Defining Management:

According to Lawrence A Appley, “Management is the development of people and not the
direction of things”.

According to Joseph Massie, “Management is defined as the process by which a co-operative

group directs action towards common goals”.

In the words of George R Terry, “Management is a distinct process consisting of planning,

organizing, actuating and controlling performed to determine and accomplish the objectives by the
use of people and resources”.

In the words of Koontz and O’Donnel, “Management is defined as the creation and maintenance
of an internal environment in an enterprise where individuals working together in groups can
perform efficiently and effectively towards the attainment of group goals”.

In the words of William Spriegel, “Management is that function of an enterprise which concerns
itself with the direction and control of the various activities to attain the business objectives”.

From the definitions putted above it is clear that management is a technique of extracting work
from others in a coordinated manner with the maximum utilization of material resources
mobilizing the physical effort to achieve the business goal.

Nature of Management:

Management aims at high economic rate:

Manager’s primary task is to secure the productive performance through planning, direction and
control. It is expected of the management to bring into being the desired results. Rational utilization
of available resources to maximize the profit is the economic function of a manager.

Management takes work from other people:

Management involves doing the job through people. The economic function of earning profitable
return cannot be performed without enlisting co-operation and securing positive response from
“people”. Getting the suitable type of people to execute the operations is the significant aspect of
management. profitable return cannot be performed without enlisting co-operation and securing
positive response from “people”. Getting the suitable type of people to execute the operations is
the significant aspect of management.
Management is a process:

Management is a process, function or activity. This process continues till the objectives set by
administration are actually achieved. “Management is a social process involving co-ordination of
human and material resources through the functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading and
controlling in order to accomplish stated objectives”.

Management is a profession:

Management is gradually becoming a profession because there are established principles of

management which are being applied in practice, and it involves specialized training and is
governed by ethical code arising out of its social obligations.

Management is a Universal Activity:

Management is not applicable to business undertakings only. It is applicable to political, social,

religious and educational institutions also. Management is necessary when group effort is required.
Management is not applicable to business undertakings only. It is applicable to political, social,
religious and educational institutions also. Management is necessary when group effort is required.

Management is authority having decision making power:

Authority means power to make others act in a predetermined manner. Management implies
making decisions regarding the organization and operation of business in its different dimensions.
The success or failure of an organization can be judged by the quality of decisions taken by the
managers. Therefore, decisions are the key to the performance of a manager.

Management implies good leadership:

A manager must have the ability to lead and get the desired course of action from the subordinates.
According to R. C. Davis, “management is the function of executive leadership everywhere”.
Management of the high order implies the capacity of managers to influence the behavior of their
subordinates.

Management is dynamic not static:

The principles of management are dynamic and not static. It has to adopt itself according to social
changes.

Management draws ideas and concepts from various disciplines:

Management is an interdisciplinary study. It draws ideas and concepts from various disciplines
like economics, statistics, mathematics, psychology, sociology, anthropology etc.
Level of management:

Management is needed at different levels of an organization namely top level, middle level and
lower level.

Management needs no owner:

It is not necessary that managers are owners of the enterprise. In joint stock companies,
management and owners (capital) are different entities.

Management is intangible:

It cannot be seen with the eyes. It is evidenced only by the quality of the organization and the
results, i.e., profits, increased productivity etc.

Management is a science as well as an art:

Management is an art because there are definite principles of management. It is also a science
because by the application of these principles predetermined objectives can be achieved.

Is Management a Science or an Art?

A question often arises whether management is a science or art. It is said that “management is the
oldest of arts and the youngest of sciences”. This explains the changing nature of management but
does not exactly answer what management is? To have an exact answer to the question it is
necessary to know the meanings of the terms “Science” and “Art”.

What is “Science”?
Science may be described, “as a systematic body of knowledge pertaining to an area of study and
contains some general truths explaining past events or phenomena”.

The above definition contains three important characteristics of science. They are:

1. It is a systematized body of knowledge and uses scientific methods for observation,

2. Its principles are evolved on the basis of continued observation and experiment, and

3. Its principles are exact and have universal applicability without any limitation.

Judging from the above characteristics of science, it may be observed that:

1. Management is a systematized body of knowledge and its principles have evolved on the
basis of observation.
 2. The kind of experimentation (as in natural sciences) cannot be accompanied in the area of
management since management deals with the human element.

3. In management, it is not possible to define, analyse and measure phenomena by repeating

the same conditions over and over again to obtain a proof.

The above observation puts a limitation on management as a science. Management like other social
sciences can be called as “inexact science”.

What is “Art”?
‘Art’ refers to “the way of doing specific things; it indicates how an objective is to be achieved.”
Management like any other operational activity has to be an art. Most of the managerial acts have
to be cultivated as arts of attaining mastery to secure action and results.

The above definition contains three important characteristics of art. They are:

1. Art is the application of science. It is putting principle into practice.

2. After knowing a particular art, practice is needed to reach the level of perfection.

3. It is undertaken for accomplishing an end through deliberate efforts.

Judging from the above characteristics of art, it may be observed that:

1. Management while performing the activities of getting things done by others is required to
apply the knowledge of certain underlying principles which are necessary for every art.

2. Management gets perfection in the art of managing only through continuous practice.

3. Management implies capacity to apply accurately the knowledge to solve the problems, to
face the situation and to realise the objectives fully and timely.

The above observation makes management an art and that to a fine art.

Scope of Management:
The scope of management is too wide to be covered, yet have to restrict it under three broad
groups, viz.

1. Economic Resource
2. System of Authority
 3. Class or Elite

Economic Resource:
Business Economics classifies the factors of production into four basic inputs, viz. land, labour,
capital and entrepreneur. By the use of all these four, basic production can be done. But to turn
that into a profitable venture, an effective utilization of man, money, material, machinery and
methods of production has to be ensured. This is guaranteed by application of management
fundamentals and practices. The better is the management of an enterprise, the higher is its growth
rate in terms of profit, sales, production and distribution. Thus, management itself serves as an
economic resource.

System of Authority:
As already discussed, management is a system of authority. It formalizes a standard set of rules
and procedure to be followed by the subordinates and ensures their compliance with the rules and
regulations. Since management is a process of directing men to perform a task, authority to extract
the work from others is implied in the very concept of management.

Class or Elite:
Management is considered to be a distinct class that has its own value system. Managerial class,
often referred to as a collective group of those individuals that perform managerial activities is
essential component of each organization. The importance the class has become so huge that the
entire group of mangers is known as “management” in every organization.

Purpose of Management:

1. To reduce the confusion among the working method.

2. Reduce cost and motivate workers.

3. Calculate risk.

4. Check and control perspective risk.

5. Exercise good judgement.

Management – An Emerging Profession:

The professionals enjoy high status in every society. There has been a growing trend towards
professionalization of management, primarily, because of the desire of business leaders for social
status and recognition.

A profession may be defined as an occupation backed by specialized knowledge and training,

whose code of conduct is regulated by a professional body and which is duly recognized by the
society. The basic requirements of a profession are as follows:

1. Knowledge: A substantial and expanding body of knowledge and information in the

concerned field. Management is widely taught in institutes as a discipline.

2. Competent Application: Skilled and judicious utilization of knowledge in the solution

of complex and important problems. This requires education and training in the specified
field.

3. Professional Body: For regulation of any profession, the existence of representative

body is must.

4. Social Responsibility: Primarily motivated by the desire to serve others and the
community.

5. Social Status: Recognition of professional status by the society.

(For Better Understanding of above points)

The application of the above tests or criteria to management is examined below:

Specialized Knowledge:

There exists a rapid expanding body of knowledge underlying the field of management. Now we
have systematic body of knowledge that can be used for the development of managers.
Management is widely taught in the universities and other educational institutions as a discipline.

Competent Application:

MBAs are generally preferred for managerial jobs, though MBA degree is not necessary to enter
this profession. Persons with degree in psychology, engineering, etc., can also take up managerial
jobs. Thus, there are no standard qualifications for managers.

Professional Body:

For the regulation of any profession, the existence of a representative body is a must.
Example:

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India lays down the standards of education and training
for those who want to enter the accounting profession. Some organizations such as the Indian
Management Association and the All India Management Association have been set up in India.
But none of these have any legal authority to prescribe minimum qualifications for taking up
managerial posts or to regulate the conduct of managers as is the case with the Medical Council of
India and Bar Council of India. Management Association has prescribed a code for managers, but
it has no power to take action against any manager who does not follow this code.

Social Responsibility:

Managers of today recognize their social responsibilities towards customers, workers and other
groups. Their actions are influenced by social norms and values. That is why, managers enjoy a
respectable position in the society as is the case with doctors, chartered accountants, etc.

Society’s Approval:

The managers of modern organizations enjoy respect in the society. There is typically a positive
correlation between a manager’s rank and his status in the organization where he is working. This
status tends to affect the manager’s status outside the organization. Thus, community approves
management as a profession.