Presentation on theme: "PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1: QUALITATIVE"—

Presentation transcript:
1 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1: QUALITATIVE

2 Review Time: Management of Learning

Talkie Time: Research worth Sharing

3 Lesson 3, Objectives : The learner

1. differentiates the general classifications of research based on purpose2. describes characteristics, strengths,
weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research3. illustrates the importance of qualitative research across fields

4 ACCORDING TO OBJECTIVES: 1. PURE VS. APPLIED RESEARCH

TYPES OF RESEARCHESACCORDING TO OBJECTIVES:1. PURE VS. APPLIED RESEARCH2. EXPLORATORY
VS. EXPLANATORY3. QUANTITATIVE VS. QUALITATIVE

5 QUIZ: Identify the types of research as to PURPOSE (pure or applied, quantitative or qualitative, exploratory or
explanatory) Effectiveness of Weight Loss Program among Obese School Heads 2. Applicability of the federal Form
of Government in the Philippines 3. Multimedia utilization in teaching Science 4. I.Q in relation to National
Achievement Test Result 5. Women's’ Aggression Behind bars 6. Manobo’s cultural practices in child rearing 7.
Factors affecting Drop out rates 8. Inhibitory effects of bamboo roots to species of dysenteric bacilli 9. Confluence of
Rizal’s work to Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables 10. Remedial Class Program among Slow learners.

6 Qualitative research... Commonly called “interpretive research”

…its methods rely heavily on “thick” verbal descriptions of a particular context being studied

7 Generally speaking, qualitative researchers….

…spend a great deal of time in the settings being studied (fieldwork)…rely on themselves as the main instrument of
data collection (subjectivity; intersubjectivity)…analyze data using interpretative lenses

8 The general characteristics of qualitative research...

 Data sources are real-world situations Data are descriptive Emphasizes a holistic approach (processes and
outcomes) Data analysis is inductive Describes the meaning(s) of research finding(s) from the perspective of the
research participants

9 Uses inductive reasoning…

…involves developing generalizations from a limited number of specific observations or experiences…highly
dependent on the number and representativeness of the specific observations used to make the generalization

10 What are the Strengths/ advantages of qualitative?

One advantage of qualitative methods in exploratory research is that use of open-ended questions and probing
gives participants the opportunity to respond in their own words, rather than forcing them to choose from fixed
responses, as quantitative methods do. Open-ended questions have the ability to evoke responses that are:•
meaningful and culturally salient to the participant• unanticipated by the researcher• rich and explanatory in nature

11 2. Another strength/ advantage of qualitative methods is that they allow the researcher the flexibility to probe
initial participant responses – that is, to ask why or how.

12 3. Exploratory Advantage
3. Exploratory Advantage. The researcher can get an in-depth responses to make the study substantial

13 Weakness/Issues in qualitative research...

a. gaining entryb. contacting potential research participantsc. selecting participantsd. enhancing validity and
reducing biase. leaving the field

14 a. gaining entry... access is very much dependent upon the researcher’s personal characteristics and how
others perceive the researcher may require considerable negotiation and compromise with a gatekeeper trust is
earned, not given

15 b. contacting participants...
 gaining access dealing with gatekeeper(s) issues of building trust and ensuring confidentiality and anonymity
16 c. selecting participants...
 is fraught with difficulties in identifying and selecting an appropriate number of participants who can provide useful
information about the particular topic and setting being studied

17 d. The threats to validity in qualitative studies...

observer bias……invalid information resulting from the perspective the researcher brings to the study and imposes
upon it

18 e. leaving the field… The question is when and how to exit…the bonds formed with study participants
complicate leaving the setting…time constraints…when the amount of accessible data is sufficient

19 Types of Qualitative Researches: Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry

1. Biography--Life history, oralhistory2. Phenomenology--The lived experience3. Grounded theory4. Ethnography5.
Case StudySpring 2006Qualitative Research--Simpson

20 1. Biographical StudyThe study of an individual and her or his experiences as told to the researcher or found in
documents and archival material.Life history--The study of an individual’s life and how it reflects cultural themes of
the society.Spring 2006Qualitative Research--Simpson

21 Biographical Study cont.

Oral history--The researcher gathers personal recollections of events, their causes, and their effects from and
individual or several individuals.The researcher needs to collect extensive information about the subject of the
biographySpring 2006Qualitative Research--Simpson

22 Titles 1. Student Life of Jose Rizal: A Documentary 2

Titles 1. Student Life of Jose Rizal: A Documentary 2. The comparative analysis of 19th Century scientists: Common
and Contrast 3. Who is Lapu-Lapu?: A closer look to a brave hero

23 2. PhenomenologyDescribes the meaning of the lived experience about a concept or a phenomenon for several
individuals.It has roots in the philosophical perspectives of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, etc.--Max
Van Manen, Munhall (Nursing)Spring 2006Qualitative Research--Simpson

24 PhenomenologyMoustakas, 1994, p. 13: “to determine what an experience means for the persons who have
had the experience and are able to provide a comprehensive description of it. From the individual descriptions,
general or universal meanings are derived, in other words, the essences of structures of the experience.”Spring
2006Qualitative Research--Simpson

25 Sample titles:Phenomenological Research and Adolescent Female Sexuality: Discoveries and Applications2.
AN INDEPTH EXPLORATION INTO THE SEXUAL EXPERIENCES OF PEOPLE WITH A MILD OR MODERATE
INTELLECTUAL DISABILTY.3. NEAR DEATH EXPERIENCES AMONG CRTITICAL PATIENTS : A
PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS4.

26 3. Grounded TheoryBased on Symbolic Interactionism which posits that humans act and interact on the basis of
symbols, which have meaning and value for the actors.Spring 2006Qualitative Research--Simpson

27 Grounded Theory cont.The intent of grounded theory is to generate or discover a theory that relates to a
particular situation. If little is known about a topic, grounded theory is especially usefulSpring 2006Qualitative
Research--Simpson

28 Grounded Theory cont.The intent of grounded theory is to generate or discover a theory that relates to a
particular situation. If little is known about a topic, grounded theory is especially usefulSpring 2006Qualitative
Research--Simpson

29 Grounded Theory cont.Data analysis generates a visual picture, a narrative statement or a series of hypotheses
with a central phenomenon, causal conditions, context and consequences.The researcher needs to set aside
theoretical ideas or notions so that analytical or substantive theories can emerge from the data.Systematic
approachSpring 2006Qualitative Research--Simpson

30 SAMPLE TITLES:Using Grounded Theory in Feminist research – A research about women’s exclusion from
administration positions in primary educationThe Delivery of Quality Nursing Care: A Grounded Theory Study of the
Nurses' PerspectiveGrounded Learning: An Application of Grounded TheoryIn Educational Practice

31 4. EthnographyA description and interpretation of a cultural or social group or system. The researcher examines
the group’s observable and learned patterns of behavior, customs, and ways of life.Involves prolonged observation
of the group, typically through participant observation.Spring 2006Qualitative Research--Simpson
32 Ethnography Field Work Key Informants Thick description
Emic (insider group perspective) and Etic (researcher’s interpretation of social life).Context important, need holistic
view.Need grounding in anthropology.Spring 2006Qualitative Research--Simpson

33 Ethnography cont. Need extensive time to collect data

Many ethnographies may be written in a narrative or story telling approach which may be difficult for the audience
accustomed to usual social science writing.Spring 2006Qualitative Research--Simpson

34 Sample titles1.Goffman in 'the home': exploring the viability of a Goffmanian styleanalysis of the nanny and
parent relationship2. Ethnographic analysis on Internet-mediated communication practices in Cambodia3.
'Mothering Through Recruitment: Kinscription ofNonresidential Fathers and Father Figures in Low-Income Families',
FamilyRelations4. Child rearing practices of Manobo Tribe: A close encounter

35 5. Case StudyA case study is an exploration of a “bounded system” or a case (or multiple cases) over time
through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information rich in context.The context of the
case involves situating the case within its setting. which may be physical, social, historical and/or economic.Spring
2006Qualitative Research--Simpson

36 Case Study cont.Data collection strategies include direct observation, interviews, documents, archival records,
participant observation, physical artifacts and audiovisual materials.Analysis of themes, or issues and an
interpretation of the case by the researcher.Spring 2006Qualitative Research--Simpson

37 Sample titles:Cultural influences on the social network marketing effectiveness : A case Study in
ThailandGender Differences Within Academia : A case study on the probability of promotionCase Study on male
prostitution in Cebu City

38 Summarize the Characteristics of the types of Qualitative Research

39 Qualitative Research Designs/Types

Case Study: In a case study, a single person, program, event, process, institution, organization, social group or
phenomenon is investigated within a specified time frame, using a combination of appropriate data collection
devices (Creswell, 1994).2. Ethnography: Rooted in anthropology, ethnography involves the study of an intact
group, logically defined, in its natural context for a sustained time interval. The researcher is typically an observer or
a participant observer (Creswell, 1994).3. Phenomenology: In essence, this approach investigates an individual’s or
group’s perception of reality as he or she constructs it. These realities may be expressed as an event, program,
relationship, emotion, etc. Phenomenology is rooted in philosophy.

40 4. Grounded Theory: Grounded theory is a general research methodology used in building naturalistic theory
and is rooted in sociology (Strauss and Corbin, 1994).5. Biography: The research relies on records, diaries, oral
histories, photographs, and other artifacts to describe, analyze, and explain past events, philosophies, etc.

41 Method Focus Sample Size Data CollectionEthnography Context or culture --Observation &
interviewsBiography Documentary 1 to 2Stories from individuals & documents Phenomenological People who have
experienced a phenomenon 5 to 25InterviewsGrounded TheoryDevelop a theory from grounded in field data 20 to
60Interviews, then open and axial coding Case StudyOrganization, entity, individual, or eventInterviews, documents,
reports, observations

42 Video Time

43 Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following: 1

Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following: 1. Battered husbands: a new form of slavery? 2.
Perception of buyers on the china made products 3. Through science humans have changed the earth: Better or
Worse? 4. Social Media is anti social 5. Social Relativism is the key to understanding cultures 6. Philippine
Dictators: A prologue 7. Flight and Fright behavior patterns of Birds 8. Autism spectrum disorder: what makes them
unique? 9. Proving multiple intelligences theory on selected STEC students 10. Marital failures for underage
couples.

44 Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following: 1

Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following: 1. Mangyan Courtship Dance: A Lost Tradition 2.
STEC Students’ Struggles in Senior High School 3. General Luna: A worthy Leader 4. Breast feeding practices in
barangay Suba 5. Delivery of Effective Customer Care in malls of Lapu-Lapu City 6. Peer Pressure in School: Make
or Break? 7. Multiple Intelligences among kids: An Exploratory case 8. Sibling Rivalry for Maternal and Paternal
Attention 9. (Re)structuring the history of Code of Kalantiao 10. Factors of Unemployment in Lapu-Lapu City

45 12. Cancer Patients’ Struggles: Survival for Life

Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following: 11. The Poems of Jose Rizal: Structure &
Function12. Cancer Patients’ Struggles: Survival for Life13. The Pareto Principle in Business Practice14. Dewey’s
Self-Reflective Model15. Child rearing practices of Bajao16. Metacognitive skills of student-achievers17. Satisfaction
of teachers in DepEd18. ID, Ego, Superego – Understanding Personality19. The writings of Nick Joaquin20.
Offshoot of Mining Industry: Students of Compostela Valley, where are you?

46 Point to Ponder: What is the application of Qualitative Research in Life?