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141-158, 1997
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ELSEVIER
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J o h n Ch. E r m o p o u l o s
ABSTRACT
NOTATION
E Modulus of elasticity
I/ Moment of inertia of the beams (i = 1...4)
Ic, Ic' Moments of inertia of the tapered bar AB at A and B,
respectively
G Moments of inertia at the middle of the tapered bar AB (i.e.
for x = 0.5Lc)
Ix Moment of inertia of the tapered bar AB at distance x
g m = lm/L c Reference stiffness coefficient of the tapered member
g i : li/L i Reference stiffness coefficient of beams 1-4
k Equivalent buckling length ratio
Lc Length of the tapered bar
Li Lengths of the beams (i = 1...4)
141
142 J. Ch. Ermopoulos
1 INTRODUCTION
x ~,
• , .~.~.'~_.~---~- ~
S x -~
E
,a --J
r
¢..
v~
I:1. r'~ ,.
0
V
0
E
Q
E
u_ o
e.
o
Z
V ,--~
,li ~ /11 I
W
144 J. Ch. Ermopoulos
derived (both for non-sway and sway mode). The solution of these equilibrium
equations gives the critical loads [18,19] of the models and consequently the
corresponding equivalent buckling length ratios of the tapered members.
The results of the study are presented both in a graphical form similar to
that of EC3, Annex E for uniform members, and in a tabular form.
2 ANALYSIS
2.1 General
The model that is considered in this study is similar to that used in Eurocode
3 [8], Part 1.1 (Annex E, Figure E.2.3), where the uniform column is replaced
by a non-uniform (tapered) one, as shown in Fig. 1. This column is acted
upon by an axial compression force P, while the axial force of the beams is
assumed to be zero. The geometric characteristics of the tapered column are
shown in Fig. 1(c). The law governing the variation of the moment of inertia
I, along the axis of the bar is given by [15]:
4EII
MaE- L~ Oa (la)
4EI2
MBF = L20B (lb)
4EI3
MAC-- ~3"0A (lc)
Equivalent buckling length of non-uniform members 145
4E14
MAD -- L-4 0A (1 d)
MBA = 2EIc[_Lc
[ot30a + ~40B + (a3 + a4) ~cc] (le)
MAB = 2Elc
Lc [C~IOA
I-_ + ~2'9B + (~1 + ~2) ~ ] (If)
The coefficients in eqns (le) and (If) which refer to the non-uniform mem-
ber AB are the following [16,17]:
{(/"2 - f4) cos[p, ln(1 + e)] + (f3 - fl) sin[~ ln(1 + e)]}(t, 2 + 0.25)e2X/1 + e
~3 = 2fo (3C)
where
Introducing eqns (4a-e) into eqns (3b) and (3c), it can easily be proved
that a2 = a3.
1-
(5)
where T~l and Th are the same as the EC3, Annex E distribution factors, given
here by:
KB
~h = KB + K1 + 1(2 (6a)
KA
772 = KA + K3 + K4 (6b)
and
~' /c
K A = L ~ , K B - Lc - Lc(1 + e ) 2 (6c)
Ii
Ki = ~ (i = 1...4). (6d)
(7)
where
~n ~Of
an - 2(q~z _ q~2), ogf- 2(q~nZ_ q~fZ) (8a)
1-P~m/tan(P~m) ~mm/Sin( P ~ m ) - - 1
~On~--- iPm ' ~f= Pm (8b)
For the model shown in Fig. l(b) where ~:/:0, the relations ( l a ) - ( l g ) are
valid, and the equilibrium system consists of the following equations:
ZMA = 0 (9a)
ZMB = 0 (9b)
V. = O. (9c)
Equations (9a-c), after some manipulation and taking into account that
~z = ~3, lead finally to the following equation, which corresponds to sway
mode:
[2(1_~,,/~,+,~2+
[0/2 + . . . . . . . . .
[ ~ - ~ , + ~ +~+ ~4~] 1 O~4 -1-
( ~ 3 + a a ) Z _z . 2 1 - 1 +oq+
Pm (~+~2+~3+~4 ----
2 2
148 J. Ch. Ermopoulos
In the particular case of uniform column (i.e. /? = 0), the equilibrium equ-
ation (10) takes the form:
7r2EIm
ecr - (kLc)2 (12)
and using eqn (2), the equivalent buckling length ratio k is finally obtained
from:
'B-
k- #cr" (13)
This ratio corresponds to that given by EC3, Annex E for uniform members,
but also covers the case of tapered columns, as stated in paragraph E. 1.4 of
Annex E.
3 NUMERICAL RESULTS--EXAMPLES
On the basis of the above analysis a computer program has been constructed
which enables the calculation of the buckling length ratio k for the case of
tapered columns in non-sway and sway modes.
Equivalent buckling length of non-uniform members 149
By utilizing this program, the dimensionless critical loads /Ocr and the ratio
k have been calculated and the results are presented in Tables 1 and 2, for
various values of the ratio e = Ldo~, and the distribution factors r/l, 772.
Furthermore, in order to have the results in the same form as in Annex E
of EC3, the diagrams of Figs 2 and 3 have been plotted. From these figures,
for a given ratio f = Lc/O~ and for a certain pair of the factors r/1 and r/2
[expressed by eqns (6a) and (6b)] the corresponding buckling length ratio k
is obtained.
For example, let us consider that the beams have an equal length Li = 5 m
with moments of inertia Ie = 50,000 cm 4, while the tapered column has a length
Lc = 7.5 m, moment of inertia Ic = 10,000 cm 4 and a distance o~ = 1.5 m.
The moments of inertia Im in the middle of the column and I~' at end B are:
lc' = tc
_-
c\
+
a ~ / = 10,000 ( +__7.5?
1.5 j = 360,000 cm 4.
Moreover,
Lc 7.5
e- - -5
t~ 1.5
IB 360,000
Lc 750
= 0.706
r/~ I B + I1 + 12 -360,000
- + 250,000
L2 750 500
IA 10,000
Lc 750
= 0.06
r/2 - IA 13 14 - 10,000 250,000
Lc + L3 + L4 750 + 500
TABLE 1
Critical L o a d s / 3 and Equivalent Buckling Length Ratios k for a Tapered Member in a Non-
sway Mode
TABLE 1
Continued
TABLE 1
Continued
Im 122,500
Lc 750
= 0.45
71 72 im I1 ~ 122,500 250,000
L~+~ +L2 750 + -500
Equivalent buckling length of non-uniform members 153
TABLE 2
Critical Loads ~bcr and Equivalent Buckling Length Ratios k for a Tapered Member in a Sway
Mode
0.0 0.0 9.86 1.000 9.63 1.012 9.23 1.034 6.77 1.207
0.1 9.34 1.028 9.01 1.046 8.55 1.074 5.96 1.286
0.2 8.75 1.062 8.34 1.087 7.84 1.121 5.30 1.364
0.3 8.09 1.105 7.63 1.137 7.13 1.176 4.78 1.437
0.4 7.37 1.157 6.90 1.195 6.43 1.239 4.36 1.504
0.5 6.60 1.223 6.17 1.265 5.75 1.310 4.02 1.566
0.6 5.79 1.306 5.44 1.347 5.11 1.389 3.75 1.622
0.7 4.95 1.412 4.73 1.444 4.51 1.479 3.52 1.673
0.8 4.11 1.550 4.05 1.560 3.96 1.578 3.33 1.721
0.9 3.28 1.735 3.41 1.700 3.45 1.691 3.17 1.763
1.0 2.46 2.003 2.81 1.873 2.98 1.818 3.03 1.803
0.1 0.0 9.34 1.028 9.21 1.035 8.87 1.055 6.61 1.221
0.1 8.85 1.056 8.63 1.069 8.23 1.095 5.83 1.300
0.2 8.31 1.090 8.00 1.111 7.56 1.142 5.19 1.378
0.3 7.70 1.132 7.33 1.160 6.88 1.197 4.68 1.451
0.4 7.03 1.185 6.64 1.219 6.21 1.260 4.27 1.519
0.5 6.30 1.252 5.94 1.289 5.56 1.331 3.94 1.581
0.6 5.53 1.336 5.24 1.372 4.95 1.412 3.67 1.638
0.7 4.74 1.443 4.56 1.471 4.37 1.502 3.45 1.689
0.8 3.93 1.585 3.90 1.590 3.83 1.604 3.27 1.736
0.9 3.12 1.779 3.28 1.734 3.34 1.719 3.11 1.779
1.0 2.33 2.058 2.69 1.913 2.88 1.850 2.98 1.820
0.2 0.0 8.75 1.062 8.71 1.064 8.45 1.081 6.41 1.240
0.1 8.31 1.090 8.18 1.098 7.85 1.121 5.67 1.318
0.2 7.81 1.124 7.60 1.139 7.23 1.168 5.06 1.396
0.3 7.25 1.167 6.98 1.189 6.59 1.223 4.57 1.469
0.4 6.63 1.220 6.33 1.248 5.96 1.286 4.17 1.538
0.5 5.96 1.287 5.67 1.319 5.34 1.359 3.85 1.600
0.6 5.24 1.372 5.00 1.404 4.75 1.440 3.59 1.656
0.7 4.49 1.483 4.35 1.505 4.20 1.533 3.38 1.708
0.8 3.72 1.629 3.73 1.627 3.68 1.637 3.19 1.756
0.9 2.94 1.832 3.13 1.776 3.20 1.755 3.04 1.800
1.0 2.18 2.128 2.56 1.962 2.76 1.890 2.91 1.840
0.3 0.0 8.09 1.105 8.14 1.101 7.95 1.114 6.17 1.264
0.1 7.70 1.132 7.66 1.135 7.41 1.154 5.47 1.343
0.2 7.25 1.167 7.13 1.176 6.83 1.201 4.89 1.420
0.3 6.75 1.209 6.56 1.226 6.24 1.257 4.42 1.494
0.4 6.18 1.264 5.96 1.286 5.65 1.321 4.04 1.562
0.5 5.57 1.331 5.35 1.358 5.08 1.394 3.74 1.624
0.6 4.90 1.419 4.73 1.444 4.52 1.477 3.49 1.682
0.7 4.20 1.533 4.12 1.548 3.99 1.571 3.28 1.734
0.8 3.48 1.684 3.52 1.674 3.50 1.678 3.10 1.782
154 J. Ch. Ermopoulos
TABLE 2
Continued
T A B L E 2
Continued
is found to be:
For this example it can be seen that the difference between the buckling
156 J. Ch. Ermopoulos
0.0 "\ \
o~ \ \ "\ \\ ~ .~'<-.
0.8 ,
\ \ \ \\\'~.~.
0.7 x
\ \
0.6 \
N
0.s ,\ ,\ ",~ \ \ \ \\\ N \" \ x
0.4
0.3
\ \ \ \5\ ,, \
\ \
0.1
, \
0.0' ~'-
\ \ \
0.0 0.1 02. 0.3 0,4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 09 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0/, 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
4 CONCLUSIONS
1.0
o~~
o.~~
~ .
0.0
03
~410"8
0.7
0.6
o.~", \~ \ \ \ \\, % "~
o,~ \ \ \ \, \ \ \
0.3 ~" ~. "~\ \
o., -~; \ ~ \
0.0 0.I 0.2 0.3 0.~ 0.5 0.6 0.7 0~ 09 1.0 OZ) 0.1 0.2 03 0Z 05 0.S 0.7 0B 0.9 1.0
.q2=
F-c -w,
F i g . 3. Equivalent buckling length ratio k for uniform (¢ = 0) and non-uniform columns (e =
0.5, 1, 5) in a sway mode.
alent buckling length ratios of the members considered, while the correspond-
ing values of the critical loads are also calculated.
The equations for uniform members correspond directly to the diagrams
given in EC3, Annex E (figures E.2.1 and E.2.2), while the equations for non-
uniform members satisfy paragraph E. 1.4 of the same Annex.
Using the diagrams presented in Figs 2 and 3 it is easy to obtain graphically
the equivalent buckling length ratio for each particular combination of the
geometric characteristics of the frame under consideration (i.e. non-sway or
sway mode, lengths and moments of inertia, tapering ratio of the column, etc.).
In addition, the corresponding critical loads can also be determined from
Tables 1 and 2.
158 J. Ch. Ermopoulos
It is worth mentioning that the buckling length ratios k for tapered members,
depending on the combination of the distribution factors 771 and 7/2, become
either bigger or smaller than the uniform ones (with constant moment of inertia
equal to Ira), as can be seen from Fig. 2 or Fig. 3.
REFERENCES