Articles

A field survey of energy consumption in

solar home systems
Federico Morante and Roberto Zilles
Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia, USP, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto 1289, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
E-mail (Morante): fmorante@iee.usp.br

In this article, the results of a research study with the objective of analyzing the behavior of electric
power consumption in solar home systems installed in some rural communities are shown. The
random character of that behavior was corroborated and, besides, some factors that influence it
were identified. These factors are the following: technical, managerial, psychological, geographical,
sociocultural, demographic and economic. It was also verified that this behavior follows the gamma
function distribution, in which “a lot of people consume a little, and a few people consume a lot”.
The places where the research was carried out correspond to some rural communities of the Amazon,
of the Northeast and of the Atlantic Ocean south coast in Brazil, and of Lake Titicaca in Peru.

1. Introduction 2. The context of the demand and consumption of

In 1998, a research study with the objective of analyzing
the behavior of electric energy consumption in solar home
systems (SHSs) was initiated. The rural communities
where that study was carried out are located in the Ribeira
valley, in the south of São Paulo state in Brazil. The re-
search verified with numerical data that most of the people
consume a little and a only few consume a lot of elec-
tricity [Morante and Zilles, 2001; Morante, 2000].
Although at that time it was verified that the behavior
of the consumption is not linear and that there are several
factors that influence it, a lot of questions still remained
to be answered. For this reason, starting from 2000, the
research was enlarged taking into account several rural
communities in Brazil and Peru [Morante, 2004].
The methodology used in this study consisted in the
installation of 38 Ah meters in an equal number of homes.
The data were obtained with the collaboration of the users,
who, every day, wrote down in an appropriate form the
value shown in the instrument’s display. Later, these data
were analyzed to obtain the consumption in kWh/month
for each SHS.
Additionally, the methodology included a bibliog-
raphical research, field observation, the recording of in-
terviews, photographic records and statistical analysis.
In order to obtain a wider understanding of the ques-
tion, besides the exact sciences, it was very important
to appeal to the social sciences, represented mainly by
anthropology, history, sociology and economics. For
that, it was also of fundamental importance for us to
initiate the study of social psychology and the theory
of consumption.
The objective of this article is to show some of the
results obtained through the research in question, with the
intention of throwing some light on the behavior of the
demand and consumption of the electric power supplied
by photovoltaic technology.
electricity
Some studies already showed that it is not possible to
understand the behavior of the energy consumption in
photovoltaic systems only from the technical point of
view. It was also established that there are some social
factors that influence it, and, besides, establish its random
character. Additionally, the data obtained showed the pos-
sibility of diversifying the size of the photovoltaic facilities
[Krenzinger and Montero, 1986; Eyras and Lorenzo, 1991].
From another perspective, using the statistical analysis
of the numerical data of both water and electric power
consumption, it was also observed that this behavior is
not a normal distribution [Fernández, 2001]. In most of
the studied cases, the shape of the distribution function
shows a displacement to the left, because most of the peo-
ple consume smaller amounts of energy than was expected.
However, the explanation for this behavior is very com-
plex. Firstly, it is important to take into account the mean-
ing of the words “demand” and “consumption”. Although
the two concepts are interrelated, there are fundamental
differences between them. From the semantic point of
view, the demand is the action of demanding, which
means to ask, to require, to request, to look for, or to
seek. In order that this can happen, there must be a need
to be satisfied.
In this sense, the demand is closely related to psycho-
logical characteristics, such as the expectations, the habits,
the tastes, the desires, and the motivations. All this leads
to valuing a certain object or element capable of satisfying
a vital need or a superfluous one, quite often in disagree-
ment with the culture of a certain society. Besides this, it
should be mentioned that the demand appears when an
innovation is assumed in such a way that it turns into a
need.
On the other hand, the verb “to consume” means to
complete, to end, to finish, to extinguish, to spend, in

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Table 1. Altitude and climatological data of the communities studied[1]

Community City Altitude Average Daily global solar irradiance Mean temperature (º C)
(m.a.s.l.[2]) annual (kWh/m2.day)
precipitation
(mm) Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

Sítio Artur Ilha Comprida 8[4] 1700[5] 2.8[4] 5.0[4] 10.0[5] 38.5[5]

Itapanhapina Cananéia 8[4] 1700[5] 2.8[4] 5.0[4] 10.0[5] 38.5[5]

Varadouro Cananéia 20[3] 1700[5] 2.8[4] 5.0[4] 10.0[5] 38.5[5]

Marujá Cananéia 8[4] 1700[5] 2.8[4] 5.0[4] 10.0[5] 38.5[5]

Pedra Branca Ouricuri 451[6] 1427[6] 4.5[4] 6.0[4] 20.0[6] 33.0[6]

Vera Cruz Benjamin Constant 65[4] 2743[7] 4.1[4] 4.9[4] 25.0[7] 30.0[7]

Uros Puno 3800[8] 800[8] 5.1[9] 7.2[9] 2.6[8] 14.4[8]

Amantaní Amantaní 3850[8] 1000[8] 5.1[9] 7.2[9] 2.6[8] 14.4[8]

Taquile Amanatani 3850[8] 1000[8] 5.1[9] 7.2[9] 2.6[8] 14.4[8]

Huancho Huancané 3841[8] 800[8] 5.1[9] 7.2[9] 2.6[8] 14.4[8]

Notes
1. All the data correspond to the headquarters of the municipal district.
2. m.a.s.l. = meters above sea level
3. Prepared by the author
4. Source: ASB, 2000
5. Source: de Magalhães, 2003
6. Source: SEBRAE, 1998
7. Source: Noda, 2000
8. Source: IPC, 1990
9. Source: Horn, 1994

other words, to use something. Consumption, then, is the
use of goods and services produced. From the economic
point of view, the consumption increases as a consequence
of the production, which, in turn, is stimulated by the
existence of a demand. Out of this relationship comes the
famous “law of supply and demand”. From this point of
view, consumption is related to an element or perceptible
object, tangible as a book, a lamp or a television, all those
goods that in some way help to satisfy a certain need.
After accomplishing their function, these elements are
transformed, rejected or dissipated.
It happens that from a psychological point of view, the
economists’ vision is very narrow. This is because the de-
mand, and consequently the consumption, depends on hu-
man behavior; in other words, “depends on different
people’s behavior in similar situations and on the same
person’s behavior in different situations” [Scitovsky,
1986]. In addition, sociology places greater emphasis on
the status of the subject and to his/her social position, and
anthropology interprets the demand and the consumption
in terms of symbolism, of rituals; in other words, the am-
bient culture.
From all of this, it is realized that, for the existence of
consumption, a demand must exist; in other words, de-
mand precedes consumption. In relation to electric power
supply systems, this point is vital, since the size of the
system is closely related to the demand to be supplied.
In a similar way, the demand is also one of the funda-
mental variables for sizing SHSs. For that reason, it is
important to know its behavior, since, nowadays, the main
sizing procedure depends on equipment power with duration
of use.
However, because these assumptions are often based
mainly on the designer’s subjectivity, they can be over-
estimated or underestimated. Taking this reality as a start-
ing-point, the necessity of verifying in situ the rural families’
SHS demand behavior becomes apparent. As it can be real-
ized, this behavior follows some parameters of social and
cultural nature. Hence, some data pertaining to communities
considered in the present study will be presented below.
3. The communities studied
For carrying out the research, some households of rural
communities electrified by photovoltaic systems were
chosen, and, in addition, so were others located in the
vicinity, but using the conventional electric grid. Some
characteristics of the communities electrified by SHSs are
shown in Table 1.
3.1. Communities of the Ribeira valley
The area of the Ribeira valley where the research was
conducted corresponds to the lagoon-estuary complex of
Iguape, Cananéia and Paranaguá, located in the south of
the state of São Paulo. Three of the communities chosen
in the study belong to the municipal district of Cananéia
(Itapanhapina, Marujá and Varadouro) and one, to the mu-
nicipal district of Ilha Comprida (Sítio Artur). Because
the research has been conducted since 1998, the data ob-
tained here are cumulative. Some of the results and these

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Table 2. Characteristics of the Varadouro community solar home system (each column is a family SHS)

SHS characteristics and loads F1vale F2vale F3vale F4vale F5vale F6vale

Generator (Wp) 70 35 35 35 35 35

Battery (Ah) 135 135 135 135 135 135

Fluorescent lamps (no. × W) 2 × 20 1 × 20 1 × 20 1 × 20 2 × 20 1 × 20

1 × 15 2 × 15 2 × 15 2 × 15 1 × 15 2 × 15

Incandescent lamps (no. × W)[1] 1×2 1×2 1×2 1×2 1×2 1×2

Radio (W) 15 10 10 10 10 6

Note
1. See Zilles and Lorenzo, 1997.

Table 3. Characteristics of the Sítio Artur (F7vale), Itapanhapina (F8vale and F9vale) and Maruja (F10vale, F11vale, F12vale) communities’
solar home systems (each column is a family SHS)

SHS characteristics and loads F7vale F8vale F9vale F10vale F11vale F12vale[1]

Generator (Wp) 110 48 48 140 140 96

Battery (Ah) 135 135 135 108 108 190

Fluorescent lamps 2 × 20 1 × 20 1 × 20 3×9 4×9 2 × 20

(no. × W) 2 × 15 2 × 15 2 × 15 1 × 10 1 × 15
1×9

Incandescent lamps - 1×2 - 1×2 - 2×2

(no. × W)

Radio (W) - 10 10 - - -

TV B&W (W) 15 - - - - -

Parabolic receptor (W) 18 - - - - -

Audio equipment (W) - - - 10 10 15

Radio Trans. 20W - - - - -

Recep. 8W

Fan (W) - - - - - 20

Note
1. Possesses a 150 W AC/DC inverter.

communities’ sociocultural characteristics were published
in previous papers [Morante and Zilles, 2001; Zilles et
al., 2000]. In Tables 2 and 3 the data of the technical
characteristics of the facilities of these families are shown.
3.2. Pedra Branca community
This community is located in the municipal district of
Ouricuri, in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The local
geography is mainly savanna (caatinga) and the commu-
nity deals with all the problems ensuing from recurrent
drought. Hence, the way of life of the inhabitants is bound
up with survival in arid areas. Thus, the energy usage also
reflects this reality. In Table 4, the characteristics of the
photovoltaic facilities and the loads are shown.
3.3. Vera Cruz community
Vera Cruz is located in the municipal district of Benjamim
Constant in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, and is a dry-
land-based Creole (caboclos) community. The inhabitants’
sociocultural characteristics keep a deep relationship with
the Amazonian lifestyle. Basically, they are fishermen,
farmers and collectors of the forest resources that the area
offers. As was verified through the research, their way of
life is also reflected in the electric power consumption.
In Table 5, the data of the systems used in this community
are shown.
3.4. Puno community in Peru
The research in this area was developed in four commu-
nities of the Puno area located in the south of Peru, next
to the Bolivia border. Two of these communities are
Quechuas and they are located in the Amantaní and
Taquile islands, on Lake Titicaca. The other two are Ai-
maras, of which one is located in the lake and it belongs
to the Uros ethnic group, and the other community (Huan-
cho) is dry-land-based and it is located in the province of
Huancané. All these communities are very old and their
way of life is adapted to the climate of the Peruvian pla-
teau, about 3,800 m above sea level. In Table 6 the tech-
nical characteristics of the photovoltaic systems and the
loads are shown.
3.5. Suaquello community in Peru
This community is Aimara based on dry land and it oc-
cupies an area close to Lake Titicaca. There are approxi-
mately 34 families with homes electrified by the

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Table 4. Characteristics of Pedra Branca community solar home system (each column is a family SHS)

SHS characteristics and loads F1pedra F2pedra F3pedra F4pedra F5pedra F6pedra F7pedra F8pedra F9pedra[1]

Generator (Wp) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Battery (Ah) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Fluorescent lamps 3 × 20 3 × 20 4 × 20 3 × 20 6 × 20 4 × 20 4 × 20 3 × 20 3 × 20
(no. × W) 1 × 11

TV B&W (W) 30 30 - 15 30 50 - - 50

Radio-tape recorder (W) 15 15 9 15 - 15 15 15 9

Blender (W) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

Note
1. Besides the photovoltaic system, the family possesses another 53 Wp module and a 150 Ah battery, only used for television.

Table 5. Characteristics of Vera Cruz community solar home system (each column is a family SHS)

SHS characteristics and loads F1vera F2vera F3vera F4vera F5vera F6vera F7vera

Generator (Wp) 75 75 75 75 75 75 75

Battery (Ah) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

Fluorescent lamps (no. × W) 3 × 20 3 × 20 3 × 20 3 × 20 3 × 20 3 × 20 3 × 20

Incandescent lamps (no. × W) 2×2 1×2 1×2 2×2 1×2 1×2 1×2

Radio (W) 15 9 15 9 15 9 9

Note
F1vera, F2vera, F3vera, F4vera and F5vera possess an AC/DC inverter 50W-110V

Table 6. Characteristics of Puno community solar home system (each column is a family SHS)

SHS characteristics and loads F1puno F2puno F3puno F4puno F5puno F6puno F7puno F8puno F9puno[1] F10puno

Generator (Wp) 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 56

Battery (Ah) 100 100 150 130 150 150 130 130 2×130 130

Fluorescent lamps 3×11 3×11 10×11 4×11 3×11 3×11 5×11 3×11 7×11 4×11
(no. × W) 1×20
1×10

Incandescent lamps 1×40 - - - - 1×25 - - - 1×10

(no. × W)

TV B&W (W) 30 30 30 30 - 30 30 30 - 30

Radio-tape recorder (W) - 15 15 15 15 15 - 15 15 15

Audio equipment (W) 20 - - - - - 20 - - -

Video recorder (W) - - - - - - - - 30 -

TV color (W) - - - - - - - - 50 -

Microcomputer (W) - - - - - - - - 75 -

Blender (W) - - - - - - - - 30 -

Note
1. Possesses a 150 W electronic AC/DC inverter

conventional electric grid (single-wire earth-return circuits, animals, cows, sheep, chickens and guinea-pigs (Cavia
SWER). It is located in the Puno area, in Peru, in the tschudii f. porcellus) and they complement their diet with
municipal district of Huancané, and very close to the products that are obtained on Lake Titicaca. They speak
Huancho Lima community mentioned previously. This Aimara and most of them can also speak Spanish.
community’s residents all have very low incomes and they 3.6. São João do Lopes community
are devoted basically to agriculture. They also breed pack This village is located in the municipal district of

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Figure 1. Consumption (kWh/month) of the Ribeira valley community (January 2000-March 2002)

Figure 2. Consumption (kWh/month) of the Pedra Branca community (January 2001-June 2002)

Ouricuri, halfway between this city and the community
of Pedra Branca, in Pernambuco state, Brazil. The houses
visited for the research are close to Pedra Branca and
they have been electrified since 1999 by the SWER sys-
tem. The town possesses the characteristics of an urban
area in formation, with squares and streets, and some pub-
lic services such as school, market, health center and
church. Also there are small shops and it has piped drink-
ing water and sewerage systems. However, many of the
families of this place also live in ranches located along
the highway that goes to the community of Pedra Branca.
The homes studied correspond to the rural area of this town.
3.7. Bom Jardim neighborhood
This is one of the neighborhoods of the municipal district
of Benjamin Constant, Amazon state, in Brazil. It has an
urban area and a semi-rural area and the homes are elec-
trified through the conventional electric grid, which comes
from a diesel thermal generation unit. There are many
families living by labor related to urban life; but, mainly
in the periphery, there are families that depend on activi-
ties related to fishing, and planting and collection of ag-
ricultural produce.
4. Results obtained
In the histograms of Figures 1-4 are shown, in ascending
order, the average consumptions in kWh/month obtained
in the 38 households studied (in Ribeira valley, Pedra
Branca, Vera Cruz and Puno). Figures 5-11 show the com-
plete distribution for these and the Suaquello, São João
do Lopes and Bom Jardim communities.
In Table 7, the global average consumption
(kWh/month) in all these communities is shown.
Starting from the analysis of the data, it can be said
that the communities with higher urbanization index have
greater consumption. However, for purposes of compari-
son, the efficiency of the equipment should be taken into

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account, mainly of the lamps used in the homes. As can
be observed in Tables 2-6, the photovoltaic facilities are
equipped with fluorescent lamps mostly up to 20 W. On
the other hand, the facilities supplied by the electric grid
are equipped with incandescent lamps up to 100 W. The
very low average consumption of the Suaquello commu-
nity is due to the use of 2 or 3 incandescent lamps of
25 W per home and, in some cases, a radio and TV set.
5. Consumption distribution function
For carrying out a statistical analysis, the collected data
were organized in a way to facilitate this treatment. A
software for statistical analysis was used. For this pur-
pose, the consumption data (kWh/month) were filled in 7
columns, corresponding to the Vale do Ribeira, Pedra
Branca, Vera Cruz, Puno, São João do Lopes, Bom Jardim
and Suaquello communities, respectively.
The software yielded the results taking into account the
confirmation of the corresponding hypothesis (chi-square
goodness-of-fit and Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Anderson-
Darling tests). As shown in Table 8, this analysis indicates
that, except for the Pedra Branca and São João de Lopes
communities, the electric energy consumption of all the
other communities can be characterized by the gamma
distribution function.
In this table, N represents the total universe of the

Figure 3. Consumption (kWh/month) of the Vera Cruz community (August 2000-November 2003)

Figure 4. Consumption (kWh/month) of the Puno community (March 2001-February 2003)

Table 7. Global average consumption in the communities studied (kWh/month)

Consumption of the communities electrified by photovoltaic systems Consumption of the communities electrified by the
conventional electric grid

Vale do Ribeira Pedra Branca Vera Cruz Puno Suaquello São João do Lopes Bom Jardim

2.00 2.76 3.03 3.46 4.74 27.05 94.61

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Table 8. Results of the statistical analysis and the decision criterion to determine the validity of the gamma function for the
electric energy consumption in the communities studied

Community N DN D(0.01) Comparison Conclusion

Vale do Ribeira 452 0.053995 0.076669 DN < D(0.01) Gamma

Pedra Branca 135 0.165765 0.140288 DN > D(0.01) Not gamma

Vera Cruz 110 0.064260 0.155414 DN < D(0.01) Gamma

Puno 145 0.067402 0.135364 DN < D(0.01) Gamma

São João do Lopes 784 0.098040 0.058214 DN > D(0.01) Not gamma

Bom Jardim 950 0.049586 0.052884 DN < D(0.01) Gamma

Suaquello 190 0.105434 0.118253 DN < D(0.01) Gamma

Figure 5. Gamma probability distribution for the monthly consumption values observed in Ribeira valley (α = 1.54375 and β = 0.772435)

Figure 6. Gamma probability distribution for the monthly consumption values observed in Pedra Branca (α = 5.19972 and β = 1.88185)

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Figure 7. Gamma probability distribution for the monthly consumption values observed in Vera Cruz (α = 12.6908 and β = 4.14096)

Figure 8. Gamma probability distribution for the monthly consumption values observed in Puno (α = 5.70134 and β = 1.64963)

consumption data (kWh/month) for each group of commu- α = shape parameter

nities; DN is the critical coefficient of the Kolmogorov- β = scale parameter
Smirnov test for the goodness-of-fit provided by the Γ = gamma function
software; D(0.01) is the critical value by the Equation 1, The expected value, median value, and the variance of a
taking a significance level of 0.01, and N > 35 [Siegel, series of consumption data that show adherence to this
1986; Zilles, 1993]. distribution function can be obtained through Equations
1.63 3 and 4 respectively.
D(0.01) = (1)
N
√ α
Equation 2 represents mathematically the gamma distri- E(x) = (3)
β
bution function [STSC Inc., 1986]:
α
βα xα − 1 e− β α Var(x) = (4)
f(x) = (2) β2
Γ (α)
Table 9 presents the shape and scale factors obtained
in which:
from the adjustment adherence analysis of the consumption
x = energy consumption (kWh/month)
data to a gamma distribution function.

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Figure 9. Gamma probability distribution for the monthly consumption values observed in Suaquelo (α =1.71374 and β = 0.247425)

Figure 10. Gamma probability distribution for the monthly consumption values observed in Lopes (α =2.48062 and β = 0.0705203)

The histograms provided by the software, including
those corresponding to the Pedra Branca and São João de
Lopes communities, are shown in Figures 5-11. α is the
shape parameter and β is the scale parameter of the
gamma function.
6. Closing remarks
From the observation of the data of each one of the fami-
lies of the communities studied, it is possible to verify
that in each place there always exists a relative disparity
between the major and minor consumption. By the multi-
disciplinary approach adopted in the research, it was pos-
sible to identify an array of factors that influence
electricity demand and consumption. These were denomi-
nated technical, managerial, psychological, geographical,
demographic, sociocultural and economical factors. All of
them, depending on the degree of predominance of each
one, with larger or smaller intensity, will eventually define
the level of energy consumption of the family. Actually,
all these factors act together, and their degree of influence
varies from family to family. In the context of the ana-
lyzed sociocultural reality, the number of people that con-
stitute a family is not a decisive factor in the magnitude
of the consumption.
The statistical analysis carried out shows that, except
for the communities of Pedra Branca and São João de

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Figure 11. Gamma probability distribution for the monthly consumption values observed in Bom Jardim (α = 2.13611 and β = 0.022737)

Table 9. Shape and scale factors for monthly consumption

(kWh/month) of communities studied Fernández, L.N., 2001. Hacia un Paradigma de Electrificación Rural Descentralizada con
Sistemas Fotovoltaicos, Tesis doctoral, (mimeo.), Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros
Community Shape parameter (α) Scale parameter (β) de Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid.
Krenzinger, A., and Montero, M., 1986. “Energy consumption patterns of the rural photo-
Vale do Ribeira 1.54375 0.77244 voltaic market in Spain”, Proc. of 7th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, Sevilla, pp. 382-386.
Horn, M., 1994. Evaluación de la radiación solar para una electrificación solar de las islas
Pedra Branca 5.19972 1.88185
Amantaní y Taquile, Puno, Centro de Energías Renovables de la Universidad Nacional de
Vera Cruz 12.69080 4.14096 Ingeniería, Centro de Energías Renovables de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima,
Perú.
Puno 5.70134 1.64963 IPC (Interdiszipliäre Projekt Consult), 1990. Sinopsis de Datos del Departamento de Puno,
Interdiszipliäre Projekt Consult GmbH, Lima.
São João do Lopes 2.48062 0.07052
Morante, F., 2000. Demanda Energética em Solar Home Systems, Dissertação de Mestrado,
Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
Bom Jardim 2.13611 0.02274
http://www.iee.usp/biblioteca/producao/2000/teses/Frederico_Tese.pdf
Suaquello 1.71374 0.24743 Morante, F., 2004. Demanda de Energia Elétrica e desenvolvimento Socioeconômico: o
caso das comunidades rurais eletrificadas com sistemas fotovoltaicos, Tese de Doutorado,
Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
Lopes, the gamma probability distribution presents http://www.iee.usp.br/biblioteca/producao/2004/Teses/Tese_Federico.pdf
Morante, F., and Zilles, R., 2001. “Energy demand in solar home systems: the case of the
goodness-of-fit with the behavior of the electric energy communities in Ribeira valley in the state of São Paulo, Brazil”, Progress in Photovoltaics
consumption. In simple words, this function’s correspond- Research and Applications, 9, pp. 379-388.
ing graphs and its interlinked parameters express that “a Noda, S., 2000. Na Terra Como na Água: organização e conservação de recursos naturais
lot of people consume a little and a few people consume terrestres e aquáticos em uma comunidade da Amazônia brasileira, Tese de Doutorado,
Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuibá, Brazil, 182 pp.
a lot”. This is due to the influence exercised by the set Scitovsky, T., 1986. Frustraciones de la Riqueza: la Satisfacción Humana y la Insatisfacción
of factors mentioned above, which act on the shape and del Consumidor, Fondo de Cultura Económica/Serie de Economía, 1a edición en español,
scale parameters of this function. México, 1986, 301 pp.
SEBRAE (Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio as Micro e Pequenas Empresas), 1998. Diagnóstico
Acknowledgements Socioeconómico do Município de Ouricuri – PE, Programa de Emprego e Renda de Ouricuri
This work was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – Pernambuco, Série Programa Especial de Emprego e Renda, Recife.
(FAPESP) of São Paulo, Brazil. Siegel, S., 1986. Estadística no Paramétrica Aplicada a las Ciencias de la Conducta, Edi-
torial Trillas, 10a reimpresión, México, 344 pp.
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