Aim

To determine the minor losses due to shut-off devices.

Objective

The objective of this experiment is to measure the energy dissipated in terms of head for flow though
valve openings.

Apparatus

 A flow circuit of G. I. pipes with slanetd seat valve and gate valve.
 U-tube differential manometer
 Collecting tank.
Fig: (a) Components of the device
 Fig: (b) Discharge measuring tank

Theory

a) Slanted seat valve :

Fig A.Slanted seal valve

Losses at slanted seat valve:-

The head loss due to energy dissipation can be prescribed by the relation

𝑣2
ℎ = 𝑘𝑠𝑠𝑣
2𝑔
ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ∗ 2𝑔 𝑓 ∗ 𝐿
𝑘𝑠𝑠𝑣 = −
𝑣2 𝐷
Kssv varies usually from 1.5 to 2.0.
where V is the average flow velocity and the kssv is the resistance coefficient which depends
upon the type of valve and flow.

b) Gate Valve :

Fig(b) Gate valve

The head loss due to energy dissipation can be prescribed by the relation

𝑣2
ℎ = 𝑘𝑔𝑣
2𝑔
kgv varies from 1.0 to 1.5.
 Procedure

Differential Pressure measurements :

The vent valve is closed for this purpose.an air cushion with a
pressure PL forms above the two water columns. This results in
the following for the pressures P1 and P2 to be measured.

P1 = PL + h1*ρ*g

P2 = PL + h2*ρ*g

Hence the pressure difference is

ΔP = P1 – P2

The pressure PL cancels out, resulting in

ΔP = Δh* ρ*g

where, Δh = h1-h2

The zero point for the differential pressure measurement can be set by the way of pressure PL

1) Note down the relevant dimensions as diameter and length of

pipe between the pressure tapping, discharge using the
gauge(representing volume) on collecting tank etc.
2) Air in the system is removed by ensuring proper venting
Venting is done as :
 Close vent valve at top.
 Open both drain valves at bottom.
 Slowly open ball cock in inlet of pipe section to be measured.
 The pipe section and connecting hoses are vented by a powerful jet of water. When there
are no further air bubbles in the connecting valves.
 Close pipe-section drain
 Simultaneously close both drain valves at the bottom slowly. Make sure that both water
columns increase uniformly and that there is no overflow between the level tubes.
3) Pressure tapping of a pipe is kept open while for other pipe is closed.
4) The flow rate was adjusted to its maximum value. By maintaining suitable amount of steady flow in
the pipe.

5) The discharge flowing in the circuit is recorded together with the water level in the collecting tank.
6) The flow rate is kept constant and the valves are closed in stages and reading of manometer is
recorded.

Sources of error

1) Incorrect readings while differential pressure measurements

2) Improper venting due to which incorrect readings can be noted down.

Observation and Result Table

Fitting Internal Length in mm Volumetric Flow speed v Reynolds no.

diameter d in flow L/min in m/s (Re)
mm
Slanted Seat 17 350
valve
Gate valve 15 420
For flat plate

SR Flow Rate Jet Calculated Efficiency

No. Weight Force in N Time in s Q in velocity Force η
l/s w1 in m/s Fth in N

For hemisphere

SR Flow Rate Jet Calculated Efficiency

No. Weight Force in N Time in s Q in velocity Force η
l/s w1 in m/s Fth in N

For slope
 SR Flow Rate Jet Calculated Efficiency
No. Weight Force in N Time in s Q in velocity Force η
l/s w1 in m/s Fth in N

For Cone

SR Flow Rate Jet Calculated Efficiency

No. Weight Force in N Time in s Q in velocity Force η
l/s w1 in m/s Fth in N
Sample Calculation:
Reading Number :

Momentum :

F Calculated :

F Measured :

Efficiency (η) :
Conclusion: