\bpw _e-{]-[m-\-\mb {]Zyp-
av\-s\bpw sFizcy{][m-\-\mb A\n-cp-²-s\bpw ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p−v. e£van-
X-{´-¯n A\n-cp-²³ krãn-IÀ¯mhpw {]Zyp-av\-\³ ØnXn IÀ¯mhpw
kwLÀj-W³ kwlm-c-IÀ¯m-hp-am-sW¶v ]d-bp¶p. thZ-¯n FhnsS
[Àa-apt−m AhnsS hnjvWphps−¶v {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶pap−v. ]cm, hyqlw,
hn`hw F¶o {Xncq]-¯n hnjvWp \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. B´-cym-an, AÀNyw F¶v
c−v hn[w- Úm\`mh-§fpw hnjvWp-hn-\p−v. CXn B´-cyman t_m[-`m-h-
¯n D]m-k-Is\ \bn-¡p¶ {]Úmiàn-bmWv. AÀNyw _nw_-cq-]hpw.
BZnahmkptZh-\mWv ]cm-cq-]w. hyql-cq]w Pm{K-Xv, kz]v\w, kpjp]vXn, Xpcobw
F¶o Ah-Ø-Isf ssIsIm-Åp¶ hmkp-tZ-h, kwLÀjW, {]Zyp-av\m-\n-cp-²-
·msc {]Xo-I-h-XvI-cn-¡p-¶p. ]ß-\m-`³, I]n-e³, A\-´³, lb-{Ko-h³,
Zim-h-Xmcw F¶nh hn`-h-¯nÂs¸Sp-¶p.
kI-ew \njvI-fw kI-e-\n-jvIfw F¶o aq¶p-`mhw kzcq]hyXn-cn-àsb
tI{µo-I-cn¨v hnjvWp-hn\v hn[n-¨n-«p−v. hncmSv k¦ev]-cq]w kIehpw, am\p-jn
ImImc-t¯msSbpÅXv kIe\njvI-f-hpw, B\-µ-`mhw \njvI-f-hp-am-Ip¶p.
{]IrXn/ hnIrXn F¶ ZzµtI{µo-IrX-amb {]m]-©nIØnXn sshjvWh
iàn-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-sW¶v Xm{´n-IÀ hniz-kn-¨p. ØnXn-bpsS
IÀXrXzw hnjvWp-hn Btcm-]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. thZ-Imes¯ Bcm[y
tZh-X-am-cpsS KW-¯nÂs¸Sp-¶XpsIm-−mWv Xm{´nINcy-I-fnepw hnjvWp-hn\v
{]Y-a-K-W\ \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶Xv. bmKw/ bÚw F¶o {Inb-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p sshjvWh
Xm{´n-I-cpsS {][m\ IÀa]²-Xn-IÄ. bmKw IÀa{][m\{Inb-Ifpw bÚw
Úm\{]Z--§-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Xm{´nI {Inb-I-fn hnjvWp-hn-[m-\-§-fn ZoÀL-
X-bpÅ {Inbm`mK-§Ä \ne-\n¡p-¶p−v. KpWm-Xo-X-\mb aqÀ¯n-bmbn
sshjvW-h-X{´w hnjvWp-hns\ I−p. sshZn-Iw, Xm{´n-Iw, an{iw F¶n-
§s\ aq¶p Xc-¯n Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ X{´-¯n thZ{]-[m-\-§-fmb BNm-c-
§Ä sshZnI hn`m-K-¯n hÀ[n-¨n-cn-¡pw. Z£n-Wm-Nmcw F¶ t]cn Adn-

46
b-s¸-Sp¶ an{iw tIc-f-¯nsâ X\-Xmb BNm-c-am-Wv. sshZn-Ihpw Xm{´n-I-hp-
amb Ncy-IÄ tNÀ¶v an{i-am-bn.tZit`Z-a-\p-k-cn¨v X{´-im-J-Isf aq¶mbn
Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p, hnjvWp-{Im-´, cY-{Im-´, Aiz-{Im´. 64 X{´-§Ä
CXntemtcm¶n-ep-ap-−v.58
1. hnjvWp-{Im´
ss`ch, ss`chn X{´, `mh-Nq-Vm-a-Wn, `qX-Um-a-c, {_Ò-bm-a-f, _rl-Xv
{io-{Ia, NmapÞm X{´, tZh-{]-Im-c, KÔÀhX-{´, KtWi hnaÀin\n, Khm-£,
lwk atl-iz-c, Úm\mÀW-h, Imfo-X-{´, Imfo-hn-emk, Ima-t[\p, Iam-Jy-
X-{´, {Inbm-kmc, Ip_vPn-I, Ipe-Nq-Um-aWn, Ipem-arX, Ipe-{]-Im-iI,
IemÀWh, Iptem-Vo-i, Ipam-co-X-{´, efn-X-X-{´, alm-Im-e, amen-\n, amen-\o-
hn-P-b, aÕy-kq-à, ambm-X{´, apÞ-am-e, \h-c-Xvt\-iz-c, \n_-Ôm, \oe-X-{´,
\nÀ¯c X{´, \nXy-X{´, t^UvIm-cn, cYX{´, cp{Z-bm-a-f, ssihm-K-a, ka-bm
Nmc, kt½m-l-\, k\Xv Ipamc, kn²-km-c, kn²n-kmckzX, kn²oiz-c, kn²n-
bm-a-f, {io{I-a, kpIp-ap-Zn-\n, kzX-{´, X{´m-´-c, X{´-cmP, D¯c hcmln,
hnip-t²-izc, hniz-km-c, bmaf, b{´-Nn-´m-a-Wn, tbmKn\n, tbmKn\n lrZ-b,
tbmKn-X-{´.
cY-{Im´
BNm-c-km-cw, BIm-i-ss`-c-h, _me-hn-em-k, `qX-Um-a-cw, `qX-ss`-ch X{´w,
_oP-Nn´maWn, _rl-tZym-Xn-\n, {_Ò-Úm-\w, _rl-Xv Ku-X-ao-bw, Ombm-
\ne, No\m-Nm-cw, Nn·-b-X-{´w, Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯oX{´w, tZh-Um-a-c, GI-P-Um
-X-{´w, Kmcp-Uw, lwk-a-tl-iz-cw, C{µ-PmeX{´w, Úm\-ss`-c-hw, ssIh-eyw,
Ime-ss`-c-hw, Item-¯-cw, I¦mfamen\n, Icmfss`c-hw, IrI-eI Zo-]n-I,
IrXn-kmc, Ipe-k-Zv`m-h, alm-Imew, alm-e-£van, alm-\oe X{´, alm-\nÀhm-W-
X-{´, aln-j-aÀZn\n, amXr-tIm-Zb, aÕy-kq-à, tacp-X{´w, \mKmÀPp-\, \mc-Zobw,
\h-c-tY-iz-c, -]-©-Z-io-X{´w, ]c-ta-izcX{´w, ]nOen-X-{´w, {]]-©-km-c, ]pc-
Ý-cW N{µn-I, ]pc-Ý-c-tWm-Ãm-k, cmP-cm-tP-izcn tch-Xn, kZm-ab, imàn-
Im-K-a-kÀh-kzm, iàn-kw-K-a-X{´w, kt½m-l-\w, imc-Zm-X-{´w, kmc-k-X-{´w,
kc-kzXnX{´w, kn²nX{´w, tim[\mX{´w, kztcm-Z-b-X-{´w, DVm-a-tc-iz-c,
hÀW-hnem-k, hÀtWm-[r-Xn, hmkp-tZ-h- c-l-kyw, b£-Um-a-c, b£nWo- X{´w,
tbmK-km-cw, tbmK-kz-tcm- Zb.

47
Aiz{Im´
t`cÞX-{´w, `qX-en-]n, `qX-ip²n, `qtX-iz-c, `ph-t\-izcn, _nµp-X-{´,
_rl-·m-en\n, _rl-t·m-£, _rlXv tbmKn\n, _rl-\nÀhm-WX
- {´, _rl-Xv
I-¦m-fn-\n, _rl-Õmcw, _rl-t¯m-S-ew, {_Òm-ÞX{´w, _rl-¨o\w, No\w,
NqVm-a-Wn, [ÀaI-X-{´w, [qam-h-Xn, Kmb{Xo X{´w, tKm]-eo-em-ar-X, tKm]o-
X{´w, tKm]y-X-{´w, Kuco-X{´w, Kp]vXZo£, Kp]vX-kmcw, Kp]vXX-{´w, Kpcp-
hÀ¨-\w, Pb-cm-[m am-[hw, Ime-X-{´w, Ima-tI-iz-cw, Ima-c-Xv\w, Iman-\o-
X{´w, Ic-RvPXX{´w, {Inbm-kmcw, eoem-hXn, alm-am-en-\n, alm-tam-£w,
awKf -X{´w, a{´-Nn-´m-a-Wn, taml\w, tamln-\n, alm-\n-cp-¯cX{´w, alm-ho-c-
X-{´w, alm-tbm-Kn-\n, tam£-X-{´w, kao-c-WXX{´w, kwhm-c- X-{´w, kc-f-[m-c,
kn²-X-{´, inhm-À-¨\, inh-X-{´, ssih-X-{´m, iqen-\n- X-{´w, X{´-Nn´ma-Wn,
X{´-km-cw, Xo£vWX{´w, DÖm-k-I, hÀW-km-cw, hnZyp-Ã-X, hnip-t±-iz-cw,
b{´-Nq-Vm-a-Wn, tbmKmÀWhw, tbmK-X-{´. iàn-aw-Ke X{´-¯n Aiz-{Im´,
cY-{Im-´, hnjvWp-{Im´ F¶nh hym]n¨ tZi-§sf \nÝn-X-ambn thÀ Xn-cn-¨n-
«p-−v.59
1. hnjvWp-{Im´
hnÔym-New XpS§n Nw¯ew (Nn-ä-tKm-Mv) hsc-
bpÅ tZiw
2. cY-{Im´
_wKmÄ XpS§n alm-No\w hsc-bpÅ {]tZ-iw,
\¸mfpw DÄs¸-Sp-sa¶p ]d-bp-¶p-−v.
3. Aiz-{Im´
Zn\mPv]qÀ PnÃ-bnse Itcm-Smb \Zn, ssN\, (K-P-{Im´)
Sn_¯v XpS-§nb cmPy-§Ä(a-lm-kn-²-km-c-X{´
{]Imcw)

BKa X¯z-hn-emk X{´w, hmcm-ln-X-{´w F¶n-hn-S-§-fn 64 hn[w

hcp¶ Xm{´n-I-Xsb¸än hnh-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. Ch X{´-imkv{X {]Xn-]m-Z-I-{K-Ù-
§Ä IqSn-bm-Wv. apà-Iw, imc-Zm-hn-cm-K-aw, Iev]w, kn²n, kwh-cWw, BZn-bm-a-fw,
arXy-RvP-bw, ambm-ImfnIm, Imta-izcn XpS-§n-b-h-sb-¸än hmcmlnX{´w hyà-
am-¡p-¶p. inhm-Kaw, Uma-cw, Ima-cm-Pw, XmcmÀW-hw, F¶nhsb¡pdn¨v BK-a
X¯zhnem-k-¯n tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]{´t−mfw, BK-a-s¯-¸än hmcm-lo-
X-{´-¯n hni-Zo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. apà-I, {]]©, imc-Z, almÀW-hw, I]n-e-
tbm-K, Iev], ]n©e, Aar-X, ip²n, hocm-kn-², kwlmc F¶n-h-bm-Wh. bma-fw,
Uma-cw F¶ t]cn Nne Xm{´nI]²Xn-I-fp−v. clkyw, kq{Xw, ]²-Xn-IÄ
48
F¶ hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸« Xm{´nIimJ-Ifpw `mcX¯n {]_-e-am-bn-cp¶p. {_Ò-
bm-a-fw, hnjvWp-bm-a-fw, cp{Z-bm-afw, e£van-bm-a-fw, kvIµ-bm-a-fw, KtW-i-bm-afw,
Dam-bm-a-fw, {Kl-bm-a-fw F¶n-h-bmWv {][m-\-s¸« bmaf hn`m-K-§Ä. tPymXn-jw,
\nXy-IÀa-§Ä, krãn, hÀWhyXymkw, kq{Xw, hyXykvX {Ia-§Ä, bpK-[Àa-
hÀW-\-IÄ F¶nh bma-f-¯nse {]Xn-]mZyhnj-b-§-fm-Wv.
tbmKUm-a-cw, inh-Um-a-cw, ZpÀKm-Um-a-cw, kc-kzXn Uma-cw, {_Ò-Um-
acw, KÔÀh Umacw F¶o Adv Uma-c-§Ä X{´-imkv{X {]kn-²-§-fmWv.
Pb-{ZYaXw, ]nwKfaXw F¶nhbpw {][m-\-s¸« Umac hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸Sp¶p.
Ch-bn tbmK-kw-_-Ôn-bmb hnj-b-§-fmWv {]Xn-]m-Zyw. bmafw, Uma-cw,
X{´w F¶n-h-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n aq¶v KpW-`m-h-¯nenhsb DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-
bn-«p-−v. CXn Xm{´n-IX kmXznI¯n \ne-\n¡p-¶p. cmPk KpW-¯n-emWv
bma-fw, Umacw Xmakhn`m-K-¯nepw. tZhXmkw_-Ô-amb hnj-b-§-fpsS
{]Xn-]mZyw cl-kyw, kq{Xw F¶o hn`m-K-¯n tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. hcn-hkym
clkyw, inh-c-l-kyw, {_Ò-c-l-kyw, hnjvWp-c-l-kyw, \rknwlclkyw
F¶nh {][m-\-s¸« clky{KÙ-§-fm-Wv. `mkvI-c-cm-b-\mWv hcn-hkymcl-ky-
¯nsâ cN-bn-Xm-hv. \mc-Z-`-àn-kq-{X, `qX-im-k\, ]mip-]-X-kq{X, ]c-ip-cma
Iev]kq{X, iàn-kq{X F¶n-h-bmWv kq{X{KÙ-§Ä. DÍo-jw, I£-]p-Sw
F¶n-hbpw {][m-\-s¸« X{´-{K-Ù-§-fm-Wv. BK-a-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡v c−mw `mK-
ambn D]BK-a-§fpap−v. A¼-¯n-sbm¶v ip`m-K-a-§fpw Adp-]-¯n-\mev
Iu-fm-Ka§fpw F«v an{im-K-a-§fpw tNÀ¶v Fgp-]-¯n-sb«v iàn-]qPm kw_-Ôn-
bmb BK-a-§Ä \ne-\n¡p¶p.
inh-Xm-{´nI kn²m-´-§sf hymJym-\n-¡p-I-bpw D]-tZ-in-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX
]²-XnIÄ ]Xn-s\-«n-e-[nIw BNm-cy-·msc Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. D{K-tPym-Xn,
ktZym-tPym-Xn, cam-ImÞ, hnZym-ImÞ AYhm sshZy-\m-Y, \mcm-bW ImÞ
AYhm \mcm-b-W, hn`qXn ImÞ, {ioIm-WvU, Cuim\iw`p, tkmaiw-`p,
\oe-I-WvT, lrZ-b-iw-`p, hncn©n, {_Ò-iw-`p, Úm\-iw`p, sshcmKy inh,
{Xntem-N-\ inh, hmcp-W-in-h, Cuim\inh, AtLmc iw`p F¶n-h-bmWv {][m-\-
s¸« ]²-Xn-IÄ. Cuim-\-in-h-Kp-cp-tZh ]²Xn Cu hn`m-K-¯n {][m-\-s¸-«
Xm-Wv. Xm{´n-I-N-cym-hn-ti-j-W-§Ä, ssih X¯z-kw-ln-X, BNm-c-{I-a-§Ä,
{]Im-c-t`-Z-§Ä, Bcm-[\hn[nIÄ, Úm\{]I-cW-§Ä F¶nh ]²-Xn-IÄ
hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p. Z£n-Wm-Nmcw F¶ hn`m-K-¯n-emWv tIc-f-¯nse X{´
imkv{Xw. sshZnI{Inb-Ifpw ip²-Xm-{´n-I-Xbpw tNÀ¶ an{icq]amWv CXnsâ
49
{]tXy-I-X. sshZnIX{´-¯n {][m-\-s¸-«-XmWv kÀthm-¶-b\ X{´w. CXv
thZ-§-fnse BN-cW-§-fpsS A\p-jvTm\ imkv{X-am-Wv.
Xm{´nI{Inb-Ifpw ZÀi-\-§-fp-saÃmw hyXykvX X{´-im-J-I-fn-embn
cq]-s¸-Sp-Ibpw {KÙ-§-fmbn hn`m-Ko-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p−v. hyàn-bpsS
kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-X-Isf tZh-Xm-k-¦ev]-hp-ambn tbmPn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw \njvTIÄ
{]hr-¯n-{]-Z-amb tNmZ-\-I-fmb ]cn-hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXmWv X{´w ASn-
¯d Dd-¸n-¨-Xv. X{´-imkv{X¯nsâ DÅ-S¡w sshhn[yw \nd-ª-XmWv. ico-c-
[Àa-amb [ÀamÀY-Im-a-tam-£m-Zn-I-fpsS {]m]vXn Xs¶-bm-Wv Ch-bpsS s]mXp
kz-`mhw. Dt±-iy-K-Xn-bnse hyXy-kvX-X-IÄ \nan¯w {Inbm-L-S-\-bnepw ZÀi-\-
hn-Nm-c-¯nepw hyXn-cn-àX hyà-am-¡p-¶p-−v. BZn-aXm-{´n-I-X-bn \n¶v
]cn-Wm-a-s¸-«v aäv ZÀi-\-§sf DÄs¡m−v hnime ho£-Ww kzoI-cn-¨mWv
X{´w k©-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ]ucm-Wn-I-amb an¡ imkv{X-im-J-I-fp-ambn NmÀ¨
X{´-¯n\v Ah-Im-i-s¸-Smw. km[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-s¯-¸än hnh-cn-¡p¶ X{´-
¯nsâ ]c-a-amb e£yw Poh·pànbpw tam£-hp-am-Wv. Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ
Xs¶ \njvIm-an-bm-bpw _Ô-c-ln-X-\mbpw A\p-`qXn k¼-¶-\p-ambn Pohn-¡p¶
Ah-Ø-bmWv Poh·pàn. tam£w ac-W-ti-j-apÅ ]c-a-{]m-]vXn-bm-Wv. F¦nepw
`uXn-tI-Ñ-Isf km[q-I-cn-¡m\pw km£m-XvI-cn-¡m\pw \nc-h[n {Inbm-hn-[n-
IÄ X{´w A\p-im-kn-¡p-¶p−v. X{´-im-kv{X-¯n {][m-\-ambn hnh-cn-¡p¶
hkvXp-X-IÄ Xmsg sImSp-¡p¶p.60
kÔym-h-µ-\w, {]mXx-kva-c-Ww. P]w, ip²n, `kva-[m-c-Ww, ]©-`q-X-
Úm\w, `qX-ip-²n, \ymk-hn-[n, izmk-{Inb, {]mWm-bm-a-]-²-Xn-IÄ, ]pc-Ý-cWw,
AwK-\ym-k-§Ä, Nn{X-\ymkw, A´Àam-Xr-I, _lnÀam-Xr-I, \ma-kz`mhw,
BZn-hn-Zy, aqe-hnZy, X¯z-\ymkw, Zzmc-]qP, ]m{X-\nÀWbw, \nXy-]q-P, AÀLy-
hn-[n-IÄ, XÀ¸Ww, ]¯p-{]-Im-c-¯n-epÅ \ymk-hn-[n-IÄ, kqcy-imkv{Xw, {]mb-
Ýn¯w, ]pWym-l-hn[n, t{]m£Ww, Zn\-]q-P, a{´-Zo-j, X{´-Zo£, tbmKZo-£,
XoÀYc£, \nw_-]q-jv]-]q-P, hk-´-]q-P, Za-\-I-]q-P, b{´kwkvIm-cw,
a{´hm-Z-{In-b-IÄ \mµn-apJ ]pWymlw, BNm-c-hn-[n-IÄ, \nXy-hn-[n-IÄ, A\p-
jvTm-\-§Ä, a{´-§Ä, _oPm-£-c-§Ä, tlma-hn-[n-IÄ, kn²n-IÄ, km[\m\p-
jvTm\w, [ym\w, ap{Z-IÄ, {]Xn-jvTm, XZv{In-b-IÄ, Øee-£Ww, inem-e-£Ww,
{_mÒW e£Ww, tZhXm kz`mhw, BN-cW hyXy-kvX-X, _en-{In-b-IÄ,
k]-cn-hmc hnh-c-Ww, tbmK-hn-[n-IÄ, kab km[y-X-IÄ, ssih-þ-ssh-jvW-h-þ-

50
im-tàb{Inb-IÄ tZhm-e-b-e-£Ww F¶nh {][m-\-s¸« Xm{´nIhnj-b-§-
fmWv.
BNm-c-t`-Zw, tZi-t`-Zw, BNmcy-t`-Zw, Ime-t`Zw F¶o t`Z-§Ä¡-\p-
k-cn¨v Xm{´n-IXbn hyXy-kvX-X-IÄ \ne-\n¡p-¶p. BNm-c-t`-Z-¯nÂ,
{]mNo-\-am-bn-«pÅ Xm{´n-Im-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnse NcymhyXy-kvX-X-Isf kqNn-¸n-
¡p-¶p. D]m-k-IÀ, Bcm-[-IÀ, tZhX F¶n-h-bn BNm-c-t`Zw IrXy-ambn
{]I-S-am-Ip-¶p-−v. ip²m-ip-²-§Ä, hmkvXp, \nth-Zyw, DÕhw, {Inb-IÄ F¶n-h
bn Cu t`Zw kv]ã-amWv. tZi-t`Zw, ØewþtZiw F¶n-hsb kw_-Ôn-
¡p¶ hyXy-kvX-X-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. tIc-f-tZ-i-¯nse coXn-I-fm-bn-cn-¡n-Ã
IÀWm-S-I-¯nepw sXep¦p \m«nepw. tZi-{]-tXy-I-Xbpw, {]Ir-Xn, Imem-hØ
F¶o Zzµz-§fpw X{´-¯n hyXykvXX krãn-¡p-¶p. {InbsN¿p¶ BNm-
cys\ kw_-Ôn-¨-mWv BNm-cy-t`-Zw. X{´n-am-scbpw aäv ]ptcm-ln-X-scbpw
_Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmWv C¯cw t`Z-§Ä \ne-hn- h¶p. tIc-f-¯n-epÅ X{´n-
am-cnse BN-c-W-hn-[n-IÄ¡v Xs¶ hyXykvXXbp-−v. k{¼-Zmbw, ]mc-¼cyw
F¶nh ap³\nÀ¯n-bmWnh \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv. tIc-fm-Nm-c-a-Ãm¯ {Inb-IÄ
A\p-jvTn-¡p¶ CXc tZimNm-cy-·mÀ, AhÀ¡p-]-tZ-in¨p e`n-¨ ]²XnIÄ¡-
\p-k-cn-¨mWv {Inb-IÄ sN¿p-¶-Xv.
Ime-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn-¨mWv X{´-imkv{Xw ka-Im-en-I-X-bn hyh-l-cn-¡-p-
¶Xv. {]mNo\ X{´-im-kv{X-{Inbm ]²-Xn-IÄ XpSÀIme-§-fn taev]-dª
LS-I-§-fm ]qÀW-ambpw BN-cn-¡m³ Ign-bmsX hcmw. BZn-a-Im-es¯ {Zhy-
§tfm hkvXp-¡-tfm Cu Ime-L-«-¯n ZpÀÃ-`-§-fp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. Ime-¯n-\-\p-
k-cn-¨pÅ hyXy-kvX-X-IÄ X{´-¯n F¶p-ap-−m-bn-«p−v. Ime-K-W-\-¡-\p-
kr-X-ambn BNm-cy-hn-[n-IÄ DÄs¡m−pw CXc ]ucm-WnIimJ-Isf kzmwio-
I-cn¨pw Xm{´n-IX ]pãn--s¸-«p. X{´-¯nsâ hfÀ¨-bv¡pw \ne-\n¸n-\p-a-Sn-
Øm\w C¯-c-¯n-epÅ hnimekao-]-\amWv. Ime-L-«-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v hf-cp-
Ibpw hyXym-k-§Ä DÄs¡mÅpIbpw sN¿p¶ imkv{X-amWv X{´w.
X{´hpw sshZn-I-Xbpw
X{´-im-kv{X-¯n-sâbpw sshZnIaX-¯nsâbpw ]mc-kv]-cy-s¯-¸än hyXy
kvXm`n-{]m-b-§fp−v. Ccp-im-J-Ifpw Htc-t]mse \ne-\n-¶n-cp-s¶¶pw \ne-hn-ep-
−m-bn-cp¶ {Zmhn-U-aq-e-amb X{´-imkv{X¯nte¡v sshZn-IX IeÀ¶psh¶pw
]d-bp-¶p. {]ap-J-cmb X{´n-am-cp-sSbpw ]ptcm-ln-X-cp-sSbpw \nXy-IÀam-\p-jvTm-

51
\-§Ä apX ]ptcm-ln-X-]-²-Xn-IÄ hsc sshZnIk{¼-Zm-b-¯nsâ ssiensb
]n´p-S-cp-¶XmWv. X{´-im-kv{X-¯n sshZn-I-amb k¦ev]§
- -fpw BNm-c-§fpw
IrXy-ambn tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Úm\-{]-Im-i-\amWv X{´e£yw. CXn-\\p-kr-X-
ambn ssZhn-Ik-¦ev]s¯ DÄs¡m-Åp-Ibpw hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw ]cn-hÀ¯n-¸n-
¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. EtKzZw, bPpÀthZw, kma-thZw, AYÀh-thZw F¶nhbmWv
NXpÀth-Z-§Ä.
thZ-§-fnse an¡ kvXpXn-Ifpw a{´-kz-`m-h-¯n X{´-¯n {]tbm-Kn-
¨n-«p-−v. thZ-§sf A[n-I-cn¨ bmK§fpÄs¸-sS-bpÅ {Inb-IÄ A\p-jvTn-
¡p¶ IÀan-Isf EXzn-¡p-IÄ F¶p hnfn-¡p¶p. k\m-X\[Àaw F¶ÀY-¯nÂ
EXsa¶ hm¡p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p−v. EXs¯ PohnX{hX-am¡nbh-cmWv EXzn-¡p-
IÄ. X{´-im-kv{X-¯n X{´n-amÀ¡v kam-\-cm-Wn-hÀ. {Inb-I-fn hyXykvXX
\ne\n¡p-¶p-sh-¦nepw ZÀi-\-¯n sshZn-I-Xbpw Xm{´n-I-Xbpw GI-am-\-
kz-`mhw ]peÀ¯p-¶p. thZ-§f - nse hyXykvXXbv¡\p-k-cn¨v ]ptcm-ln-Xcpw
hyXykvXcmbn-cn¡pw. EtKz-Z-¯n\v tlmXmhv bPpÀth-Z-¯n\v A[zcyp kma-th-Z-
¯n\v DÂKm-Xmhv AYÀhthZ-¯n\v {_Òmhv F¶n-§s\. X{´-imkv{Xs¯
kw_-Ôn¨v \nc-h[n ]T-\-§fpw hn`-P-\-§fpapÅ-Xp-t]mse thZ-§f
- nepw \nc-
h[n D]-hn-`m-K-§-fp-−v. Hmtcm thZ-¯nepw kwln-X, {_mÒ-Ww, Bc-Wy-Iw,
D]-\n-j¯v XpS-§nb Xncn-hp-I-fmWpÅXv. Ch Bkv]-Z-am¡n thZ-¯nse
Bi-b-K-Xn-I-fpsS ]T\w \S-¡p-¶p. thZ-hym-Jym-\-§-fmWv {_mÒ-W-§Ä. tlXp,
\nÀh-N\w, `Õ\, {]iwk, kwibw, hn[n, DZm-l-c-W-§Ä, D]-hym-Jym-\-§Ä,
]pcm-I-ev]w, ]qÀhm-]-cm-tem-N\ {]Im-c-apÅ AÀYhy-h-[m-cWw F¶o ]¯p
LSI-§Ä tNÀ¶XmWv {_mÒ-W-§-fnse DÅ-S¡w. sFX-tcbw (E-Iv),
ssX¯-cob {_mÒWw (IrjvWb-PpÀthZw) iX-]-Y-{_m-ÒWw (ip-¢b-PpÀthZw),
ssPan-\obw, XmÞyw, kma-hn-[m\w, BÀtjbw, a{´w, tZh-Xm-[ym-bw, hwiw,
kwln-tXm]\n-j¯v F¶nh kma-th-Z-¯nsâ {_mÒ-W-`m-K-§-fm-Wv. AYÀh
thZ-hym-Jym\w tKm]Y-{_m-Ò-Wam-Wv. _n.-kn. c−n Xs¶ thZ-§-fpsS
`mK-amb hyJym\]T-\-§-fmbnh cq]-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. bmKhn-[n-IÄ, A\p-jvTm-\-
§sf¶nh {_mÒ-W-§-fn DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-«p−v. thZ¯n ]d-ªn-cn-¡p¶
a{´-`m-K-§-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv kwln-X-IÄ. Bc-Wy-I-¯n hm\-{]-Øm-{i-
an-bpsS \njvT-IÄ ]cm-aÀin-¡p¶p. BcWyw AYhm h\-¯n ]T-\h - ym-Jym-\-
`m-K-ambn \nÀan-¡-s¸-«-h-bmWnh. thZ-¯nsâ ZÀi\`mK-amWv D]-\n-j-¯p-IÄ.
AXn-_r-l-¯mb BßobNn´bpw AssZz-X- `mKamb {_ssÒ-Iy-hp-amWv

52
CXnsâ s]mXp-kz-`mhw. thZm´sa¶ t]cnepanh Adnbs¸Sp-¶p. X{´-¯nÂ
hn[nbpw IÀa-§fpw \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶Xnsâ e£yw ]c-amßm-{]m-]vX-nbmWv.
{_Òm-\µ `mc-Xn-ap\n cNn¨ ]pcp-jmÀY {]t_m-[-¯n sshZn-I- an-{i-cmb
X{´n-am-sc-¸än C§s\ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p.61
1. ip² sshZn-I³
2. Xm{´nI sshZn-I³
3. ip² Xm{´n-I³
4. sshZn-I Xm{´nI³
sshZnIaX-¯nsâ {]mamWyw hyà-am-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ \ne-hn Xm{´n-
IX Ime-L-«-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v amä-§-fp-ambn CgpIntNÀ¶Xmbn ImWmw. thZ-
_m-ly-·mÀ F¶v Xm{´n-Isc hnaÀin-¡p-s¶-¦nepw an¡ sshZn-Icpw Xm{´n-I-
cmbn ]cn-hÀ¯\-s¸-«-h-cmWv. {]kn-²-cmb X{´n-ap-Jy-cpsS ap³X-e-ap-d-¡mÀ
bmK-hn-[n-Ifpw sshZnI{Inbm]²-Xn-Ifpw A\p-jvTn-¨p-h-cp¶ {_mÒ-W-]m-c-¼-
cys¯ DÄs¡m-−n-cp-¶p. thZ-§-fpsS DÛhw X{´-im-J-bn \n¶m-sW¶v
hniz-kn-¡p¶hcp-ap-−v.62
1. cp{Z-bm-afw
EtKzZw
2. hnjvWpbmafw
bPpÀthZw
3. {_Ò-bm-afw
kma-thZw
4. iàn-bm-afw
AYÀhthZw
Cu k¦ev]w \ne-\n¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ kam-´-ckc-Wn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p. sshZnI
þ Xm{´n-I-Xsb¶v BÀXÀ Ah-tem¬, hnâÀ \oävkv, tam\n-bÀ hneywkv,
s{]m^:Fkv.-sI.cma-N-{µ-dmhp XpS-§n-b-hÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.63 ssh-ZnI hnizm-k
§Ä¡v ap¼mbn ip²-Xm-{´n-IX \ne-\n-¶n-cp-s¶¶pw {ZmhnU hnizm-km-[n-
jvTn-X-ambn tkmt±-iy-]-c-Xsb ap³\nÀ¯n-bmWnXv hym]n-¨-sX¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.
thZ-_m-ly-cmb P\-§-fnse {]mIrX ({]-IÀ tj-W-Ir-Xw) BN-c-W-§-fnÂ
\n¶pw hnizm-k-§-fnÂ\n¶pw -Ch hyà-amIp¶p. IufmNc kw_-Ô-ambn Nne
{InbmLS-\-I-fn a\-Ênsâ hn\n-a-b-t_m-[-¯nsâ hyXn-cn-à-Xsb hnh-cn-
¡p¶ k¦ev]§-fp-ap-−v. ]qÀh-Ipew, D¯-c-Ipew F¶o imtàbmcm-[\m
{Ia-§-fnse hyXy-kvX-IÄ CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-amWv. kzX-{´-]-²-Xn-bm-bn-cp¶
Xm{´nIaXw sshZn-I-X-bp-am-bpÅ kmay-s¸-S-en \nc-h[n amä-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-
am-bn.

53
 thZ-Im-e¯v {]IrXniàn-I-fn tZhXmk¦ev]w \nKq-l\wsNbvXv IÀa-
]-²XnIfn-eqsS Bcm-[\ \S-¯p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cp-¶Xv. a\p-jym-h-Ø-bpsS
t`Z-§-sfbpw XmXv]-cy-L-S-I-§-sfbpw {]m]-©nIkXy-§-fn-te¡v XmZmßy-s¸
Sp¯n. CXn-eqsS Bcm-[-\bpw At\z-j-Whpw tNÀ¯v \ho-\-amb Hcp ZÀi\
kq{Xw Bh-njvI-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p BcyXm{´n-I-X. {]m]y-a-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ iàn
(Energy)Ifn PnÚm-k, `bw, AÛpXw F¶o Ahy-àXIÄ cqV-am-IpIbpw
Ah D]m-k-\-bmbn ]cn-W-an¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sshZnIkwkvImcw CXn-\mbn
kvXpXn, Blzm\w, bÚw (bmKw) XpS-§nb {Inb-IÄ hn[n-¨p. Xm{´n-I-a-X-
¯n-te¡nh IS-s¶-¯n-b-t¸mÄ P]w, Bhm-l\w, tlmaw, ]qP F¶o t]cp-
I-fn {InbmamÀK§-fnepw DÅ-S-¡-¯nepw hyXn-bm-\-§-tfmsS IÀa-hn[n-IÄ
cq]-s¸-«p. Cu c−v k{¼-Zm-b-¯nepw htc-Wy-c-ln-XÀ¡v ]¦m-fn-I-fm-Im³
km[n-¨ncp-¶n-Ã. ZrIvkm£n/ kw_ÔIÀ F¶o Ah-Ø-I-fn \ne-bp-d-¸n-
¨mWv km[m-cW¡mÀ tZhXmkmao-]ys¯ DÄs¡m-−n-c-p¶-Xv.
an{X³, hcp-W³, Acy-am-hv, C{µ³, _rl-kv]-Xn, Kcp-U³, ]qjm (kqcy³)
F¶n-§s\ {][m\ thZtZh-X-Isf hn`m-Ko-I-cn-¨n«p−v. tZh-X-I-fn KpW-
§sf ebn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw AXn eo\-amb [Àa-¯n-eqsS ssNX-\ys¯ D±o-]n-
¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C{µ³ a\-Ênsâ tZh-X-bmWv. imco-cn-I-_-ew, ssØcyw
F¶nhbmWv C{µ-\n Btcm-]n¨Xv. hmbp-hnsâ asämcp \ma-amWv amX-cnizm.
hmbp-hnsâ [Àaw hym]-\-Xzhpw (Acq]n Ah-Ø). kq£vaX-bn \n¡p
t¼mÄ Xs¶ \ne-\nev]nsâ D×sIm−v hmbp-hns\ Adn-bp-¶p. {]mWm-h-Ø-
bpsS LS-I-{Xbw P\-\w, acWw, tNX\ F¶n-h-bmWv. Poh-i-àn-bpsS
tNmZ-\-ambn \n¡p¶ ssNX\y`mhs¯ D±o-]n-¸n-¡p-¶Xv amXm-cnizhmWv.
cm{Xn, A]m\hr¯n F¶n-h-bpsS tZhX hcp-W\pw. kaq-l-¯nsâ [mÀanI
hr¯n- Ah-ew-_-am¡n KpW-hn-Úm-\-¯nsâ Bß-{]-Im-is¯ t_m[n-¸n-¡p-I-
bmWv hcp-WXzw. ]hn-{Xbpw PohnXhnip-²nbpw hcpWk¦ev]¯
- n {]k-à-
§-fm-Wv. ssNX\y`mhm-ß-I-\mWv Aán. Úm\w, CÑmiàn, Hu¶-Xy-t_m[
sa¶n-h Ah-ew-_n-¡p-I-bm-Wn-Xv. kqcy-tâbpw t\{X-¯n-tâbpw tZh-X-bmWv
Bcy-amhv. _mlyþB`y-´c ]cn-Wma Inc-W-am-bn-Xv k¦ev]n-¡p-¶p. Bcy-amhpw
`K-\pw BZn-Xysâ `n¶-{]-Ir-Xn-IfmWv. BZn-Xy-k-¦ev]-¯nsâ {]tXy-IX
D]-\n-j¯v hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

54
 Xkvssa ktlm-hmN bYm KmÀKy
aco-N-tbmfÀ¡-kymkvXw KÑX:kÀhm GX-þ
kvan³ tXtPm-a-Þe GIo-`-h-´nXm ]p\:
]p\-cp-Z-bX: {]N-c-t´yhw l ssh, X-ÕÀhw
]tc tZth a\-tky-In-`-h-Xn. tX\ XÀtlyj
]pcptjm \ irtWmXn \ ]iyXn \
Pn {LXn \ ck-btX \ kv]ritX \m`nhZtX þ
\mZt¯ \m\-µ-btX \ hnkr-PtX
t\bm-btX kz]n-Xo-Xym-N-£tX64
kmcw: Bß-ssN-X-\y-¯n \n¶v a\-ÊpÄs¸sS C{µnb-§Ä krãn-¡-s¸-Sp-
I-bpw hnj-b-_-Ô-Xz-¯n-te¡v Zo]vX-am-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AXv kqcy-i-àn-
bn \n¶v acoNn (c-ivan) {]N-cn¨v {]]-©s¯ {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-¶Xpt]mse-bmWv.
ChnsS C{µn-bs¯ a\-Êp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n hymJym-\n-¡p-¶p. C{µnbw
a\-Êv F¶o Zzµz-§Ä Bß-kz-cq-]-¯n \n¶v hyXn-cn-à-ambn \n¡p-¶p.
At¼mÄ Pm{KXsb¶ AhØ a\-ÊnÂ, C{µnb`mhw tNÀ¶ tijw
tZymXn-¸n-¡p¶ hnj-b`mhamWv kz]v\w. C{µn-b-t_m[w Bß-k¯bnÂ
hne-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ kpjp]vXn. AhnsS `uXnI`mhw Poh-\n {]I-S-am-Ip-¶n-Ã.
Bßm-\p-`qXn kn²n¡v t_m[-`m-h-¯nsâ GIo-I-c-W-am-Wm-h-iyw. t_m[-¯nsâ
{]Xy£ LS\ kuc-k-¦ev]-¯n tNcp-¶p.
thZm-´-¯nse ZÀi-\-¯n hnh-cn¨ Cu Úm\-`m-Kw BZna tZh-Xm-
t_m-[-¯nepÅ {]I-So-IrX hnizm-k-am-Wv. BZn-Xysâ ssNX-\ym-h-Ø-bmWv
{]]-©-¯nsâ {]Ir-X-`m-h-¯n\v \nZm-\w. DuÀP{]k-cWw kqcy-Kp-W-am-Wv.
Im´n-tImÀP-¯nsâ _rl-Zvhym-]-\-¯n-emWv ]cn-Øn-Xn-bpsS Ønc-Xbpw
Poh-\hpw \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv. kqcys\ kvXpXn-¡p¶ E¡p-IÄ \nc-h-[n-bp−v.
thZ-Im-e¯v ZzmZ--im-ZnXy·msc¶- t]cn kqcys\ Bcm-[n-¨n-cp¶p. BIm-i-
¯n \n¶m-bn-cp-¶p kqtcym-Zv`-hw. BZnXn ]p{X-s\¶v hnfn¨ kqcy\v ]{´−v
cq]-§-fp-−v. Ah [mXmhv, an{X³, Bcy-a, cp{Z³, hcp-W³, kqcy³, `K³, hnh-
kzm³, ]qjm-hv, khn-Xmhv, Xzãmhv, hnjvWp F¶n-h-. Ggv BZnXy-·m-cmWv
sshZnIhn[n-bn {]Y-a-ambn D−m-bn-cp-¶Xv.

Aku hmh-tPym-XnkvtX\ kqcy-\mXn iwkXn65

55
kqcy³ tPymXn kzcq-]-\m-Wv. AXn-{I-aWw sNbvXv kqcy-tZ-hs\ kvXpXn-¡p-
¶n-Ã, F¶v sFX-tcb{_mÒWw ]d-bp-¶p. kqcy³ tPymXn-`m-h-¯n Poh
\nepw {]Ir-Xn-bnepw \ne-\n¡p-¶p. Úm\--i-àn-bpsS tZh-X-bmWv kqcy³.
ac-W-tijw Pohm-ßm-hns\ {_Ò-c-{Ô-¯nÂsN¶v, kqcya-Þ-e-¯n-eqsS ]c-
amß{]m]vXn-bn-te¡v F¯n-¡p-hm³ X¿m-dm-¡p¶ ssNX-\y{]-hmlw BZn-Xy-
\mWv sN¿p-¶-sX¶v k¦ev]w. C{µsâ klm-bn-I-fmWv acp-¯p¡Ä. tZh-X-
Ifpw, A[oihn`m-K-§fpw Xmsg sImSp-¡p-¶p.

C{µ³
BZn-Xy-·mÀ, A]vk-c-Êp-IÄ, hkp-¡Ä, km[y-·mÀ

Ipt_-c³
b£-·³, In¶-c-·mÀ, KÔÀh-·mÀ, hnZym-[-c·mÀ
acp-¯p-¡Ä
hmbp
\mK-kÀ]-tZ-h-X-IÄ
\mKw, kÀ]w F¶o Cg Pohn-IÄ
kp]ÀW tZh-X-IÄ (K-cp-Um-Zn)
]£n-IÄ

C{µs\ a\-Ênsâ iàn-cq-]-¯n-epÅ `mh-am-bn«v thZw ImWp¶p.

{_Ò-tZ-h³ kzkr-ãn-I-fpsS inc-Ên-te¡p {]th-in¨v Poh-{_Òs¯ ZÀin-¨p-
sh¶v {ipXn. ZÀi\w e`n-¨-Xn-\m CZ-{µ³ F¶p {_Òm-hn-\pw C{µ³ F¶v
krãn¡pw t]cv. tZh-Xm-t_m-[-¯nsâ {]Ú-bnÂ\n¶pw thÀs]« a\-Ênsâ
Nme-I-i-àn-bmWv C{µ-s\¶v sshZn-I-km-lnXyw. Ct{µm-]-mk-\-bn tkma-e-X-
bn \n¶p-sa-Sp-¡p¶ tkma-ckamWv {][m-\-s¸-«Xpw.66
Cta tkmamk Cµ-hþ
ÊpXmtkm A[n-_Àlnjn
XmC-{µ-k-l-tk- ]n_
AÀYw:
BÀ{Z-§-fmbn thZn-bn AXm-Xp-]m-{X-§-fn-epÅ tkma-§Ä Cu bÚ
¯n (a{´-]qÀhw) \Ã-t]mse kwkvI-cn-¨-h-bm-Wv. AÃtbm C{µ, _e-¯n-
\p-th−n B tkma-§sf IpSn-¨m-epw.
EtKz-Z-¯n Gähpw {]m[m-\y-apÅ tZh³ C{µ-\mWv. Zkyp-¡-fp-am-
bpÅ bp²-¯n \n¶v kwc-£Ww \ÂIm³ C{µ-t\m-SmWv Bcy-·mÀ At]-
£n-¡p-¶Xv. hnjvWp-hn\pt]mepw C{µ {`mXm-hnsâ (A-\p-P³) Øm\-sa
\ÂIp-¶p-Åq. thZ-Im-e¯v kÀhtZhXamcp-sSbpw kzcq-]-iàn C{µ\v Iev]n-

56
¨n-cp-¶p. sshZn-I-a-X-¯n thZ-Ime¯v Aán¡v kÀhm-Z-c-Wo-bX e`n¨p. IÀa-
§-fpsS {][m\`mKambn-cp-¶p Aán-bn-eq-sS-bpÅ kaÀ¸Ww. Ac-Wn-t¡m-ep-IÄ
X½n-ep-c-kn-bm-bn-cp-¶p Ejn-IÄ Aán-krãn \S-¯n-b-sX¶pw, CXn-\pÅ Ic-
_ew AhÀ¡v \ÂIp-¶Xv hym\³ F¶ hmbp-hnsâ klmbam-sW¶pw
EtKz-Z-¯n {]kvXm-hn¡p¶p-−v. Aánsb thZw {][m-\-ambn aq¶p-hn[w
Xcw-Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. 1.]mh-I³, 2.]h-am-\³, 3.ipNn. ]mh-I³ ]nXr-tZhXI-
fpsS Aánbmb Ihy-hm-l-\-sâbpw, ]h-am-\³ ssZXy-·m-cpsS Aán-bmb
kl-{km£tâbpw ipNn Aa-c-·m-cpsS Aán-bmb lhy-hm-l-\-tâbpw ]nXm-
¡-·m-cmsW¶v ]pcm-Ww-]-d-bp-¶p. Aán-bpsS ]Xv\n-bmb kzmlbmWv tlmam-
cm-[\mhn[n-I-fnse tZh-l-hn-Êp-IÄ AXmXv Cuiz-c-k-a-£w F¯n-¡p-¶Xv.
a{´-§Ä kzmlm´ambn P]n-¡p-¶-Xv C-Xp-sIm−mWv. {]Pm-]Xn Aánsb
P\n-¸n¨ tijw Aán-bpsS Xo£vW-X-bm \n]-Xn¨ {]P-IÄ¡mbn Btlm-
lnjvT F¶ Pe-kq-à-P]w \S¯n Pe-t{]m-jWw sNbvsX¶v sFX-tcb
{_Ò-W-¯n ]d-bp-¶p. CXv Aán-bpsS tXP-i-àn-, thZ Bcm-[-\I-fnÂ
Aán-¡pÅ Øm\w F¶nh hyà-am-Ip¶p.

Xm Aán-\m- ]-cn-KXm \ncp²m: timN-tXym-Zo-[ytXmf

Xnã³ Xm AZv`n-c-`y-jn-©Xv Xkvam-Zp-]-cn-ãmÚmXth
Zky-kym-t]m-ln-ãobw iwkXn
hymJym\w: Aán-bm ]cn-th-ãn-Xcpw Ncn-¡p-hm³ Ai-àcpw timI-¯nÂ
]Xn-¨-hcpw Zo]vXn-am-·m-cp-amb B {]P-IÄ Ahn-sS-Xs¶ InS-¶p. At¸mÄ
Xm]-i-a-\mÀYw {]Pm-]Xn Ah-cpsS taÂP-em-`n-tjIw \S-¯n. AXn-\m PmX -
thZkqà-¯n-\p-tijw Btlm-lnjvT; F¶ Pe-kqàw P]n-¡p-¶p.67 Xm{´nI
hn[n-bnse tlmam-Nm-c-¯n Aán-Pz-e-\-¯n-\p-tijw Cu {Inb a{´-]-cn-tjIw
F¶ t]cn A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p-−v. sshIm-cn-I-tZ-h-PmXn, sshIrXtZhPmXn
F¶n-§s\ c−v hn`mKamWv D]-tZ-h-X-IÄ. sshIm-cn-IÀ ]¯p-t]À.

1. ZnIv
iÐw
sNhn

2. hmbp
kv]Àiw
Xz¡v
3. kqcy³
cq]w
I®v Úmt\-{µn-b-§Ä
4. hcp-W³
ckw
\m¡v
5. Aizn-\n-IÄ
KÔw
\mkm-c{Ôw

57
 6. Aán
hm¡v
7. C{µ³
]mWn
8. Dt]-{µ³
]mZw IÀta-{µn-b-§Ä
9. an{X³
]mbp
10. {]Pm-]Xn
D]Øw

ssh-Im-cn-IX hyàn-bn Xs¶ DZv`q-X-am-Ip¶ hmk-\-bmbXn-\m ssPh-

]-c-amb _Ôw Ahbv¡v D×-bp-am-bp-−v. AXp-sIm−v IÀa-Úm\w C{µnb-
§-fpambn _Ô-s¸«p\n¡p-¶p.
sshIrX tZh-PmXn F«p-`mKw

1. hn_p-[³
2. ]nXr-¡Ä
3. Akp-cÀ
4. KÔÀhm-]vk-c-Êp-IÄ
5. kn²-Nm-cW hnZym-[c-À
6. b£-cm-£-k·mÀ
7. `qX-t{]-X-]n-im-N-·mÀ
8. In¶-c-Inw-]p-cp-jm-iz-ap-JÀ

thZ-Im-es¯ tZh-X-I-fmb hkp-¡Ä, BZn-Xy³, cp{Z³, hniz-tZhX-IÄ,

an{X-h-cp-W-·mÀ, Aizn-\n-IÄ, C{µm-Wn-IÄ FÃmw-Xs¶ Xm{´n-I-a-X-¯nsâ
hym]-\-t¯msS D]-tZ-hXm k¦-ev]-§-fmbn Npcp§n. `àn]²XnIÄ Bcm-[\m
{]m[m-\y-t¯msS amdn. A§s\ tZhXm`mh-hpam-bpÅ sFIyw AXn-{µob
amb A\p-`-h-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bcm-[\ s]mXp-hn c−p- hn-[-
ambn. 1.kKpWw 2.\nÀKpWw. tZh-Xm-k-¦ev]s¯ KpWm-Im-c-amb cq]-¯n-
eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn¨v, am\p-jn-I-amb ]cn-I-ev]-\-IÄ Na¨mcm-[n-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv
kKpWw. KpWm-Xo-X-amb k¨n-Zm-\µ(kXv+NnXv+B\-µw)ambn Adn-hnsâ Xe-
¯n A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶XmWv \nÀKp-Ww. Xm{´n-I-cpw, D]m-k-Icpw kKp-W-¯n-eq
sSbpw, Ejn-Ifpw k¶ym-kn-Ifpw \nÀKp-W-¯n-eq-sSbpw Cuiz-cs\ Adn-bp-¶p.

58
bYmÀY-¯n c−p-hn-[-amb D]m-k-\m-]-²-Xn-I-fpw {_ssÒIyw Xs¶-bmWv
{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. "inthm-`qtXzm inhw btPÂ' F¶ {]amW {]Imcw inh-\mbn
amdm-\mWv Blzm-\w. Alw {_Òmkvan `mhw (Rm³ Cuiz-c-\m-Wv-) hcn-¡m
\pÅ hn[n-I-fm-Wn-h-sb¶v BßobhmZn-IÄ hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
sshZn-I-X-bn X{´n-I-aXw ebn-¨-tXmsS ]c-kv]cw ]cn-N-b-apÅ BNm-
c§fpw ZÀi-\-hn-ti-j-XIfpw {Inb-I-fn kv]ã-ambn. Bcy-hÀKo-bXbnÂ
{_mÒWyw tNcp-Ibpw A`n-PmXhÀK-ambn AhÀ ]cn-W-an-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
cNn¨ {KÙ-§-fn-epw kwln-X-I-fnepw, htc-WyX DbÀ¯n Im«m\pw kwc-£n-
¡m-\p-apÅ hy{K-X-bp-−mbn. CXn\v Dt]m-Zv_-e-I-amb D]-a-IÄ, BJym-\-§Ä,
hkvXp-X-Isf¶nh \nc-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ssihw, sshjvWhw, imtàbw F¶o aq¶v {][m\ hn`m-K-§fmbn
Xm{´n-I-X-bn tZhXm kmao]y§Ä DÄt¨À¶p. inh³, cp{Z³, XpS-§nb
tZh-K-W-§Ä ssi-h-¯nepw hnjvWp, IrjvW³, e£van F¶o tZh-X-IÄ
sshjvW-h-¯nepw tZhokw_-Ô-am-bh imtàb¯nep-ambn \ne-\n¡p¶p.
hnjvWp k¦ev]w EtKz-Z-¯nepap−v.
b{X-Kmthm `qcn-irwKm Bbmk
A{X-l-X-Zp-cp-Km-b-ky-IrjvW: ]c-aw-]Zw68
\nc-h[n sIm¼p-I-fpÅ ]ip-¡Ä k©-cn-¡p¶ Øe-§-fn-emWv hnjvWp-
\n-e-\n¡p-¶-sX¶v AÀYw. ChnsS ]ip-¡Ä [ÀaamÀK-¯nsâ {]Xo-I-am-Wv.
thZ-¯n Ejn-bmbpw (E-tKzZw 8:10:96) IrjvW³ F¯p-¶p. hnjvWp-hnsâ
hml\w Kcp-U-\mWv. Ime-¯nsâ {]Xo-I-amWv Kcp-U³. `qXw, `mhn F¶nh
Nnd-Ip-I-fmbn \ncq-]WwsN¿p-¶p. Ime-¯n\pta k©-cn-¡p¶ Úm\{]Im-i-
amWv hnjvWp. hnizw hn`À¯n CXn hnjvWp69 CXv temI-¯nsâ A[n-\m-bI
kz`m-h-am-Wv.
inhm-cm-[-\, BZna {Zmhn-U-cn \n¶mWp−m-b-Xv. tKm{X-]-cn-I-ev]-\-I-
fn-seÃmw ssihhnizmkw tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. Acq]n`mh-¯n AYhm enwK
kz`m-h-¯n-emWv inh-]q-P-IÄ \S¶n-cp-¶Xv. Bcy-c-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ P\-X-bpsS
Ahy-àhpw Znim-c-ln-X-hp-amb Cuiz-c-hn-izm-k-¯nsâ AaqÀ¯-amsbmcp
k¦ev]iàn-bmWv enwKm-cm-[-\-bn-eqsS aqÀ¯-am-b-Xv. {]]-©-kr-ãn¡p Imc-W-
amb ImcWkzcq-]-am-Wn-sX¶v Xm{´n-IÀ ]d-bp-¶p.

59
 bkvan³ CXn-ebw
kÀhw XZvenwKw70
GXn-emtWm kÀhXpw ebn-¡p-¶Xv AXv enwK-sa¶v Adnbs¸Sp-¶p. temI-
¯nsâ krãn-bpw \mihpw IÀ¯-hy-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶ B cq]-c-ln-X-amb k¦ev
]s¯ D]m-k-IÀ enwK-]Zw sIm−v hnh-£n-¡p-¶p-. iàn-k-¦Â¸hpw {ZmhnU
kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. A½-tZ-hXm ]qP-\-¯n-eqsS krãn-¡-s¸« Bcm-[-\-b-mWn-Xv.
enwK]qPt]mse Xs¶ tbm\n]qPbpw \S-¶n-cp-¶p. krãn AYhm XpS-¡s¯
kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ NnÓ Bcm-[\(Symbol worship)bmWXv. DÀh-c-amb k¯ D×-
bmbn ZÀin-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXn AXn-Po-h-\-¯n-tâbpw \ne-\n¸n-tâbpw iàn
tNÀ¡p¶Xn\p-apÅ hmRvO-bm-bn-cp-¶p kq£vam-cm-[\bneqsS {]I-S-am-bXv.
iàn Bcm-[-\-bn Imfn, ZpÀK, ]mÀh-Xn, `ph-t\-izcn, A¶-]qÀW, {Xp]p-
tcin XpS§n \nc-h[n tZhot`Z-§Ä \ne-\n¡p-¶p. imtàb Bcm-[-\m-k-
{¼-Zmb¯n-te¡v, Bcy-Xm-{´n-IX tNÀ¶v kwkvI-cn¨ Hcp {Inbm]-²Xn
]n¶oSv cq]-s¸«p. tZh-Xm-k-¦Â¸-¯nsâ [z\ymÀYw aqem-[m-c-¯n KpZ-ta-{Um-
´-c-fmØambn ØnXnsN¿p¶ ]c-a-i-àn-bmb IpÞ-en\nsb DWÀ¯n
Bßo-bm-\p-`qXn kzoI-cn-¡p-I-sb¶Xmbn amdn. Xm{´nImcm[-\-bnse an¡
{Inbm`mK-§-fnepw Cu LS-Iw Bkv]-Z-am-¡n- BN-cW coXn-I-fp-−v. Xm{´n-
IX sshZn-I-Xbpw thZm-´-þ-]p-cmWZÀi-\hpw IeÀ¶v \ho-I-cn¨ Bcm-[\m
]²-Xn-bmbn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡-s¸«p. tI{µoIrX-amsbmcp Bßo-b-a-X-¯n\v \nKq-V-
X-IÄ Dt]-£n¨v \ne-\n¸n-söv AXnsâ kwc-£-I-cmb {_mÒW hÀKw
a\-Ên-em-¡n. A§s\ Xm{´n-I-X Kql\wsN¿m\pw X§-fpsS CS-§-fn-te¡v
Npcp-¡m-\pw {_mÒWtI{µo-Ir-X-am-¡m\pw AhÀ ]cn-{i-an¨p. {_mÒ-Wy-¯nsâ
kÀhm-Zc-Wo-b-Xbv¡v CXv iàn \ÂIp-sa-¶-hÀ Icp-Xn. CXn\v {][m-\-ambpw
aq¶v Imc-W-§-fp-−v.
1. Bcy-ssh-Zn-I-a-X-¯nsâ A[x-]-X-\hpw {ZmhnU aX-¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp¶
KqV-`m-hhpw: Xm{´n-I-X-bn sshZn-I-X tNÀ¯v an{i k{¼-Zmb ]²Xn
Bcw-`n-¨-Xn-eqsS htc-WyX kwc-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw \ne-\nÀ¯-s¸-Sp-Ibpw
sN¿p-sa¶ hnizm-kw hÀ[n-¨p. kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bpsS ¢nãX, Bcy-·m-cpsS
cq]w, KpWw, kz`mhw, \ndw F¶n-hsb ap³\nÀ¯n-bpÅ kmaq-lnI
hym]-\-hpw t{iWoXncnhpw sshZnI Xm{´n-IX AYhm BcyXm{´n-IX
{]_-e-am-¡p-Ibpw {]N-cn-¸n¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

60
 2. KpW-tI{µo-Ir-X-ambn \ne-\n¶ hÀW-hn-`-P\w Bcy-k-¦-c-t¯msS P·-L-
S-\-bn-te¡v tNÀ¶v hn`m-Ko-b-ambn XoÀ¶p. XpSÀ¶v ]mc-¼-cyk-{¼Zm-b-
¯n-eqsSbnXv ]p\xhn\y-kn-¨p. {_mÒ-W³, £{Xn-b³, sshiy³, iq{Z³
F¶ \mepPmXn-I-fmbn kmaq-lnIØnXn ]cn-Wan¨ncp¶p. CXn {]Y-a-
t{i-Wn-bpsS {]m[m-\ys¯ D²-cn¨v {]mamWyw hyà-am-¡m-\mWv Bcy-
hÀKw {ian-¨-Xv. P·-kn-²-ambn A\p-`-h-s¸-tS-−-Xpw {]hr-¯n-I-fn sXfn-
tb-−-Xp-amb Øm\-Øn-Xn-bmWv {_mÒWysa¶v P\-§sf AhÀ t_m[n-
¸n-¨p. PmXn-Nn-´-bpsS {]m[m\yw DbÀ¯n htcWyX hyà-am-¡m\mbn
£{Xn-b-cpÄs¸-sS-bpÅ `c-W-hÀKhpw ]cn-{i-an¨p.
3. Xm{´n-I-X-bn \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶ cl-ky-kz`m-h-¯m Ah-tcm-SpÅ CX-c-
hÀK-¯nsâ kao-]\w BZ-c-Wo-b-Xbnte¡v {]Xo-I-h-XvI-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xmbn
XoÀ¶p. X{´w {_mÒ-W-c-Ãm¯h-cn-te¡v F¯m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw BNm-c-§Ä
]IÀ¯mXn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. amän\nÀ¯-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw Hu¶-Xy-Ømbn
bn ho£n-¡-s¸-tS-−-Xp-amb Kl\-im-kv{X-ambn X{´w amdn.
X{´-s¯, BVy-hÀK-¯nsâ D]-Po-h\w, Ah-Imiw XpS-§nb
{]mamWyX-bn s]mXp-P\w ho£n-¨p. Ah-cm-Is« X\-X-bmb Øm\w
kaq-l-¯n t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. P·-kn-²-amb ]utcm-lnXy-
Øn-Xn- ss[j-Wn-I-amb Nn´m-K-Xn-I-fm DbÀ¯n -Im-«m\m-bn-cp-¶p htcWy
hÀK¯nsâ {iaw. Xm{´n-I-amb IÀa-§-fn-seÃmw sshZnIIme-N-cy-I-fp-
ambn tNÀ¨-bp−v. {_mÒ-Wc
- psS \nXy-IÀa§Ä, D]m-k-\-IÄ, ]utcm-
lnXy IÀa-§Ä F¶nhbn sshZnIkzm[o-\w ImWmw. t£{X-\nÀam-W-
¯n kpÂh-kq{Xw, bmK-hn-[n-I-fn {iuXkq{Xw F¶n-h-bpsS km¶n-
[y-ap-−v. bmK-hn-[n-I-fnse BNm-c-§-fn thZ-§-fnsebpw {_mÒ-W§-fn-
tebpw hn[n-IÄ ]men-¡p-¶p. thZ-tZ-h-X-bmb Aán¡pw Xm{´nItZh-X-
bmb hnjvWp-hn\pw ka-{]m-[m\yw sFX-tcb¯n hnh-cn-¡p-¶p−v.
AánÝ, lssh hnjvWp-ÝtZ-hm\mw Zo£m-]m-e-u Xu
Zo£mbm Cuim-tX, XZy-Zm-ám-ssh-jvWhw lhnÀ`-hXn
bu Zo£mbm CuimtX Xu {]oXu Zo£mw {]b-ÑXmw
71
bu Zn£-bn-Xmcu Xu Zo£-tb-Xm-anXn
hymJym\w: (Cu Aán FÃm tZh-·m-cnepw {]Y-ahpw hnjvWp FÃm-h-cnepw
D¯-ahpw BIp-¶p.) Cu Aánbpw hnjvWphpw tZh-·m-cpsS at[y Zo£m

61
F¶ {hXw FSp-¡p¶hcm-Ip-¶p. (F´p-sIm-s−-¶mÂ) AhÀ c−p t]cpw
Zo£-bpsS kzman-bm-Ip¶p. AXp-sIm−v bmsXm-cp-¯³ Cu Aán¡pw hnjvWp-
hn\pw th−n lhnÊp \ÂIpt¶m bmsXmcp¯³ c−p Zo£-bpsS kzman-bm-
Ipt¶m Ah³ tZh-\m-Ip-¶p. ChÀ c−p-t]cpw {]k-¶-cmbn (b-P-am-\-\m-bn)
Zo£ {]Zm\wsN¿p-¶p. bmsXmcp¯³ c−p-t]À¡pw Zo£ \ÂIp¶hcm-Ipt¶m
Ah³ c−p-t]À¡pw Zo£ -\ÂIpw.
bP-am-\\v C{µn-b-t¯mSv bpà-am-Ip¶ hn[-¯n iàn-\ÂIp¶ a{´-
am-Wn-Xv. ChnsS sshjvWh {][m-\-amb IÀaw AY-hm, Xm{´nItZhXmb P\-
¯n Aán-¡pÅ {]m[m\yw hyà-am-Ip¶p. tZh-Xbv¡pw `à³/ D]m-k-I\pw
CS-bv¡pÅ a[y-hÀ¯n-bmWv Aán. tZh-tXm-]m-k\ Aán-bn-em-Ip-t¼mÄ,
hÓn Bcm-[-\-bp-am-Ip-¶p. hn[n-I-fn Aán¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn- Ct¸mgpÅ
Xm{´nIhn[n-I-fn bmKw (bÚw), tlmaw F¶ t]cnemWv \S-¡p-¶Xv.
hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn Aán-`mhw _nw_-¯n Btcm-]n-¡p-¶p-−v. aqÀ¯nbnÂ
\S-¯p¶ Bcm-[-\-IÄ, Aánsb D]m-[n-bmbn Nn´n¨v \S-¯p¶ bÚ-`mhs¯
bmWv DZm-l-cn-¡p-¶Xv. _n.kn. Bbn-c-¯n thZm-cm-[\ cqV-am-Ip-Ibpw
EtKz-Z-¯n\v ]c-a-{]-[m\yw \ne-\n¡p-Ibpw sNbvXncp¶p. F«n-\pw ]¯n-\p-
an-Sbv¡pÅ \qäm-−p-I-fn-emWv Bcm-[-\-bv¡mbpÅ t£{X-hn-[m-\-§Ä \nÀan-
¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw inev]-imkv{Xw hnI-kn¨v hn{K-l \nÀamWw D]m-[n-bm-bn ]cn-W-
an-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv.
{_mÒ-W-cpsS \nXy-hp-apÅ sshZnIIÀa-§Ä aq¶mbn hn`-Pn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
1. \nXyw 2. ss\an-¯nIw 3. Imayw
Aántlm{Xw, Hu]m-k-\w, sshiz-tZ-hw, ]©-bÚw F¶nh \nXy-IÀa-
§-fm-Wv. PmX-IÀaw \ma-I-cWw D]-\-b\w XpS-§n-b-h ss\an-¯nIIÀa-§
sf¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p. im´ntlmaw XpS-§nb bmKm-Zn-IÄ ImayIÀa-§-fnÂs¸Sp-
¶p−v. Imayw Cã-^e{]m]vXn AYhm `uXn-Im-hiyw \ÂIp-¶-XmWv. euIn-Iw
]mc-{Xn-Iw F¶ c−v hn`mKanh-bv¡p-−v. temI-Po-h-¯nse sFiz-cy-¯n-\mbn
sN¿p-¶Xv euInIhn`m-K-¯nepw kzÀK-k-ar-²n-¡mbn \S-¯p-¶Xv ]mc-{Xn-I
¯nepw s]Sp¶p. sshZn-I-`m-j-bn cNn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ a{´-§Ä kzc-cm-lnXyw
hcmsX D¨-cn-¨mWv {Inb-IÄ A\p-jvTn-t¡-−-Xv. aq¶p kÔy-I-fn-sebpw
hµ\w Xm{´n-IÀ¡v {][m-\-s¸«XmWv. {]mX:kÔy, a[ymÓkÔy, kmbmÓ
kÔy ({]-tZm-jw) F¶n-h-bmWv kÔy-IÄ. cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw tNcp-t¼mÄ {]mX-

62
k-Ôybpw Znh-kmÀ[-§Ä tNcp-t¼mÄ a[ym-Óhpw ]Iepw cm{Xnbpw tNcp-t¼mÄ
kmbm-Ó-hp-amWv. Cu aq¶pt\c-§-fnepw BN-a\w, XÀ¸Ww XpS-§nb {Inb-IÄ
A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p. kqtcym-Z-b-¯n\pw AkvX-a-b¯n\pw tijw ap½q¶p \mgn-I
bv¡Iw Ch Ign-¨n-cn-¡-W-sa-¶mWp hn[n. Hcp aWn-¡q-dmWv c−-c-\m-gn-I.
{_mÒ-WÀ BN-cn¡p¶ ]pe-hm-em-bva-I-fpw `£WcoXnbpw am\-knI,
imco-cnI iuN-hp-saÃmw thZ-Im-e-P-\-X-bpsS PohnX k{¼-Zm-b-hp-ambn _Ô-
ap-Å-Xm-Wv. tKm{X-§Ä amdp-¶-X-\p-k-cn¨v BN-c-W-§Ä hyXym-k-s¸-Sp-sa-
¦nepw BXy-´n-I-ambn GI-am\kz`m-h-¯n-emWv {Inb-IÄ. an¡-hcpw ]pWyml
a{´w P]n¨v Xfn-¨mWv imco-cnIip²n-h-cp-¯p-¶Xv. kv\m\-¯n\p tij-apÅ
XÀ¸Ww tZh³, Ejn-]nXr F¶o {Xnk-¦ev]-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n A\p-jvTn-
¡p¶p. c−v ssI¸-¯nbpw tNÀ¯v hnc-e-{K-¯nepw ssI¸-¯n¡nS-bn-embpw
Nq−p-hn-c-en-sâbpw s]cp-hn-c-en-tâbpw CS-bv¡q-sS Pew hogv¯n-bmWv
XÀ¸WwsN¿p-¶-Xv.
1. tZhm³XÀ¸-bman
tZhKWm³ XÀ¸-bman
2. Ejo³ XÀ¸-bman Cu a{´-§Ä P]n¨v
Hmtcm XÀ¸-Whpw aq¶p
Ejn-K-Wm³ XÀ¸-bman
XhW hoXw sN¿Ww
3. ]nXr³ XÀ¸-bman
]nXr-K-Wm³ XÀ¸-bman

XÀ¸-W-§Ä kqcy-a-Þew km£y-s¸-Sp-¯n- sN¿p-¶p. IÀa-km£n `mh-¯nÂ

ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ kqcy-\n-te¡v Kmb{Xn a{´w P]n¨mWv XÀ¸Ww \S-t¯−Xv.
BZn--Xy\pÅ {]-[m\yw thZ-Imew apX \ne-\n¡p-s¶¦nepw- CX-c-Xm-{´nI
IÀa-§-fn ssih, sshjvW-h, imtàbtZh-XIÄ¡pÅ {]m[m\yw kqcy\p
sImSp¯p ImWp-¶n-Ã. F¶m Aán]c-amb IÀa§Ä X{´-¯n [mcm-f-ap-−v.
Aánsb {][m\ tZh-X-bmbn _nw_-`m-h-¯n ]qPn-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw Xm{´nI
{Inb-I-fn Aán-Pz-e\w \S¯n {Zhy-§Ä kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ NS-§p-IÄ {][m-\-
s¸-«-Xm-Wv. Aán-bp-−m-¡nb tijw \S-¯p¶ tlma-Nm-cW¯n bmK-hn-[n-
I-fpsS kmay-X-bp-−v. tlma-¯n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ {kphw, Pqlp F¶o D]-I-c-W-
§fpw sshZn-I-bm-K-§Ä¡p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Xc-¯nepÅXmWv. tkma-bm-Kw, Aán-
tlm{Xw, AXn-cm{Xw F¶o bmK-IÀa-§Ä ka-Im-en-I-X-bn ]e-bn-S-§-fnepw
\S-¶n-«p-−v. sshZnI{_mÒ-WÀ¡mWv C¯cw IÀa-§Ä hn[n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

63
 ssh-ZnItZh-X-Isf t£{X-hn-[m-\-¯n _en-¡Â ]oT§fnembn«mWv
Øm]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. iothen, DÕ-h-_en, {io`q-X-_en F¶n _en-{In-b-I-fnÂ
lhnÊv XqIn- Chsc BN-cn-¡p-¶p. lhnÊv A¶-am-Wv. Pohsâ \ne-\n¸n-
\m-[m-c-amb A¶s¯ kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS Bß-k-aÀ¸Ww, ImÀjn-Im-cm-[\
F¶n-h-bpsS Awi-§Ä _en-{In-b-I-fn ZÀin-¡mw. X{´imkv{X-¯n Xms\¶
t_m[(A-lw)s¯, tZh-¦Â kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶ DZm¯ Bi-b-ambn _en-{In-b-IÄ
{]Xo-I-h-XvI-cn-¡-s¸«p. A©p-tImi-§-fm XmZm-ßy{]m]vXn A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶-
XmWv aÀ¯y-P·-sa-¶v thZm´w ]d-bp-¶p. A¶-a-b-tIm-iw, {]mW-abtImiw,
at\m-a-b-tIm-iw, hnÚm-\-tImiw, B\-µ-abtImiw F¶nhbmWv ]©-tIm-i-
§Ä.72
1. A¶-a-b-tImiw þ {]I-S-amb (Øq-ew) ico-c-am-Wn-Xv. A¶w AYhm
`£-W-¯n \n¶pw BÀPn¨ tcX-Ên-\m krãn-¡-s¸« tZlw.
2. {]mW-a-b-tImiw þ kq£vatZlw þ A©p IÀta-{µn-b-§-fpw {]mW\pw
tNÀ¶v ico-c-¯n-em-tcm-]n-¡p¶ Rms\¶ Nn´. ChnsS {]mW-hr¯n
apJy-[Àa-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
3. at\m-ab tImiw þ Úmt\-{µn-b-§-fpw a\Êpw tNÀ¶ kq£vatZlw.
a\-Ênsâ k¦-ev]-t¯msS Rms\¶ `mhw krãn-¡p¶p.
4. hnÚm-\-a-b-tImiw þ _u²n-I-Xbpw Úmt\-{µn-b-§fpw tNÀ¶ kq£va-
tZ-lw. Úm\-¯m _p²nsb Adnªv Bß-t_m[w krãn-¡p-¶p-sh-
¦nepw GtXm AÚmX \nan-j-¯n Cu t_m[w ad-bp-¶p.
5. B\-µ-a-b-tImiw þ B\-µ-P-\y-amb Imc-W-tZ-l-am-WnXv. \n{Z-bn kz]v\m
-hØ A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xn\v kam-\w.
]©-tIm-i-§Ä bYmÀY-¯n hyàn-bn-epÅ D]m-[n-am-{X-am-sW¶pw,
kXy-hkvXp Pohm-ßm-hm-sW¶papÅ t_m[w hnth-I-¯n-eqsS \nÀans¨Sp¡-W-
sa¶v thZm´w ]d-bp-¶p. ]©-tIm-i-\nÀan-X-amb ico-c-¯n-sâ-bpw Bß-`mh-
¯n-sâbpw kaÀ¸-W-amWv Xm{´-nI{Inb-I-fnse ZÀi\w hyà-am-¡p-¶Xv.
D¯-c-th-Zn, Zi-]Zw F¶o bmK-im-em-L-S-I-§Ä _en-¡Â]pc, _en-¡Ãv
XpS-§nbhbmbn X{´-im-kv{X-¯n ØnXnsN¿p¶p. thZ-a-{´-§Ä Xm{´n-Im-
cm-[-\bv¡pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p−v. CXn Nne-Xv GXv aqÀ¯n-IÄ¡pw s]mXp-
hn kzoIcn-¡m-w. ]pcp-j-kq-àw, `mKy-kqàw, kwhm-Z-kqàw F¶nh CXnÂ

64
s¸-Sp-¶p. thZ-a-{´-¯nse kqà-kz-`m-h-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v amema-{´-§Ä X{´-
¯n-ep-−v. tZhXm hÀW-\-I-fm-Wn-Xv.
Bcy-Xm-{´n-I-XbpsS B´-cn-I-L-S\ Úm\mÀP-\-amWv tZymXn-¸n-¡p-
¶-Xv. hkvXp/ hyàn/ kaãn F¶n-h-bnse bYmÀYØnXn a\-Ên-em¡n Ncn-
¡m-\pÅ DZvt_m-[\w Cu imkv{Xw \ÂIp-¶p. Ncy-Ifpw ZÀi-\-§fpw
hyXykvX amÀK§-fn-eqsS Iev]n-¨ncn-¡p-s¶-¦nepw Znim-e-£yw Bß-h-kvXpX
Adn-bm\pw Adn-hn \ndªv PohnXw kmÀY-I-am-¡m-\p-amWv. kmaq-lnIw/
sshànIw/ ]mcn-Øn-XnIw/ cm{ãobw F¶n-h-bn-eqsS k©-cn¨v aXm-ß-I-amb
Øehn-ti-j-Xbn tNÀ¶pw hnI-kn-¨p-amWv Xm{´n-IX \ne-\n¡p-¶Xv.
BÀPn-X-am-b-Xns\ kwc-£n¨pw e`y-am-Ip¶hsb kzoI-cn¨pw \ho-\`mhw ka-
Im-en-I-X-bnÂt]mepw X{´w {]I-S-am-¡p-¶p−v. htc-Wy-X-bn aqS-s¸-«n-cp-s¶-
¦nepw XmXv]-cy-ap-s−-¦n kao-]n-¡m-hp¶ hn[-¯n Bcy-Xm-{´n-IX ]n¶oSv
hnim-e-am-bn. sshZn-I-Xbpw Xm{´n-I-Xbpw tNÀ¶ ]ptcm-lnX kwkvIm-c-amWv
Bcy X{´-imkv{X¯n {]_-e-am-b-Xv.
{Zmhn-U-Xm-{´n-IX
s\{Kotäm hwi-P-cpw t{]mt«mþBkv{S-tem-bn-Up-Ifpw tIc-f-¯nse BZna
\nhm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. {ZmhnUXm{´n-I-X- tZi-P-\-X-bpsS hnizm-k-§-fnepw
k¦ev]-§-fnepw kPo-h-ambn. amXr-tZ-h-Xm-cm-[-\-bpsS hÀKt_m[w X{´s¯
{Zmhn-U-X-bn hym]-I-am-¡n XoÀ¯p. amXr-]m-c-¼-cym-[n-jvTn-X-amb Pohn-X-co-Xn-
bn ImÀjnIhyh-Øn-Xn-bpsS kzm[o\w {]mtZ-inI hnizmkcm{ão-b-¯nÂ
tNÀ¯p-h-bv¡m³ {ian-¨-Xnsâ ^e-amWv {ZmhnU Xm{´n-I-X. am{´nI hnÚm\
(Magic lore)hpambn {ZmhnU Xm{´n-I-Xbv¡v _Ô-ap-−v. \nXy-PohnXw/ ]c-
Po-hnXw F¶o Zzµ-z§-fpsS k¦-e-\-amWv BZna Xm{´n-I-Xb
- psS ImXÂ. CXv
hyàn- Po-hn-X-¯nsâ Zn\-hym-h-lm-cn-IX-bn kw`-hn-¡p¶ B[n-]Xyþhnt[-b-Xz-
§sf ]p\Àh-Nn-¡p-Ibpw A`u-an-I-X-bp-ambn _Ôs¸Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
a\p-jyÀ Xsâ bYmÀYamb B´-cnIk¯sb X¶n \n¶p
thdn«p\n¡p¶ _mly-i-àn-I-fn {]XnjvTn¡p-Ibpw `ua-§-
fmb iàn-Isf A`uaiàn-I-fmbn k¦-ev]n-¡m³ XpS-§p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.73 CSpX-emWv am{´n-IX k-aq-l-¯n hyà-am-b-Xv.

65
 \nKq-l\w sN¿-s¸-«Xpw Aam-\p-jn-I-hp-amb `mh-\-bmbpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS
CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS cl-ky-kz-`m-h-¯n-epÅ IÀa-§Ä, ss]im-NnI_m[sIm-−p-
apÅ kw`-h-§-Ä F¶n-h-bpsS {]mtbm-Kn-I-]-Sp-Xbmbpw a{´-hmZw \nÀh-Nn-¡-
s¸-«n-«p-−v.74 Cu hnh-c-W-§Ä¡v am{´n-I-X-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-L-S-\ DÄs¡m-
Åm³ Ign-bpw. \nÝe {]IrXn/ Ne-{]-IrXn F¶n-h tI{µo-I-cn¨v kmaq-lnI
hnizm-k-t_m[w Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-Ibpw X\n-am-ap-Jy-amb Bßo-b-ZÀi\w km[y-am-
hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bcy-Xm-{´n-I-X-bn kwkvI-cn-s¨-Sp¯ A\p-jvTm-\-§-fpw
{ZmhnU Xm{´n-I-X-bn ssPh-tI-{µo-Ir-Xhpw X\n {][m-\-hp-amb {InbLS-\-
bp-am-bn-cp¶p \ne-\n-¶-Xv. {Zmhn-UÀ kvXpXn, KoX-Iw, `mj-]-Z-IoÀ¯\w
F¶nh tZh-X-tbm-SpÅ ]cn-tZ-h\§fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. CXn\v {]tbm-K-]-c-amb
A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw BN-c-W-§fpw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bcyk¦-c-
t¯msS Ah ]cn-Wan¨v BVy-h-XvI-cn-¡-s¸« `mjm{]tbmKambn. XpSÀ¶v
\nÀZnã D]-tbm-K-Nn´ hyà-am-¡p-¶ k¦ev]w tbmPn-¸n-¨ a{´m-cm-[-\-bmbn
hym]n-¨p. tcmKw, acWw XpS-§n-b-hbv¡v ImcWw AXo-X-ià
- n-bpsS CS-s]-S-
em-sW¶pw amXr-k-¦-ev]-¯nsâ kpXm-cyX Pohs\ DÖo-hn-¸n-¡p-sa¶p
{ZmhnUÀ hniz-kn-¨p. A§s\ amXr-k-¦Â¸w Bßob DuÀP-{]-k-c-W-am-bn.
XpSÀ¶v hyàn-\n-b-{´n-X-a-Ãm¯ F´n-s\bpw amXr-`mh¯n kzmwio-I-cn-
¡m\-hÀ {ian-¨p. `qan, ImÀjn-I-Po-hn-Xw, Imen-hr¯n, {]Ir-Xn-L-S-I-§Ä F¶n-h-
bn-seÃmw amXrXzw Btcm-]n-¨p. tZh-X-bpsS hyXykvX`mh-§Ä Htc-k-abw
ØnXn Ah-Ø-bn \nÀ¯p-¶Xv amXr-_nw-_-am-bn-cp¶p. c£/ in£ F¶o
`n¶ Iev]\-bn-eq-¶nb ZÀi\ Øm\-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.

amXr-tZ-hX (A-Ω-ssZ-hw)

hocw (`o-j-Ww) im´w (Z-b)

`bm\mIw IcpWw
(kw-lmcw) (hm-Õeyw)

66
 {Zmhn-Um-\p-jvTm-\-¯nemWv imtà-bm-cm-[-\-bpsS BZn-]m-T-§Ä \ne-\nÂ
¡p-¶Xv. Iuf-amÀKsa¶ t]cn Bcy-Xm-{´n-IX hyà-am-¡nb iàn tI{µo-
IrX Bcm-[\m]²-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p Ch. `bw/ A`bw F¶o Zzµzk¦ev]-§Ä
tZh-mcm-[\-bnse hnhn[ hi-§-fn tNÀ¶p. Htc tZh-X-bpsS kzXzk¦-ev]-
¯nÂXs¶ ssNX-\y-h-¯mb [-\m-ßI DuÀP-hpw (t]mkn-äohv F\ÀPnbpw)
hn]-cotXmÀPhpw (s\K-äohv F\ÀPn-bp-)ap-s−¶v {Zmhn-UÀ Icp-Xn. AXn-\mÂ
hÀK¯nsâ kwc-£-Whpw Bh-iy-sa-¦n ]co-£-Whpw tKm{X-tZ-hX Gsä-Sp-
¡p¶p. ]n¶oSv a\p-jysâ D×m-[n-jvTn-X-amb k¦ev]-am-bn-cp-¶ tZh-X-IÄ
IpSn-bn-cp¯n Bcm-[n-¡p¶ ka-ãn-aqÀ¯nIfmbn ]cn-W-an¨p.
_n.-kn. 1500\pw 1000\p a[y-¯n-emWv klym-{Zn-bn-te¡pw kao] CS-§-
fn-te¡pw P\-k-©m-c-ap-−m-b-Xv. saUn-ä-td-\n-b-\n \n¶m-bn-cp¶p Cu {]hmlw.
{Zmhn-U-cn Aenªv tNÀ¶ Ch-cmWv k¦-c-kw-kvImcw {]mhÀ¯n-Iam-¡n-
b-Xv. Ccp-¼nsâ D]-tbm-Kw, XobpsS {]tbmKw F¶n-h-sbÃmw Cu k©nX
kwkvIm-c-¯n \n¶v DS-se-Sp-¯-Xm-Wv. saUn-ä-td-\n-b³ hÀK-amWv Ccp¼v
hym]-I-am-¡n-b-Xv. Ccp-¼nsâ hym]-\-t¯m-sS ImÀjnIhr¯n-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«
A[zm-\-hÀK cm{ãobw \ms¼Sp-¯p. H¸w Icp¯vþImb-_ewþimco-cnI A[zm\w
F¶n-h ap³\nÀ¯n KmÀlnIhyhØ cq]-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu L«-¯nÂ
amXr-tZ-h-Xm-cm-[-\ imtà-b-X-bn-te¡v hnebwsNbvXv Imfn k¦ev]-¯n-te¡v
]cn-W-an-¨p. _n.-kn.\men-emWnXv {]_-e-s¸-«Xv. tKm{XtZ-h-Xm-k-¦ev]-¯nÂ
\n¶v apJy-Øm-\-t¯-¡v Imfnsb¯nbXv G.-Un.460\v tij-am-Wv. In³k-en-
bpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯n Imfn A\mcytZh-X-bmWv. Bcym-[n\nthi-t¯msS,
`{Z-Imfnbmbn cq]m-´-c-s¸«v, imtà-b-X-bpsS hI-t`-Z-ambn XoÀ¶p. tIcf
{Zm-hnU Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS hàm-¡-fmb BZna hÀK-¡mÀ {][m-\-ambpw c−p
hn[-am-Wv.
1. s\{Kntäm hwiw
ImSÀ, ImWn-¡mÀ, ae-¼-−m-c-§Ä,
DÅmSÀ, Ducm-fn-IÄ, ]Wn-bÀ.
2. t{]mt«m-þ-B-kv{S-tem-bnUv
C-cp-fÀ, Ipdn-NyÀ, Icn-¼m-eÀ,
ae-b-c-bÀ

ssPh-]-c-ambn \ho-\-in-em-bpK (Neolithic people) hàm-¡-fm-Wn-hÀ. {ZmhnU

Bcm-[-\-I-fn am[y-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv AaqÀ¯-amb hkvXp-¡Ä Bbn
cp-¶p. CXv ine-I-tfm hr£-§tfm DbÀ¶ {]tZ-itam Bbn-cn¡pw. CXnÂ

67
hr£m-cm-[\ s\{Kotäm hwi-¡m-cn-eq-sS- hym]n-¨p. tZh-Xm-km-¶n-[y-ap-s−¶v
hniz-kn¡p¶ hr£-§Ä BNm-c-§-fn-eqsS kwc-£n-¡pI F¶ ]mcn-Øn-XnI
ZÀi-\w CXv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v.
kv{Xo/ `qan k¦Â¸-\-§-fn \n¶mWv BZna {ZmhnUhnizmkw Icp-
¯mÀPn-¨-Xv. ]Wn/ the FSp-¡p¶ CS§fn ssZhn-I-amb BIÀj-IXzw
cqV-am-sW¶v Icp-Xp-Ibpw hnf-tb-Ip-¶ a®n _oP-iàn hnX-bv¡p¶
AXo-{µnbX IpSn-sIm-Åp-s¶¶v hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn \n¶pw ImÀjnI
tI{µn-X-amb Bßo-b-_Ôw hÀ[n-¨p. ]pew (h-bÂ, ]pc-bn-Sw) Im¡p¶
tZh-Xsb (hnf B-Sn-\n¡p-I) Bcm-[n-¡p-I-bpw ssPh hnizmk{]am-W-¯n-
epÅ A[n-jvTm\aqÀ¯n-bn B tZhXmk¦-ev]w ebn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]pe-¯n\v C{µnbw (iÐXm-cmhen, t]Pv 1241) F¶pw AÀYhnh-£-bp-−v.
C{µn-b tZym-XI CS-§-fmbn IrjnØew Btcm-]n-¡-p-I-bpw C{µob[Àa-amb
DXv]m-Z\w/ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\w (hnfbnd-¡p-I) F¶n-h km[n-¡p¶ Imem-hØ
AhnsS Is−-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]IrXn, hyànk¯-sbbpw AXn-Po-h\
s¯bpw {]Xn-_nw-_n¨v apt¶ms«¯n-¡p¶ A{]m]yiàn-bm-sW¶mbncp¶p
Ah-cpsS hniz-kw. CXv {]m]y-am-Im³ hnizmk ssZhn-I-X-bp-ambn {]Ir-Xnsb
_Ôn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Pohm-hn-jvIm-c-hp-ambn Cg-b-Sp¸w I¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
kvss{XW-k-¯-bp-ambn ImÀjnIhnizm-k-¯n\v At`-Zy-amb _Ô-ap−v.
{]Ir-Xnsb D]m-kn-¨n-cp¶ BcyÀ {Zmhn-U-cpsS ImÀjnI_Ôw Kuc-h-ambn
ImWp-I-tbm A\p-_Ô BNm-c-§Ä krãn-¡p-Itbm sNbvXn-Ã. F¶m {Zmhn-
UÀ PmXn/tKm{X-hn-`mK t`Z-at\y Irjn-bnS§fpsS AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-I-fnÂ
ka-\z-bn-¨ Bcm-[\m]²-Xn-bmWv cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. EtKz-Z-¯n 28 a{´-§-fn-
em-Wv ImÀjnIPohn-Xs¯ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xv. kqàkz`m-h-¯n-epÅXmWn-h.
Bcy-Xm-{´n-I-Xbnse A\p-jvTm-\-§-fn ImÀjn-I-]-c-amb Nne LS-I-§Ä
AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. CÃw \nd, apf]qP, \nd-]d XpS-§nb NS-§p-I-fnÂ
ImÀjnIhn`-h-§fpw Irjn tI{µo-Ir-X-amb EXp-¡fpw kzm[o\w sNep-¯n-bn-
«p−v. apf-]q-P-bn t£{X-¯nse ASn-Øm\ tZhXm k¦ev]-¯n\v hn[n-¡-
s¸-« [m-\y-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. a¬]m{X-¯n a®v \nd¨v Ah hnX-bv¡p-
Ibpw \nÝnX Znh-k-§-fn ]qP \S-¯p-IbpwsN¿p-¶p. B Znh-k-§-fnÂ
[m\y-§fpsS \m¼p hf-cpw. Poh-t\-Ip¶ Cu hfÀ¨sb (_oP iàn) tZh-\n-
te¡v Bhm-ln-¡p-¶p. a®v
a¬]m{Xw
[m\yw
\m¼v
hnf F¶o A©p
LS-I-§sf tI{µo-I-cn-¨pÅ Bcm-[\m]²-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. hn¯n-epÅ _oPiàn-
68
bn ssZhn-IXzw Btcm-]n-¡p-Ibpw A¦p-c-_Ôs¯ ssNX\y-ambn k¦ev
]n¨v tZh-X-bpsS Poh-tX-P-Ênte¡v ebn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. CXnsâ BN-
c-W-hn-[nbpw X¯zhpw aq¶mw A²ym-b-¯n hnh-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. BZn-{Zm-hnUcpsS
ImÀjnIPohn-X-hp-am-bpÅ _Ô-¯nsâ kwkvI-cn¨ Bi-b-am-WnXv. CÃw
\n-d-bn BZy-hn-f-sbm-cp¡n tZh\v \nthZyw \ÂIp-t¼mÄ \nd-]-d-bn [m\yw
kaÀ¸n¨v tZh-Xsb FXn-tc¡p¶p. Bcy {ZmhnU k¦ev]-¯nsâ PmXob
thÀXn-cn-hn ssZhn-I-amb BNmcw htc-Wy-Xsb AwKo-I-cn-t¡-−n-h-cp¶
km[m-cW¡mcsâ {]I-S-\-ambn Ch ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-¶pap−v. PmXn/ hÀKw/
hÀWw F¶o LS-\-I-fn BZn-P-\-Xbv¡v A\p-`-hn-t¡-−n-h-¶n-cp¶ kmaq-lnI
{Ia-¯nsâ BibanXn ImWmw.
kv{Xo ssewKn-I-Xsb {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z\w þ `qan þ Irjn þ hnfhv F¶n-hbp
ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n s]mXphnizmk kwkvIm-c-¯n \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶hcmWv
BZn-a -P-\-X. iàn tI{µo-IrX Bcm-[-\mcoXn ssih tKm{X-_-Ô-ambn ]cn-
hÀ¯-\-s¸-«ncp¶p. {]IrXn AYhm `qansb iànbmbn Icp-Xnbt¸mÄ inh³,
\ne-\n¸v AYhm Poh³ F¶ k¦ev]-¯n-te¡v hne-bn-¨p. thZ-¯n inhs\
cp{Z³ F¶ hnh-£-bn-emWv ZÀin-¡p-¶-Xv. ssewKn-I-X-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v
kv{XobpsS {]mXn-\n[yw hln-¡p¶ ]¦ns\ Bkv]-Z-am¡n Xm{´nIBN-c-W-§-
fnepw tZhXmNn´-bnepw s]×bv¡v {]Ya ]cn-K-W\ \evIn. CXn-t\m-Sp-
_-Ô-s¸«mWv enwK-kw-_-Ôn-bmb {]Xo-I-§Ä Bcm-[-\-bv¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-
¨n-cp-¶Xv. enwKw, tbm\n F¶n-h krãn-bpsS {]Xo-I-§fmbn Bcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw
{ZmhnU Bcm-[-\-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-L-S-\-bpambn _Ôn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

ssPhm-cm-[\m {]Xo-I-§Ä
1. inh³

enwK-{]-XoXn
Poh³
]pcp-j³

2. iàn

tbm\n{]-XoXn
krãn
kvss{XWw

`qan + hnf
DÀh-cX

krãn + Poh³
{]IrXn
3. inh³
+
kwtbmKw (hn-e-b-\w)
= ØnXn
iàn
69
 Xm{´n-Im-cm-[\m]²XnIfn-seÃmw Xs¶ {XntImW¯n\v Úm\-]-c-amb
hni-I-e-\-ap-−v. {][m-\-s¸« b{´-hn-[n-I-fn-seÃmw, _rl-¯mb enJn-X-¯nsâ
ASn-Øm-\-ambn {XntImW cN\ \S-¯p-¶p. Poh-krãnbpsS BZn-a-L-S\
{ZmhnUXm{´n-I-X-bpsS {]Xo-I-am-bn-cp¶p. CXn Bcy-k-¦ev]w ]cn-Wm-a-t`-Z-
t¯msS tNÀ¶p. P\n-X-I-kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâ BZy-th-gvNsb {]Xo-I-h-XvI-cn-¡p¶
{]Xo-I-§fneqsSbmWv {Zmhn-Um-cm-[\ ià-am-b-Xv. inh-s\bpw iàn-sbbpw
Htc {]m[m-\y-t¯msS Bcm-[n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv CXp-aq-e-am-Wv. iàn-sb, kvss{XWX
bn Is−-¯p-Ibpw AXn krãn-bpsS AYhm Ima-\-bpsS Xzcsb DuÀP-
s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xnsâ ck-X{´w Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m\mWv BZn-{Zm-hn-U-À
CXn-eqsS ]cn-{i-an-¨-Xv. IufmNmc-¯nsâ {]mY-anI-Xew CXn ImWmw.
{ZmhnU Xm{´n-I-X-bn Poh-{]-Xo-Iamb {Xniqew ]pcp-je
- nw-K-¯nsâ
kqN\ Xcp-¶-Xmbn sskÔh ap{Z-I-fn Kth-jWw \S-¯nb sI.sI.cma³
hyà-am-¡p-¶p-. knÔp-\m-K-cn-I-X-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v aX-Nn-Ó-§Ä ASn-Øm-
\-]-c-ambn Ih, ]p−, CSp-¡v, ]q−, ]p−m-Imcw (IhCµn-cw) F¶n-§s\
A©phn`m-K-§-fmbn At±lw Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. kvss{XWþ]ucpjk¯-bnse
ImtamÀPw Hu¶XyhXvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS am\p-jnIkzXzw kn²n tI{µo-Ir-X-am-
Ip-sa¶v Xm{´n-IÀ hniz-kn-¨p. ssewKnI AS-bm-f-§-fp-ambn a\p-jysâ aX-Nn´
CS-s]-tS−nh¶ kmaq-lnI]Ým-¯ew {Zmhn-U Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS kzXz hyXn-cn-
à-XbmWv hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
sI.sI.cmasâ sskÔ-h-ap-{Z-Isf¡pdn-¡p¶ ]T-\-¯nsâ {]k-à-`mKw
Xmsg tNÀ¡p¶p.75
1. Ih

knw_¬
hnkÀP-t\-{µn-b-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. enwKm-S-bm-f-

¯nsâ apIÄX-«m-Wn-Xv. A[n-Im-cw, A[o-i-iàn F¶n-h-bpsS {]Xo-Iw. Ih
ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n NnÓ-§Ä cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
1. Ih-bnÃw
tImhnÂ
2. Ih-IpSn
tImSn
3. Ih-
IncoSw
4. Ih-[-cn¨ A[n-Imcn
cmPmhv

70
"Ih'sb ASn-Øm-\-
\]-c-amb "NnÓ'ambn
ambn I−mWv ta¸-
ta¸dª Bi-b-§Ä
{]I-S-am-¡p-¶Xv. ]rYzn (`q-
(`qan) tZhnþtKmamXþKhþIhþ(`mjm
þ(`mjm]cn-Wma {]Imcw
IþK BIp-¶p.)
2. ]p−
knw_Â
1

kv{Xossew-Kn-Im-h-bhs¯
bhs¯ kqNn-
kqNn¸n-¡p-¶p. ]−p−mbn-cp-
cp¶Xv F¶ AÀY-
hn-h-£bmWv
b
- mWv "]p−'bv¡v DÅ-
DÅXv. BZn-bn-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶Xv
¶Xv F¶ AÀY-
AÀ ¯nÂ
tZhXmhmNn-bmbnXv
bmbnXv amdn-
amdnbn-cn-¡p-¶p.
]cn-Wma {]Im-c-apÅ
apÅ Nne AÀY-§Ä
1. ]− + A³ = ]m−-
]m−h³ (]m-−-h³ = ]mÞy³)
2. ]p− = ]p−-am³
am³ þ ]p−m-
]p−man\n þ ]Zvan\n þ ]p−-hm-
hmcnIw þ ]p−-coIw
3. CSp¡v (D-Sp-¡v)

knw_Â

tImWp-I-fpsS
fpsS a[y-
a[y_n-µp-hn-\mWv {]m[m-\yw. tImWp-IÄ
IÄ P ar-Xn-Isf
P\n-
tZymXn-¸n-¡p¶ "DSp¡n's
DSp¡n's\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. iàn inh ({]-
({]Ir-Xn, ]pcp-j)
kwKa^-e-amb
amb krãn-
krãnbpsS {]Xo-IhpanXmWv.
4. ap¡W ({Xniqew)

knw_Â

{Xniq-ew (ap-¡-
¡W) ]pcp-jsâ P\-t\-{µn-b-ambn
ambn kqNn-
kqNn¸n-¡p¶p. cq]-]-c-
amb ]cn-Wmaw
Wmaw tZymXn-
tZymXn¸n-¨mWnXv kaÀYn-¡p-¶-Xv
Xv. enwK-
enwK¯nsâ DuÀ[z`mh-
amWnXv. H¸w Pohsâbpw Bßm-hn-tâbpw {]Xo-Ihpw.
Ihpw. lmc-
lmc¸³ kwkvIr-Xn-
bnse anÌnIv `mhw {Xniq-
{XniqemÀY-¯n-eps−¶v sI.sI.cma³ kqNn-
kqNn¸n-¡p¶p.
BZna {ZmhnUk¦ev
{ZmhnUk¦ ]-¯ns-e Cu NnÓkwkvIm-c-¯nÂ
¯n aXm-
aXmcm-[-\-bpsS
\nKq-VmÀYw k¶n-th-
thin-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. A[n-ImcNnÓ-¯n enwKcq]n-
enwK bmb tZh³
kzXzm-hn-jvIm-cn-bm-Ip-
IpIbpw Bcm-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw
Ibpw sNbvXp. A[o-
A[oi-Xzhpw/
A[n-Im-chpw
chpw tI{µo-
tI{µoI-cn¨ `cWcm{ão-b-¯nsâ `qan-I-bmWv CXn-\-Sn-Øm-\w.
DWÀhv krãn-¡p-¶ {]XoIIev]-\-bm-Wn-Xv. Acq-]n-bmb
bmb D×sb krãn-bpsS

71
DuÀP{]k-c-Wn-bn-te¡m\-bn-¡p-¶p. {Zmhn-U-amb aXt_m[-\-¯n-seÃmw enwKm-
cm-[-\bv¡v {]m[m-\y-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. A[n-ImcamWv Øm\s¯ \nÀh-Nn-¡p-¶Xv.
{Zmhn-U-¯nse tZh-Xm-cm-[-\-bn tKm{X-`m-h-¯n-epÅ ssih k¦-ev]-¯nsâ
{]m[m\yw ChnsS hyà-am-Ip-¶p-−v.
At[m-ap-J-amb tImWm-IrXn krãnsb tZymXn-¸n-¡p-¶p. CXv hnt[-bXzw
hln-¡p¶ kv{Xo/`qan/{]IrXn F¶n-h-bpsS AS-bm-f-amWv. krãnsb tI{µo-
I-cn-¨pÅ BZn-a-amXrtZh-Xm-cm-[\ C¯cw _nw_-§sf A[n-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp-¶p.
Ct¸mgpw ]e amXr-t£-{X-§-fnepw tImWm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ cq]-§Ä AsÃ-¦nÂ
tZhssNX-\ys¯ _nw_n-¡p¶p F¶ÀY-¯n-epÅ I®mSn _nw_§fmWv {]Xn-
jvTn-¨n-cn¡p-¶Xv. ]tcm-£-ambn CXv tbm\ym-IrXnbnep-Å-Xm-Wv. inhk¦ev]-
¯n {][m-\-s¸« DSp¡v, krãn, kwlmcw F¶n-h-bpsS tNÀ¨-bmb PohnXs¯
{]Xn-\n-[m\wsN¿p-¶Xv. inh/iàn ssNX-\ys¯ {]Xo-I-h-XvI-cn¨v ]c-kv]-
cm-`n-ap-J-¯n tImWp-IÄ \nÀ¯p-t¼mgmWv- Cu {]-XoXn P\n-¡p-¶Xv.
{Zmhn-U-tZ-h-X-Ifpw tKm{X-hn-izm-k-§fpw
tKm{X-]-c-amb ssNX-\y-§sf tZh-Xm-k-¦-ev]-¯n-te¡v IpSn-sh¨mcm[n-
¡p¶ k{¼-Zmbw IqSn {ZmhnU X{´-¯n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶p. \nc-h[n PmXn- hn-`m-K-
§-fpsS k½n{ikwkvIm-c-am-bn-cp¶p {ZmhnUcnep-−m-bn-cp-¶Xv. FÃm ]«nI-
PmXn ]«n-I-hÀK-¡mcpw BZn-a-P-\-X-bpsS KW-¯n s¸Sp-¶p.76 C´y-bnÂ
Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fn Bkv{S-tembvUv hwi-¡mÀ A[n-I-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. Cug-hÀ,
\mbÀ A\p-_-Ô-Pm-Xn-I-sfÃmw {Zmhn-U-hw-i-¯nÂs¸-Sp¶p. {ZmhnU aX-¯nÂ
Bcy-Xm-{´n-IX hne-bn-¡p-Ibpw an{i-kz-`m-h-¯n \ne-\n¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

{][m-\-s¸« {ZmhnU ssZh-§Ä

1.ae-hm-gn, 2.Imfn, 3.hoc-`-{Z³, 4.-]-d-¡p-«n, 5.Idp-¸-cm-b³, 6.ap\n,
7.I¶n-amÀ (k-]vX-I-\y-IÄ), 8.Im¸n-cn-ap-¯-¸³, 9.]mXm-f-Im-¸ncn,
10.Xo¡p-«n, 11.Ip«n-¨m-¯³, 12.Ip£n imkvXm-hv (A-¿-¸-\m-sW¶pw
hniz-kn-¡p¶p), 13.inh³, 14.I−mIÀW³, 15.]nXr-¡Ä, 16.]pfn-
bm-¼-Ån, 17.aq¡³, 18.IÃSn ap¯³, 19.Icn-¦p-än-bm³, 20.N§nen
¡-dp-¸³, 21.\¼q-cn-¯-¼p-cm³, 22.Nm−³, 23.ap−n-b³, 24.t]¨n,
25.DuS-d-¡-dp-¸³, 26.NpS-e-¡-dp-¸³, 27.NpS-e-`-{Z, 28.b£n, 29.KÔÀh³,
30.l\p-am³, 31.amS³, 32.ss`c-h³, 33.Idp-¸-kzm-an, 34.Icp-I-e¡n

72
 35.Icp-\o-en, 36.D¨-¡p-«n-¨m-¯³, 37.A´n-¡p«n Nm¯³, 38.Imªn-c
ame, 39.s]m«³, 40.D¨n-«, 41.Kpfn-I³, 42.Ipd-¯n, 43.adp-X, 44.B\
adpX, 45.ItÃ-en-ap-¯³
CXn Nne tZh-XIÄ Bcy-Xm-{´n-I-X-bpsS `mK-ambn amdn. Ch Bcy-h-
XvI-cn¨t¸mÄ t]cnepw k¦Â¸-¯nepw BNm-c-¯nepw hyXymk-ap-−m-bn«p−v.
1.
D]-tZ-h-·mcnse b£hÀK-¯nsâ kv{XoIÄ. Xmw_p-
b£n e-amWv Cã-\n-th-Zyw. {][m-\ -t£{XtZh-X-bpsS
kwc-£-IZmkn F¶o [Àa-§-fn-emWv {]XnjvTm
k¦ev]w. hS-b£n, Ime-b-£n, cà-b-£n, kz]v\-
hm-cm-ln, IÀW-]n-im-Nn-\n XpS§n \nc-h[n t`Z-§-
fp-−v.
2.
tIcfw \mK-§-fpsS \mSv F¶mWv Adn-b-s¸-«n
\mK§Ä cp¶Xv. P\-Xb
- psS kwkvIm-c-¯n `b-hpw, Bcm
[-\bpw `ànbpw tNÀ¶ hnIm-c-¯n- \mKm-cm-[\
ØnXnsN¿p-¶p. \qdpw ]mepw {][m\s¸« \mKm-
cm-[-\m-{In-b-bm-Wv.
tij³, hmkp-In, sFcm-h-X³, X£-I³,
ImÀt¡m-S-I³, [\-RvP-b³, Imfn-b³, aWn-\m-K³,
]pc-W-\m-K³, I]n-RvP-c³, Gem-]p-{X³, khm-a³,
\oe³, A\n-e³, I·m-j³, i_-f³, Bcy-I³,
D{K-I³, Ie-i-t]m-X-I³, kpa-\-Êv, Z[n-ap-J³,
hna-e³, ]nÞ-I³, B]vX-³, iwJ³, hmen, inJ³,
\njvTm-\-I³, tla-Kp-l³, \lp-j³, ]nwK-f³,
_mly-IÀW³, lkvXn-]-Z³, apÂK-c³, Iw_-e³,
Aiz-X-c³, ImfnI³, hr¯³, kwhr-¯³,
]¯³, iwJ-ap-J³, Iqivam-Þ-I³, t£a-I³,
]nÞm-c-I³, Ic-ho-c³, ]pjv]{ZwjvS³, hnez-I³,
_nez]mÞp-c³, arjv¡m-Z³, iwJ³, incm-]qÀ
W³, lcn-{Z-I³, A]-cmPn-X³, tPymXn-K³, ]¶-K³,
{ioh-l³, Iuc-hy³, [rX-cm-{ã³, iwJ-]n-Þ³,
kp_m-lp, hoc-P-Êv, imen-]n-Þ³, lkvXn-]n-Þ³,

73
 ]oT-c-I³, kpap-J³, IuW-]m-i-\³, IpT-c³,
IpRvP-c³, {]`m-I-c³, Ipap-Z³, Ipap-Zm-£³,
Xn¯n-cn, len-I³, IÀZp-a³, _lp-aq-e-I³, IÀ¡c³,
AÀ¡-c³, IpWvtTm-Z-c³, atlm-Z-c³, ARvP\³,
AXn-j-Þ³, A\o-e³, Aam-l-T³, Ahy-b³,
Aiz-tk-\³, BX-I³, B]q-c-W³, D{K-I³, D{K-
tX-P-Êv, DÑn-I³, D]-\-µ³, E²n-am³, Ej-`³,
Gc-I³, I£-I³, Ie-i³, Ima-T³, Ime-Z-´³,
Ime-]r-ã³, Ipen-I³ F¶o t]cp-I-fn \mK-tZ-
h-X-IÄ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
3.
amXr-tZ-h-Xm-cm-[-\-bpsS kaqÀ¯-`mhw. IpcpXn
`{Z-Imfn DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ imtà-b Bcm-[-\-I-fpw A\p-jvTm-
\-§-fp-amWv {][m-\-s¸« BN-c-W-§Ä. `{Z, sImSp-
¦m-fn, Icn-¦m-fn, NpS-e-Im-fn, ctà-izcn XpS-§nb
\nc-h[n `mh-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p.
4.
tKm{Xk¦-ev]-¯nse {][m-\-tZ-h-X. BZn-a-P-\-X-
inh³ bpsS hnizmkk¦-ev]-§sf km[q-I-cn-¡p¶ hn[-
¯n-epÅ thj-{]-Ir-Xn. ]mcn-Øn-XnImh-t_m-[-
¯nsâ ssZhnI hàmhv. enwK-cq-]-¯n {]Xn-jv
Tn-¡p¶p. kzbw-`q, BÀj-cm-£-kw, am\p-jw, _mWw
F¶n-§s\bpÅ inh-enwKcq]-¯nemWv Bcm-[\.
5.
ssihmw-i-am-bpw, sshjvW-hmw-i-ambpw Nm¯-s\-
Nm¯³ ¡p-dn¨v ]pcm-hr-¯-ap-−v. ]q¡p-«n-Nm-¯³, Icn-¦p«n
¨m¯³, D¨-¡p-«n¨m¯³, ]d-¡p-«n-¨m-¯³, imkvXm
-¦p-«n-¨m-¯³, am[y-a-¡p-«n-¨m-¯³, D¯aIp«nNm
¯³, A[-a-Ip-«n-¨m-¯³, Xo¡p-«n-¨m-¯³, {`m´³
Ip«n-¨m-¯³ F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n Nm¯³ k¦Â¸-
§-fp−v.

hyàn-Po-hn-X-¯n-epw kwkvIm-c-¯nepw tNÀ¶p\n¡p¶ kz`mh

khn-ti-j-X-bpÅ tZh-k-¦-ev]-am-bn-cp¶p {Zmhn-Ucp-tS-Xv. inem-Imc¯n-te¡v
k¦-ev]-iàn \ÂIp¶ s]mXp-kz-`m-hw {ZmhnU X{´-¯nsâ D]m-k-\-bv¡pÅ

74
ASn-Øm\ D]m-[n-I-fm-b-hsb ]cn-hÀ¯\s¸-Sp-¯n. IÃp-IÄ Iq«n Iq\ D−m¡n
{]mÀYn-¡p-¶ Hcp coXn-bp-w CXn-ep-−v. {Zmhn-U-k-¦ev]-¯n-te¡v Bcyt_m[\w
{]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡n-b-t¸m-gmWv \nb-X-cq-]w kwkvI-cn-s¨-Sp¯ ssZh-k-¦ev]w
ià-am-b-Xv.
tKm{X-aX hnizm-k-§fn {][m-\-s¸-«-Xv
1. `bw/ BImw£ F¶n-h ap³\nÀ¯n- Acq-]m-cm-[-\, {]Ir-Xn-i-àn-Isf
{]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn¨v {]_-e-s¸-«p.
2. h\-hm-kn-I-fpsS Poh\v `oj-Wn-bmbn \n¡p¶ arK-§-fn \n¶v ae-
hmgn F¶ tZhX c£n-¡p-¶p.
3. \mbm-Sn-I-fpsS {][m\ tZh-X-IÄ aó, ae-hm-gn, ]d-¡p«n XpS-§nb
k¦ev]-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Chsc h\w, Ip¶v XpS-§nb Øe-§-fnÂ
sh¨m-cm-[\ \S-¯p-¶p.
4. {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-§Ä krãn-¡p¶Xv tZh-X-I-fmsW¶pw tZhXmtIm]w
hmk-Ø-e¯pw hyàn-I-fnepw ZpcnXw krãn-¡p-¶psh¶pw hnizkn¨p;
an¶Â, AXn-hr-ãn, ae-bn-Sn-¨Â F¶nh h\-ssZ-h-§-fpsS {]hr-¯n-bm-
sW¶v Icp-Xp-¶p.
5. sIm«n F¶ t]cn-epÅ Iqc-bn Im¸n-cn, Xo¡p-«n, Nm¯³ F¶n-hsc
DÅmS-·mÀ Bcm-[n-¡p-¶p. Acn-s¸m-Sn, aZyw, tX§ XpS-§nb hkvXp-¡Ä
kaÀ¸n-¨v Bh-iy-§Ä ]d-bp-Ibpw kwc-£Ww At]-£n-¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p¶p. X§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ ]ZmÀY-§Ä
kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶Xp hgn Bß-k-aÀ¸Ww Xs¶-bmWnhÀ sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv.
6. IÃ-Sn-t¡mSv \oen ]d-b-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nsâ tZh-XbmWv. HSn-hnZybn \oen
tZh-X-bpsS {]mXn-\n[yw ChÀ¡p-−v. amwkw, aÕyw, ao³, IÅv, tNmdv,
]g-hÀK§Ä, \mfn-tIcw, ]¸Sw F¶nh Bcm-[-\bv¡p]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
]nXr-¡Ä, ]d-¡p«n, Nm¯³ XpS-§nb tZh-k-¦ev]-§Ä Xe-ap-d-Isf
c£n-¡p-¶-Xmbn Icp-Xp¶p. tZhsâ CwKn-Xw P\-Xsb Adn-bn-¡p¶
shfn-¨-¸mSpw ChÀ¡p-−m-Ipw.
7. sImSp§ÃqÀ tZhnsb hwi-c-£-I-bmbn IcpXn Bcm-[n-¡p-¶-h-cmWv
]pe-bÀ. Nm¯³, ]d-¡p-«n, Icn-¦p«n, ]nXr F¶o aqÀ¯nIÄ Ch-cpsS
tZh-k-¦ev]-¯n-ep-−v.

75
 8. a{´-hmZw Ipe-s¯m-gn-em-¡n-b-h-cmWv the-·mcpw ]mW·mcpw. ChÀ¡pw
sImSp-§-ÃqÀ t£{X-hp-ambn Bcm-[\m_Ô-ap-−v. ss]im-NnI aqÀ¯n-
Isf Bcm-[n-¡p-¶Xp hgn a{´-hmZ{Inb-IÄ¡v _ew e`n-¡p-sa¶nhÀ
hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. N§n-en-¡-dp-¸³, NpSe `{Z-Im-fn, t]¨n, DuSd-¡-dp-¸³,
Nm−³, I−m-I-ÀW³, Icn-¦p-«n, Nm¯³, ap−n-b³ XpS-§nb aqÀ¯n
Isf ChÀ tkhn-¡p¶p.
9. th«ph-cpsS ASn-Øm\ tZh-X-IÄ Nm¯³, Icn-¦p«n, Im¸n-cn, I−m-
IÀW³, ]d-¡p-«n, \¼q-Xncn X¼p-cm³ F¶n-h-cmWv. Imfn-sb iàn-
bpsS {]Xo-I-ambpw tkhn-¡p-¶p.
10. kÀ¸m-cm-[-\, hwi-tPm-en-bmbn Icp-Xp-¶-h-cmWv ]pÅp-hÀ. kÀ¸wXpÅÂ,
]pÅp-h³ ]m«v F¶nh {][m\ IÀa§-fm-Wv. L−m-IÀW³, Icn-¦p-«n,
Xo¡p«n, Im¸n-cn, ]d-¡p-«n, IÃ-Sn-ap-¯³, ]nXr-¡Ä F¶nhÀs¡m¸w
A¿-¸³, apcp-I³, cmlp, tbmKo-iz-c³ (ap-\n) F¶o Bcy-k-¦ev]-apÅ
tZh-X-I-sfbpw Bcm-[n-¡p-¶-p. ac-t¨mSv, I¯-d-IÄ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ
cq]m-cm-[\ \S-¯p-¶p.
11. aq¡³, Nm¯³, I−m-IÀW³, ]nXr-¡Ä, inh³, KW-]-Xn, hnjvWp,
kp{_-Ò-Wy³ F¶o tZh-X-Isf IW-¡-·mÀ Bcm-[n-¡p-¶p. th«ph
IW-¡-·mÀ, Im¸ncn, hoc-`-{Z³ F¶o tZh-X-I-sfbpw tkhn-¡p-¶p-−v.
aäv BZn-P-\-X-sb-t¸mse DbÀ¶ Xd-I-fn tkhm-Øew ChÀ Is−-
¯p¶p. Imfn, ]nXr F¶nhscbpw IqSÀ D]m-kn-¡p-¶p. {ZmhnU Øm\w
\ÂI-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ kap-Zm-b-§Ä \nc-h-[n-bmWv. \m¸¯nsbm¶n\pw
A¼-¯n-\m-en\pw CS-bn BZna hÀK-¡mÀ tIc-f-¯n \ne-\n¡p-
¶p-s−¶v ]d-bp-¶p.77
{Zmhn-U-Xm-{´n-IX hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw BN-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cn `qcn-]-£hpw
BZn-hmkn P\-hn-`m-K-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. k¦ev]-§-fnepw hnizm-k-§-fnepw {]I-S-
amb Bßo-b-X-bn {]Ir-Xn-tbmSv CW-§n-t¨À¶ km[\mhnip²n \ne-\n¶p.
ASn-bmÀ, Nn§¯m³, BfmÀ, Ac-Wm-SÀ, Fc-h-ÅÀ, Ccp-fÀ, ImSÀ, I\-em-Sn,
ImWn-¡mÀ, Ic-hm-gn, Icnw]me³, Im«p-\m-bv¡À, sImd-K-À, sIm¨p-th-e³,
Ip−p-h-Sn-bÀ, Ipdn-NyÀ, Ipdp-aÀ, ae-b-Sn-bmÀ, ae-b³, a®m³, adm-«n, amhn-em³,
apUp-KÀ, apÅp-h-¡p-dp-a³, apXp-hm³, \mbmSn, ]fn-bÀ, ]Wn-b³, ]Xn-b³,
Ccn-U-hÀ, Ducm-fn-¡p-dp-aÀ, DÅm-S³, X¨\mS³, aq¸³, hng-h³, ae-iÀ,

76
a¶m³, apUp-KÀ, amhn-em·mÀ, amX-¸p-e-b-sc-¶n-hÀ Xm{´n-I-kz-`m-h-apÅ
tKm{Xm-cm-[-\-IÄ A\pjvTn¡p¶ kap-Zm-b-§-fm-Wv. DXv]¯n/ `bw/ im]w/
tKm{Xw/ BtLmjw/ k¼¯v F¶o LS-I-§Ä Bkv]-Z-am¡n {Zmhn-Um-cm-[\m
hn[n-I-fn sFXnly-§tfm an¯p-Itfm tNÀ¶n-«p-−mIpw. BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-
IÄs¡m¸w Xs¶ {ZmhnUX{´s¯ A\p-jvTn-¡p-Ibpw kzIÀa-§-fnem tcm-
]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX PmXn-hn-`m-K-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p {_mÒ-tW-Xc-cmb \mb-·mÀ,
shÅm-fÀ, Cug-hÀ, sshiyÀ F¶o kap-Zm-b-§Ä. PmXn-t{iWn]c-amb A{]-
[m-\-a-Ãm¯ Øm\w Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm-sa-¦nepw Ah-tc-Wy-amb CSta BN-c-
Wm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnenhÀ¡v e`n-¨n-cp-¶p-Åp.
tZ-h-X-Ifpw ]pcm-hr¯ ]Ým-¯-ehpw
{ZmhnUhnizm-k-§-fn {]_-e-amb tZhXmk¦Â¸-¯n DXv]-¯n-]-c-
amb ]pcm-hr¯ ]Ým-¯ew \ne\n¡p-¶p. Ch an¡-hmdpw hmsam-gn-bmbn
krãn-¡-s¸-«-XmWv. C¯cw hnizm-k-§-fnse ASn-Øm-\-X-¯z-§-fn \n¶v cq]-
s¸-«-XmWv BZn-a-X-hn-izm-kw. t{]Xm-cm-[-\, {]IrXymcm-[-\, kXvtZ-hXm/ZpÀtZ-
hXm]qP-\w, ImÀjn-Im-cm-[\ F¶n-h-bpsSsbÃmw P\-\-¯n\pw hfÀ¨-bv¡pw
sFXnly-§-fpsS ]n³_-e-ap-−m-bn-cn¡pw. AXyp-¯c tIc-f-¯nse ]pe-b-cpsS
ASn-sX-fn-¸m«v, Ccpfpwshfnbpw ]m«v, XpSn-¸m-«v, sImbn-em−n Xmeq¡nse ]pe-
b-cp-sS-bn-S-bn {]N-cn-¡p¶ Iqfn-sI-«p-]m«v, Z£nW tIc-f-¯n-epÅ ]d-b-cpsS
]m¡-\mÀ Ifn-¸m«v, Xob kap-Zm-b-¯nse iuÞnI ]pcmWw, D¯-c-tI-c-f-¯nse
]pe-b-cpsS Ie-i-¸m«v, ]pÅp-h-cpsS IÀa-imkv{Xw ]m«v, ae-b-cpsS a{´-hmZ
It®À]m«v, Dev]¯n ]pcm-hr-¯-]-c-amb kXy-Kp-cp-h-N\w ]pe-b-cpsS Imen-t¨-
tIm³ ssZh-t¯mäw XpS-§nb ]m«p kmln-Xy-¯n {ZmhnU tZh-X-I-fpsS BK-
a-\hpw ØnXnbpw Bcm-[-\bpw hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. CXv Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eq-sS {]N-cn-¡p-
Ibpw hnizm-km-[n-jvTn-X-ambn \ne-\n¡p-IbpwsN¿p-¶p−v. {Zmhn-U-amb Xm{´nI
{Inb-I-fpsS hI-t`-Z-§-fpw A\p-jvTm\ {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw C¯cw ]m«n DÄs¡m-
Ån-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
]pcm-hr¯]Ým-¯-e-¯n-eqsS hnh-cn-¡-s¸-« tZh-XI-fn ]©-aqÀ¯n-
IÄ apJy-Øm\w hln-¡p-¶p. tKm{X-hn-izm-k-]-c-ambn ssZ\w-Zn\ hymh-lm-cnI
Pohn-X-¯n Ahsc \bn-¡p-Ibpw c£n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ tZhXmk¦ev]-
am-Wn-Xv. {_mÒ-Wcpw ]©-aqÀ¯n-Isf sh¨m-cm-[\ \S¯mdp−v. KpW/

77
tZmj-^-e-§Ä D]m-k-\m-_ew sIm−v thK-¯n km[y-am-¡p-sa¶ hnizm-
k-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv ]©-aqÀ¯n-]qP {]_-e-s¸-«-Xv.

1. ss`c-h³
2. Ip«n-¨m-¯³
3. s]m«³ ]©-aqÀ¯n-IÄ
4. Kpfn-I³
5. D¨n«

inh-]mÀhXn kwK-a-¯nsâ ^e-ambn krãn-¡-s¸« tZh-X-bmWv ae-¡mcn.

Ipdn-Nycpw, ASn-bm-·mcpw ae-¡m-cn-bpsS Bcm-[-I-cm-Wv. hS-¡³ ae-_m-dnÂ
I−phcp¶ BZn-hmkn kaq-l-am-Wn-h-cp-tS-Xv. Btbm-[\Ie-bn {]tXy-In¨pw
[\pÀhn-Zy-bn ssPh-]-c-ambn Xs¶ AhÀ {]mKÛyw ImWn-¡p-¶p. kzhn-`m-K-
¯nse Gähpw DbÀ¶PmXn F¶ hnizmkw ]peÀ¯p¶ Ipdn-NyÀ {ZmhnU
Xm{´nI-X-bn ASn-bp-d¨phniz-kn-¨v ae-\-¼q-Xn-cn-bmWv F¶v kzbw {]Jym-]n-
¡p-¶p--−v. ae-¡m-cnsb IqSmsX atem³ ssZhw, ap¯-¸³, `{Z-Im-fn, `K-h-Xn
F¶o tZh-X-I-sfbpw Bcm-[n-¡p-¶p.
tZh-Xbv¡pw P\-X-bv¡p-an-S-bn \ne-sIm-Åp¶ shfn-¨-¸m-Sn\v Ipdn-NyÀ
¡n-S-bn {]apJ Øm\-ap-−v. iphm-\n, kn²-¸³, aÃ-¸³, Icn-¨m-¯³, Nn¡½,
]q¡m-cn-a-K-sX¿w F¶o tZh-X-IÄ ASn-bm-·mcpsS tZh-X-I-fm-Wv. ChÀ¡v
htcWyhÀKhp-ambn A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amb _Ôw \ne-\n¡p-¶p-s−¶pw t£{X-
§-fp-ambn Ah _Ôn¸n¨psIm−pt]mIp-¶-psh¶pw hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. sIm«n-bqsc
inh-t£{Xw Is−-¯n-b-Xnsâ ]n¶n Ipdn-NyÀ¡v sFXn-ly-ap−v. a{´-hm-Z-hpw
{ZmhnUXm{´n-I-Xbpw ]c-kv]cw sI«p]nWªp InS-¡p¶p. A\p-jvTm\w, {Inb,
hnizmkw XpS-§nb LS-I-§-fn-seÃmw Xs¶ Chbv¡v kmay-hp-ap-−v. hnizm-k-
]-c-amb a\x-imkv{X]Ým-¯ew {ZmhnUBßo-b-X-bn \ne-\n¡p-¶p-.
aX-¯n\pw a{´-hm-Z-¯n\pw X½n-epÅ _Ôw \nXy-a-söpw
IeÀ¸n-Ãm¯ a{´-hm-Z-¯n\v aX-t¯¡mÄ imkv{X-t¯m-SmWv
IqSp-XÂ ASp-¸-sa¶pw kn²m-´n-¡p-¶-h-cp−v.78
ASn-bm-·mcpsS K±n-I- F¶ IÀa-¯n kmaq-ln-I-]c-amb Hcp ]Ým-¯-e-ap−v.
hyàn, kaqlw, \mSv, Ipew, Krlw F¶n-h-bn kzm[o\wsNep-¯p¶
78
ZpÀtZ-h-X-Isf AYhm hn]-coX DuÀP-§sf D·q-e\wsN¿p-I-bmWv K±n-I-bn-
eqsS. F¶o Bdv {ZmhnU tZh-X-I-fmWv K±n-I-bn-eqsS Bcm-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv þ
ae-¡mcn, Icn-¨m¯³, iphm\n, aÃ-¸³, amcn, Nn¡½. ]qPK±n-I, \m«pK±nI
F¶ c−v hn[w A\p-jvTm-\-ambn Cu IÀaw \ne\n¡p¶p. ]qPbv¡v {]map-Jy-
ap-ÅXv ]qPK±n-Ibpw, P\Xsb DÄs¡m-Ån¨v kaq-l-¯nsâ {]iv\-§sf a\-
Ên-em¡n Zpcn-X-§-sfbpw tcmK-§-sfbpw Hgn-¸n-¡p¶ hn]p-e-amb k{¼-Zm-b-w
\m«p-K-±n-Ibpw. ]ptcm-lnX [Àaw A\p-jvTn-¡p¶ sN½mcn, \m«p-aq-¸³ F¶n-
h-cmWnXn\v ap³ssI FSp¡p-¶Xv.
DXv]¯n/hym]\w F¶n-h ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n ]Wnb kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ
Xm{´n-IX \ne-\n¡p-¶p. {]IrXn þ ]pcpj sFIyw F¶ Bcy-k-¦-ev]-\-
¯nsâ {]I-SoIrXX¯zw {]]-©-ØnXn F¶ bmYmÀYy-¯n cqU-am-¡n-
bmWv ]Wn-b-cnse Xm{´n-IX hnI-kn-¨Xv. hrãnþkaãn k¦ev]-¯nÂt¸mepw
C¯cw ZÀi-\-¯nsâ BZÀi-]-cX hyà-am-Wv. DXv]¯nka-b¯v Hcp kv{Xobpw
]pcp-j\pw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p-sh¶pw Ah-cpsS imco-cnI_Ô-¯n \n¶mWv ]Wnb
hÀK¯nsâ hym]-\-sa¶pw AhÀ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. C¯cw IYm-Jym-\-¯n-eqsS
A\p-jvTm\hnizm-k-§-fpsS `qanI hyà-am-¡m³- FÃm BZn{ZmhnUkaq-l-§fpw
{ian-¡p-¶p. krãn-bnse sshhn-[y-hpw sshcp-[yhpw kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¨v A\p-Kp-W-
amb sFXn-lys¯ tNÀ¯p-sh-¨mWv {Zmhn-U-X-bn A\pjvTm\hpw {hX§fpw
cq]o-I-cn-¨-Xv. Ch ]e-t¸mgpw kaq-l-bp-àn¡v A{]m-]y-tam AwKo-Im-ctam
CÃm-¯Xmbn-cn-¡pw. F¦nepw kmaq-ln-Ihpw sshb-àn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb
A\p-`-h-X-e-¯nsâ t\Àkm£yw CXn \ne-\n¡p-¶p-−v.
]e Iq«m-bva-I-fnepw ]pcm-hr-¯-§-fn {]tXy-In¨v hwtim-Xv]-¯nsb
kw_-Ôn¨pw aäp-apÅ k¦ev]-§-fn ]qÀW-ambpw hnizm-k-aÀ
¸n-¡p-Ibpw Ahsb kXy-k-Ô-amb BJym-\-§-fmbn Icp-Xp-Ibpw
sN¿p-¶p-−v.79
]pcm-hr-¯-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n tcJs¸Sp¯nsh¨n-cn-¡p-¶tXm,
sNmÃn-¸-d-bp-¶tXm Bb hni-Zmw-i-§-fpsS ]n³_-e-¯n-emWv {Zmhn-U-amb
Bcm-[\]²-Xn-IÄ tKm{Xm-Nm-c-]-c-ambn \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨-Xv. tZhXmhnizm-kw,
A\p-jvTm\{Iao-I-cWw, k¦-ev]-]-c-X, am{´nIiÐw, ap{Zm-{]-tbmKw F¶n-h-bn-
seÃmw Xs¶ A\p-jvTm-\m-ß-I-amb an¯nsâ kzm[o-\-ap-−m-bn-cn-¡pw. ]d-b-
cpsS aX-{In-b-Isf¸än-bpÅ ]cm-aÀiw ]m¡-\mÀ Ifn-]m-«n AS-§n-bn-cn-

79
¡p¶p. `qan/BImiw F¶o Zzµz-§-fpsS DÛ-h-s¯-¸-än- \ne-\n¡p¶
DXv]¯n ]pcm-hr¯w D×-sb-¸-än-bpÅ Bcy-þ-]-mÝmXyk¦ev]w icn -h-bv¡p¶p
ØnXn-hn-tijcln-X-amb Hcp Ime¯v iq\ym-hØ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-s¶¶pw Hcp
_rl-¯mb Ba-ap« (A-Yhm AÞw) hn`-Pn¨v taÂt]m«v DbÀ¶v BIm-ihpw
Xmtgm«v amdn- `qan-bpambn XoÀs¶¶pw CXn ]d-bp-¶p−v. Hcp al-¯mb
s]m«n-s¯dn (The big bang)bn \n¶v {]]-©-¯nsâ DXv]-¯n-sb¶ BZy-
Nn-´-bpsS Bibw CXn AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-. a{´w/ X{´w F¶n-h-bpsS
{][m\ hàm-¡-fmbn ]d-bÀ cq]m-´-c-s¸-«p. ]tc-Xm-·m¡-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«
_mt[m-¨m-S-\w, kwc-£Ww, AS-¡Â F¶o IÀa-§Ä i{Xp-¡sf \in-¸n-¡p-I,
{Zhyw\ã-s¸-Sp-I, Ifhp t]mIpI F¶nhbpw {]Xn-tcm[w, {]IrXniàn-I-tfbpw
h\-þ-aetZh-X-I-sfbpw AS¡n\nÀ-¯pI F¶nh ]d-b-cpsS Xm{´nI{Inb-I-fnÂ
{][m-\-s¸-«-Xm-bn-cp¶p. {_mÒ-W-kv{Xn-bn A[xØnX-PmXn¡v P\n-¨-h-sc¶
]qÀhnIhnizmkw ChÀ¡p−v. am{´n-I-þ-Xm-{´nI{Inb-IÄ \njvTm-]qÀhw ]pe
¯p-¶-Xp-sIm−v {_mÒ-W-_-Ôs¯ ]d-bÀ kzoI-cn-¨-Xm-Imw. ]d-¡p-«n, Ip«n-
¨m-¯³ F¶o tZhX-I-fm-Wv {Inb-I-fn Chsc klm-bn-¡p-¶X
- v. \oen, IÃ-Sn-
t¡mSv \oen F¶o b£n k¦ev]-§Ä ap³\nÀ¯n-bmWv ]mc-¼cyhr¯n-bmb
HSn-hnZy A`y-kn-¡p-¶Xpw A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-Xpw.
ico-cs¯ _e-£-b-am¡n amäpI F¶ [ÀaamWv HSn-hn-Zy-bn-
eqsS \S-¯p-¶-Xv. Imf, ]q¨, ]«n F¶o arK-§-fpsS cq]w [cn-¨pÅ
{]I-S-\-am-Wn-Xv. Ak-a-b¯v, Ahn-Nm-cn-X-ambo `oI-cc
- q-]s¯ tNãm-
hn-ti-j-t¯msS i{Xp-Im-Wp-t¼mÄ `b-s¸-Sp-Ibpw D·m-Zm-h-Ø-bn-
se-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. ]nÅ-ssX-ew, At¦m-e-ssX-ew F¶n-§s\
c−phn[w Huj-[-§-fpsS \nÀam-Whpw ]d-bÀ \S-¯p-¶p.80
Kply-amb Nne am{´nINS-§p-IÄ CXn-\p-−v. ]nÅ-ssX-ew, {`qW¯nÂ
\n¶v \nÀan-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p-. am{´n-I-¡-fw, KpcpXn, ]qPm-]m-{X-amb In−n F¶n-h-
bpsS klm-b-t¯m-sS-bmWnXv km[n-¡p-¶-Xv. BZyw KÀ`n-Wn-bmb kv{Xosb
am{´n-I-i-àn-tbm-sS a{´-hmZn ambnIhe-b-¯n-se¯n¨v kzm[o-\-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.
XpSÀ¶v {`qWw In−n-bn ssXe-am¡n tiJ-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn a\p-jymØn
IqSn s]mSn¨v tNÀ¯v Ipdn- h-c-¡p¶tXmsS GXp cq]hpw [cn-¡m³ km[n-¡p-
sa-¶mWv hnizm-kw. Nm¯³, Im¸ncn XpS-§nb tZh-X-I-fpsS klm-b-t¯msS
At¦m-e-¡pcp kzmb-¯-am¡n ssXew \nÀan-¨mWv At¦messXew D−m-¡p-¶-Xv.

80
Cã-cq]{]m]vXn Xs¶-bmWv CXnsâ e£y-hpw. HSn F¶ hnZybv¡v klm-b-am-
bn-«m-Wv Ch-sbÃmw sN¿p¶Xv. am{´nI]cw F¶-Xn-ep-]cn i{Xp-hns\ hI-
h-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn CXc cq]-[m-c-W-¯n-eqsS `oXn-Z-amb {]hr¯nsNbvXv Ahsc
CÃm-Xm-¡pI F¶ IÀa-am-Wv HSnb·mÀ sNbvXncp-¶-Xv. aäv tZi-§-fnepw ]d-bÀ
Xm{´nIIÀa-§Ä A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p−v. ]nSm-cn, A¯mÄ (Im-fn, ]mÀÆ-Xn) tZh-X-
Isf Xan-gv\m-«n ]d-bÀ Bcm-[n-¨n-cp-¶p. ssakq-cn-sebpw tIc-f-¯n-sebpw
A½-tZ-hXm-cm-[\ \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ Imhp-I-fn-Â C-hÀ ]ptcm-ln-X-cmWv. Ch-
cpsS {Inb-IÄ Bcy-Xm-{´n-I-X-bn \n¶v hfsc hyXn-cn-à-am-bncp¶p. sImSp-
§-ÃqÀ `K-h-Xnsbbpw `àn-hn-izm-k-t¯msS ]d-b-À B-cm-[n-¡p-¶p. BZn-hmkn
kap-Zm-b-¯nse ]pcm-hr¯IY-I-fn-seÃmw Xs¶ B P\-X-bpsS DXv]-¯n,
hym]\w, \ne-\nev]v, P\n-X-I-_-Ô-§Ä, kmaq-lnI hyh-Ø F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v
[mcW \ne-\nÀ¯n-bn-«p−v. aZy-\nÀam-W-¯n-\mbn Xobs\ inh³ krãn-¨Xpw
A\p-{K-ln¨Xpamb IY-bmWv iuÞnI ]pcmWw hb-\m«v Ipe-h³ tXmä
¯n hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
]pe-bÀ ]pew AYhm hb F¶ kwÚ-bnÂ\n¶pw cq]o-IrXamb
PmXn-\m-a-am-Wv. ImÀjnIhyh-Ø-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Xm{´nI{Inb-IÄ¡v
{]m[m\yw \evIn-b ChÀ s\{Kotäm hn`m-K-¯nepÅ-hcmsW¶ A`n-{]m-bhp-
ap−v. BcyÀ¡v ap¼v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ PmXnhn`m-K-sa¶v AhImis¸Sp-¶-Xn-
\m BZnaXm{´n-I-XbpsS {][m\ hàm-¡-fmbn ]pebÀ Ad-nbs¸Sp-¶p.
kv{Xo kw_-Ô-amb A\p-jvTm-\-§Ä¡v {Inb-I-fn ChÀ {]m[m\yw \ÂIn.
EXp-a-Xn-bm-Ip¶ s]¬Ip-«n¡v ss]im-NnIiàn-I-fnÂ\n¶v c£-t\-Sp-¶-Xn\v
IÀa-§Ä \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. ]d-¡p«n, Icn-¦p«n, Nm¯³, ac-W-a-S-ª-h-cpsS
Bßm-¡Ä, Imfn, sImSp-§-Ãq-c-½, ]c-h, sshtcm³, Xnd, Ipcp-hmÄ, DXn-¡mfn,
sIt{´m³, ]mtem-N-{µ³ F¶o tZh-X-Ifpw am¸n-f, NpS-e, ambn-e-¯n, amhn-e³,
tNmXn-bm³ XpS-§nb ac-Wm-\-´ctZh-X-I-sfbpw {]oXns¸Sp-¯p¶ IÀa-§Ä
A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p−v. I¶Â If-¼m«v F¶ KÀ`_en-IÀaw Hcp {][m-\-s¸«
Xm{´n-I-IÀa-am-Wv. BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§sf Ah-X-c-W-k-Ö-amb Ie-bpsS ]Ým¯
e-¯n-e-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ k{¼-Zm-b-w CXn-se-Ãm-ap−v. _en-¡mf, sX¿m«v XpS-§nb
IÀa-§fpw KÀ`-kw-_-Ô-amb tZmj-§sf D·q-e\wsN¿p-¶-Xn\pÅXm-Wv.
tZh-X-I-fpsS tImew [cn¨v A\p-I-cW¯neqsS am\-knIamäw hcp¯n ]qÀh
-Øn-Xn-bn-se-¯n-¡p¶ NnInÕmcoXn-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. I¶p-ImenIfpsS kwc-£-W-
¯n-\mbn ]pe-bÀ, Ien-b³, Ien¨n F¶o aqÀ¯n-I-fpsS cq]w [cn¨v ]mSp-¶p.

81
]nWntZmjw amdp-¶-Xn-\mWv `qXw XpÅÂ, ssZhw XpÅÂ F¶o NS§p-IÄ.
ImÀjnIhyh-Ø-bn ]mc-¼-cy-Po-hnXw Ign-¨n-cp-¶-h-cm-b-Xn-\m ]pehpambn
_Ô-s¸« BNm-c-§Ä ]pe-bÀ¡v [mcm-f-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p.
]pÅphÀ kÀ¸m-cm-[-\, ]£n]oU F¶nhbp-ambn _Ô-s¸« IÀa§Ä
A\p-jvTn-¡p¶ hn`m-K-amWv. KÀ`-hXnbmb kv{XobpsS Ipªns\ ]pÅv F¶
]£n _m[n-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw C{]-Im-c-apÅ _m[m-tZmjw \nÀamÀP\wsN¿m³
X§Ä¡v Ign-bp-sa¶pahÀ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. ]pÅp-hkv{Xo kwc-£n¨ kÀ¸w
Ah-sfbpw Ah-fpsS IpSpw-_-s¯bpw A\p-{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv kÀ¸w-
]m«nsâ (]pÅp-h-]m-«v) DXv¸-¯n. a{´-hm-Z-{In-b-I-fn {]mK-Ûy-apÅ ChÀ
NnIn-Õbv¡pw a{´-hm-Znsb kao-]n-¡p-¶p−v. Bcm-[\maqÀ¯n-I-fmb Nne
tZh-X-I-fpsS CS-s]-S-e-pI-fmWv P\-§sf _m[n-¡p¶ tcmK-§Ä¡v \nZm-\-
sa¶v ]pÅphÀ hniz-k-n¡p¶p. {Zmhn-Um-cm-[-IÀ km[m-cW sN¿p¶Xp t]mse
hnip²n Iev]n-¡-s¸« hr£-¨p-h-«ntem DbÀ¶ `qan-bntem tZh-Xm-Øm-\-§Ä
]pÅphÀ Iev]n-¡p¶p. CXn kmam-\ym-Ir-Xn-bpÅ ine Øm]n-¨v, Bcm-[\m
aqÀ¯nsb Btcm-]n-¡pw. ]tc-Xm-cm-[-\bv¡v {]tXy-I-ambn \nÝnX Znhkw
\nÝ-bn-¨n-«p-−m-Ipw. shfp¯ hmhnepw IÀ¡n-SI þ Xpemw kw{Im-´nI-fnep
anXv A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶p.
]¬ AYhm cmKw F¶ hm¡n \n¶mWv ]mW ]Zw- D−m-b-Xv. a{´-
hm-Zw, Xpbn-ep-WÀ¯v, ]mWÀIfn F¶nh {][m-\-s¸« hr¯n-I-fmWv. kwL-
Imew apXÂ Xs¶ t{ijvT-Øm\w ]mWÀ¡v \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. Xn·sb amän
\· DWÀ¯m-\m-Wv Xpbn-ep-WÀ¯v ]mc-¼cyhr¯n-bmbn ChÀ A\p-jvTn¨p
hcp-¶-Xv. alm-hn-jvWp- tbmK\n{Z-bn-em−t¸mÄ Xncp-h-c§¯v ({iocwKw) ]mW³
XpSn-sIm«n tZhXsb DWÀ¯n F¶mWv sFXn-lyw. tZi¯nsâ Xs¶
kmwkvIm-cnI]Ým-¯ew Dd-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv ]mW-hr-¯n. ]mW-·mÀ¡v Ipe [Àa-
ambn aq¶p-tZm-j-§Ä D·q-e\wsN¿p-¶-Xn\v tZth-{µ³ hcw\ÂIn-sb¶v IÀa-
imkv{Xw ]m«n ]d-bp-¶p. b£n-]o-U, ]£n-]o-U, ]nXrtIm]w F¶n-hbmWv
{XntZm-j-§Ä. Ip«n-¨m-¯³, ss`c-h³, Ima³, I¶n, arXyp-Kp-fn-I³, `qX-
NmapÞn, A]-kvamcaqÀ¯n F¶o tZh-X-I-fpsS Bthiw kv{Xo ico-c-¯nÂ
kw`-hn-¡p-t¼mÄ _en-¡fsb¶ IÀa-¯n-eqsS _m[m-aqÀ¯n-Isf {]IoÀ¯n-
¡p¶ kvtXm{X-§Ä hmgv¯n tZmj-§Ä amäp-¶p. tZh-I-¶n-t¯mä¯nenXv
]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-−v. sNmSe-¡-dp-¸³, Imfn, NpSe `{Z-Im-fn, b£n, l\p-am³,

82
t]¨n, DuS-d-¡-dp-¸³, NwKn-fn-¡-dp-¸³, KÔÀh³ F¶o tZh-X-I-sf-bmWv
{][m-\-ambpw ]mW-·mÀ Bcm-[n¨p hcp-¶-Xv.
BZn-{Zm-hn-UÀs¡m¸w Xs¶ XobÀ, \mbÀ, sshiy-À XpS-§nb Pm-Xn-
¡mcpw Xm{´nI{Inb-IÄ PmXym-Nmc{]Imcw sNbvXphcp-¶p. Xm{´nI{]m[m-\y-
apÅ Ifw hc-¡p-¶Xv IÃm-ä-¡p-dp¸v, sX¿w]mSn-¡p-dp-¸v, hmc-Wm«p Ipdp-¸v,
sX¿w]mSn\¼ymÀ, Xobm-«p-®n, Xobm-Sn-\-¼ymÀ F¶n-h-cmWv. `{Z-Imfn, th«-
bv¡-c-b³ F¶o tZh-X-I-fpsS Nn{X-amWv hc-bv¡p-¶-Xv. XobÀ, Cugh hn`m-K-
¯nepÄs¸-Sp-¶p. aq¶p hn`m-K-§Ä Ch-cn-ep-−v. þ1. Xo¿-t¨m-h³ 2. ]m−n-
t¨m-h³ 3. shf-¡m-−n-t¨m-h³. Xcn-km-¸Ån imk-\-¯n ({In.-hÀjw 848--þ49)
Cug-h-sc-¸än hyà-amb [mcW tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn«p-−v. kwL-Im-e¯p \ne-\n-
¶n-cp¶ hn`mKw Xs¶-bmWv Cug-h-sc¶pw ]n¶oSv BcykwkvIm-c-¯nÂ
ebn--s¨¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. `{Z-Im-fn, hoc-`-{Z³, amS³, imkvXmhv, kp{_-Ò-Wy³
F¶o tZh-X-Isf Cug-hÀ Bcm-[n-¡p-¶p. Xm{´n-I-amb IÀa-§-fn {_mÒW -
k-am-\-amb coXn-IÄXs¶-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. \mbÀhn`m-K-¯nepw,
Xm{´nI{Inb-IÄ \S-¯p¶ ]c-¼-cm-KX IÀan-I-fp-−v. \mbÀ, ]nÅ, tat\m³,
]S-\m-b-I³, aq¸n \mbÀ, tat\m-¡n, Ipdp-¸v, ssIaÄ, ]Wn-¡À, InSm-hv,
IÀ¯mhv, GdmSn, s\Sp-§m-Sn, shtÅmSn, a¶m-Sn-bmÀ, aW-hm-f³, D®n-¯m³
F¶n-§s\ \mbÀhn`mKw \nc-h-[n-bmWv. t£{X-kw-_-Ôn-bmb Imcy-§Ä
A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-hcpw {_mÒ-W-hÀK¯n\p th− klmbw sNbvXpsImSp-¡p-¶-
h-cp-ambn ChÀ amdn. sshiy-k-ap-Zm-b-¯n sN«n, hWnIsshiy, \K-c-¯mÀ,
Bbn-c-hÀ F¶o hn`m-K-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. hmWn-Pys¯ Ipe-s¯m-gn-embn
kzoI-cn¨ Ch-cn {Zmhn-U-amb Bcm-[-\-hn-[n-I-fmWv I−p-h-cp-¶-Xv. kzk-ap-
Zm-b-¯nse X{´þa{´-ÚÀ {Zmhn-U-amb a{´-§ÄsIm−v tZh-Xm-\p-jvTm-\-
§Ä \S-¯p-¶p. Nne-¸-Xn-Im-c-¯n ]cm-aÀin-¡p¶ I®InbmWv Ipe-tZ-h-X.
`{Z-Imfn k¦ev]-¯n-emWv I®-Insb D]m-kn-¡p-¶Xv. A½³tIm-hn F¶
t£{Xk-¦ev]-¯n tZhXmiànsb {]Xn-jvT, I®mSn _nw_w, ]oTw, Bbp[w
F¶o D]m-[n-I-fn-te¡v Bhm-ln¡p-w. Kpcp-Xn, _en-XÀ¸-Ww XpS-§nb imtàb
IÀa-§-fneqsSbmWv Bcm-[-\-. tZh-{]-Xn-\n-[nbmbn shfn-¨-¸mSv tImhn-en-ep-−m-
bn-cn-¡pw. DÕhsa¶ AÀY-¯n \S-¡p¶ A½³sImSIfn hnhn[ tZh-X-
IÄ \nÀZnã hyàn-I-fn Bth-in¨v `àsc A\p-{K-ln-¡p-¶psh¶mWv
hnizmkw. amS³, hoc-`-{Z³, b£n, t]¨n-b-½, amcn-b-½, ss`c-h³, ap¯m-c-½³
F¶o tZh-X-I-sfbpw A½-ssZ-hm-cm-[\bpsS hyXykvX`mh-§-sfbpw Bcm-

83
[n-¡p-¶p. hnÃ-Sn-¨m³ ]m«v F¶ A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-bn-eqsS tZhXm {]IoÀ¯\w
\S-¯p¶ coXn A½³sIm-S-I-fnse {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. Xan-gv {ZmhnUssien-
bn-epÅ A\p-jvTm\{Inb-I-fmWv aX-]-c-ambn Cu kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ sNbvXp-h-cp-
¶Xv. {_mÒ-tW-X-cmb an¡ PmXnkaq-l-§fpw {Zmhn-U-amb Xm{´nI]²XnIÄ
ASn-Øm-\-]-c-ambn ]n´p-Scp-¶p. A\m-cy-amb {Inbm-ssi-en-bm-Wn-Xv. F¶mÂ
an¡ {Inb-I-fn-sebpw tZhXmNn´-I-fnepw A\pjvTm\{InbI-fnepw sNdnb tXmXn-
se-¦nepw Bcy-k¦ev]-§Ä tNÀ¶phcp-¶p-−v.
ImWn-¡mcpÄs¸-sS-bpÅ BZn, -{ZmhnU k-aq-l-¯nse s]mXp Xm{´nI
{Inb-I-fnepw hnizm-k-§-fn-ep-saÃmw Xs¶ taÂL-S-I-§Ä tNÀ¶n«p−v. {ZmhnU
Xm{´n-I-X-bnse tZh-Xm-hÀKo-I-cWw \nav\/ D¨k¦ev]-¯n tcJo-b-am-Wv.
Bcy-Xm-{´n-I-X-bnse tZh-Xm-k-¦ev]-¯n \n¶v hyXn-cn-à-am-bn CXnÂ
Bcm-[\miàn-bpsS ssNX-\yw, imtà-b-X, kzoIm-cyX F¶n-h ap³\nÀ¯n
bmWv hÀKo-I-cWw. \nav\/ D¨tZhXmk¦ev]¯n-s\m-¸w tKm{X-P-\-X- ]tcX
`mh¯n ssZhn-IXzw Btcm-]n-¨v hniz-kn-¡p-I-bpw tkhn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

{ZmhnU tZhXm hÀKo-I-cWw

D¨-tZ-hX \nav\-tZ-hX

NmhvtZ-hX
tKm{X, {ZmhnU k¦-ev]-¯nse A\p-jvTm\ hnizm-k-]-²-Xn-I-fn thZ
þ- BcytZh-X-I-fpsS ssien-bn DÛq-X-am-btXm Btcm-]n-¡-s¸-«tXm Bb
tZh-k-¦ev]-§Ä \ne-\n¡p¶p−v. alm-hnjvWp, alm-tZ-h³, alm-iàn
F¶o {Xnk-¦-ev]-§sf hI-t`Zw aptJ-\-tbm Btcm-]-W-ssi-en-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-
fm-tem hyXykvX Xe-¯n-te¡v hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. kz`mhw/ [Àaw F¶nh ap³
\nÀ¯nbpÅ {ZmhnU/Bcyhn`m-K-¯nse aqÀ¯n k¦ev]-§Ä \nc-h-[n-bmWv.
B´-ck-¦ev]-¯nenh kam-\- tZh-Xm-k-¦ev]s¯ A\p-k-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-ambncn¡pw.
{]IrXn, enwKw (kvss{XWwþ]ucp-jw) KpWw (\-·-þ-Xn-·, kmXznIwþcm-P-k-w

84
þ Xakw) F¶o LS-I-§Ä B{i-bn-¨pÅ ssPh-þ-]m-cn-Øn-XnI _Ô-¯nÂ
A[n-jvTn-X-amb {Iao-I-c-W-¯n-emWv {ZmhnU Xm{´n-IX {i² tI{µo-I-cn-¨Xv.
Idp-¸p-kzman, amS-kzm-an, Icn-hn-Ãn, ]qhn-Ãn, Cf-hn-Ãn, Xe-¨nÂ, ]pXn-t¨m³,
]qtfm³, aem-c-¼³, Im«p-a-S-´, Icp-I-e-¡n, DSÂhc-«n, ]nÅ-Xn-¶n, Kpfn-I³,
]nimNv, Ima³, I¶n, iphm\n, Nn¡½ XpS-§nb tZh-X-Isf \nav\-tZ-h-X-I-
fmbn Icp-Xp-¶p. {][m-\-s¸« D¨-tZ-h-X-IÄ imkvXm-hv, `K-h-Xn, ap¯-¸³,
inh³, hnjvWp, `{Z-Imfn, t£{X-tZ-h-X-IÄ (A-d-¯n `K-h-Xn, Ipam-c-\-ÃqÀ
`K-h-Xn, sImSp-§-Ãq-c-½, ]Ån-¸p-d¯v `K-hXn) F¶n-h-cm-Wv.
IqSmsX an¯v, Ncn{Xw, kw`hw F¶n-h ap³\nÀ¯n tZi-þ-Øe {][m-\-
amb tZh-XIsf D¨-tZ-hXm hn`m-K-¯n-te¡v DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ac-W-ti-j-
apÅ Bßm-hnsâ Bcm-[-\-bmWv ]tc-Xm-cm-[\ (spirits) AYhm Nmhm-cm-[\
F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp-¶-Xv. NmhÀ F¶v Bßm-hns\ A`n-kw-t_m-[\
sN¿p-¶p. Nmhp-]m«v CXp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v \ne-hnÂh-¶-XmWv. arKw/a\p-jy³
F¶n-h-bp-ambn tNÀ¶ hnizm-k-¯n-emWv Nmhm-cm-[\ \ne-\n¡p-¶Xv. Nmhp
IÄ¡v Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cn-te¡mth-in¡phm³ km[n-¡p-sa-¶pw {]hr-¯n-Isf
\nb-{´n-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp-sa¶pw {Zmhn-UÀ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. B\-¨mhv/ ]pen-¨mhv
F¶ c−p hn[-apÅ {][m\ Nmhp-k-¦ev]-§-fp-ap-−v. \nav\/ Nmhv tZh-X-
IÄ¡v t£{X-k-¦ev]tam ]ptcmlnX Bcm-[-\tbm km[m-c-W-bmbn I−p-h-
cp-¶n-Ã. imtàbk{¼-Zm-bw A\p-kva-cn-¸n-¡p¶ Xm{´n-I-{Inb-I-fmWv C¯cw
tZh-X-IÄ¡mbn A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-Xv. tKm{Xw/ kaqlw F¶n-h-bnse D¶-X-
Øm-\o-bcmb aq¸³ AsÃ-¦n shfn-¨-¸mSv ]ptcm-lnX [Àaw sN¿p-¶p.
t£{X-k-hn-[-¯n\p ]I-c-ambn hr£w, hnip²n Btcm-]n-¡-s¸« Øew, ine,
ae F¶n-h-bn tZhXmssNX-\yw Btcm-]n¨mcm-[\ \S¯p¶p. \nthZy þ
AÀ¸-W-h-kvXp-¡-fnepw Xmak coXn {]I-S-am-Wv. arK-Kp-cp-Xn, aZyw, amwkw
F¶nh D]-tbm-Kn-¨pÅ A\p-jvTm\]²-Xn-I-fm-Wn-hnsS \S-¯p-¶-Xv. D¨-tZ-h-X-
I-fpsS Bcm-[\mhn[n-I-fn hnfn¨p{]mÀY\, kaÀ¸Ww, hmgv¯n-¸mSÂ,
BtLm-jm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä F¶n-h-bv¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
{ZmhnU Xm{´n-I-X-bn cqU-ambn XoÀ¶ ZÀi-\-X-ew hyàn-t]m-j-W-
¯nsâ Hu¶-Xy-L-S-\-bmWv. BNmcw/ hnizmkw F¶n-h-bn-eqsS AkvXn-Xz-
t_m[s¯ {Iao-I-cn¨v DbÀ¯nIm«m-\mWnXn {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. kwLw/ tKm{Xw
XpS-§nb {Inbm-ßI Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fn \n¶v hÀKt_m[-¯ntâXm-b cm{ãobmh-

85
t_m[w krãn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXp-hgn hyàn-\n-jvTX AwKo-I-cn¡m\pw
CXn km[n-¡p-¶p. kmaq-ln-Iw, kmwkvIm-cn-Iw, Ncn-{X-]-cw, ka-Im-en-Iw XpS-§n
t{iWo-\nÀW-b-¯n eo\am-bn-cn-¡p¶ AXo-{µnbþBßob Xe-§sf Is−-
¯-p-IbmWv Xm{´n-IX. ]mc-¼cyw/ hÀK]cw F¶n-h ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-b
ho£-W-]-c-X Chsb -apt¶m«v \bn-¡p-¶p. Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS ASnØm\w
{]mNo-\hpw ]mc-¼-cy-m[njvTn-X-bp-amb am\p-jnIaqey-§-fpsS ]hn-{Xm-Jym-\-§-
fnepw enJn-X-§-fnepw tNÀ¶n«p-−v. t]mkn-än-hnk¯nsâ {]Nm-c-I-\mb AKÌv
tImwSn (1798þ1857) a\p-jy-L-S-\-bpsS am\knI Hu¶-Xys¯ {XnX-e-§-fp-ambn
_Ôn-¸n¨p.81

1. temIw F¶ ka-kysb Bßo-b-h-àm-¡Ä an¯n-eqsS Is−-¯p-¶p.

2. bpàn/X¯zw F¶n-h-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n hkvXp-¡sf hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.
3. {]Ir-Xn-bpambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n, Zriy-amb {]Xn-`m-ks¯ tcJ-s¸-Sp¯p¶p.
CXn-e-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ B´-c-X-¯zw Zriy-h-kvXpXbv¡¸p-d-apÅ Úm\k¦ev]w
\ne-\n¡p-¶psh¶m-Wv. Xm{´nI/ Bßob/ amXm-ßIÚm\w DÄs¡m-Åp¶
BJym-\-§-fpsS AwKo-Im-c-s¯-bmWv t]mkn-än-hnkw hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. A\p-
jvTm-\mwiw, X¯zmw-iw, Ncn-{Xmwiw F¶n-h-bm t]mjn-¸n-¡p¶ ]mc-¼-cy-
Nn-´-bneqsS {Zmhn-U-amb Xm{´nI]²Xn hnI-kn-¡p-¶p. kZm-Nm-cw, tKm{X-
Po-hnXþkmaq-lnI_Ôw, _u²nI {Iao-I-cWw XpS-§n-bh Xo{h-am-¡m\pw
kwc-£n-¡m\pw Chbvs¡mcp ]cn[n hsc km[n-¨n«p−v. hyàn-k¯
- -bv¡p-
Ånepw ]pd¯pw {]tNm-Z-\m-ß-I-amb Hcp iàn(Energy) ØnXnsN¿p-¶p-
sh-¶pw Ah kam-h-Ø-bn F¯nt¨m, DZm-¯-þ-A-\p-Zm¯am-¡n-tbm AXo-
{µo-b-X-IÄ krãn-¡m-sa¶pw {ZmhnU Xm{´n-IÀ hniz-kn-¨p.
{ZmhnU a{´-§fpw ZÀi-\-§-fpw
Bcy-Xm-{´n-I-Xt]mse ]c-amß {]m]vXn {ZmhnU Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS
{][m\ e£y-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. kzPo-hnXw/ tKm{X-Po-hnXw F¶n-h _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n
\ne-sIm− hyàn-\n-jvT-amb Bh-iy-§-fpsS km£m-XvIm-c-am-bn-cp-¶p {Zmhn-
U-Xm-{´n-I-X-bn DÄt¨À¶n-cp-¶-Xv. hn]-coX DuÀPapÅ tZh-X-Isf Bcm-[n-
¡p-¶-Xn-s\m¸w kt±-h-X-I-fn `b, `àn _lp-am-\-§Ä ]peÀ¯p-Ibpw
Ah AXo-i-iànbmsW¶v hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. h\-¯nse IuSpw-
_nIPohn-X-¯n Bc-Wy-tZ-hXIsf tkhn-¡p-¶-Xn\pth−n hnfn-¨-t]-£-Ifpw

86
sNmÂ{]mÀ°-\-Ifpw a{´-km-ay-§-fmbn \ne-\nÀ¯n-t]m-cp-¶-Xn\nhÀ {ian¨p.
am{´n-IX/ Xm{´n-IX F¶n-h-bpw NnIn-Õm-co-Xnbpw {Zmhn-U-cn \neo-\ambn
cp¶p. am{´nI{Inb-I-fpsS Dt±-iye-£yw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc NnIn-Õ-bpw tcmK-
\nÀ®-b-hp-w tNÀ¶mWv \ne-\n-¶-Xv. CXn-\m-bn, a{´-hm-Z-\n-jvWm-X-\mb Hcp
NnIn-Õ-I-\p-ap-−mIpw. shfn-¨-¸mSv AYhm a[y-hÀ¯nØm\-amWv At±-l-¯n-
\p-ÅXv. tKm{X-¯n-\p-ta kzm[o-\-apÅ tZh-X-Isf ]cn-[n-bn \nÀ¯p-¶-Xn-
\pÅ Ign-hp-s−¶v {Zmhn-UÀ kzbw hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.
inip-¡Ä, kv{XoIÄ, bphm-¡Ä, hr²À F¶n-§s\ Hmtcm-cp-¯-cnepw
hyXy-kvX-amb a{´-{]-tbm-K-s¯-bmWv {Zmhn-UÀ A\p-jvTn¡p-¶-Xv. {ZmhnU
Xm{´n-I-X, a{´-hmZ kw_-Ô-ambn amdm³ {][m-\-Im-cWw AXp ]peÀ¯p¶
hyãn-{]oXn Xs¶-bm-Wv. hyàn¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-Ibpw Ahsâ Pohn-X-
km-[y-X-IÄ A\p-Iq-esam {]Xo-Iq-etam B¡n- XoÀ¡m-\pÅ {Inbm-]-²-Xn-IÄ
cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-I-bpamWv {ZmhnU{Inb-I-fn sNbvXp-h-cp-¶Xv. tIh-e-amb
PohnXcoXn- A\p-jvTn-¨ ssZ\w-Zn\ {]hr-¯n-I-fn {i² tI{µo-I-cn¨v Ign-ªn-
cp¶ P\-X-bn AXo-{µnbamb A\p-`-h-¯n-s\m, tam£-{]m-]vXnbvs¡m CS
\ÂIp¶ Hcp ]²Xn km[y-am--bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Bcy-Xm-{´n-I-X-bnse Bßob ZÀi\w
]c-am-ß-{]m-]vXn-bpw Úm\mÀÖ-\-hp-ambn XoÀ¶-t¸mÄ, {ZmhnU Xm{´n-IX
a\pjykaq-l-¯nsâ {]iv\- e-Lq-I-c-W-¯n-te-¡pw Btcm-Ky-Po-hnX¯nte¡pw
{i² tI{µoIcn¨p. A§s\ Imcy-{]m-]vXn-]-c-ambn Xm{´n-IX a{´-hmZ kw_Ô
ambn XoÀ¶p. a{´-hmZ A-\p-jvTm-\-¯n Xm{´n-I-{In-b-IÄ \nc-h[nbp−v.
Bcy-Xm-{´n-I-X-bp-am-bpÅ CS-]g-I-en \n¶m-Wv kmbp-Py-{]m]vXn F¶
AssZzXZÀi\w ]n¶oSv {ZmhnUXm{´n-I-X-bn \ne-hn h¶Xv. am{´n-Im-\p
jvTm\-§sf \mev hn[-¯n kmam-\y-ambn hn`-Pn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.82

1. kl-Xm] a{´-hmZw (Sympathetic magic)

2. `hn-jy-Úm\w (Divinatiam)
3. AÛp-X-{]-tbmKw (Thaumathrgy)
4. B`n-Nm-c-IÀaw (Incantatism)

a{´-hm-Z-¯nse coXn-t`-Z-§-fmb k·-{´-hmZ¯nepw/ZpÀa-{´-hm-Z-¯n-epw Xs¶

ta¸-dª hn`-P\w {Inbm-coXn-I-fn-se-¦nepw kv]ã-am-bn \ne-\n¡p¶p.
D]m-k-I³, IÀan, {]Xn-tbmKn, km[y³ F¶n-h-cpsS [Àa§-fn-Â Xs¶ Cu

87
LS-I-§Ä hyXykvX coXn-I-fn DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. kmaym-h-Ø ASn-Øm-\-s¸-
Sp¯n hkvXp/ hyàn F¶n-h-bv¡p-−m-Ip¶ amä-tam ia-\tam kl-Xm] a{´-
hm-Z-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-\^e-am-Wv. tcmKw, _m[ F¶n-h _nw_w, {]Xn-_nw-_w,
{]XoIw F¶o D]m-[n-I-fn-eqsS Dt¯-Pn-¸n-¡p-Itbm ]cn-Wm-a-s¸-Sp-¯p-Itbm
sNbvXmWv kl-Xm-] a-{´-hm-Z-¯n-eqsS ^e-{]m]vXn hcp-¯p-¶Xv. hyàn/
{]IrXntZmj \nhm-c-W-¯n-\m-bn kmZr-iy-apÅ {]XoIw teml-w, XSn- F¶n-h-
bn cq]-Iev]\ sNbvXv tZh-Øm-\t¯m IÀaØet¯m kaÀ¸n-¡p¶
k{¼-Zmbw CXn-ep−v. kv{Xo, ]pcp-j³, icocmhb-h-§-fpsS amXr-I-IÄ, kÀ¸w,
]päv, ap«, arK-cq]w F¶n-h-bmWv km[m-c-W-bmbn kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶ cq]-§Ä. Nne
Xm{´nIIÀa§-fn Imcy-h-kvXp-X-bv¡-\p-k-cn¨v ssNX\y(power)s¯ Bhm-
ln-¡p-t¼mgpw C¯cw D]m-[n-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-−v. Xo{h-a-{´-hmZ{Inb-I-fnÂ
lhnÊv (Acnth-hn-¡p-¶-Xv) cq]-hy-àX hcp¯n IÀa-¯n\v DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. `hn-jy-
Úm-\-¯n `mhn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Adn-hp-I-fpsS BÀP-\amWv hyà-am-
¡p-¶-Xv. tPymXn-jw, iIp\w, tImacw F¶n-h-bn-eqsS e`y-am-Ip¶ A\p-`h
Úm\-¯nsâ sNmÃp-I-fmWv Ch-bv¡-Sn-Øm-\w.
AÛpX {]tbm-K-¯n {]bm-k-ta-dn-b-Xpw AXo-{µn-b-hpw D±nã ^e-
{]m]vXn {]Z-hp-amb IÀa-§Ä tNÀ-¯n--cn-¡p-¶p. ck-aWn hnZy, atl-{µ-Pmew,
am{´nI {Inb, b{´-hn[n F¶n-h-sbÃmw Cu hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸Sp-¶p. b£n-I-
fpsS klm-b-t¯msS \n[n ZÀin-¡p-I, `mhnþhÀ¯-am-\-§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡p-I,
Imcy-{]m]vXn t\SpI Ch-sbÃmw CXn-ep−v. a{´-hm-Z-¯n am{´nI{Inbm
amÀK§fn-eqsS hyàn¡v km[n-s¨-Sp-¡m-hp¶ Imcy-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. KpWw,
^ew, F¶n-hb ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmWnh \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv.
{ZmhnU Xm{´n-I-X-bnse a{´-§-fn hÀK-t_m-[w, tKm{X-kw-kvImcw,
BZn-a-X-Nn-´, ZÀi-\w, hyàn\njvT F¶o LS-I-§Ä AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
hymh-lm-cnI`mj-bn Fgp-Xs¸« a{´-§-fn tZhXmt_m[s¯ kam-\-kmw-
kvIm-cnINn´-bp-ambn kmZr-iy-s¸-Sp¯n hnh-cn-¡p¶ coXn sXfn-ªn-«p-−v. ssih
tKm{X-k-¦Â¸-¯n-eqsS Dcp-¯n-cnª ho£WLS-\-bn-seÃmw Xs¶ ssih/
iàn tI{µo-Ir-X-amb Xm{´nI{]tbm-K-§fpw a{´-§-fp-am-bn-cn¡pw s]mXp-hnÂ
tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. {ZmhnU a{´-¯nsâ DÅ-S¡LS-\bv¡v kmam-\y-ambn aq¶v
kz`m-h-§-fp−v.

88
 1. ssPh{Inb-IÄ, ØnXn- F¶n-h \ne-\nÀ¯n \bn-¡p-¶ ]rYzn k¦-ev]-
t¯m-SpÅ Bcm-[-\bpw {]tNm-Z-\hpw.
2. kv{Xoþ]pcpj Zzµ-¯n\p \ÂIp¶ {]m[m\yw. krãyp-·p-J-amb a\p-jy-
_-Ô-¯nepw ]cn-ØnXnþ{]Xn-`mkþØnXn-bn-epsaÃmw cq]m-´-c-s¸-Sp¶
AXn-{µo-bXtbmSpÅ BZ-c-hv.
3. DuÀP-`m-h-¯n-epÅ ]mcn-Øn-XnILS-I-§sf PohnXm-h-Ø- hyàn
\nÀWbw, A\p`hw- F¶n-h-bn-eqsS A\p-am-\n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ XmXv]cyw.
`qan-tbm-SpÅ A`n-\n-th-ihpw Bcm-[-\bpw hbÂ, Irjn-bn-Sw, hnf, hn¯v,
BIm-iw, Pew F¶n-hbv¡v \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯n CSw-\ÂIp-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn.
Xm{´nI{Inb-bnepw a{´-hm-Z-¯nepw hnizm-k-X-e-§-fn C¯cw [Àa-§Ä
Btcm-]n¨v hni-I-e\wsN¿p-¶p. {ZmhnU Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS Bcw`w apX¯s¶
ka-ãn-`m-h-¯n ssih-þ-im-tàb aqÀ¯n k¦ev]-\s¯ A[n-Ic
- n¨ Bi-b-
§Ä DS-seSp¡p-Ibpw A\p-jvTm-\-¯n Ah ]IÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvXn«p−v.
CtX k¦ev]w Xs¶ ]cn-Øn-Xn {]Xn-`m-k-§Ä, arKw þ ]£n, hr£w F¶o
LS-I-§-fn- \ne-\n¡p¶ kvss{XWþ]ucpj k¦ev]-¯n-te¡v Btcm-]n-
¡p-Ibpw AXn ssZhn-I-X ebn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Imcy-km-[yw A\p-`hw,
ZÀi-\w, ho£Ww F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw hyàym-Xo-X-amb Hcp DuÀP¯nsâ
km¶n[yw Is−-¯n Pohn-X-¯nse Bßob A\p-`-h-¯n-te-¡h kmZr-iy-
s¸Sp¯p¶p. C¯cw Is−-¯-ep-Ifpw Nn´-I-fpw kmwkvIm-cnI kz`m-h-ambn
]cn-Wan¡p-Ibpw Bcm-[\ hkvXp/ hyàn-/ D]m[n- F¶n-h-bn-eqsS cq]m-´-c
s¸Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. hyàm-Xo-X-amb Imcy-§sf AÛpX-§-fmbn hne-bn-cp-
¯m-\mWv kaqlw XmXv]-cy-s¸-«-Xv. F¶m AÛpX¯neqsS \nÀhNn-¡p¶
kn²m-´-¯n AÚXbmWv \ne-\n¡p-¶-sX¶v ap\n-\m-cm-bW {]kmZv
\nco-£n-¡p-¶p.
FhnsS \½Ä AÛpXw ImWpt¶m AhnsS \½n AÚ-X-
bp−v. AÚX apJm-´cw I− AÛp-X{]Xn-`m-k-¯n ZnhyXzw
ImWp-I-b-Ã. \½nse AÚ-X-am-äp-I-bmWv th−Xv.83
{]Ir-Xn-bpsS Ønc-amb khn-ti-j-X a\-Ên-em-¡m¯XpsIm-−mWn¯cw
{]tXy-IX hnNm-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶v ]d-bp-t¼mgpw {]mIrX P\-X-bpsS B´-cnI
Xpãn-bn Iev]n¨p−m¡nb k¦ev]-\-§Ä¡v tKm{X-]-c-amb {]m[m-\y-ap-−m
bncp-¶p.
89
{Zmhn-U-a-{´-§Ä
{Zmhn-U-a-{´-§sf AhbpsS {]tbm-K-^ew ASn-Øm-\-am¡n A©mbn
Xncn-¡mw.
1. tZ-hXm{]oXn
{]IoÀ¯n]cw.

2. i{Xp þ A\nã\nhm-cWw
{]kvXm-h-\m]cw.

3. ]£n, arKw F¶n-h-bnÂ\n¶v kwc-£Ww
Dt±-iymßIw.

4. tcmKw, hn]-¯v, `bw, D·m-Zw XpS-§nbhbn \n¶v c£
hmIy-ssien

5. AXo-{µnb DuÀPw (Nm-hv, ]tc-Xm-ßmhv, {]Ir-Xn) sshIm-cnI kz`m-hw
F¶n-h-bpsS \nb-{´Ww
sNmÂcq-]w.

`bw, DXvIWvT, B{Klw F¶n-hsb ap³\nÀ¯n Cu L-S-I-§Ä

B´-cnIkz`m-h-¯n GI-tZi coXn ]peÀ¯p-¶p-−v. tKm{Xw (k-aq-lw),
hyàn F¶o Zzµz-Iev]\ ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n {]tbm-K-¯nepw {]Nm-c-¯nepw
Cu a{´-§Ä A\p-jvTm-\m-ßI-amb Nm{In-I-ssien ]peÀ¯p-¶p. Pohn-X-
LS-\-bn ]e-t¸m-gmbn A©p-hn-[-¯n-epÅ a{´-§-fp-sSbpw XZvkw-_-Ôn-bmb
{InbIfp-sSbpw A\p-jvTm-\-hpw {]tbm-Khpw \S-t¯-−-Xmbn hcp-¶p.

{]IoÀ¯n-]cw

Imcy-km[yw
{]kvXm-h\m]cw {ZmhnU DtZiy-im- (B-Xy-´nI
a{´w ßIw `mhw)

hmIyssien

sNmÂcq]w

a{´-¯nsâ DXv]-¯n-bp-sSbpw {]tbmK¯nsâbpw BXy-´nI e£yw Imcy-

{]m-]vXn-sb¶ km[y-kn²n Xs¶-bmWv. ssNX-\yw AYhm tZh-Xsb {]IoÀ

90
¯\¯neqsSsbm A]-Zm-\-hÀW-\-bn-eq-sStbm XmZm-ßy-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-¯n-¡pI
bmWv e£yw.

1. tZhXm {]oXn
{]IoÀ¯n-]cw

t-Z-h-Xm k¦ev]s¯ {]IoÀ¯n-¡p¶ hn[-¯n-epÅ a{´-§Ä, Bcm-

[\m tZh-Xsb Dt±-in¨v krãn-¡p-¶p. Htc tZhXm k¦ev]-coXn-bn Xs¶
hyXy-kvX-amb `mhw Btcm-]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-w.
DZm:
1. Hmw Imfn-Imfn alm-Imfncp{Z-Imfn {_Ò-Imfo
Cuiz-c-Imfn \ns¶ Rm³ hnfn-¡p-t¼mÄ
If-¯-I¯v IpSn-sIm-Ås½ Hmw sFw ¢ow {iow {low
D{K-`-b-¦co tImgn-c-às¯ Gäp-sImÄIm kzmlm:
(Im-fn-bpsS A]qÀÆ a{´w)
2. Hmw e£vao e£vao alm-e£vao {low kzmlm
cà-]«p NmÀ¯n cXv\-ame Igp-¯n-en«v
ape-¯-S-¯n ap¯p-ame AWn-ªn-cn-¡p¶
{io alm-e£van As½ kÀssh-izsscy kzmlm:
tZ-h-XbpsS kz`m-h-[Àaw A\p-k-cn¨v ]cymb\ma-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v {]IoÀ¯n-
¡p-¶p. `qj-Ww, thjw, `mhw, {]tXy-IX F¶n-h A[n-I-cn¨mWv a{´-c-N\
\S-¯p-¶-Xv. Imfn, iàn, NmapÞn F¶o amXr-k-¦ev]-tZ-h-X-Isf Bcm-[n-
¡p¶ k{¼-Zmb]²-Xn-Ifn hÀW\m{]m[m-\y-apÅ a{´-coXn \ne-\n¡p-
¶-p−v. Bcy-kw-kÀK-t¯m-sS iàn-k-¦ev]-¯n-te¡v e£van, kc-kzXn,
A¶-]qÀW F¶o {_mÒ-W-km-XznI tZh-X-I-fpsS kmao-]yap−m-bn. {_mÒW
a{´-§sf A\p-I-cn¨v A£-c-§Ä _oP`mh-¯n-te¡v ]IÀ¯p¶ ssienbpw
{ZmhnU a{´-§Ä¡v I−p-hcp¶p.
DZm: {iow, {low, ¢ow..

2. i{Xp/ A\nã\nhm-cWw
{]kvXm-h-\m]cw

tKm{X/hrãn LS-I-§-fn {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn \n¡p¶ DuÀPs¯/

hyànsb D·q-e\wsN¿pIsb¶ Dt±-iys¯ ap³\nÀ¯n-bmWv {]kvXm-h-\m
]-c-amb a{´-§Ä cNn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. tZh-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v {]kvXm-h-\m-ß-I-amb

91
hymJym\w a{´-¯nsâ {]mcw-`-k-am-]\ L«-§-fn Zriy-am-Ip-¶p. an¯v,
Ncn{Xw F¶n-h ap³\nÀ¯n tZh-k-¦ev]-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X D²cn¨v {]oXn-s¸-
Sp-¯p-I-bmWv e£yw. tZhI-Y-I-fnse hocm-]-Zm\§Ä hnhcn¡pt¼mÄ D]m-
k-Isâ Imcy-km-[y-¯n\v A\p-Iq-e-amb hnhcw IqSn a{´-c-N-\-bn DÄs¡m-
Ån-¡p¶p. {ZmhnU a{´-k-aq-l-¯n ]c-a-{]m-[m\yw hln-¡p-¶-Xpw Xm{´n-
Im-\p-jvTm-\-¯n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xp-amb a{´-§Ä {]kvXm-h-\-]-c-am-b-XmWv.
D]m-k\maqÀ¯nsb¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnh-c-W-t¯m-sSm¸w Bh-iy-[Àahpw tNÀ¯mWv
a{´-]qÀ¯o-I-c-Ww.
DZm:
1. Hmw Ip«n Ip«n Icn-¦p«n \oe-¡p«n Xo¡p«n C§s\ \mev Ip«n
]¯v Ipsd 400 Ip«n-¨m-¯-·mcpw IqSn hkn-¡pw. 4442 `{Z-Im-fnbpw
aäpw IqSn `qX-hmkw sNbvX ka-b-¯n-¦Â \c-cq] a\p-jysc
_m[n¨ _m[-sbÃmw 4 Ip«n-¨m-¯-·m-cmepw HgnI HgnIm Hmw \a:
kl-{km-ctb ^w lpw kzmlm:
2. Hmw IÃn-Snª IÃ-Sn-t¡m«v Icp-a-e-bn Icn-¦p«n P\n-¨-Xnsâ
Iosg Xmsg P\n-s¨m-cp¯m ]d-¡p«n Nm¯m h¶ ]Ãpw ]cp-´n³
aoibpw ap−³ Ipdp-h-Snbpw I®³ Nnc-«-am-e-bn«v a[p I¿nÂ
]nSn¨v N¡³ sN¶³ sNdp ]d-bsâ ]Sn-ªm-ä-bn IpSn-bn-
cp¶hs\ ]d-ss`-chm ]d-¡p«nNm¯m \ns¶ Rm³ tkhn-¡p-
t¼mÄ sNsöp ]d-bp-t¼mÄ sNÃp-hm\pw, hm F¶p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ
hcp-hm\pw ap−³ Ipdp-hSn sIm−phm aIs\ ]dss`chm
Hm¦m-c-sa¶ iÐ-t¯m-Sp-IqSn hm aIs\ ]d-¡p«n Hmw sF ¢ow
kuw {low lpw ^Äkzm-l.
3. Hmw \tam `K-htX Hmw hSpIm alm-iq-c-tNXm C¯n³ Igp-¯n-
tedn ta[m-sh¶ hnfn hnfn¨v cW-iq-c-\m-bn-cn-¡p¶ B\-µ-h-
SpIm \n³ I¿n Aa-cm¯ i{Xp-am-cW Ip£nss`-c-h\pw am«p-
_m-[bpw t{]X-s¯bpw Hgn¨p Xcn-Im Hmw B\-µ-h-Sp-Imsb
kzmlm:
4. Hmw \tam `K-htX {io alm-tZ-hsâ het¯ Xr¯p-S-taÂ
]ns¶ aIs\ ]q¡ne Ccn¡pw ]nWn-bmsf ASn hnd¨v apSn

92
 hnd¨v aqem-[mcw hnd¨v Icn-bm-\¡v aZw s]m«n-bmsct¸mse Cf-
¡n-sIm-−phm aIs\ ]q¡n-e-¡p«n Hmw Ip«n Ip«n Ip«nsb kzmlm:
GXv Dt±-iys¯ ap³\nÀ¯n-bmsWm X{´w/ a{´-hmZw A\p-jvTn-¡p-
¶Xv, XÕw-_-Ôn-bmbn tZh-XtbmSv Bhiyw hyà-am-¡m\mWv Cu a{´-
§Ä e£y-anSp-¶Xv. AXn\v A\p-Kp-W-amb ]Z-{]-tbm-K-amWv Ch-bpsS {]tXy-
IX. Dt±iyhyàn-bpsS ico-c-¯nsâ Ah-Ø ]p\x{Iao-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw
DWÀ¯p¶Xn\pw kam-\-ambn a{´-tZ-h-X-bpsS `mh-¯n amäw hcp-¯p-¶
LS\a{´-¯n DÄs¸-Sp-¯p¶p. CXn-\m-bn a{´m-Jym-\-¯n IÀa-¯nsâ
DuÀP-t{]-c-I-ambn ]ZþBib kw_-Ôn-bmb LS-I-§Ä CW-¡p¶p. hymh-
lm-cnI`mj-bvs¡m¸w Xs¶ Bcy- a-{´-kz-`mhw hyà-am-¡p¶ \ma-§Ä,
_oPm-£-c-§Ä F¶n-hbpw a{´-¯n-ep-−v. tZh-X-tbmSv hnfn¨t]£n-¡p¶
ssien-bn \n¶v hyXn-cn-à-ambn, Bh-iys¯ hnh-cn¨v DZvt_m-[n-¸n-¡p¶
k{¼-Zm-bamWv {]kvXm-h\mkz`mh¯n \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv. a{´-tZ-h-Xbv¡v hcp¶
amäw, D±n-ã-hy-àn-bntem tKm{X-¯ntem kw`-hn-¡Wsa¶mWv a{´-¯nsâ
BJym\ þ D¨m-cWLS-\-bpsS \nb-a-¯n-eqsS hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. {Zmhn-Uamb
a{´-ssien-bn Bcy-Xm-{´nI kz`mhw IeÀ¶p-h-¶Xv Ccp-kw-kvIm-c-§-fp-
sSbpw eb-\-coXn BN-cW k{¼-Zm-b-¯n cqV-am-b-Xp-aq-e-am-Imw. km¯znI
tZh-X-I-sf {Zmhn-Uo-I-cn-t¨m {Zmhn-U-aqÀ¯n-I-fpsS X\na \ã-s¸-Sm-sXsbm
a{´-aqÀ¯n-I-fmbn kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw Dt±-iys¯ a{´m-\p-jvTm-\-¯n-eqsS tcJ-
s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. tZh-Xsb ]Z-¯n-eq-sS-bpw hÀW-\-bn-eq-sSbpw Dt¯-
Pn-¸n¨v Imcyw km[y-am-¡m-sa¶ BZna Nn´ {]kvXm-h\m]c-amb a{´-¯nÂ
\neo-\-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

3. ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-fn \n¶pÅ kwc-£Ww þ Dt±-iym-ßIw

tKm-{X-P-\-X-bpsS hymh-lm-cnI þ `uXn-I-Po-hn-X-¯n ImÀjnIhr¯n t]mse

Xs¶ {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶-XmWv arK þ- ]£n k©-b-§-fpsS kzm[o-\hpw
kwc-£-W-hpw. Irjnkw_-Ô-amb Imcy-§Ä¡v A\p-Kp-W-ambn arK-§sf
BZ-cn-¡p-Ibpw hfÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶p. F¶m Bhm-k-hy-h-Øbv¡v
BLm-X-ta¸n-¡p-Ibpw `oXn-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶ h\y-ar-K-§sf
AhÀ `b-s¸SpIbpw Imbn-I-hr-¯n-bn-eq-sS-b-ÃmsX AS¡n (\n-b-{´n¨v) \nÀ¯p-
¶-Xn-\mbn a{´-b{´ {]tbm-K-§Ä \S-¯p-IbpwsNbvXp. ssih -þ -imtàb
km{¼-Zm-bnItZh-X-I-sf-tbm Cu tZh-k-¦ev]-¯n-sâ-Xs¶ A\p-jvTm\ aqÀ¯n

93
t`Z-t¯sbm Bbn-cn¡pw Dt±-iym-ßmI a{´-¯m tkhn-¡p-¶-Xv. sNmÂ
{]mÀY-\-I-fpsS kz`m-h-apÅ a{´-¯n-eqsS Imcy-Øn-Xn-¡pÅ tZh-Xsb {]IoÀ
¯n-¡p-I-bpw \an-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. H¸w- X-s¶ Dt±iyImcys¯ kqNn-¸n¨v
kwc-£n-¡p-hm³ At]-£n-¡p-w. ]£n ]oU, arK-]oV F¶n-h CÃm-Xm-¡m³
Blzm\wsN¿p¶ `mjm-a-{´-§Ä \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. Zrãn-tZmjw arK-§Ä¡pw
kw`-hn-¡p-sa-¶mWv hnizm-kw. It®äp a{´-hmZamWv \nhm-c-W-{]-Z-amb Hcp
{][m\ {Inb. ]pÅp-h-¸m-«v, ]£n]oU\o¡v XpS-§nb a{´-þX
- {´IÀa-¯n-eqsS
]£n tZmj-§sf \nhm-cWwsN¿p-¶p. _mey-¯n Ip«n-IÄ¡p-−m-Ip¶ {Kl-
Wn¡v ImcWw ]£n-_m-[-bm-sW¶v {Zmhn-UÀ hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶p. Cu _m[
]pÅp ]£n-bn \n¶p D−m-Ip-¶p-sh¶v ]d-bp¶p. am{´n-I-amb Nn{X-t¯m-
sSm¸w b{´-¯n ]£n-bpsS cq]-km-Zriyw cNn-¡p-¶p. ]£n-]oU eLq-I-cn-
¡m³ C¯cw b{´-§Ä¡pw IÀa-§Ä¡pw km[n-¡p-sa¶v {ZmhnU Xm{´n-IÀ
hniz-kn-¡p-¶p−v.
1. ]£n-]o-U -am-dp-¶-Xn-\pÅ a{´w

A¯n-s¸m-¯n Ac-bmÂs¸m¯n t]cmÂs¸m¯n hkn¡pw

]pÅp-I-sfÃmw ]nÅ-I-sf-¸o-Un-¸n¡pw hnd-¸n¡pw ]\n-¸n¡pw AXn-
k-cn-¸n¡pw C§s\ ]oUn-¸n¡pw \n§-sfÃmw {ioa-lm-tZ-hsâ
aq¶mw Xncp-\-b-\-¯n-eo-s«-cn-t¸³ s]mcn-t¸³ C{µ-ImXw hgn [qfn-
t¸mI kzman-sb³ Kpcp-hn-\msW \a-Èn-hmb.
2. s\ÂIrjn-bnepw aäpw Nmgn-bpsS D]-{Zhw amdp¶Xn\mbn {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ a{´w:

Hm \tam `K-htX {ioa-lm-tZ-h³ sNs¶Â hnX¨v sNs¶-ÃnÂ

IXn-tc-Â s]cp-©mgn Xn¶n-cn-¡p-¶Xp I−v {ioa-lm-tZhn A½
Xm³ shÅn-h-«-I-sIm−v tImcn-b-cn-bn-«v, l\-l\ slcn slcn
lpX-lpX lpw ^Uv kzmlm
3. Irjn-bn-S-§-fnse ]pgp-hnsâ ieyw amdp-¶-Xn-\pÅ a{´w

Hmw \tam `K-h-tX, BZnXy `K-hmsâ tXÀ¯-S-¯n Ccn¡pw

]pgphpw ]pgp-¡q-«-§fpw shfp¯pcp−p [qfn-bmbn t]mI -kzml.
4. Nmgn-bpsS D]-{Zhw amdp-¶-Xn-\pÅ asämcp a{´w

hc-¼p-\mepw hmkp-In-bmbn [ym\n-t¨³ I−w {iossI-em-ka

- mbn
[ym\n-t¨³ s\Ãv Ejn-ap-J-ambn [ym\n-t¨³ s\Ãnsâ IXncv

94
 BZn-Xy³ sN¦-Xn-cmbn [ym\n-t¨³ [\p-hn-t·Â\n¶v ]Ån hnsÃ-
Sp¯v cma-icw sXmSp¯p t\m¡p¶t¸mÄ Gsgm-t¶gm Ggp-
tImSn Nmgn s]cp-¼-S-amcpw ]mcn ]d¶p ]´ncp ImXw hgn
[qfn¨p t]mI-kzm-an-sb³ Kpcp-hn-\mW kzml.
5. Fen-bpsS D]-{Zhw amdm³

Hmw \tam `K-h-tX, aa-Im-«n ]pä-I¯p tXm¶n¨ ]¯p-Xe

\mK-ta, F³]p-\-¯n Fen-¡Ãpw ]pen-¡Ãpw \¡n-b-S-§n-bn-
cn¡ kzml.
6. Fen-hnjw ian-¡m³

""Hmw Bw Duw inhmb \a: þ inhm-b-\þ

\a inhmb b\-a-inh þ hb\ ain''
7. kÀ¸hnjw amdn-t¸m-Ip-¶-Xn\v

Hmw Kcp-U-]£n kzmlm Hmw ]©-]£n

kzmlm, Hmw ]£n ]£n kzmlm
8. ]£n tZmjw CÃm-Xm-¡m³

Hmw ]£n-cm-Pmb {io Kcp-Umb ]pÅn-\p-Xm¡p

t\m¡pt\mhpw ]\nbpw IqSp-hn«pt]mI kzml
9. Fen Irjn-bn-S-§-fn iey-ap-−m-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³

Hmw \s©-enbpw s]ms¯-enbpw Nps−-enbpw Xpc-¸-s\-enbpw

Ims«-enbpw hos«-enbpw ]¶n-sb-enbpw apÅ-s\-enbpw ]psÃ-enbpw
]pcsb-enbpw ae-sb-enbpw ]\n-sb-enbpw Cs¨m¶ Fen-I-sfÃmw
C¸pdw hn«v adp-`mKw he-bn ]pÃp−v ]pd-ta-dn-t¸mI KW-]-Xn-
bm-sW³ ]c-ta-iz-cn-bm-sW³, ]c-ta-iz-c³ X¶m-sW³ ^en¡
a{´w ^en¡ kzmlm.
10. ]¶n-bpsS ieyw Xocm³

Hmw \tam `K-htX {_Òm-hnjvWp inh-·mcpw A¿-¸³ imkvXmhpw

IqSn ]Ån-th-«-bvs¡-gp-s¶-Ånbt¸mÄ sImSpw {Iqc-a-e-¡p¶p
I−mÀ sImSpw {Iqc-h-Ãs` F¶-hÄ kn²m-´-apãntb-¡mÄ

95
 AXns\ Adnª A¿-¸³ imkvXmhv I¿n-cn-¡p¶ shÅnÈcw
Ducn Acª¯n apàn sXmSp¯p t\m¡n-¡-−-t¸mÄ Cutc-
gp-]-¯n-\mep temI¯pw Hfn-¡-¡m-Sn-Ãmªv Cdb kap-Zm-b-
¯n ]ps¡m-fn-¸³. AhnsSs¨¶p I−p-]n-Sn¨p ]Zw ]nSn¨v
s\©p ]nfÀ¶v N¦pw Icfpw FSp¯v \mep Zn¡pw Fdnªv Ifªv
Ime-I¯n IpS-se-Sp¯v ame-bm¡n NmÀ¯ns¡mt−³. F-Ãpw
Fep¼pw sIm−v ssI¯ncn, tIm¯n-cn-h-i-am¡ns¡mt−³
C¶p-ap-XÂ ]¶n, tIg-am³ apX-emb hnfhp \in-¸n¡pw arK-§-
sfÃmw hnf-sh-Sp¡pw hsc ]pd¯p amdm³ A¿-¸³ imkvXm-hn-
\mW ^en¡ a{´w ^en¡ kzmlm.
11. Ipc-§nsâ D]-{Zhw amdp-hm³

{io\m-cm-b-W-kzman Atbm-[ym-]p-cn-\m-Y-\mbn ]nd¶p Atbm-[ym-

]p-cn-bn \n¶p kzÀKm-tcm-l-W-¯n\p Fgp-¶-Åp-t¼mÄ {io
l-\p-ams\ ImhÂsh-¨msct¸mse Rm³ ImÂh-bv¡p-¶p. Ing-¡p-
`mKw KW-]-Xnsb, sXt¡-`m-Kw amXmw-Kn, ]Sn-ªm-dp-`mKw Aizm-cqUm,
hS¡p`mKw `{Z-Im-fn, Atbm-[ym-]pcn XfÀ¯p IpfnÀ¯p ]q¯p
Im¨p \n¡pw t]mse \à Imbv¡p\n¡pdn-¨n-c−n aäp ]eXpw
`mÀKhtZhsâ `qansb ]Sp¯ Imew aäpw ]eXpw sIm−p apd-
¸n-¨n«pw Dd-bªp I\IwsIm−p hmcnsbdnª Nc-¡-Ãmse Dd-¨p-
\n¡ {iocmLh-s¸-cp-amÄ X¶mW F³Kp-cp-hn-\msW kzml.
Irjn, hnf F¶n-h-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-emWv Cu a{´-
§Ä km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn¨p hcp-¶-Xv. hnfn-¨-t]-£n-¡p¶ hn[-¯n-epÅ
ZoÀL {]mÀ°-\-I-fpsS ssien-bn-emWv Dt±-iym-ß-I-amb a{´-§fpsS cN-\.
Bcy-a-{´-§-fpsS kz`m-h-¯n-epÅ _oP-a-{´-§ÄþtZh-Xsb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p¶
A£-c-§Ä-þ-a-{´-¯nsâ BZna-[ym´ `mK-§-fn tNÀ¡p¶ coXnbpw Cu
{ZmhnU a{´-§Ä¡p−v. BcytZh-X-sb {Zmhn-U-h-XvI-cn-¡p-Ibpw DZvt_m-[n-¸n-
¡m-\mbn aqÀ¯n hÀW\ \S-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. arKw/]£n XpS-§n-b-h- bnÂ
GXnsâ D]-{Z-h-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn«mtWm a{´-c-N\ \S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv AXn-s\-
¡p-dn¨v hnh-cWw \S-¯p-¶p. Cu a{´-t¯m-sSm-¸-apÅ {Inb-IÄ A\pjvTn
¡p¶Xn-eq-sS Dt±iye£yw A\p-`h]qÀW-X-bn-se-¯p-sa¶mWv hnizmkw.
arK-§-fpsS kwc-£-W-¯n-\mbn {]mÀYn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\m¸w Xs¶, Ah-bn \n¶pw

96
kpc-£n-X-am-Ip-¶-Xn\pw {Zmhn-UÀ aXm-ßI{Inb-IÄ A\p-jvTn-¨n-cp¶p. X{´-¯nÂ
Zzµz-I-ev]-\-I-fpw Ah DÄs¡m-Åp¶ Bi-b-§fpw {Inb-I-fnepw BN-c-W-§-
fnepw DÄs¡m-Ån-¡p-¶p−v.
hyàn-t¡m kaq-l-¯ns\m ImbnI]Ým-¯-e-¯n km[n-¡m¯
\nb{´nILS-I-§Ä tkhm-aqÀ¯n-IÄ¡pw Ah-cpÄs¡m-Åp¶ A\p-N-c-iàn
IÄ¡pw km[n-¡p-sa¶v {Zmhn-UÀ hniz-kn-¨p. {]hr-¯n-bpambn _Ô-s¸«
CS§fn-eq-sS-bmWv C-¯cw hnizm-k-§Ä {]_-e-s¸-«-Xv. Poh³ þ PohnXw þ
]cn-ØnXn XpS-§nb LS-I-§fn kzm[o\wsNep¯n Ah-bn Bh-iy-amb
]cn-hÀ¯\w \S-¯p-¶-Xn\pw kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw am\p-jnI CÑm iàn-sb
{]tNm-Zn-¸n-¡Wsa¶v {Zmhn-U- Xm{´n-IX hnizkn-¨p. CXnsâ klm-b-¯n-
\mbn Xm{´n-Im-\p-jvTm-\-§-fpw hn-izm-km-N-c-§-fpw ]men-¡-s¸-«p.

4. hyãn-tZmj \nhm-cWw þ hmIy-ssien

tKm{XP\-X-bpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯n km[m-c-Wtam/ Akm-[m-c-Wtam

Bbn kw`-hn-¡p¶ FÃm {]iv\-§Ä¡pw AXoXiàn-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ
\S-¡p-¶p-s−-¶pw Bcm-[-\-bn-eqsS Ah \nb{´n¨p \nÀ¯m-sa¶pw ]ptcm-ln-X-
Øm-\-apÅ shfn-¨-¸mSv/ a[y-Ø-·mÀ DZvt_m-[n-¸n-¨n-cp¶p. tcmKw, hn]¯v,
`bw, D·mZw XpS-§nb hyàn {]iv\-§sf eLq-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw Chbv¡p
Imc-W-am-tb-¡m-hp¶ Imcy-§-fpsS ASn-Øm\w Is−-¯p-¶-Xn\pw {Zmhn-UÀ
X{´s¯ kao-]n-¨p. D]m-k-\m-tZ-hXbn hyàn-tZmj\nhm-c-W-¯n-\m-bpÅ
k¦ev]w a{´-`m-h-¯n DÄs¡m-Ån-¡p-Ibpw {Inb-I-fn-eqsS At]-£n-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. hyàn-K-X-amb a{´-§-fn km¯znI {][m-\-§-fmb tZh-X-IÄ apXÂ,
Xmak{]Ir-Xn-I-fmb ss]im-NnI Nmhv aqÀ¯n-IÄ hsc DÄs¡m-−n-cp-¶p.
hyànbv¡v A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶ tcmK-¯n\pw Bi-¦bv¡pw `b-¯n\pw ImcWw
tZh-X-bpsS km¶n-[y-am-sW¶pw Ahsc Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯-W-sa¶pw hnizm-k-
k-¦ev]-¯n-eqsS {Zmhn-UÀ hyà-am¡n. Bcy-Xm-{´n-I-X-bn ZkyqIfnÂ
\n¶v kwc-£Ww t\Sp-¶-Xn-\mbn Xm{´nIhn[n D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶Xp t]mse
ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-¯n CXchyàn-I-fpsS D]-{Z-h-¯nÂ\n¶v c£-t\-Sm\pw
D{K-aqÀ¯n-Isf Xs¶ a{´-{]-tbm-K-¯m P]n¨v Ab-¡p¶ k{¼-Zmbap−m-
bn-cp-¶p. tamãm-¡Ä, HSn-b-·mÀ, i{Xp-¡Ä F¶n-hsc D·qe\wsN¿p-¶-
Xn-\pw, \nb-{´n¨v \nÀ¯p-¶-Xn\pw a{´-§-fp-−v. a{´-¯n\v hm¡n-s\bpw

97
{]hr-¯n-tbbpw \nb-{´n¡m³ Ign-bp-sa¶ hnizmkw P\-X-bn {]_-eam-bn-
cp-¶p.
a{´-km-[-\-I-fm a{´-hmZn Cu aqÀ¯n-Isf (Im-tcm-Sn-aqÀ¯n,
Ip«n-¨m-¯³, Icn-hn-Ãn, sImeh³, ap−y³, ISÂam-c³, Xe-¨n-
ó) ASn-a-I-fm-¡p-¶p. ]n¶oSp X\n¡p km[n-t¡− Imcy-§Ä
Ch-sc-s¡m−v sN¿n-¡p-I-bmWv e£yw.84
km[m-c-W-bmbn a\pjys\ _m[n-¡p¶ ]\n, Pzcw, {Kl-Wn, Ic-¸³,
DZ-c-th-Z-\, Dd-¡-an-Ãm-bva, ]pI-¨nÂ, hkq-cn, A]-kvam-cw, {`m´v, càw-t]m-¡v,
sImSn-ªn-Ip-¯v, Dfp¡v, {Ia-c-ln-X-amb BÀ¯hw, OÀZn XpS-§nb tcmK-§-
fpsS ia-\-¯n-\m-bmWv {Zmhn-U-X-{´-¯n \nc-h[n a{´-§Ä \ne-hn-ep-Å-Xv.
tZh-Xsb km£n-\nÀ¯n- a-{´-{]-tbmKw \S-¯p-¶-Xn-s\m¸w tcmK-\n-hm-c-W-
¯n-\pÅ Nne Huj-[-{]-tbmK§fpw sN¿p-¶p−v. a{´w hnizm-k-hpw, Huj[w
NnIn-Õ-bp-amWv. Ch tNcp-t¼mÄ tcmK¯n\v ia-\-ap-−m-Ip-¶psh¶mWv
hnizmkw.
Xe-th-Z-\-bv¡v ]ip-hn³ s\¿v a{´n¨v ]pc-«m-dp-−v. ]pfn, D¸v,
Ipcp-ap-f-Iv s]mSn, aªÄ s]mSn F¶nh tNÀ¯mWv sImXn
bv¡p P]n¨v sImSp-¡p-¶Xv. hb-¼v, cp{Zm-£w, Nµ\w F¶nh
tX¨v ssIhn-j-¯n\v P]n¨psImSp-¡p¶p. NneÀ Nne ]¨-a-cp-¶p-
IÄ hmbn-en«v Nh-¨-c¨v a{´w P]n-¨q-Xn-bm Ipcp-s]m-«psa¶v
hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. 85
tcmK§sf sNdp-¡m-\pÅ Nne a{´-§Ä
1. BÀ¯hw \nb-{´n-¡p-¶-Xn\v

Hmw \tam `K-htX, C{µ³ Nnd-X-Sp¯p Cd-b-h³ Nnd-X-Sp¯p

N{µ³ Nnd-X-Sp¯p NXpÀap-J³ NndXSp¯p A¯-¯pw-\mÄ
Nnd-X-Sp-¯p Nn¯n-c-\mÄ Nnd-ap-dp-¡nbXp t]mse Cu Nnd-\n¶p
t]mI-kzmlm.
2. OÀZn¡v

Hmw {iow `ph-\-Xmtb Dd-b-s¸-Sp-I kzmlm

(Cu a{´-P-]-t¯msS ]©-km-c, sNdp-\m-c§m \ocv, Ipcp-ap-fIv s]mSn, D¸v
F¶nh tcmKn¡v \ÂI-Ww. \qsä«v Xh-W-sb-¦nepw P]w \S-¯-Ww)
98
3. Ic-¸-\pÅ (hn-kÀ¸w) a{´w

hmkpIn he¯p`mK¯p tXm¶-s¸«pw sN¦-c-¸³Ipcp F¶n-§s\

\mem-bn-c¯n \m\qän \m¸-s¯«p sN¦-c-¸³ Ipcp-hp-−v.
AXnsâ Fe Icnªp Xe Icnªp AI-ap-W§n AIw hc−p
]pd-ap-W§n ]pdw hc-−p-t]mI kzman-sb³ Kpcp-hn-\m-W -kz-lm.
4. càw t]mIp-¶Xv \n¡m³

Hmw sN¦y]À sNw hnsÃ-Sp¯v sNdp-Rm¬ ]qt«än sN·m-ss\X

sN¼m-d-¸p-ds¯ sNt©mc hoWv hän hc-−m-sc-t¸mse hän hc-
−p-t]mI ChÄ tbm\n-bn hcp¶ càw.
5. hkqcn amdm³

Hmw \tam `K-htX Hmw 16000 Aán-¡p-gnbpw 16000 ASp¸pw \Spsh

Hs¶m-c-£cw tXm¶n Hmw ]ns¶m-c-£-c-¯n hSpsh sImSp-\m-b-
s¶mcp tZhX tXm¶n sNXn-Xm³ hmb ]nfÀ¶-t¸mÄ amäp `qX-
]n-im-Np-¡-sfÃmw Ah³hm-bn ]ps¡m-Ån¨ Ah³ hmbnÂ
apdp¡n InS-¶msc t]mse InS¡ {_Ò-\mWv hnjvWp-hn-\mWv
kp{_-Ò-Wy-\mWv KW-]-Xn-bmWv imkvXm-hmWv a{´w ]nSn¨
alm-e-£van-bmWv ^en¡m kzmlm.
Dd¡w hcp-¶-Xn\v:

Hmw \a: sFw \tam `K-hXo alm-amtb \ns{Z BÚm Zriyta

\n{Zn `b-¦co \n{Z-\n{Z alm \ns{Z amtb \n{Z tamln\n kzmlm
Ht¶m ct−m hmIy-¯n D±n-ã-Im-cys¯ kqNn-¸n¨v tZh-Xsb
kvacn-¡p¶ hn[-¯n-ep-Å-XmWv hmIy-co-Xn-bn-epÅ a{´-§Ä.
tcmK-apÄs¸-sS-bpÅ hyàn-{]-iv\-§sf \nb-{´n-¡p-IbmWv
{][m\ [Àaw. Bcy-tZ-h-Xmk¦ev]-t¯bpw {ZmhnUamb Xm{´nI
]cn-Iev]-\-tbmsS Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ coXn C¯cw a{´-§-fnepw
Zriy-am-Wv. tZh-X-tbmSpw ]cn-Øn-Xn-tbm-Sp-apÅ `b-¯n \n¶mWv
tKm{X-P-\-X-bpsS Bcm-[\m]²Xn cq]n-Ir-X-am-b-Xv.

5. AXo-{µn-b-X þ sshIm-cn-I \nb-{´Ww þ sNmÂcq-]w-

hyàn¡p \nb-{´n¨p \nÀ¯m³ km[y-am-Im-Xn-cp¶ k¯sb {Zmhn-U-

X{´w AXo-{µn-b- DuÀP-ambn k¦ev]n-¡p-Ibpw a{´m-Zn-I-fneqsS tkhn-¡p-
99
Ibpw sNbvXp.86 B\n-ank-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-bm-b ]tc-Xm-cm-[\bn C¯cw
Bibw cqV-am-bn-«p-Å-Xmbn ImWmw. hyàn-bpsS am\-knIhym]m-c-§sf \nb-
{´n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw A\p-Iq-en-¡p-¶-Xn\pambmWv am{´nI
hmIy -§Ä {Zmhn-U-X-{´-¯n krãn-¨Xv. hnfn-¨-t]-£n-¡p¶ sNmÃpIfpsS
cq]-¯n- C¯cw a{´-§Ä IqSp-Xepw ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p. kv{Xo hiyw, CW¡w
(A-I-¶p-t]mb kv{Xoþ]pcp-jþ{]Pþ`rXyþsFIyw), kÀh-P-\h
- -iyw, arK-hiyw,
`ÀXr-hiyw, kvXw`\w, kwlmcw, amcWw, hntZz-jn¡pI, ]ncn-bpI, aqÀ¯n
Bth-in-¡Â, c£-Ênsâ _m[ Hgn-bÂ, Nmhv _m[-am-dm XpS-§nb am\-knI
]cn-hÀ¯-\-k-m[y-amb {InbIsfÃmw a{´-{]-tbm-K-¯n-eqsS km[n-¡p¶p. CXn-
s\m-¸w aäp a{´-§sft¸mseXs¶ {]tbm-K-§fpw A\p-jvTn-t¡-−-Xp-−v. a{´-
§Ä k·-{´hmZ--¯n-eq-sSbpw ZpÀa-{´-hm-Z-¯n-eq-sSbpw {]tbm-Kn¡mw.
ZpÀa-{´-hm-Zn-bpsS hnNmciàn BZy-ambn a\-Ên-s\bpw ]n¶oSp
ico-c-s¯bpw _m[n-¡p-¶p. Nne-t¸mÄ bmsXmcp]I-c-W-¯n-
sâbpw klmbw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-¡nÃ.87 F¶ Nn´ {ZmhnU aX-
¯n {]_-e-am-bn-cp-¶p.
a{´-¯n\v a\-Ên {]hÀ¯n-¡m\pw ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-¯m\pw Ign-hp-
s−¶v Xm{´n-IÀ hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶p.
1. tbmPn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ a{´w:
Hmw \tam `K-hXo b£n-b£n Chsf shSn-ªp-t]mb ]pcp-js\
sN¶v Ip¯n-s¡m-−p-hm b£n s\©n-en«v Ip¯nsIm−v hm
b£o \mhn-en«v Ip¯n-s¡m-−phm b£n sXmS-bn-en«v Ip¯n-
s¡m−p hm b£n apg-¦m-en-en«v Ip¯n-sIm-−phm b£n Ducp
Fcn-ªn-cn¡m 77100 BbncwtImSn sRc-¼p-I-fnepw DZn-c-¯nepw
Fs¶ \n\¨v DcpIn Fcn-ªn-cn¡m hmXp-¡epw H¶mbn \n\¨v
DcpIn Fcnªv hyk-\-s¸«v h¶v ]nSnt¨m Dų Imen-en«v hi-
am-bn-cn¡m kzmlm.
2. hiy-¯n\pÅ a{´w:
Hmw {_Ò³ hnjvWp-a-tl-iz-c³ hkn-¡-s¸« \tem-¯nbpw enwK-ap-
−mbn {ioalm-tZ-h\v \mev]-¯n-cp-am-dm-bncw enwK-ap−v AXns\ ]nSn¨v sN´m-
ac]qhnsemfn¨v {io]mÀhXn F¶ `K-hXn\mÀ CZw CZw enwKw Abn hcepw

100
h¨p-ap-d¨v ]mÀh-Xnsb Xncªp I− enwKw Im«n-bmsc ]mÀhXn AW-ªp-
h¶v enwKw ]nSn¨v tbm\n-bn-em¡n enwK-kw-K-a-ap-−mbt]mse kv{Xobpw ]pcp-
j\pw Iq«pIm IqSpIm kzman-sb³ Kpcp-hn-\m-tW-kzm-lm.
3. kv{Xohiyw
Hmw N¦v inw inhm-b-\a:
4. kv{Xoh-iy-a{´w
Hmw tamln-\n-tam-ln\n kvXwt`m tamln\o
tamln\n kÀhcpw hi-am-bn-\n¡ kzml
ZoÀL-amb hÀW-\, D]m-k-\m-aqÀ¯n-bpsS ]cy-b-§-fp-sSbpw `mh-¯n-
sâbpw BhÀ¯-\w, e`y-am-tI− A\p-`-h-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-ew, Bh-iy-t_m-[w
F¶nh sNm {][m-\-§-fmb a{´-§-fpsS s]mXpcoXn-bm-Wv. am\-kn-I-`m-h-§Ä
hyXn-bm-\-s¸-Sp¯n kao-]-\-co-Xn-I-fn amäw hcp-¯p-I-bmWv Cu a{´-§-
fpsS s]mXp-[Àaw. A\p-Iqew/ {]Xn-Iqew F¶o hyXykvX LS-I-§-fn-emWv
Ch-bpsS \ne-\n¸v. Bcy-Xm-{´n-I-X-bnse a{´-{]-tbm-K-¯nepw am\-kn-I-
]-cn-Wm-a-¯n\v hyànsbtbm, kaq-l-s¯tbm hnt[-b-am-¡p¶ ssien-I-fp-−v.
{ZmhnU a{´-§fpsS s]mXp-kz-`mhw
1. \m«p-`m-j-bn-epÅ cN-\.
2. hyàn/ tKm{X-_-Ôs¯ hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw XXvkw_Ôn-bmb LS-\-Isf
tZymXn-¸n-¡p-¶Xpamb DÅ-S-¡w.
3. `uXn-I-X ]cm-aÀin-¡p-Ibpw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯n\v A\p-Iq-e-\ne \nPs¸Sp
¯p-¶-Xp-amb kµÀ`-§Ä¡v KpW-{]-Z-amb LS-\.
4. hmsamgn hg¡§fn-eqsS ]mc-¼-cym-\p-km-cn-bmbn ssIam-dn-h¶ tZhXm þ
]pcm-W-]-Ým-¯-e-§fpw k¦ev]-§fpw. Ch a{´-c-N-\-bn-eq-sSbpw {]tbm-K -
¯n-eq-sSbpw kwc-£n¨p hcp-¶p.
5. tZh-Xm-k-¦ev]-hpw hI-t`-Z-hpw KpW-[Àahn-Nn-´-\hpw a{´-]-Z-§-fn tNÀ
¯n-cn-¡p¶Xn\m tKm{X-tZ-h-X-bpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-hpw Ah P\-XbnÂ
sNep-¯p¶ kzm[o-\hpw a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶p.

101
6. GsX-¦nepsamcp Imcy-¯nsâ km[y-Xbv¡mbpÅ a{´-§Ä {Zmhn-U-X{´
¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. `uXnIPohn-X-¯nsâ ta·- tam£m-h-Øbv¡v
D]-cn-bmbn {ZmhnU Xm{´n-IX B{K-ln-¨n-cp-¶p.
7. a{´-{]-tbm-K-¯n-s\m¸w Huj-[-{]-tbm-Khpw \S-¯n-h-¶p. am\-knI ]cn-hÀ
¯-\hpw imco-cnIBtcm-Ky-kw-c-£-Whpw tKm{Xm-N-c-W-§-fpsS s]mXp
kz`m-h-Wv.
A½ tZhXm-cm-[-\-bn-eqsS {]_-e-s¸« {ZmhnUXm{´n-I-X-bn Bßmwiw
{]I-S-am-bn-cp-¶p. inh-iàn tI{µo-Ir-X-amb A\p-jvTm-\-¯n-eqsS ssPhX¯z-hp-
ambn kmayw {]m]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {Iao-IrX ]²-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp¶h. ]ip-]Xn
k¦ev]s¯ ssih-X¯z-¯n-te¡v Btcm-]n-¡p-Ibpw Bcm-[n-¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
tKm{X-P-\-X-bpsS ImÀjnIPohn-X-¯n arK-§Ä hfsc kzm[o\w sNep¯n
bn«p−v. Ch-bpsS taÂt\m«w \S-¯p¶ hyàn-IÄ¡p {]m[m-\yhpw e`n-¨n-cp¶p.
ImÀjnI hyh-Øn-Xn-bp-ambn _Ôn-¸n¨v cqV-ambn XoÀ¶ BNmc]²-Xn-I-fm-bn-
cp¶p {ZmhnUXm{´n-I-X-bn {]_e-am-bn-cp-¶-Xv. {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«nh
hfÀ¨ {]m]n-¨-p. ]cn-Øn-Xnsb Iog-S-¡pI/ Bcm-[n-¡pI F¶o hncp² Zzµ-z§-
fn \n¶mÀPn¨ hnizmkss]Xr-I-¯nsâ ZÀi-\m-ß-I-X-bmWv {ZmhnU
Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS ASn-Øm-\w. a\p-jy\v {]Ir-Xn-bn B[n-]Xyw ]peÀ¯m\pw
kzm[o-\-¯n-em-¡m\pw a{´-X-{´-§sf sIm−v km[n-¡p-sa¶ {]mNo\ hnizm-k-
amWv {ZmhnU Xm{´n-I-Xsb apt¶m«p \bn-¨-Xv. AXo-{µnbiàn-IÄ {]Ir-Xn-
bn ØnXnsN¿p-¶p. hyàn-bnepw BßobþXm{´nIDuÀPw \ne-\n¡p-¶p
sh¶mWv hnizmkw. Ch-bpsS sFIyw Xm-{´nI]qÀW-Xbv¡v Bh-iy-am-Wv.
{]Ir-Xn-bp-am-bpÅ, Bßo-b-km-[-\-I-fneqsS {Zmhn-U-X{´w ZÀi\mßIX
hnI-kn-¸n¨p. {ZmhnU X{´-¯nsâ ]cn-Wm-a-s¯-¸än sI.-Zm-tam-Z-c³ C{]-Imcw
hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.
Irjnbpw Ønc-hm-khp-am-cw-`n-¨-Xn\ptijw A]-cn-jvIrX P\-
§Ä¡nS-bn a{´-hmZw IqSp-X ]c¶v ]nSn-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
AXn-hrãn-bn \n¶pw A\m-hrãn-bn \n¶pw c£-t\-Sm³ th−n
am{X-aÃ, A]-kvamcw XpS-§nb tcmK-§-fn \n¶pw hkqcn,
tImfd XpS-§nb ]IÀ¨-hym-[n-I-fn \n¶pw tamN\w t\Sm\pw
a{´-hm-Zn-Isf B{i-bn-¡pI ]Xn-hmbncp-¶p.88

102
 D¶X tZh-Xm-k-¦ev]-¯nsâ hI-t`-Z-§-fmb aqÀ¯o k¦ev]-§sf
{]mÀY\/ At]£ F¶o ssien-I-fn-epÅ a{´-§-fm Bcm-[n-¡p-hm³
{Zmhn-UÀ {i²n-¨n-cp-¶p. t{]Xm-cm-[\, ac-Wm-\-´ciàn-bnepÅ hnizmkw
F¶nh {ZmhnU X{´-¯nsâ {][m\ LS-I-§-fm-Wv. tZl-¯n-\p-Ånse
Bßm-hn\v _p²n, Úm\w, {Inb, t_m[w, sshIm-cn-IX F¶n-h-bp-ambn
hfsc _Ô-ap-s−¶pw Xm{´n-IÀ IcpXn. Dev]m-Z\kz`m-h-apÅ {]{In-bsb
ImÀjnIPohn-X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n Bcm-[n-¡p-hm³ {ZmhnUÀ {i²n-¨n-cp-¶p.
CXn-\mbn hbÂ, Irjn-bn-S-§Ä XpS-§nb Pohn-tXm-]m[n taJ-e-IÄ tI{µo-I-
cn¨v Bcm-[-\-Ifpw BNmc-§fpw XpS-§n. Cu {Inb-IÄ A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw
\bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw a[y-hÀ¯n-IÄ¡mbn tKm{X-]p-tcm-ln-XÀ D−mbn cn¡pw. hnf
\ÂIp¶ `qanbpw {]h-Nn-¡p¶ kv{Xobpw X½n At`-Zy-amb _Ô-ap-s−¶p
Ah ]c-kv]cw kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶p-sh¶pw {]mNo-\À hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶p.89
DÀh-cm-\pjvTm\§fpsS DÛ-h-]-c-amb ASn-Øm\w Xm{´n-I-hnizm-k-
amWv. enwK-]q-P, tbm\n-]q-P, kv{Xo]qP Ch-bn-seÃmw A\m-cy-amb Nn´m-]-²-
Xn-bpsS {]mcw`LS-\-Im-Wmw. taml³tPmZm-tcm-bnepw lmc-¸-bnepw \S¶ ]T-
\-§-fnÂ\n¶v amXr-tZ-h-Xm-c-[-\bpw, enwK-]q-Pbpw {]_-e-ambncps¶¶v sXfn-
bp-¶p-−v. Chn-sS-\n¶pw ssih-tZym-X-I-amb _nw_-§Ä \nc-h[n e`n-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. ssih þ iàn-tI-{µo-Ir-X-amsbmcp Bcm-[\m]²-Xn-bpsS Bcw`w
CXn \n¶v a\-Ên-em-¡n-sb-Sp-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.
taml³tPm-Zmtcm-hn-sebpw lmc-¸-bn-sebpw P\-§Ä A½
ssZhs¯ Bcm-[n¨psIm−pw enwK-]qP \S¯ns¡m−pw aäp
]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ aX-¨-S-§p-I-f-\p-jvTn-¨p-sIm−pw Irjn A`n-hr-²n-
s¸-Sp¯ns¡m−pw ssIth-e-IÄ hnI-kn-¸n-¨p-sIm−pw Ign-ªn-
cp¶p.90
{Xniq-em-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ ap{Z-IÄ, Imf-s¡m-¼nsâ BIrXn F¶nh knÔp,
KwKm kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ `mK-ambn Is−-¯n-bn-«p-−v.91 {Zmhn-U- hn-izm-k-¯nÂ
\n¶mWv ssih-k-¦ev]-¯n A[n-jvTn-X-amb Xm{´nI kwkvImcw {]_-e-
s¸-«sX¶ hnizmkw Cu \nco-£-W-§-sfÃmw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. {]Ir-Xnsb
\ne-\nÀ¯p¶ A`uaiàn-bn tI{µo-I-cn¨ aX-t_m-[w BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-
§-fn ssih-þ-im-tàb D]m-k-\m-hn-[n-I-fmbn ]cn-W-an-¨p. amXr-tZ-hm-cm-[-\
Bcy-k-¦ev]hp-ambn CS-]-gIn. Imhpk-¦ev]w, `{Z-Im-fn-]q-P, Imfn þ tZhn

103
tZymX-I-§-fmb hmÄ, Nne-¼v, {Xniqew, ZÀ¸W-_nw_w F¶o {]Xo-I-§fpsS
Bcm-[\ \nth-Zy- hkvXp¡fn cp[ncw (càw) KpcpXnbmbn tZhXbv¡p
kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ Iuf-hn-[n, (im-tàbmcm-[-\m k{¼-Zm-bw) F¶nh s]mXpaX-
kz-`m-h-¯n {]I-S-am-bn. tZh-Xbv¡pw, hniz-mkn¡panS-bn \ne-sIm-Åp¶
hyànbmb shfn-¨-]mSv an¡ `{Z-Im-fn-t£-{X-§-fnepw \ne-\n¶ncp-¶p. {ZmhnU
P\-X-bpsS PohnXhr¯n-bpambn tI{µo-I-cn-¨mWv tZh-Xm-\p-jvTm\hnizm-k-§fpw
cqVam-bXv. \mbm-«v, aÕy_-Ô\w, hn`-h-ti-J-cWw, \oc DXv]m-Z\w F¶o
{]hr-¯n-I-fn-seÃmw Xs¶ tI{µo-Ir-X-amb Hcp tZh-Xtbm AXpambn kw_-
Ôn-¡p¶ hnizm-ktam \ne-\n¡pw. \mbm-«p-tZ-hX F¶ t]cn ap¯-¸³
tZhXmk¦ev]hpw {]_-e-am-Wv. H¸wXs¶ ImÀjnItZh-Xbmbpw k¦ev]n
¨mcm-[n-¡m-dp-−v. aZyw {][m\ \nth-Zy-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
tKm{Xhnizm-[n-jvTn-X-amb aXm-\p-jvTm\w, BNm-c-§-fnepw Ie-I-fnepw
\ne-\n¡p¶ kÀhm-ß-hmZw, arKm-\p-I-c-Ww, ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£-Whpw
`àn-bpw, A`uai-àn-I-fnepw DuÀP§-fn-ep-apÅ Bthiw, AXn \n¶pÄ
s¡m-Åp¶ {]tNm-Z\w, D]m-k-\-I-fnepw {Inb-I-fnepw {]IrXnhkvXp-¡-fpsS
{]mXn-\n-[yw, Imhn-S-§-fnse IpSn-sh-¨m-cm-[-\, DXv]m-Z\ kz`m-h-apÅ bmYmÀYy-
§-fnepw A\p-`-h-§-fnepapÅ hnizm-khpw Bcm-[-\bpw, tKm{X-sa¶ kaql
k-¦ev]-t¯mSp {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ A[o-iXzw Ch-sbÃmw {ZmhnU Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS
s]mXpkz`m-h-§-fm-Wv.
Bcy-Xm-{´n-IX htcWy hn`m-K-¯nsâ A[o-i-Xz-¯n P\-Iobam
ImsX Hä-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. a{´-§-fpw Bcm-[\m ]²Xn-Ifpw ]ptcm-ln-X- hÀK-¯n-s\m-
gnsI aäm-cnepw ssIam-ä-s¸-SmsX -\nÀ¯p¶Xn Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc AhÀ hnP-
bn-¨n-cp-¶p. CXv Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS hym]-\-¯n\pw hnIm-k-¯n\pw \nb-{´-W-
taÀs¸-Sp-¯n. Bcy-Xm-{´n-I-X-bp-ambn NmÀ¨ \S-¯n {ZmhnU Xm{´n-IX Hcp
k¦-c-kw-kvIm-c-ambn ]cn-W-an¨p. hyà-amb Imgv¨-¸m-Sp-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Bßob
BN-c-W-§-fn sshZnI Xm{´n-IX-sb¶ Bcymwiw tNcpIbpw AXv tKm{X-
kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâ s]mXp-a-Þ-e-§sf kzm[o-\n-¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Chn-sSbpw
kmaq-lnI]c-amb ØnXn, Øm\, htcWy hyXn-cn-à-X-IÄ {]_-e-ambncp¶p.
_u²-Xm-{´nI ZÀi\w
_p²-a-X-¯nepw Xm{´nI Bcm-[\mk{¼-Zmbw \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶p. _n.-kn.
Bdn `mc-X-¯n cq]w-sIm− _p²-a-X-¯nsâ Dĸn-c-nhn \n¶mWv

104
X{´-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ZÀi-\hpw \njvTmhn[m-\-§-fpw cq]-s¸-«-Xv. thZ-k-½n-X-
amb Bßm-hnsâ AkvXn-Xzw _p²³ \ncm-I-cn-¨p. ZpxJ-¯nsâ Imc-W-s¯-
¡p-dn-¨pÅ At\z-j-Whpw \nhm-cW \nÀtZ-ihpambn _p²-a-X-Úm\w hnI-
kn-X-am-bn. AãmwKamÀK-¯n-eqsS B{K-ls¯ XS-ªp-\nÀ¯m\pw AXp-hgn
kXys¯ Is−-¯m-\pw km[n-¡p-sa¶v AhÀ hniz-kn-¨p.
1. kayKv hnizmkw
2. kayKv \nÝbw
3. kayKv hN\w
4. kayKv IÀaw
5. kayKv PohnXw
6. kayKv bXv\w
7. kayKv hnNmcw
8. kayKv [ym\w
F¶o F«p amÀK-¯n-eqsS `uXnIZpxJ-¯nsâ Imc-Ww a\-Ên-em¡n PohnXw
kmÀY-I-am-¡m-sa¶v _p²³ Blzm\wsNbvXp. Imcy-Im-cW\nb-a-¯nemWv
temI-¯nsâ ØnXn-sb¶v _u²-[Àaw ]d-bp-¶p.
Imc-W-¯n \n¶v Imcy-ap-−m-Ip-¶p. A§-s\-bp-−m-Ip¶
Imcyw asäm-¶nsâ Imc-W-am-bn-¯o-cp¶p. ImcWw ho−pw Imcy-
ambn amdp-¶p. Cu {]{Inbbv¡v Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\-hp-an-Ã.
Imcy-Im-cW \nb-a-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv {]]©w
\ne-\n¡p-¶Xv 92
{]Xo-Xy-k-apÂ]mZw F¶ _u²ZÀi-\-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\w Cu kn²m-´-amWv.
H¶nsâ \mi-¯nÂ\n¶v asäm-¶nsâ DÛ-h-sa¶ Nn´-bm-WnXv. £Wn-Im-
hmZw, A\m-ßm-hmZw F¶o X¯z-Nn-´-IÄ _p²-a-X-¯n Gsd NÀ¨sN¿-
s¸«n«p−v. CXv `uXn-I-Po-hn-X-¯nse FÃm km[y-X-Ifpw AØn-chpw £Wn-
I-hp-am-sW¶v kn²m-´n-¨p. Bßm-hnsâ AkvXn-Xz-s¯bpw _u²[Àaw \ncm-
I-cn-¨p.93

105
 Ahn-cm-a-ambn amdns¡m−n-cn-¡p¶ Hc-hØm hnti-j-¯n-e-S-§nb
]©-kvI-Ô-§-fpsS BsI-¯p-I-bn \n¶p−mIp¶ k¦ev]-
¯n-s\ Bßmhmbn 94]cn-I-ev]\sN¿m-\mWv _u²À {ian-¨Xv.
F¦nepw \nÀhmWw F¶ k¦-ev]-¯n-te¡v _p²-aXw A\p-bm-bn-Isf t{]cn-
¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. NmXpÀhÀW-hy-h-Ø-sbbpw {_mÒ-W-ta-[m-hn-Xz-t¯bpw _p²-
aXw tNmZywsNbvXp. £{Xn-b-sshiyhn`m-K-amWv _p²-a-Xs¯ kwc-£n-¨-Xv.
\nb-X-amb [mÀanIe£Ww _p²-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpw `n£p-¡fpw A\p-k-cn-¡-
W-am-bn-cp¶p. {In.h.aq¶mwiX-I-¯n AtimI³ cm{ã-a-X-ambn _p²n-ks¯
{]Jym-]n-s¨-¦nepw At±-l-¯nsâ Ime-tijw thZ-aXw ]pãn {]m]n-¡p-hm³
XpS-§n. alm-bm-\w, lo\-bm-\w F¶ c−v {][m\ ]ncn-hp-IÄ _p²-a-X-
¯n \ne-hn h¶p. IqSmsX ]Xn-s\-«n-e-[nIw kl-hn-iz-mk-§fpw {]_-e-am-bn.
CXn {][m-\-s¸« \mev hn`m-K-§Ä {i²n-¡-s¸-«p.
1. ssh`m-jnIw
2. ku{Xm-{´nIw
3. tbmKm-Nmcw
4. am[y-anIw
a[y-Im-e-¯n-emWv _u²[Àa-¯n Xm{´n-I-amb k¦-ev]-§fpw, ZÀi-\-
§fpw {]_-e-s¸-«-Xv. alm-bm\ _p²n-Ìp-IÄ km[m-c-W-¡m-cn-te¡v Bßo-b-
Nn-´-I-fp-ambn kao-]n¨v _p²-a-X-¯nsâ kzm[o-\-¯n-\mbn ]cn-{i-an¨p.
{XnaqÀ¯n k¦ev]w A\p-I-cn¨v {XnIm-b-_p-²³ F¶ Bi-bw alm-bm\
k\ym-kn-amÀ {]N-cn-¸n-¨ncp¶p. _p²s\ ssZh-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw Xm{´n-I-
amb Bcm-[\mhn[n-IÄ AXn Iev]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1. [Àa-Imbw
2. \nÀamWImbw {XnIm-b-_p-²³
3. kwt`mKImbw
{io_p²s\ Xm{´nItZhXmØm\-¯n-te¡v DbÀ¯nb tijw [Àa-þ-
\nÀamWþkwt`mKImb-§-fn-te¡v AXnsâ `mhm-tcm-]Ww \S-¯n. {_mÒWm-
Nm-c-§-fnÂ\n¶v amXrI DÄs¡m−-tXm, kzbÀPn-Xs-am- Bb A\p-jvTm-\-
]-²-Xn-I-fn aXm-Nmcw DÄs¡m-Ån¨v \ho-\-amb Xm{´nI Bcm-[\m hn[nIÄ
cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvXp. {XnIm-b-§-fnse {]Y-a-`mhw [Àa-Im-b-am-bn-cp¶p. \nXyhpw

106
Ønc-amb [Àas¯ tZymXn-¸n-¡p-¶- \nÀam-W-Imbw a\pjymIm-c-¯n-epÅ _u²-
`mhs¯ {]Xn-\n-[m\wsN¿p¶p. _p²hn{K-l-§-fpsS \ne Cu X¯z-¯nÂ
eo\-am-Wv. kwt`m-K-Imbw B\-µ-`mhs¯ hnh-£n-¡p¶p. {XnImb k¦ev]-¯n-eq-
sS-bm-bn-cp¶p _u²-[Àa-¯nsâ BN-c-W-]-c-amb hfÀ¨. XrjvWm]qÀWamb
ZpxJ-¯nsâ \nhm-c-W-¯n\v Pohn-X-¯nsâ \njvTm-]qÀWhpw hnip-²-hp-amb
kz`m-h-Ir-XyXbmWv _p²³ \njvIÀjn-¨-Xv. F¶m {XnImb kn²m-´-¯nsâ
{]m_-ey-t¯msS BN-c-W-§Ä, _p²m-\p-jvTm\ ]²-Xn-IÄ, ]ptcm-lnXhr¯n,
_p²m-\p-{Klw F¶nh hyàn¡v Bh-iy-am-sW¶ hmZw {]N-cn-¨p. IrXy-amb
BZÀi-]-c-X-bn DbÀ¶n-cp¶ _u²-a-X-§-fn {Inbm {]map-Jy-apÅ Xm{´nIX
A§s\ Øm\w ]nSn-¨p. _u²-Xm-{´n-I-Xbv¡v tbmKm-Nm-c-hp-ambn NmÀ¨-bp-−v.
h{P-bm-\hpw AXnsâ imJ-bmb kl-P-bm-\hp-amWv _p²-Xm-{´n-IX hfÀ¯n-
b-Xv.

1. h{P-bm\w
{_mÒ-W -Xm-{´n-I-X-bp-ambn Nne {Inb-I-fn kmayw.

jUvIÀa-§sf¶ \ne-bn {_mÒ-W-IÀa-¯n \ne-\n-¶n-
cp¶ {Inb-I-fpsS km¶n²yw CXn-ep-−v. B`n-Nm-c-§Ä, hiyw,
[\mÀP\w F¶n-hbv¡v {]tXyIw {]tbm-K-§Ä \ne-\nÂ
¡p¶p.

2.kl-P-bm\w
`uXn-I-Po-hn-X-¯n \ne-\n-¶p-sIm−v Xs¶ \nÀhmWw

{]m]n-¡m-sa¶ k¦ev]-¯nÂ\n¶mWv kl-Pb - m-\-¯nsâ
hnIm-kw.

iq\y-Xm-kn-²m-´-hp-ambn h{P-bm\ Xm{´n-I-Xbv¡v _Ô-ap−v. Xm{´nIm

cm-[-\-bv¡p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ap{Z-IÄ, a{´-§Ä, KoX-I-§Ä, {Inb-IÄ, D]-I-c-
W-§Ä, _nw_-§Ä F¶nh iq\y-X-bpsS tZymX-I-am-sW¶ hniz-mkw
CXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-ambn \ne-\n¡p¶p. {_mÒW Xm{´n-I-X-bn Bcm-[n-
¡p¶, tZh-X-bmbn kzbw amdnbtij-ta ]qPm-\p-jvTm\w \S-¯m³ D]m-k-
I\v AÀl-X-bpÅp. iq\yXbmbn ]cn-W-an¡pt¼mÄ _u²-{]m]vXn e`n-¡p-
sa¶v _u²-Xm-{´nIcpw hniz-kn-¨p. 7þ-mw iX-Iw-hsc h{P-bm\w ià-ambn
\ne-\n¶p.
_p²-a-X-¡m-cpsS X{´-hn-Zy-I-fn {][m-\-am-bh h{P-bm-\hpw
AXnÂ\n¶p ]ncn-ªp-−mb kl-P-bm-\-hp-amWv. Bß-]o-U\w
IqSmsX km[m-cW euInIPohnXw \bn-¨p-sIm−v Xs¶ tamN\w
107
 t\Sm³ Ign-bp-sa-¶mWv kl-P-bm\w kn²m-´n-¡p-¶Xv. h{P
bm\¯n B`n-Nm-c-§Ä F¶ t]cn-e-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ hnNn-{X-§-
fmb Nne IÀa-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. kzmÀYw t\Sm\pw i{Xp-¡sf
\nÀho-cy-am-¡m\pw kv{XoIsf hio-I-cn-¡m\pw aäpw klm-bn-
95
¡p¶ B`n-Nm-c-§-fp-−v.
Xm{´nI {Inbm-]-²-Xn-IÄ _p²-a-X-¯n {]_-e-am-bXv Bdmw iX-I-
t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. F.-Un. 400þ700 ImeL«¯n-enXv IqSp-X ià-ambn. 84 hn[-
¯n-epÅ kn²n-IÄ _u²-X-{´-¯n \ne-\n¡p-¶p. {_mÒW Xm{´n-I-X-
t]mse Z£n-Wm-Nmcw/hmam-Nmcw F¶ c−v BN-cW k{¼-Zm-b-§fpw CXnÂ
\ne-hn-ep-−v.
]©-a-Im-c-kn-²m´w
cl-ky-kz-`mhw ]peÀ¯n ]©-a-Imchn[n-IÄ _u²-Xm-{´n-IÀ A\p-
jvTn-¨n-cp-¶p. aZyw, amwkw, aÕyw, ap{Z, ssaYp\w F¶o aImcX¯z-§-fn-
eqsS \S-¯p¶ Xm{´n-Im-\p-jvTm-\-am-Wn-Xv.
Xm{´n-I-·m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯n C¯cw {Inb-I-fpsS e£yw
euIn-I-§-fmb kpJ-t`m-K-§tfm `uXn-I-hm-Z-¯nsâ {]Nm-c-tam-
A-Ã. {_Ò-km-£m-XvImcw, AsÃ-¦n _p²¯zw {]m]n-¡-emWv.96
{_mÒW Xm{´n-Im-\p-jvTm-\-¯n {]IrXn kn²m-´-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p
hym]n-¨-XmWv ]©-a-Im-cm-cm-[-\. "a' Imc-§-fn Hmtcm¶pw hyXy-kvX-amb
X¯z-§sf {]Xn-\n-[m\wsN¿p-¶p. Xn_¯v, ssN\ F¶o cmPy-§-fnÂ
_p²-a-X-¯n\v hfsc kzm[o-\-ap-−m-bn-cp¶p. CXn ]cn-Wm-a-§Ä¡p hnt[-b-
ambn {]XyI ZÀi-\hpw X¯z-§fpw Xm{´n-Im-Nm-c-§-fn CS-I-eÀ¶v hym]n-¨p.
No\m-Nm-c-§Ä F¶ k{¼-Zmbw C§-s\-bp-−m-bn. Z£n-tW-´y-bn {]tXy-
In¨v Xan-gv\m-«n \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ kn²m-Nmc¯n\v No\m-Nm-c-hp-ambn _Ô-ap-
−m-bn-cp¶psh¶pw t`mK-kn-²À No\m-¡m-c-\mbncp¶p-sh¶pw hniz-kn-¡p¶p.
_u² Xm{´n-I-X-bnse Nne {]tXy-I-X-IÄ
1. ]c-a-[Àahpw {]m]vXn-bp-ambn {io_p²s\ AwKo-I-cn-¨p.
2. ssP\-a-X-hp-ambn tNÀ¶v an{i-kz-`m-h-¯n-epÅ Xm{´nIm\p-jvTm-\-§Ä
Bhn-jvI-cn-¨p.

108
 3. Z£nW`mc-X-¯n _p²Xm{´n-IX hfsc kzm[o\wsNep-¯n. {_mÒW
aX-¯nsâ clkykz`mhw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp¶ A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw ZÀi-\-§fpw
km[m-c-W-¡m-cmb P\-§-fn-te¡v {_mÒWX¯z-§Ä F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xn-
\pÅ XS-Ê-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
4. C´y-bn _u²-Xm-{´n-I-X-bv¡p-−m-bn-cp¶ kzm[o-\-¯n \n¶mWv
awtKm-fn-b, {ioe¦, Sn_-äv, _Àa, `q«m³, Ct´m-t\-jy, kn¡nw, ssN\
F¶o cmPy-§-fn _p²-Xm-{´n-IX hym]n-¨-Xv.
5. sslµh aX-¯nse t]mse c£, Ge-Êv, enJnX iàn F¶n-h-bnepw
_p²-Xm-{´n-IÀ hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶p. i{Xp-¡sf im]Zpcn-X-§sfs¡m−v D·q-
e\wsN¿m³ X§Ä¡m-hp-sa¶v `n£p-¡Ä IcpXn.
6. _nw_-cq-]-¯n _p²-k-¦ev]w Bcm-[n-¡p¶ Xm{´nIhn[n {]_-es¸«p.
7. {_mÒW t£{Xm-N-cW]²-Xn-I-fn ka-Im-en-Im-h-Ø-bn \ne-\n¡p¶
]e LS-I-§fpw _u²-Xm-{´n-Im-\p-jvTm-\-¯n \n¶v kzm[o\w DÄs¡m-
−-Xm-Wv.
tIc-fob hmkvXpk{¼-Zm-b-¯nse t£{X-hn-[m-\-§-fpsS \nÀam-W-¯nÂ
_p²-aXw kzm[o-\n-¨n-cp-¶p. tZh-X-bpsS ]cn-hm-c-§sf Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ k¦-
ev]¯n _en-Xq-Ip¶ iothen, {io`qX-_en F¶o NS-§p-IÄ _p²Xm{´n-I-
X-bnÂ\n¶pw Is−-¯n-b-XmWv. t£t{Xm-Õh NS-§p-IÄ Ae-¦m-c-t¯mSp
IqSnb tZh-_nw-_-§-fpsS Fgp-¶-Å-¯p-IÄ F¶n-h CXn s¸-Sp-¶p. Im]m-enI
aX-¯n `n£m]m{Xambn Xe-tbmSv sIm−p-\-S-¶n-cp-¶Xv `njp-¡-fnÂ\n¶v
kzm[o-\-apÄs¡m-−mWv. _p²-Xm-{´n-I-cnse {][m\ BNm-cy-·msc ]n¶oSv
_p²-tZ-h-X-I-fmbn ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp¯n. BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fnenhbv¡v {]tXyI
{]m[m-\y-ap-−m-bn-cp¶p. {_mÒW Xm{´nIkwhn-[m-\-{]-Im-c-apÅ ]qP-Ifpw
CXn-s\m¸w \S-¯n-h¶p. sslµh tZh-k-¦ev]¯nse KW-]-Xn, Nmap-Þn,
ba³, C{µ³, alm-Im-e³, Pzmem-am-en\n, Aw_nI F¶o tZh-X-Ifpw _p²
Xm{´nIaqÀ¯n-I-fm-Wv. {_mÒWaX-¯nsâ A[x]X-\-t¯msS XIÀ¶ lnµp
t£{X-§-fn _p²-a-X-kzm-[o\w {]I-S-am-hp-Ibpw hn{K-l-¯nepw BNc-W-§-
fnepw _p²-X-{´-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-IÄ \ne-hn hcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. imkvXmhv
_p²-\m-sW¶pw imkvXmt£{X-§Ä _p²hn-lm-c-§-fm-sW¶pw Nne Ncn-{X-
Im-c-·mÀ ]d-bp-¶p. _p²³ hnjvWp-hnsâ Ah-Xm-c-am-sW¶v Aán-]p-cm-W-

109
¯n 16-þmw A²ym-b-¯n {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶psh¶ A`n-{]m-bhpw {]_-e-am-
bn-cp-¶p.
Bcy aRvPp {ioaqe-Iev]w, Kply-k-am-Pw, GIm-Zi-ap-Jw, {]tam-Z-a-lm-
bp-Kw, kw]p-tSm-Zv`-hw, kmw_-tcm-Zbw, UmIn\oPmew, tbmKmw-_cw, A`n-[m-
t\m-¯-cw, {Inbm-kw-{K-lw F¶n-h- _p² Xm{´n-I-X hni-Z-am-¡p¶ {KÙ-§-
fmWv. atä-sXmcp Xm{´nIhnh-c-W§-fn-teXpw t]mse BN-c-W-§fpw {Inb-
Ifpw [ym\-Úm\{]t_m-[-\-§-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p Cu Xm{´nI{KÙ-§-fnse DÅ-S¡w.
h{P-bm-\, kl-P-bm-\-¯n hyà-am-¡p¶ DZvt_m-[-\-§fpw tbmKm-Nm-c-\n-
jvT-§-fmb {]hr-¯n-amÀKhpw CXnse hnh-cWkz`m-h-¯nepw DZvt_m-[\
ssien-bnepw tNÀ¯n-cp-¶p. an¡Xpw A]qÀhIrXnI-fm-Wv.
tbmKkm[\ _p² Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS {][m\ LS-I-am-Wv. hyàn-k-¯-
bn _p²³ \ne-\n¡p-¶p-sh¶pw lT-tbmK¯nepsS _u²ZÀi\w e`n-
¡p-sa¶pw ChÀ {]kvXm-hn-¨p. sslµh X¯z-apÅ [ym\-]-²-Xn¡v kam-\-
amWv _u²Xm{´n-IÀ hnh-cn-¡p¶ tbmK-co-Xn. ico-c-¯n-\p-Ån \ne-\nÂ
¡p¶ N{I-§-fn-eq-sSbpw ]ß-§-fn-eq-sSbpw AXo-{µn-bm-\p-`-hs¯ krãn-s¨-
Sp-¡m³ km[n-¡p-sa¶hÀ Icp-Xn. \s«-Ãnsâ Ccp-h-i¯papÅ ee-\, ]nwKf
(c-k-\), a[y-¯n-epÅ NÞmen (kp-jp-av\)-sbbpw DbÀ¯n-bmWv tbmK-
km-[\ A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶-Xv.
1. ee\ → CS-Xp-`m-K¯v ØnXnsN¿p-¶p.
↓
hmkvX-h-Úm\w ({]-Ú)
2. ]nwKf → he¯p-`m-K¯v ØnXnsN¿p-¶p.
↓
bYmÀY amÀKw (D]mbw)
3. kpjpav\ → a[y`m-K¯v ØnXnsN¿p-¶p.
↓
\nXy-ssN-X\yw (GIXzw)
km[-\-bn-eqsS {]Ú-bpw D]m-bbpw DWcWw. XpSÀ¶v km[-I³
GI-Xz-sa¶ ssNX-\ymh-Ø-bn-Â ]c-a-Úm\w AYhm Bßo-bm-\p-`-h-¯n-
se¯p¶p. XrjvWmia-\-amWv _p²-a-X-¯nsâ {][m\ ktµiw.97 _p²-a-X-
¯nsâ {]mcw-`-Im-e-amb _n.kn 5þ4Â Xs¶ tIc-f-¯nepw _p²n-k-¯nsâ

110
e£-W-§Ä I−pXp-S-§n. DZm-c-X, kmÀh-eu-InI-X, Alnw-km-t_m[w F¶nh
km[m-c-W-¡msc _p²-a-X-¯n-te¡v BIÀjn-¡p-¶-Xn\v t{]c-I-ambncp¶p.
hyàn-icoc¯n AXo-{µn-b-amb ssNX-\ym-h-Ø-IÄ \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p-sh¶pw
Ah DWÀ¯n-bm kn²n AhØ ssIh-cp-sa¶pw _p² X{´w A\p-im-kn-¨p.
IpÞ-en\niànsb {]mWm-bma¯neqsS DWÀ¯n þ DbÀ¯n kl-{km-c-]-ß-
¯n-se¯n¡p¶ tbmK-amÀKw lnµp-a-Xwt]mse _p²-a-Xhpw AwKo-I-cn-¨p.
IpÞ-en-\nsb kv{Xo`m-h-¯nepw a\p-jym-ß-`m-hs¯ ]pcpjX¯z-¯nepw Iev]n¨p.
inh/ iàn tNÀ¨-sb¶ lnµp-Xm-{´nI hnizmkwt]mse {]Úbpw D]m-bbpw
tNÀ¶pÅ Ah-Ø _p²-Xm-{´n-IXbpw {][m-\-s¸-«-Xmbn IW-¡m-¡n.
{]Úbpw ({]Ú+D]mb) D]m-bbpw tNcp-t¼mÄ _p²Xzw {]m]n-¡p¶p.
{]Ú ]pcpjssNX-\yhpw D]mb kv{Xo ssNX-\y-hp-am-Wv. Ch ebn-¨v
krãn ]qÀW-X-bn-se-¯p-¶p-sh¶v _u²-Xm-{´n-I-aXw hniz-kn-¨p.

h{Pm-b\ _p²-aX (tkm-N³, Dzogchen)sa¶ Xn_-ä³ _p²n-k-¯nÂ

Xm{´nIkwkvImcw hyà-ambn \ne-\n¡p¶p. CXv kz]v\ZÀi-\-s¯bpw
kz]v\-hym-Jym-\-t¯bpw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. {]Im-i-am-\-amb _p²`mh-amWv
a\-Ênsâ {]mY-an-I-X-ew. CXn DÄa-\-Ênsâ hyXy-kvX-I-fm-Wv kz]v\-¯n-
eqsS _ln-À-K-an-¡p-¶-sX¶v tkmN³ Xm{´n-IÀ hnizkn-¡p-¶p.
Sn_-ä³ _p²-a-X-a-\p-k-cn¨v kz]v\¯neqsS _lnÀK-an-¡p-¶-h-
sbÃmw kz´w a\-Ênsâ Hmtcm `mK-§-fm-Wv. Ahsb \n{K-ln-
¡p-IbÃ, DZv{K-Yn-¡p-I-bmWv th−-Xv. kz]v\-¯n ImWp¶
Hmtcm {]Xn-cq-]hpw kz´w hyàn-{]-`m-h-¯nsâ `mK-am-sW¶v
\n\¨v kvt\l-]qÀhw kuay-X-tbmsS AXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v [ym\n-
¡Ww. [ym\-k-a-b¯v ""Hmw A\p-Xmc'' F¶ a{´hpw P]n¡mw.
A§s\ \n{Zm-h-Ø-bnse kpt_m-[-a-\-Êp-ambn ebn-¸n¨v hyàn-
Xzs¯ AJ-Þ-amb `{Z-X-bn-te¡p \bn-¡Ww.98
kz]v\-tbmKw F¶ k{¼-Zm-b-¯nsâ e£yw hyànsb _p²-\m-¡p-I-
sb-¶-XmWv. kz]v\-hp-ambn ebn¨v ]cn-io-e\w hgnbnXv km[n-¡psa¶mWv
hnizmkw. ImWp¶ kz]v\¯
- n A`n-c-an-¡m-sX hkvXp-hmbn XocpI. DW-cp-
t¼mÄ kz]v\-¯nse hkvXpX tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-Ww. ]n¶oSv tcJs¸Sp¯nb
kw`-h-§sf HmÀan-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶v ]n¶o-SpÅ Dd-¡-¯n kz]v\-s¯-

111
¡p-dn¨v t_m[-ap-Å-h-cm-bn-cn-¡-Ww. Cu {Inb-bm Dd-§p-¶-Xp-hsc P]n-¡m³
_p²-Xm-{´n-IX a{´w Na-¨n-«p-−v.
DZm: Hmw KmtX ]cm-KmtX ]c-kw-KmtX t_m[n-kzml
C§s\ kz]v\-tbmK XpS-cp-t¼mÄ `mhn-bnse kw`-h-§Ä kz]v\-¯n-eqsS
ZÀin-¡m-sa¶pw ac-Wm-\-´c Ah-Øt]mepw A\p-`-h-s¸-Smsa¶v tkmN³
k-¦ev]w hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
ac-W-¯n\pw ASp¯ P·-¯n\pw CS-bv¡pÅ Ah-Øbv¡v _ÀtZm
F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶Xv. kz]v\-tbmKw A`y-kn-¨m Xm³ _ÀtZm-
bn F¯p-t¼mÄ Xsâ ASp¯ P·-¯n Xm³ Bcm-bnt«m
F´m-bnt«m P\n-¡p-sa¶v kzbw Xocp-am\w FSp-¡mw... kz]v\-
tbmKw A`y-kn-¨-hÀ¡v ac-W-`-b-an-Ã. kz]v\bmYmÀYy-¯nÂ
\n¶v DWÀhnsâ bmYmÀYytemI-t¯¡v {]bmWw sN¿p-¶Xp
t]mse Xs¶ DWÀhpÅt¸mgs¯ bmYmÀYy¯n \n¶v _ÀtZm
bmYmÀYy¯n-te¡v IS¶pt]mIp¶p F¶p am{Xw.99
kz]v\tbmK-bn-eqsS kz]v\w \nb-{´-W-¯n--¡m³ Ign-bp-t¼mÄ a\Êv
ssNX-\ym-h-Ø-bn-te¡v ØnXnsN¿p-¶p. anemw-tXÀ F¶ kz]v\-\n[n hn`m-
K-¯n kz]v\-k-aq-lw \nd-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn _p²-Xm-{´n-IÀ hniz-kn-¡p-
¶p−v. _p²\v ap¼v imIy-ap-\n-bmWnXv cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. CXv alm-
am-b-X{´¯n hnh-cn-¡p¶p. anemw-tXÀ ]cn-io-e-IÀ¡v kz]v\ZÀi-\w- e`n-
¡p-t¼mÄ AÛp-X-I-c-amb amä-§Ä Pohn-¯n h¶p-tN-cp-¶p. {]mNo\ Bßob
kwkvImc¯n \ne\n¶n-cp¶ kz]v\-tbm-K-sa¶ kz]v\-hn-Úm\w h{Pm-b\
_p²-a-X-¯nsâ kw`m-h-\-bmWv. _u²Xm{´n-I-X-bn C¯cw A`ua
k¦Â¸-§Ä ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-Ibpw \nco-£n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. Ct¸mgpw
C¯-c-¯n-epÅ kz]v\-tbmK Xn_-¯³ _p²nk¯n {]Nm-c-¯nep−v.
ap{Z F¶ [m\y an{in-Xhpw, aÕyhpw, amwkhpw, aZyhpw ]qP-bv
¡p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-hm³ XpS-§n. ]©-a-Imc]qP-bn ssaYp\w IqSn
DÄs¸-Sp¯n. Xm{´nI{KÙ-§Ä \nÀan-¡p-Ibpw Ah-bn-te¡v
_p²-a-X-¯n\v IS-I-hn-cp-≤-amb {]tbm-K-߃ ISØn- hn-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp.100

112
Cu \nco-£-W-¯n _u²-Xm-{´n-I-X-bn h¶p tNÀ¶ hn]-coXIÀakz`m-
hs¯¡pdn-¨pÅ kqN\ \ÂIp-¶p. Sn_ä³ \mSp-I-fn _p²-a-X-¯n\v ema
F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p−v. sshtcm-N-\-_p-²³ F¶ t]cn-emWv ChnsS _p²s\
Bcm-[n-¡p-¶Xv. ssh`mjnIþXm{´nIZÀi-\-§Ä ]n´Ån tbmKm-Nm-c-§fpw
am[y-an-Ihpw IqSp-XÂ iàn-{]m-]n¨tXmsS _p²-aXw £bn-¡m³ Xp-S§n.
101
ZmÀi-\nI _u²Nn´-Isf DÄs¡m−v lnµp-a-Xw B ka-b¯v apt¶dn.
D¯c-þZ£nW `mc-X-¯n _p²-aXw sNep-¯nb kzm[o\w hep-Xm-bn-cp-
s¶-¦nepw {ItaW lnµp-a-X-¯nsâ DWÀhv _p²n-k-¯nsâ XIÀ¨bv¡v
Imc-W-am-bn. ZÀi-\m-ß-I-amb BßobX¯z-¯n ASn-Øm-\m-i-b-§Ä
\ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ _p²-a-X-¯n \nc-h-[n A\p-jvTm\{Inb-Ifpw k¦ev] hnizm-
k-§fpw {]N-cn-¨tXmsS _p²n-k-¯nsâ ssiYneyamcw-`n-¨p. a[y-Im-e-t¯m-
sS-bmWnXv ià-am-b-Xv. Ggmw\qäm-−n ]Ã-h-cm-P-hwiw A]-N-bs¸SpIbpw
Nme-qIy-hwiw DbÀ¨ {]m]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu Ah-k-c-¯n-emWv lnµp-
a-X-hpw Xm{´n-I-Xbpw {]_-e-am-b-Xv.
ssP\Xm{´nI ZÀi\w
_u²Xm{´n-I-Xsb t]mse ssP\X{´hpw P\-k-½-Xn-bmÀPn-¨n-cp¶p.
hÀ[-am\ alm-ho-c-\n-eq-sS-bmWnXv {]kn²n t\Sn-b-Xv. _nkn. 599emWv At±l
¯nsâ P\\w. _p²s\ t]mse sFlnI ZpxJ-¯n \n¶pÅ tamN-\-¯n-
\mbn At±lw ]cn-{hm-P-I\mbn XoÀ¶p. Ct±-l-¯n\v ap¼v 23 XoÀY-¦-c-·mÀ
D−m-bn-cp-¶Xmbn ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
ssP\-a-X-¯nse XoÀY-¦-c-·mÀ
1. Ej-`³ (B-Zn-\m-Y³)
2. APnX\mY-³
3. kw`h\mY³
4. A`n-\-µ-\m-Y³
5. kpa-Xn-\m-Y³
6. ]Zva-{]`
7. kp]mÀiz-\m-Y³
8. N{µ-{]`
9. kphn-[n-\m-Y³
10. ioX-f-\m-Y³

113
 11. t{ibmwk \mY³
12. hmkp-]q-Py³
13. hna-e-\m-Y³
14. A\-´-\m-Y³
15. [Àa\m-Y³
16. im´n-\m-Y³
17. Ip´p-\m-Y³
18. Ac-l\m-Y³
19. aÃn-\m-Y³
20. ap\nkp{hX³
21. \nan-\m-Y³
22. t\an-\m-Y³
23. ]mÀiz-\m-Y³
24. alm-ho-c³
XoÀY¦c-·m-cn 24-þmwas¯ Øm\w alm-ho-c\v e`n-¨p. Ct±-l-¯n\p
ap¼v 250 hÀjs¯ {]mNo\X ]mÀiz-\m-Y-\p-−v. \mep {][m\ X¯z-§-fn-eqsS
IÀa-\n-hr-¯nsb At±lw hymJym-\n-¨p.
1. Alnwk
2. kXyw
3. AkvtXbw
4. A]-cn-{Klw
CXn-s\m¸w {_Ò-Ncyhpw alm-ho-c³ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n. ZnKw-_-c·mÀ, tizXmw-_-
c-·mÀ F¶ 2 {][m\ hn`m-K-§Ä CXn-ep-−m-bn. F.Un. 12 hsc ssP\-a-X-
¯n\v `mc-X-¯n {]Nm-c-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. ssP\hn-izm-k-w {]]-©-¯nsâ {]m[m-
\y-s¯ AwKo-I-cn¨p. Poh/ APoh hkvXp-¡-fpsS k©-b-amWv {]]©w. ImgvN,
Ne\w, kv]Àiw F¶n-h-bvs¡m¸w t_m[w, sshIm-cn-IX F¶o KpW-§Ä
PohhkvXp-¡-fn ImWp-¶p. Bßmhv/ PUw F¶o Zzµz§-fpsS tNÀ¨-bmWv
PohhkvXp-¡Ä. KpW-t¯mSp IqSn- {Zhy-¯nsâ AkvXn-Xz-hpw \ne-\n¡p
¶p−v. {]IrXnþ]pcpjk¦ev]w t]mse {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ ZÀi-\-am-WnXv.
CXn PUh-kvXp-¡sf A©p hn`m-K-ambn Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

114
 1. ]pZvKemkvXn-Imbw (Matter)
2. BImimkvXn-Imbw (Space)
3. [ÀamkvXn-Imbw (The Fulcrum of Motion)
4. A[ÀamkvXn-Imbw (The Fulcrum of Rest)
5. Imew (Time)

]pZvKesa¶m ]c-am-Wp-¡ÄsIm−v \nÀan-¡-s¸-Sp¶ hkvXp. Ch-bpsS _rl-

¯mb Iq«w AYhm kvIÔ-amWv temIw. kv]Ài, hÀW, KÔ-c-ln-X-amb
hkvXp-hn-s\-bmWv BImiw Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Ne\/ \nÝ-e-\m-h-Ø
bv¡p ImcWw [Àam-kvXn-Im-bhpw A[Àam-kvXn-Im-b-hp-am-Wv. ChnsS Imes¯
hmkvX-hn-I-X-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. hkvXp-hn-ep-]cn ]qÀh/ D¯-cm-h-Ø-
Isf a\-Ên-em-¡p¶ bmYmÀYy-am-Wn-Xv. KpW-]-cn-Wm-a-¯n\v hnt[-b-amWv
{]]-©w.
A©p {][m\ Úm\w {]]-©-¯n \ne-\n¡p-¶p.
1. aXn-Úm\w
C{µnb-kn²w
2. {ipX-Úm\w
]Z-kn²w
3. Ah-[n-Úm\w
Bß-`m-h-¯nÂ\n¶v DÛq-X-am-Ip-¶Xv
4. a\-]-cym-b-Úm\w
CXc Bi-b-§fpw ho£-W-§fpw Bß-
kz-`mhw BÀPn-s¨-Sp¯v \ÂIp¶ Úm\w
5. tIh-e-Úm\w
A]-cn-tabw

Cu Úm\-saÃmw IÀa`m-h-¯n a\p-jy-\n AÚXmcq]-¯n \nÂ

¡p¶p. cXv\-{Xbsa¶ t]cn hnJym-X-amb amÀKNcybpw ssP\-a-X-w hyà-
am-¡n-bn-«p-−v.
1. kayIvv ZÀi\w
2. kayIv Úm\w
3. kayIv Nmcn{Xw
Ch-bpsS ]me\wsIm−v tam£w km[n-¡p-sa¶pw ssP\À hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.
Bßm-hns\ AwKo-I-cn-¡p¶ ssP\-aXw tam£-¯n\v A\p-jvTm-\-§-f-Ã,
]hn-{X-amb Pohn-X-amWv Bh-iy-sa¶v A\p-im-kn-¨p.

115
 apÖ-·-§-fnse IÀa-§-fmWv a\p-jys\ Cu P·-¯n hymhÀ
¯n-¸n-¡p-¶-sX¶ kn²m´w {_mÒWaX-¯n\pw ssP\-_p-²-a-X-
§Ä¡pw s]mXp-sh-bpÅ H¶mWv. F¶m {_mÒWaXw {_mÒ-
W\p am{Xta tam£-{]m-]vXn¡v AÀl-X-bp-Åp-sh¶v kn²m-´n-
¡p¶p. ssP\-_p² aX-§-fm-Is« GsXmcph\pw \nÀZnã amÀK-¯n-
eqsS Ncn-¨m (ssP-\-a-X-¯n cXv\-{X-bhpw _p²-a-X-¯nÂ
AãmwKamÀKhpw) tam£w {]m]n-¡m-sa¶v {]Jym-]n-¡p¶p.102
Xm{´nI ZÀi-\s¯ hyà-am-¡p¶ cN-\-IÄ ssP\-a-X-¯n \nc-h-[n-
bp-−v. kma-´-`{Z³ cNn¨ kzbw-`q-kvt{Xm{Xw (c−mw \qäm-−v), im´n kXzsâ
atµh (aq¶mw \qäm-−v), Zj-sk-bn³ cNn¨ alm-ho-c-kvXpXn (\memw \qäm-−v),
]qP-]ZvcN-\-bmb im´nAãIw (A©mw\qäm-−v), Dam-kzmXn cNn¨ XXzmÀYm-
[n-K-a-kq{Xw (G.-Un.H¶v þ c−v iX-Iw) F¶nh ssP\X-{´s¯ hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
IqSmsX BNm-cmw-Kw, kq{X-Ir-Xmw-Kw, `K-hXo-kq{Xw F¶n-hbpw ssP\-
kn-²m´ {]kn-²-§-fmb {KÙ-§-fm-Wv. ]{´−mwiX-I-¯nepw \nc-h[n
Xm{´nIcN-\-IÄ D−m-bn-«p-−v. \h-{Kl kvt{Xm{Xw, kc-kzXo kvt{Xm{Xw,
Pzmem-am-en\o Iev]w, a{´-cm-P-c-l-kv, X{´-eo-em-hXn, ss`c-¬ ]ßm-hXn
Iev]w, Nn´m-aWn I]m-ew, a{´m-[n-cmPv F¶nh DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv. Xm{´nI
{Inb-IÄ, BN-c-W-§Ä, hnizm-k-§Ä, hnh-c-W-§Ä, hymJym-\-§Ä F¶nh
C¯cw {KÙ-§-fn DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
aq¶v {][m\ tZh-X-Isf tI{µo-I-cn-¨mWv ssP\ Xm{´n-IX DbÀ¶p-
h-¶-Xv.
1. ]ßm-hXn
2. Nt{Iizcn
3. Aw_nI
]©-kvIrXn, Zo]-Iv, Ejn-a-ÞÂ, b{´-hn-[m\w, BÀj-hn-[m-\i
- m-k-\-w,
X{´-{]-Imiw, tImãINn´m-aWn F¶nh Xm{´n-Im-cm-[-\-bnse cl-ky-
amÀK§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-¶ X{´imkv{X- Ir-Xn-I-fmWv. kc-kzXn Iev]\p-k-cn-
¨pÅ iàn-]qP Cu aX-¯n \S-¡p-¶p−v.103 tIcf¯nepw ssP\-a-X-
¯nsâ kzm[o-\-ap-−m-bn-cp-¶p. ]Sn-ssa-tbm³ F¶ ssP\-k-\ym-knbpw sXmÂ
Im-¸n-bdpw kwL-Im-es¯ ]Þn-X-\m-bn-cp-¶ Xncp-hp-ÅphÀ (Xn-cp-¡p-dÂ), Cfw-
tIm-h-Sn-IÄ (Nn-e-¸-Xn-Im-cw) F¶n-hcpw ssP\a-Xm-\p-km-cn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. tIc-f-

116
¯nse Nne t£{X-§-fn ssP\-{]-XnjvTbpw BNm-c-§fpw \ne-\n¡p¶p.
I\ym-Ip-am-cn-bnse NnX-dm tZhn- t£-{X-¯n ]ßm-hXn, ]mÀiz-\m-Y³, alm-
ho-c³ F¶n-h-cpsS {]Xn-jvT-bp-−v. \mKÀtIm-hnse \mK-cmP t£{Xw, Fd-Wm-
Ip-fs¯ IÃn t£{Xw, Xriq-cnse ]cp-am-tÈcn t£{Xw, ]me-¡ms« N{µ-\m-Y-
t£{Xw F¶nh ssP\-t£{X-§-fpsS ]«n-IbnÂs¸Sp-¶p. ssP\ap\n-I-fpsS Xma-k-
Ø-e-§-fmb ap\n-b-d-Ifpw Is−-¯n-bn-«p-−v. Ccn-§m-e-¡pS IqSÂamWnIy-
t£{Xw BZy-Ime¯v ssP\t£{X-am-bn-cp-s¶¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. kymZvhmZw
ssP\-a-X-¯nsâ {][m\ kn²m-´-§-fn H¶m-bn-cp¶p. Úm\-¯nsâ Bt]-
£n-I-Xsb CXv hyà-am-¡p-¶p. hkvXp-hnsâ AkvXn-Xz-s¯ `mhw, \ntj[w
F¶n-h-sIm−v ]qÀW-ambn \nÀh-Nn-¡m³ km[n-¡n-sö X¯zw kymZvhmZw
kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.104 CsXmcp Zzµzm-ßI kn²m-´-am-sW¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶-h-cp-ap-−v.
ssP\-Xm-{´n-I-Xbv¡v {_mÒWXm{´n-I-X-bp-ambn ]e LS-I§
- fnepw kmay-
ap-−v. Xm{´n-I-{In-b-Isf BN-c-W-hn-ti-j-I-fp-ambn _Ôn-¸n¨v A\p-jvTn-¡p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. GIm-Zin{hXw XpS-§n-b- aXm-\pjvTm\-§fpw D]-hm-k-§fpw
sshZyw tPymXnjw XpS§nb imkv{X-im-J-Ifpw tIc-f-¯nse {_mÒ-WÀ
kzoI-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. CXn\v Imc-W-am-bXv ssP\-]-Þn-X-·mcpw.105
ssP\-þ-ssl-µh t£{X-¯nse Xm{´n-I-apÄs¸sSbpÅ A\p-jvTm-\-
§-fn-epw hmkvXp-þ-in-ev]-hn-Zy-I-fnepw kmay-X-bp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. {_mÒWmN-c-W-
§Ä \S-¶n-cp¶ t£{X-§fpsS \nÀam-W-coXn ssP\-t£-{X-§fpw amXr-I-
bm¡n. tZh-X-I-fpsS {]XoXn k¦ev]w, DÕ-h-§-fnse {Inbm-k-hn-ti-j-X-
IÄ, t£{X-k-¼-¯nsâ A[n-Im-c-þ-hn-\n-tbm-K-þ-hn-X-c-W-ssien Ch-bvs¡Ãmw
{_mÒW t£{X-kw-_-Ôn-bmb LS-I-§-fp-ambn tNÀ¨-bp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ
kz´-amb Hcp inev]-\nÀamW ssien t£{X-\nÀam-W-¯n ssP\À D]-tbm-
Kn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. ssP\aX-¯n {]N-c-W-¯n-t\m A\p-jvTm-\-¯nt\m ]cym-]vX-
amb hn[-¯n GXv tZi-amtWm tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv Ahn-Sps¯ tZi þ Ime
þ I-em-am-Xr-I-IÄ¡\p-kr-X-amb \nÀam-W-co-Xn XpS-cp-I-bmWv inev]\nÀam-W-
¯n AhÀ sNbvX-sX¶p Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ ]d-bp¶p. hb-\m-«n {]ap-J-§-fmb
Ggv ssP\-k-¶n-[n-I-fp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. ls¶-c-kp-_o-Zn, amWn-Iy-]p-cn, £oc-]p-cn,
I¸m-¯n, sh®-tbm-Sv, ]me-Ip¶v, slmsk-¦Un F¶nh Ah-bn Nne-
XmWv. a[y-Im-em-cw-`-¯n {][m-\-s¸-« ssP\-k-\y-mkn-am-cm-bn-cp¶p hocW-Xn,
D¯-W-´n, A¨-W´n F¶n-hÀ. {][m\ XoÀY-¦-c-·m-cp-sS A\p-Nm-ck-¦ev]-
¯n D]-tZ-h-X-I-fmbn b£n, b£³ F¶n-h-cp-ap-−m-Ipw. Aw_n-Im-b-£n,

117
Pzmem-am-en-\n, {_Ò-b-£³, hnP-b-b£³ F¶o aqÀ¯n-IÄ Ch-cn {][m-\n-I-
fm-Wv. NmcWk¦ev]hpw ssP\n-k-hp-ambn hfsc _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. sslµh
aX-¯nse D]-tZ-h-X-I-fmb b£-Nm-cW In¶c K-ÔÀhk¦ev]-¯n\v kam-\-
am-Wv. ap\n/ tbmKnk¦ev]-¯n-emWv NmcW·msc I−n-cp-¶-Xv. a\p-jyÀ¡v
km[n-¡m¯ ]e AÛp-Xi-ànbpw Cu hn`m-K-¯n-\p-s− ¶hÀ hniz-kn-¨p.
ssP\ tZhm-e-b-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Øe-§Ä¡v \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ t]cp-
I-fn Nmc-W-k-¦ev]w \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. sXs¡ C´y, U¡m³ F¶o cmPy-§-
fnenh {]_-e-am-bn. Nmc-W-·mÀ hs¶-¯p¶ Øe-ambn FtÃm-d- Kp-l-IÄ
\nÀan-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Hudw-Km-_mZnepÅ Ip¶p-Isf k¦ev]n-¨n-cp¶p. Nmc-W-{Zn
F¶m-bn-cp¶p Ahbv¡v t]cv. A{Zn AYhm ae-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« hnizm-ks¯
NmcW Iev]-\-bn-eqsS ChnsS Btcm-]n-¡p¶p. {]Ir-Xnsb Bcm-[n-¡p¶
{]mNo\ aX-k-¦ev]ambnXv ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
B{Ô-bnÂ, Kq«n-Xm-ep-¡nse tImW-Ip-−v-ebpw, Nmc-W- km-¶n-[y-
apÅ ssP\tI{µ-am-sW¶v hniz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. Nne-¸-Xn-Im-c-¯nepw
]¼sâ BZn-]p-cmWw apX-emb IÀWm-SIIrXn-I-fnepw \b-tk-
\sâ [Àam-ar-X-¯n-ep-saÃmw Nmc-W-k-¦ev]-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]cm-aÀ
i-§-fp−v.106
BZn-a-P-\-X-bpsS kÀhm-ß-hm-Zhpambn ssP\aX-¯nsâ kn²m-´-§
Ä¡v tNÀ¨-bp-−v. Hmtcm AWp-hnepw ssNX\yw ssP\À ZÀin-¡p-¶p. {]Ir-
Xn-bn a\p-jycpÄs¸-s-SbpÅ Poh-Pm-e-§fnte-Xp-t]mse ]©-`q-Xm-ß-I-amb
F´nepw tNX\ hÀ¯n¡p¶p−v. Pohw, APo-hw F¶nh ssP\X¯z-§-fnÂ
{][m-\-s¸-«XmWv.107 Xm{´n-I-L-S-\-bnse Bi-b-§-fn-epw [Àam-tcm-]-W-¯nepw
{_mÒ-W-[Àa-hp-ambn ssP\ k¦ev]-¯n\v kmZr-iy-ap-−v. {]Xn-jvTm-N-S§v,
\nXy-\n-Zm\ {Inb, D]-tZ-h-k-¦ev]w, [zPþhml\ ssien F¶n-h-bnenh {]I-
S-amIp¶p. {_mÒ-W-a-X-¯nsâ \thm-Ym-\-¯n ssP\-k¦ - ev]-¯nse Nne
Awi-§Ä IqSn-tNÀ¶v \ho-\-am-b ZÀi\khn-ti-j-X-bmbn {_mÒW Xm{´n-
IX ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-«p. CX-c- aXhnizm-k-§-fn-epw Bcm-[\m k{¼-Zm-b-§fnepw
Xm{´nIm\p-jvTm-\-h-i-§Ä \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. ico-c-[Àaw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xpw a\p-
jy³ BÀPn-t¡-− e£y§fpw A\p-`-h-§fpw hyà-am-¡p-¶Xpamb- imkv{X-
am-Wns-X¶v ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p−v. BN-c-W -þ tZiobt`Z-t¯m-sS-bmWv \ne-\nÂ
¡p-¶-sX-¶p am{Xw.

118
 am{´n-Ihpw Xm{´n-I-hp-amb BNm-c-§Ä BtKmfaX kz-`m-h-am-bn-cp-¶p.
CuPn-]vXnepw bqtdm-¸nepapÅ tKm{Xm-Nmc hnizm-k-§fn a{´-hm-Z-IÀa§Ä
[mcm-f-ap-−v.108 CÉm-an-I Xm{´nIw {]mNo\ Imew apXÂ Xs¶ {]N-c-W-¯n-
ep-−m-bn-cp-¶p. \memwthZw F¶ \ne-bv¡mWnXns\ FÃm-hcpw ho£n¨n-cp-
¶Xv. XzÂk-am¯v F¶v Cu imkv{Xw Adnbs¸«p. Ad-_nIv tPymXn-jw, a{´-
hm-Zw, X{´w F¶n-hsb s]mXp-hmbn hnfn-¡p¶ \ma-am-WnXv. Camw-dm-kn,
_q\n, dwen, Camw-K-Êmen F¶n-hÀ CÉm-an-I Xm{´n-I-X hni-Z-ambn ]T-\-hn-
t[-b-am-¡n-bn«p−v. JpÀþB³ tI{µo-I-cn¨ A\p-jvTm-\-]-²XnIfmWv CÉm-anI
{Inb-I-fn km[m-c-W-bmbn sNbvXp-h-cp-¶-Xv. JpÀ-þ-B\
- nsâ hni-Zo-I-c-W-amb
lZokv \_nhN-\-§-fm-Wv. Ge-Êp-IÄ, Ddp-amÂ, b{´-§Ä, NcSv F¶nh
km[m-cW IÀa-§Ä¡p]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. {]Xo-I-Nn´-Isf hyà-am¡nbmWv CÉmw
Xm{´n-IX \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv. ssiXzm³ F¶v hnfn-¡p¶ hn]-co-tXmÀPw \nav\-
amb a\p-jym-\p-`-h-§fpw AXn\p Imc-W-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ {]hÀ¯\ LS-I-§-fp-
am-Wv.
JpÀþB\n tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p¶ a{´-§sf hnÀZv F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. km[m-
cW Zpcn-X-§-fpsS \nhm-c-W-¯n\v hnÀZp-I-fpsS sNdnb coXn-bn-epÅ {]tbm-
K-§Ä aXn-bm-Ipw. Hudm-Zp-IÄ, knlvdv F¶nh c−p hn[-¯nepÅ {Inb-IÄ¡v
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. JpÀþB³, \_n-{]-h-N\w F¶n-h-bn-eqsS \ne-\n¡p¶
al-¯mb a{´-§-fmWv Hudm-Zp-IÄ. B`n-Nm-c-§-fmWv knlvdp-IÄ. C¯cw
{]tbm-K-§Ä aqew kw`-hn-¡p¶ tZmj-§Ä¡v {]Xn-hn-[n-bmWv knÂkne
_m_nb I_oÀ, a³l-Pp-¶p-^pkv F¶o knÂkn-e-IÄ. CÉm-anI k{¼-Zmb
{]Im-c-apÅ tlma-§-fm-Wn-h. lmdq-¯v, amdq¯v F¶ t]cp-I-fn Adn-b-s¸-
Sp¶ ae¡pIfmWv B`n-Nm-c-§-fpsS {][m\ hàm-¡-sf¶pw ChÀ hniz-kn-
¡p-¶p. JpÀþB\n-eqsS FÃm {]Xn-_-Ô-§-fpw XcWwsN¿m-sa¶v CÉm-anI
Xm{´n-IX Icp-Xp-¶p−v.
{InkvXy³hnizm-k-§-fn Nne BNm-c-§-fnepw Xm{´n-I-X-bpsS Awi
-§Ä IeÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Bcm-[-\-bnse [q]{]mÀ°Y-\, Znt]m-Pz-e-\w, ap{Zm-
kq-N-I-§-fmb IÀa-§Ä F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw Xm{´n-Imw-i-§-fp-−v.109 ]ptcm-ln-X-
\m-bn-cp¶ IS-a-ä¯v I¯-\mÀ am{´n-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ct±-l-¯nsâ A\p-jv
Tm\{Inb-IÄ ]n´p-S-cp¶ IS-a-ä¯v k{¼-Zm-b-IÀ Ct¸m-gp-ap−v. kpdn-bm\n
{InkvXym-\n-Ifpw a{´-hm-Z-IÀa-§-fn hniz-kn-¨n-cp¶p.

119
 sN¼-c-¸-s\¶ ]pWy-hm-f³ BIm-i-¯n-¦-te¡v Fgp-¶-Åp-t¼mÄ
Bdm-bncw amem-l-amcpw ]´n-c−pw Çol-amcpw ]Xn-t\m-cm-bncw I\ym-kv{Xn-
Ifpw `qan-bn-epÅ ssN¯m-·msc Hs¡bpw HmSn¨p a−n¨p ]nSn¨p Ip©n
sI«n XSn-¡o-gn-en«p sNcn-¸p-sIm−v ASn-¨n-d¡n \{km-Wn-bpsS Awi-¯n IS-
¡p-I-bnà F¶p tlaw Ien-]p-kvXIw sXm«p kXyhpw ka-bhpw sN¿n-¸n¨v
hnSp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fsâ IÀ¯mth! At·-\o-tim F¶ coXn-bn-epÅ {InkvXob
a{´-§Ä ChnsS {]N-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. "Hmw' F¶v XpS-§p¶ {InkvXob a{´-§-fp-
−m-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn DÅqÀ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v.110 {^m³knse IÀj-I-P-\X ]Ån-
bnse ]ptcm-ln-XÀ¡v {]]-©-i-àn-Isf \nb-{´n-¡m³ Icp-¯p-s−¶v Icp-Xp-¶p.
]cn-ip-²m-ßm-hnsâ IpÀ_m\ (Mass of the Holy Spirit) F¶ IÀaw \S-¯n-
bm Bh-iy-s¸-«Xv \ÂIm-Xn-cn-¡m³ ssZh-¯n\pw iàn-bnÃ111 F¶mWv
hnizm-kn-IÄ Icp-Xp-¶Xv.
{InkvXob hnizm-k-Nn-´-I-fn BtKm-f-X-e-¯n Xs¶ a{´-hm-Z
-kw-kvImcw DÄs¡m-Åp-Ibpw hniz-kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. ka-Im-en-I-X-
bnepw am{´n-I-Xbpw Xm{´n-I-Xbpw tNÀ¶ aXm\p-jvTm-\-§-tfmSv {]Xn-]¯n
]peÀ¯p¶ ]ptcm-ln-XÀ [mcm-f-ap-−v. 2014 Pqsse 5se ae-bmf at\m-ca Zn\-
]-{X-¯n h¶ hmÀ¯ BtKmfX-e-¯n-en-Xn-\pÅ {]m[m-\ys¯ hyà-am-
¡p-¶p.
ss{IkvXh hnizm-kn-Isf ss]im-NnIiàn-I-fnÂ\n¶p tamNn-
¸n-¡p¶ sshZn-I-cpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡p k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI
AwKo-Im-cw. ]nim-Np-_m[ Hgn-¸n-¡-en\v h¯n-¡m³ AwKo-Imcw
\ÂIn-b-tXmsS Imt\m³ \nb-a-¯nepw CXv CSw]nSn-¡p-sa¶v
HkÀh-¯mtcm sdmamt\m ]{Xw dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvXp. ap¸XpcmPy-
§-fn-embn 250 sshZn-I-cmWp hnizm-kn-I-fnse _m[ Hgn-¸n-¡Â
{]mÀY-\-I-fnepw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw kPo-h-am-bn-«p-Å-Xv. Ch-cpsS
Atkm-kn-tb-j\pw amÀ¸m¸ AwKo-Imcw \ÂIn. (hmÀ¯-bpsS
AtX cq]w)
kpin-£nXhpw [nj-Wm-{]-Z-hp-amb {_mÒ-W-cpsS {]hÀ¯-\-^-e-amWv
tIc-fob t£{X-kw-kvImcw. CXns\ Xm§n-\nÀ¯p-¶Xv Xm{´n-IX Xs¶-
bmWv. sshZnIkwkvIm-c-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-\hpw \m«m-Nm-c-§-fpsS tNÀ¨bpw
aX-hn-izm-k-¯nsâ {]m[m-\y-hp-saÃmw tIc-fob Xm{´n-IX
- -bpsS LS-\m-]-chpw

120
{Inbm-ß-I-hp-amb A\p-jvTm-\-ta-J-e-Isf kzm[o-\n-¨p. \nc-h[n kwkvIm-c-§-
fpsS tNÀ¨-bm-Wn-Xv. bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-amb hyXykvX LS-I-§Ä X{´-im-kv{X-
¯nsâ Øqe-`m-hs¯ {]Xn-Iq-eambn _m[n-¡p-¶psh¦nepw AXnsâ DÄ¡m-
gvN-I-fn kam-\-ssh-Úm-\nI hn`m-K-§-sf-sbÃmw kzmwio-I-cn-¡p¶ Xpd¶
kao-]\w \ne-\n¡p-¶p-−v. Bcy þ {ZmhnU Xm{´n-I-X-bn-seÃmw ]c-kv]c
_Ôn-X-§-fmb \nc-h[n Bi-b-§fpw BN-c-W-§fpw \ne-\n¡p-¶p. t£{X-
_-Ôn-X-amb tIc-fob aXm-ßIhnizm-k-§-fn X{´-imkv{X¯n\pÅ {]m[m\yw
ka-Im-en-I-X-bnepw {]k-à-am-Wv.

121
Ipdn-¸p-IÄ

1. {]Pn-¯v, sP. ]n. 2010. X{´-km-ln-Xyw. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw: tIc-f-

`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v. ]pdw.18.
2. _me-Ir-jvW³, _n.-kn. 2011. tIc-f- kwkvImc ]T-\-§Ä. Xncp-h-\-´-
]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v. ]pdw.747.
3. Zmtam-Z-c³, sI. 1992. `mc-Xo-b-Nn-´. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw: tIc-f-
`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v. ]pdw.24.
4. cmP-tKm-]mÂ, F³. sI. 1999. kwkvIrX \ncp-à-tIm-iw. Xncp-h-\-´-
]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v. ]pdw.194.
5. tIc-f-hÀa, kn. BÀ. 2008. a{´-hm-ZhpwaXhpw.XriqÀ:tIc-fkm-lnXy
A¡m-Zan. ]pdw.32.
6. Zmtam-Z-c³, sI. 1992. `mc-Xo-b-Nn-´, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw: tIc-f-
`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v. ]pdw.24.
7. tIc-f-hÀa, kn. BÀ. 2008. a{´-hm-Zhpw aXhpw. XrÈqÀ: tIc-f-km-
lnXy A¡m-Zan. ]pdw.31.
8. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³, \mem- 1989. BÀj-Úm-\w. tImgn-t¡mSv : amXr-`qan
¸m-Sv. {]nânwKv Bâv ]»n-jnwKv I¼-\n. ]pdw.22.

9. Hackin. J, Clement Huart, 1994. Asiatic Mythology. New-Delhi: Asian

Raymonde Linossier, Educational Services. Page.101.
Dewilman Grabowska,
Charles – Heari Marchal,
Henri Maspero, Serge
Eliseev.

10. Joseph Campbell. 1991 Oritental Mythology the Masks of God.

USA: Pengwin Group. Page.90.

11. Larousse. 1989. World Mythology. London SW36RB: The

Hamlyn Publishing Group Lmtd.Page.310.

12. Margaret and James 1985. A Dictionary of Hinduism., London:

Stuely. British Library Cataloguing in Publication
14 Leicester square, Page.298.

13. Ibid Page.229.

14. Kramrisch Stella. 1986. The Hindu Temple. Delhi: Motilal

Banarsidass. Page.7.

122
15. {]Pn¯v, sP. ]n.
16. ______
17. ______
18. Zmtam-Z-c³, sI.
19. ]ß-\m-`-]n-Å, Pn. {ioI-
WvtT-iz-cw.
20. apc-fo-[-c³, s\Ãn-¡Â.
21. ]c-ta-iz-c³, kn. F³.
22. ______
23. \mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xncn,
I¡m-Sv.
24. apc-fo-[-c³, s\Ãn-¡Â.
25. ______
26. IrjvW³, Sn. hn. (]cn-`m-
j-I³).
27. ______
28. ______
29. {io[-c-ta-t\m³, F.
30. KtW-jv, sI. F³.
31. IrjvW³, Sn. hn. (]cn-`m-
j-I³).
32. ______
33. \mcm-b-W- ]-Wn-¡À, BÀ. 1980 `mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw:
34. slÀa³ Kp−À«v.
2010. X{´-km-lnXyw. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw: tIc-f-
`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.4.
]pdw.6.
]pdw.24.
1992. `mc-Xo-b-Nn-´. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw: tIc-f -
`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.36.
2005. i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en.- tIm«-bw: km-ln-Xy-{]-hÀ
¯I kl-I-c-W-kwLw. ]pdw.36.
2010. tIc-f-PmXnhnh-c-Ww. sN§-¶qÀ: sdbv³t_m
_pIvkv. ]pdw.41.
2013. EtKz-Z-]-cy-S-\w.Bep-h:s]³_pIvkv. ]pdw.28.
]pdw.40
1987. k]-cn-hmcw ]qP-IÄ. Ip¶w-Ipfw: ]©mwKw
]pkvX-I-ime, ]pdw.53.
2010. tIc-f-PmXnhnh-c-Ww. sN§-¶qÀ: sdbv³t_m
_pIvkv. ]pdw.167
]pdw.167.
2004. temKsâ ae-_mÀ am\zÂ.- tImgn-t¡mSv:
am-Xr-`qan _pIvkv. ]pdw.235.
]pdw.236.
]pdw.237.
1989. tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw. tIm«bw: \mj-WÂ _p¡v
ÌmÄ, ]pdw.91.
2011. tIc-f-¯nse C¶-se-IÄ. Xncp-h-\-´-
]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v, ]pdw.29.
2004. temKsâ ae-_mÀ am\zÂ.- tImgn-t¡mSv:
am-Xr-`qan _pIvkv. ]pdw.290.
]pdw.191.
hn.-hn. _p¡v Unt¸m. ]pdw.29.
1992. tIc-tfm-Xv]-¯nbpw aäpw. tIm«bw: Un.-kn.-
_pIvkv. ]pdw.157.
123
35. ______
36. cmPohv, hn.
(hn-hÀ¯-I³).
37. \mcm-b-W -]-Wn-¡À,
Imhmew
38. \mcm-b-W- ]-Wn-¡À, BÀ. 1980 `mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw:
39. cmL-h-hm-cn-bÀ, Fw.-BÀ. 2009. tIc-fobX Ncn-{X-am-\-§Ä. FS-¸mÄ: hÅ
40. {]Pn¯v, sP.-]n.
41. IrjvW³, Sn. hn. (]cn-`m-
j-I³).
42. apc-fo-[-c³, s\Ãn-¡Â.
43. slÀa³ Kp−À«v.
44. ______
45. apc-fo-[-c³, s\Ãn-¡Â.
46. \mcm-b-W- ]-Wn-¡À, BÀ.
47. apc-fo-[-c³, s\Ãn-¡Â.
48. ______
49. ______
50. slÀa³ Kp−À«v.
51. {]Pn¯v, sP.-]n.
52. IrjvW³, Sn. hn. (]cn-`m-
j-I³).
53. \mcm-b-W- ]-Wn-¡À, BÀ. 1980. `mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw:
54. {]Pn¯v, sP.-]n.
124
]pdw.158.
2012. tIc-f-am-lmßyw. tIm«bw: \mj-WÂ
_p¡v ÌmÄ. ]pdw.54.
1991. tIc-f-¯nse \mtSmSn kwkvImcw. C´y:
\mj-WÂ _p¡v {SÌv. ]pdw.58.
hn.-hn. _p¡v Unt¸m. ]pdw.11.
-t¯mÄ hnZym-]o-Tw. ]pdw.60.
2010. X{´-km-ln-Xyw. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw : tIc-f-
`m-jm-C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.95.
2004. temKsâ ae-_mÀ am\zÂ.- tImgn-t¡mSv:
am-Xr-`qan _pIvkv. ]pdw.279.
2010. tIc-f-PmXnhnh-c-Ww. sN§-¶qÀ: sdbv³t_m
_pIvkv. ]pdw.303.
1992. tIc-tfm¸-¯nbpw aäpw. tIm«-bw: Un.kn.
_pIvkv. ]pdw.166.
]pdw.166.
2010. tIc-f-PmXnhnh-c-Ww. sN§-¶qÀ: sdbv³t_m
_pIvkv. ]pdw.208.
`mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw:
hn.-hn. _p¡v Unt¸m. ]pdw.155.
2010. tIc-f-PmXn hnh-c-Ww. sN§-¶qÀ: sdbv³t_m
_pIvkv. ]pdw.305.
]pdw.316.
]pdw.306.
1992. tIc-tfmev]-¯nbpw aäpw. tIm«-bw: Un.kn.
_pIvkv. ]pdw.160.
2010. X{´-km-ln-Xyw. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw: tIc-f-
`m-jm-C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.105.
2004. temKsâ ae-_mÀ am\zÂ.- tImgn-t¡mSv:
am-Xr-`qan _pIvkv. ]pdw.161.
hn.-hn. _p¡v Unt¸m. ]pdw.151.
2010. X{´-km-ln-Xyw. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw: tIc-f-
`m-jm-C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.106.
55. alm-tZ-h-im-kv{Xn-IÄ,
I−n-bqÀ.
56. cma-hÀa, ]n. F³.
57. \nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn.
58. {]Pn-¯v, sP. ]n.
59. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³, \mem- 1989. BÀj-Úm-\w. tImgn-t¡m-Sv: amXr-`qan
¸m-«v.
60. {]Pn¯v, sP. ]n.
61. ______
1999. kuµ-cy-e-l-cn. sImSp-§-ÃqÀ: tZhn _p¡v
ÌmÄ.- ]pdw.56.
2004. {ioe-fn-Xm-k-l-{k-\m-a-kvtXm-{Xw. sImSp-
§-ÃqÀ: tZhn _p¡v ÌmÄ. ]pdw.25.
2000. a\Êv F¶ {]Xn-`m-kw. sImÃw: k¦oÀ¯\w
]»nt¡-j³kv. ]pdw.14.
2010. X{´-km-ln-Xyw. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw: tIc-f-
`mjmC³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.87.
{]nânwKv B³Uv ]»n-jnwKv I¼\n enan-äUv.
]pdw. 23.
2010. X{´-km-ln-Xyw. Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw : tIc-f-
`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.77.
]pdw.24.

62. ______ ]pdw.26.

63. ______ ]pdw.26.

64. arUm-\-µ-kzm-an. 1998. {]ivt\m-]-\n-j-¯v.- XriqÀ:{]-_p-²- tI-cfw
{]Êv. ]pdw 47.
65. _me-Ir-jvW³, hn., eoem- 1992. sFX-tcb{_mÒWw. tIm«bw: hnZymÀYn-an{Xw.
hXn, BÀ. ]pdw.300.
66. \mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xn-cn- 1982. EtKzZw `mjm-`m-jyw.- XriqÀ: h-S-t¡-aTw
¸mSv, H.Fw.kn. {_Ò-kzw. ]pdw.102.
67. _me-Ir-jvW³, hn., eoem- 1992. sFX-tcb{_ÒmWw.tIm«bw: hnZymÀYn-
tZ-hn. BÀ. an{Xw. ]pdw.254.
68. \mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xn-cn- 1982. EtKzZw `mjm-`m-jyw.- XrÈqÀ: h-S-t¡-aTw
¸mSv, H.Fw.kn. {_Ò-kzw. ]pdw.410.
69. {io[-cm-Nm-cy-kzm-an-IÄ. 2002. ap¸-¯n-ap-t¡m-Sn-ssZ-h-§Ä.tIm«bw: kqcy-
Km-b{Xn B²ym-ßnIamkn-I. G{]n 4:8.
]pdw.7.
70. {io[-cm-Nm-cy-kzm-an-IÄ. 2006 inh-enwKw.tIm«bw:kqcy-Km-b{Xn B²ym-
ßnI amkn-I. Unkw-_À 12:12. ]pdw.8.
71. _me-Ir-jvW³, hn., eoem- 1992. sFX-tcb{_ÒmWw. tIm«bw: hnZymÀYn-an{Xw.
tZ-hn. BÀ. ]pdw.43.
72. NnZm-\-µ-]pcn kzman. 2004. thZm-´w.sImf-¯qÀ:k\m-X-\-[Àa-tkhm -
{SÌv. ]pdw.42, 43, 44.

125
73. hnjvWp-\-¼q-Xn-cn, Fw. hn.
74. ______
75. _nPp, hn.
76. apc-fo-[-c³, s\Ãn-¡Â.
77. Ipam-c³, hb-tecn.
78. hnjvWp-\-¼q-Xn-cn, Fw. hn.
79. hnjvWp-\-¼q-Xn-cn, Fw. hn.
80. apc-fo-[-c³, s\Ãn-¡Â.
81. hnjvWp-\-¼q-Xn-cn, Fw.hn.
82. hnjvWp-\-¼q-Xn-cn, Fw. hn. 2010. am{´n-I-hn-Úm\w. tImgn-t¡m-Sv: amXr-`qan
83. ap\n\mcm-bW {]kmZv.
84. cmtPjv Fw. BÀ.
85. hnjvWp-\-¼q-Xn-cn, Fw. hn. 2010. am{´n-I-hn-Úm\w. tImgn-t¡m-Sv: amXr-`qan
86. Zmtam-Z-c³, sI.
87. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³,
\mem¸m-«v.
88. Zmtam-Z-c³, sI.
126
2010. ]pcm-hr-¯-]-T-\w. tImgn-t¡m-Sv: amXr-`qan
_pIvkv. ]pdw.11.
]pdw.11.
2001. sI.-sI.-cm-a³ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ sskÔh
ap{Z-IÄ. Iem-Iu-ap-Zn, Unkw-_À 9.25:69.
]pdw.18þ21.
2010. tIc-fo-b -Pm-Xn-hn-h-cWw. sN§-¶qÀ:
sdbv³t_m _pIvkv. ]pdw.54.
1999 tKm{X-kw-kvImc]T-\-§Ä. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw:
tIcf `mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.5.
2010. am{´nIhnÚm\w. tImgn-t¡m-Sv: amXr-`qan
_pIvkv. ]pdw.12, 13.
2010. ]pcm-hr-¯-]-T\w. tImgn-t¡m-Sv: amXr-`qan
_pIvkv.]pdw.23.
2010. tIc-fo-b- Pm-Xn-hn-h-cWw. sN§-¶qÀ:
sdbv³t_m _pIvkv. ]pdw.254, 255.
2010. ]pcm-hr-¯-]-T\w. tImgn-t¡m-Sv: amXr-`qan
_pIvkv. ]pdw.12.
_pIvkv. ]pdw.16.
2008. Nn´m-io-ehpw BÄssZ-h-§fpw. tImgn-t¡mSv:
amXr-`qan BgvN-]-Xn¸v. sabv 4.86:9, ]pdw.
38-þ41.
2011. a{´-hmZw ZpÀa-{´-hm-Z-hpw. tImgn-t¡m-Sv:
amXr-`qan _pIvkv. ]pdw.10.
_pIvkv. ]pdw.87, 88.
1992. `mc-Xob Nn´. tIc-f-`mjm Xncp-h-\-´-
]p-cw: C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.25.
1989. BÀj-Úm-\w. tImgn-t¡m-Sv: amXr-`qan
{]nânwKv Bâv ]»n-jnwKv I¼\n enan-ä-Uv.
]pdw.291.
1992. `mc-Xob Nn´. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjm
C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.28.
89. ______
90. ______
91. {]Pn¯v, sP. ]n.
92. Zmtam-Z-c³, sI.
93. ______
94. ______
95. ______
96. ______
97. cmL-h³ Xncp-ap¸m-Sv,
sshZy-`q-jWw (]cn-`m-j-
I³).
98. tPmk^v tXmak.v
99. ______
100.kpK-X³, sI.
101. Zmtam-Z-c³, sI.
102.tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³, ]n.
sI.
103.cmtPjv, Fw. BÀ.
104.Zmtam-Z-c³, sI.
105.kpK-X³, sI.
106.cmL-h-hm-cn-bÀ, Fw. BÀ. 2009. tIc-fo-bX Ncn-{X-am-\-§Ä. FS-¸mÄ:
107.loc-emÂ, ssP³.
]pdw.37.
]pdw.38.
2010 Xm{´nI kmln-Xyw. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw: tIc-f -
`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.143.
1992. `mc-Xob Nn´. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw: tIc-f -
`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.143.
]pdw.143.
]pdw.146
]pdw.305.
]pdw.309.
2002 _p²-[Àaw. sN§-¶qÀ: sdbv³t_m _pIvkv.
]pdw.54.
2007. ]pXpa a§m¯ ]pcm-X\ZÀi-\-§Ä. ae-
bmfw hmcnI. BKÌv 31. 1:15, ]pdw.63þ70.
]pdw.65.
2011. _p²\pw \mWp-Kp-cp-hpw. tImgn-t¡m-Sv: amXr-
`qan _pIvkv. ]pdw.108.
1992. `mc-Xob Nn´. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw: tIc-f-
`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.311.
1996. ssP\-a-X-¯nsâ kzm[o\w tIc-f-¯nÂ.
tIm«bw: Idâv _pIvkv. ]pdw.39.
2011. a{´-hm-Zhpw ZpÀa-{´-hm-Zhpw. tImgn-t¡m-Sv:
amXr-`qan _pIvkv. ]pdw.17.
1992. `mc-XobNn´. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjm
C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.167.
2011. _p²\pw \mWp-Kp-cp-hpw. tImgn-t¡m-Sv:
amXr-`qan _pIvkv. ]pdw.40.
hÅ-t¯mÄ hnZym-]o-Tw. ]pdw.67.
1991. `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-¯n\v ssP\-a-X-¯nsâ
kw`m-h-\. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjm
C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.180.
127
108.tIc-f-hÀa, kn. BÀ. 2008. a{´-hm-Zhpw aXhpw, XriqÀ: tIc-f-km-lnXy
A¡m-Zan. ]pdw.33.
109.{]Pn-¯v, sP. ]n. 2010. X{´-km-ln-Xyw, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw: tIc-f-`mjm
C³Ìn-äyq«v. ]pdw.60.
110. ]c-ta-iz-c-¿À, DÅqÀ, 1990. tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw (`mKw aq¶v). {]kn-
Fkv. ²o-I-c-W-h-Ip¸v Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw: tIc-f-
kÀh-I-em-ime. ]pdw.246.
111. tIc-f-hÀa, kn. BÀ. 2008. a{´-hm-Zhpw aXhpw. XriqÀ: tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-
A-¡m-Zan. ]pdw.33.

128