International Guidelines

Provided below are some basic principles of various international institutions that uphold the principles of
involuntary resettlement.

World Bank’s Involuntary Resettlement Policy

Operational Procedure (O.P.) 4.12:

Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative
project designs;

Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed
as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons
displaced by the project to share in project benefits;

Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in
planning and implementing resettlement; and

Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or
at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing before the
beginning of the project implementation, whichever is higher.

ADB’s Involuntary Resettlement Policy

Carry out meaningful consultations with affected persons, host communities, and concerned
nongovernment organizations. Inform all displaced persons of their entitlements and resettlement options.
Ensure their participation in planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of resettlement
programs.

Pay particular attention to the needs of vulnerable groups, especially those below the poverty line, the
landless, the elderly, women and children, and Indigenous Peoples and those without legal title to land,
and ensure their participation in consultations.

Ensure that displaced person without titles to land or any recognizable legal rights to land are eligible for
resettlement assistance and compensation for loss of non-land assets.

Establish a grievance redress mechanism to receive and facilitate the resolution of the affected persons’
concerns;

Improve, or at least restore, the livelihoods of all displaced persons through (1) land-based resettlement
strategies when affected livelihoods are land based where possible or cash compensation at replacement
value for land when the loss of land does not undermine livelihoods, (2) prompt replacement of assets
with access to assets of equal or higher value, (3) prompt compensation at full replacement cost for
assets that cannot be restored, and (4) additional revenues and services through benefit-sharing
schemes where possible;

Provide secured tenure to relocation land, better housing at resettlement sites with comparable access to
employment and production opportunities, integration of resettled persons economically and socially into
their host communities, and extension of project benefits to host communities;

Improve the standards of living of the displaced poor and other vulnerable groups, including women, to at
least national minimum standards. In rural areas provide them with legal and affordable access to land
and resources, and in urban areas provide them with appropriate income sources and legal and
affordable access to adequate housing;
Conceive and execute involuntary resettlement as part of a development project or program. Include the
full costs of resettlement in the presentation of project’s costs and benefits. For a project with significant
involuntary resettlement impacts, consider implementing the involuntary resettlement component of the
project as a stand-alone operation;

Pay compensation and provide other resettlement entitlements before physical or economic
displacement. Implement the resettlement plan under close supervision throughout project
implementation; and

Monitor and assess resettlement outcomes, their impacts on the standards of living of displaced persons,
and whether the objectives of the resettlement the plan has been achieved by taking into account the
baseline conditions and the results of resettlement monitoring.

IFC Performance Standards on Social & Environmental Sustainability

International Finance Corporation (IFC) applies the Performance Standards to manage social and
environmental risks and impacts and to enhance development opportunities in its private sector financing
in its member countries eligible for financing. The Performance Standards may also be applied by other
financial institutions electing to apply them to projects in emerging markets. Together, the eight
Performance Standards establish standards that the client is to meet throughout the life of an investment
by IFC or other relevant financial institution.

Performance Standard 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management System

Performance Standard 1 underscores the importance of managing environmental and social performance
throughout the life of a project. It involves the active engagement between the client, its workers, local
communities directly affected by the project (the Affected Communities) and, where appropriate, other
stakeholders. Stakeholder engagement is the basis for building strong, constructive, and responsive
relationships that are essential for the successful management of a project’s environmental and social
impacts.

Performance Standard 2: Labor and Working Conditions

Performance Standard 2 recognizes that the pursuit of economic growth through employment creation
and income generation should be accompanied by protection of the fundamental rights of workers. For
any business, the workforce is a valuable asset, and a sound worker-management relationship is a key
ingredient in the sustainability of a company. Failure to establish and foster a sound worker-management
relationship can undermine worker commitment and retention, and can jeopardize a project.

Performance Standard 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement

Performance Standard 3 recognizes that increased economic activity and urbanization often generate
increased levels of pollution to air, water, and land, and consume finite resources in a manner that may
threaten people and the environment at the local, regional, and global levels.

Performance Standard 4: Community Health, Safety and Security

Performance Standard 4 recognizes that project activities, equipment, and infrastructure can increase
community exposure to risks and impacts. In addition, communities that are already subjected to impacts
from climate change may also experience an acceleration and/or intensification of impacts due to project
activities. While acknowledging the public authorities’ role in promoting the health, safety, and security of
the public, this Performance Standard addresses the client’s responsibility to avoid or minimize the risks
and impacts to community health, safety, and security that may arise from project related-activities, with
particular attention to vulnerable groups.

Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement

Performance Standard 5 recognizes that project-related land acquisition and restrictions on land use can
have adverse impacts on communities and persons that use this land. Involuntary resettlement refers
both to physical displacement (relocation or loss of shelter) and to economic displacement (loss of assets
or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or other means of livelihood) as a result of
project-related land acquisition and/or restrictions on land use. Resettlement is considered involuntary
when affected persons or communities do not have the right to refuse land acquisition or restrictions on
land use that result in physical or economic displacement. This occurs in cases of (i) lawful expropriation
or temporary or permanent restrictions on land use and (ii) negotiated settlements in which the buyer can
resort to expropriation or impose legal restrictions on land use if negotiations with the seller fail. The term
“livelihood” refers to the full range of means that individuals, families, and communities utilize to make a
living, such as wage-based income, agriculture, fishing, foraging, other natural resource based
livelihoods, petty trade, and bartering. Land acquisition includes both outright purchases of property and
acquisition of access rights, such as easements or rights of way. Unless properly managed, involuntary
resettlement may result in long-term hardship and impoverishment for the Affected Communities and
persons, as well as environmental damage and adverse socio-economic impacts in areas to which they
have been displaced. For these reasons, involuntary resettlement should be avoided. However, where
involuntary resettlement is unavoidable, it should be minimized and appropriate measures to mitigate
adverse impacts on displaced persons and host communities should be carefully planned and
implemented.

Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource

Management

Performance Standard 6 recognizes that protecting and conserving biodiversity, maintaining ecosystem
services, and sustainably managing living natural resources are fundamental to sustainable development.
The requirements set out in this Performance Standard have been guided by the Convention on
Biological Diversity, which defines biodiversity as “the variability among living organisms from all sources
including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of
which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.”
Ecosystem services are the benefits that people, including businesses, derive from ecosystems.
Ecosystem services are organized into four types: (i) provisioning services which are the products people
obtain from ecosystems; (ii) regulating services which are the benefits people obtain from the regulation
of ecosystem processes; (iii) cultural services which are the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from
ecosystems; and (iv) supporting services which are the natural processes that maintain the other
services.

Performance Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples

Performance Standard 7 recognizes that Indigenous Peoples, as social groups with identities that are
distinct from mainstream groups in national societies, are often among the most marginalized and
vulnerable segments of the population. In many cases, their economic, social, and legal status limits their
capacity to defend their rights to, and interests in, lands and natural and cultural resources, and may
restrict their ability to participate in and benefit from development. Indigenous Peoples are particularly
vulnerable if their lands and resources are transformed, encroached upon, or significantly degraded. Their
languages, cultures, religions, spiritual beliefs, and institutions may also come under threat. As a
consequence, Indigenous Peoples may be more vulnerable to the adverse impacts associated with
project development than nonindigenous communities. This vulnerability may include loss of identity,
culture, and natural resource-based livelihoods, as well as exposure to impoverishment and diseases.

Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage

Performance Standard 8 recognizes the importance of cultural heritage for current and future
generations. Consistent with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage, this Performance Standard aims to ensure that clients protect cultural heritage in the course of
their project activities. In addition, the requirements of this Performance Standard on a project’s use of
cultural heritage are based in part on standards set by the Convention on Biological Diversity.