CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Taking a look at the animal husbandry, breeding, feeding and management of

animal or livestock for the production of food, fibre work, and pleasure. Modern
methods concentrated one type of animals’ products at the highest rate of return
for investment. Intensive husbandry conditions include large numbers of animals
in small lots, means and vaccination against disease. Most of the world’s
domestic animals, however, are raised in small units under less efficient
conditions and at lower rates of returns. Animal furnish more than one-fourth of
the world’s total value of agricultural products. They supply a much higher
proportion of human food in the developed countries than elsewhere. In the
United States, animal products accounts for more than one-half of the total
agricultural income.

Traditional husbandry practices are closely associated with the degree of control
needed over the animals have multiple uses; for example, animals are kept
primarily, for work also supply milk, meat and nothing materials. The animal,
and their uses, however, are closely associated with the culture and experience of
the people who care for them.

In some regions of the world, cattle are not considered for use in the production
of food. Studies have shown that the work power, fertilizers, milk and the fuel
from dung that the cattle provide. In these regions are more efficient animal
products than meats. Analysis of other cultural practices has often revealed
unexpected efficiency of use fitted to local circumstances.

Information and communication Technologies (ICT) are considered to bring

economic and social development, with the benefits of reaching even those who
do not themselves have first-hand access to them (Mekonnen, K.A., et al., 2012).

1
ICT can enhance knowledge sharing and improve access to information
(Hendriks, P., 1999). While in agriculture, extension officers are responsible in
conveying knowledge and scientific findings to rural areas for the purpose of
improving the lives of rural livestock keepers (Blum, A. et al., 2009). In other
term are refereed as intermediate channel between a farmer and a researcher.
Apart from that, they also involve in animal husbandry, help farmers to create
working groups and cope with other challenges such as marketing (Davis, K.E.,
2009).

In delivering extension services (animal husbandry), extension officers also need

information from farmers, such as animal profile information to give informed
advice, hence farmers’ recording keeping is crucial aspect in delivering extension
services. Record keeping for livestock is a task of collecting, maintaining, and
utilizing collected records (Darrh Bullocket al., 2009). Collected data from
farmers is used as a management tool to undertake extension services,
performance evaluation, keep proper health records, accurately measure
production and reproduction, and perform other important management functions
required to run an effective and efficient farm enterprise (Solomon Abegazet al.,
2003).In capturing data there are number of steps including recording on the form
or computability devices, scanning the written document. And data to be stored
can be in written form, image, videos or audio (Batte et al., 1990). But in keeping
records it is very important to consider how data will be extracted later on.
Computer is among the tool which facilitate easily storage and retrieve of
information compare to paper based (Frank Hartwichet al., 2012).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

It is very unfortunate that the technology potentials have not been fully or even
adequately realized in the field of farm management information. Very little farm
managers has grabbed this powerful it opportunities. This has put managers and

2
researchers behind. Some of the problems militating against high decision
performance and achievement of management goals are as follows:

 Lack of quality information tool like a computerized database system

for proper information management.
 Lack of specialist in the field. Lack of technical – know how.
 Lack of sufficient fund
 Poor service rendered by the government
 Poor perception of economic benefit.
 Management decline
 Immobility etc.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

The objective of this research work is basically to provide the Nigeria farmers in
general and especially Federal College of Agriculture farm manager with the
effective, efficient, accurate and timely form of management information system.
That is to replace manual management information system with computerized
management information system. The researcher hopes to achieve the following
after this research;

 To equip the management with quality information on regular basis.

 To eliminate the steady decline in the management of livestock farming.
 To automate all the activities of management information system
 To accelerate decision performance
 To design a management information system.

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1.4 Significance of the Study

In the event of the above mentioned faults and errors discovered in the manual
system. It is believed that the introduction of a computerized system of MIS will
change the whole the operation of FCAI livestock farm positively. It will totally
eliminate the inherent problem which will in turn bring about immense cash value
to the college farm.

It will definitely expose and enlighten the staff and managers of farm in FCAI on
what they supposed to know about their management. In addition, it will bring
about more noticeable contribution and improvements to livestock farmers
nationwide to be able to defined their problems and find out the solution to their
farm management issues.

Though the researcher restricted the study to FCAI livestock farm, the result of
the findings will be of immense benefits to all Nigeria farm managers and as well
to students conducting similar research work on the same or related topics.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

In the study of this nature, one would like to accumulate information from many
areas, but, in the view of the time given for this research such a wide range could
not be reached. The researcher therefore, concentrated on the management
information of poultry livestock in Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu.

1.6 Definition of Terms

Terms used in this research are defined below;

Database – A collection of interrelated data stared with controlled redundancy to

serve one or more application.

Information – Information is a data that has been evaluated. It is a processed

data.

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Information Overload – A situation in which the sheer amount of information
in a system is simply too great to be coped with by the information management
available. It is overflow of information which slows down decision performance.

Information system- A systematic way of organizing the handling of

information, from information gathering to information retrieval and use.

Management - The process of procuring, allocating, combing and utilizing or

organizational resources expressed usually as 3ms (men, materials and money)
through planning organizing directing and controlling activities of work of the
organization member to reach certain stated objectives.

Management Information System – is an integrated and holistic reporting

network system in an organization that provides planning and controlling
information for effective decision making.

Farm: A place where agricultural and similar activities take place, especially the
growing of crops or the raising of livestock.

Farming: The business or act of cultivating land, or raising livestock.

Agro-ICT: The use of Information and communication technology to carry out

agricultural activities.

Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce

labor and commodities such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. The term
is sometimes used to refer solely to those that are bred for consumption, while
other times it refers only to farmed ruminants, such as cattle and goats.

Poultry are domesticated birds kept by humans for their eggs, their meat or their
feathers. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae,
especially the order Galliformes.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

In some regions of the world, cattle are not considered for use in the production
of food. Studies have shown that the work power, fertilizers, milk and the fuel
from dung that the cattle provide. In these regions are more efficient animal
products than meats. Analysis of other cultural practices has often revealed
unexpected efficiency of use fitted to local circumstances.

Environmental influences such as climate also play an important role in the

domestication and use of animals. Water buffalo are use as draft animals to pull
wagons and farm equipment in Southern Asia, where they are adapted to the high
temperature and humidity, while horses, which thrive in moderate climates, were
the principles draft animals in the temperature regions until they were replaced
by treated cattle humid conditions are prevalent in the Southern United States
because they are better adapted to the climates of the region than European cattle.

2.1 Related Works

A study of Swedish precision farmers confirmed the need for a user-centered farm
information system in information- and technology-intensive farms (Norros, et
al., 2009).

Norros et al. (2009) utilized the Internet for the communication method with
potential users. A scenario video describing the system’s key functional features
was available to anyone online with the evaluation questionnaire to provided
feedback to the developers. Some for the main results from this survey uncovered
user needs including tools to evaluate the effects of different cultivation practices,
analysis of existing farm data, tools to evaluate the influence of a certain
cultivation practice on the whole farming business, methods to improve farming,
and others (Pesonen, et al., 2008).

6
Following this, Pesonen et al. (2008), gave recommendations and guidelines for
a novel, intelligent, integrated information and decision support framework for
planting and control of mobile working units which they implemented in the
InfoXT project. They defined farmers’ attitudes towards their work and
profession to formulate the coretask-based system usability claims (Pesonen, et
al., 2008). Their evaluation methods focused on the system performance rather
than individual user interface (UI) components. The system evaluators were
expected to have considerable experience and insight into the domain area
(Norros, et al., 2009). After system validation and extensive analysis, they
concluded that information management systems in mobile plant production
environments should be internet-based with an open interface, and that farm data
saved in a central database should be accessible to the farmer through internet
servers (Pesonen, et al., 2008).

The European Union funded FutureFarm project identified the information model
for six field operations (tillage, seeding, fertilizing, spraying, irrigation, and
harvesting), and selected the information model for fertilization for analysis. The
project specified the data provided and the information required for decision-
making and used this to derive the flow of information which, in turn, resolves
the design of the system. The analysis of the information model focused on the
farmer as the primary decision maker (Sorensen, et al., 2010).

2.2 Farm Management

The farm management personnel’s role is becoming progressively more complex

as pressure from trade globalization, sustainability, and complex information and
communication technologies becomes more prevalent (Sindir, 2006; Sorensen, et
al., 2010). An important task of farm management continues to be increasing the
farm’sproduction and profit and to do so by properly allocating resources and
implementing appropriate operational strategies. With the domestic and global

7
markets becoming more competitive, farm managers must push their operations
to maximum efficiency.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recognized that a typical

model for farm management does not exist because not all farms are the same
size and type (Sindir, 2006). Instead, the agency acknowledged farm management
has five basic functions to achieve the goals and objectives of the farming
business:

1. Planning: creating daily/seasonal priorities and schedules, recognizing areas

needing improvement and finding alternative solutions

2. Organizing: establishing standard operating procedures and a structure of

activities to meet the farm’s goals

3. Managing human resources: recruiting, hiring, training and evaluating workers

4. Directing: delegation of responsibilities, establishing good communication

with workers

5. Controlling: monitoring expenses and income, maintaining records of

operations,comparing rates of productivity, making changes to practices as
necessary, and more (Sindir, 2006).

Sorensen et al. (2010) also developed an engagement web (Figure 2) from the
farm manager’s point of view with the circular gray dashed line representing the
farm system boundary, and the darker gray dashed oval representing the system
boundary for the production of crops.

While the farm manager is not likely to deal with all of these issues at once, many
of these issues can be arranged into successive and parallel tasks. Many farm
production processes and their sub-processes are diverse in nature and require the
management to balance individual tasks within the seasonal farm plan (Pesonen,
et al., 2008). For example, spring tillage and planting are performed in succession

8
on a field basis, but they are often performed in parallel across the farm. Spring
planting requires a succession of tasks such as ordering seed and fertilizers, seed
bed preparation, coordinating resources and more. Each task demands the
attention of someone on the farm and can change priority based on weather,
resources available, and the completion of previous tasks.

Farm management requires numerous decisions of various kinds, and most have
many implementation options (Sindir, 2006). Typically the farmer deals with
very complicated information flow paths since information comes from several
sources (Pesonen, et al., 2008; Sorensen, et al., 2011).

2.3 Livestock Farm Management Information Systems

Operating an agriculture enterprise requires the management to make and

implement numerous decisions across the operation throughout the season, and
many times, away from the office. The management must process the necessary
data in terms of recording, conditioning, and correlating (Sindir, 2006). The
decision-makers also use information from a variety of resources, but the most
valuable is often the source with information specific to the farm’s operations,
which often includes financial and operation records (Sindir, 2006). LFMIS can
be designed to deal with these issues and to support strategic and operational
decisions (Nurkka, et al., 2007).

Nurkka et al. (2007) indicated that the management of information and decision-
making are the core issues for successful farming. Nurkka et al. (2007) and
Murakami et al.(2007) indicated data acquisition is not a hindrance for precision
agriculture. While Sorensen et al. (2010) point out that the use of computers and
the internet has improved the task of handling and processing information, it
remains a demanding task for the farm managers. They emphasize that there is
potential of integrating various data sources when suitable information systems
are developed and these should improve management practices. A variety of

9
LFMIS have been available to farmers, but unfortunately, the adoption of these
systems has been relatively slow compared to other popular consumer-grade
information and communication technologies.

2.4 Requirements of LFMIS

Multiple studies and surveys have been conducted in attempts to better

understand the needs of the growers. Sorensen et al. (2010) noted the importance
of understanding how the farmer views current information management methods
including what he/she thinks is working well and what is not working well. It is
of great importance for the LFMIS developer to understand what the farmer needs
to make his/her daily working life easier and what would help the farm run more
effectively (Sorensen, et al., 2010).

The following LFMIS requirements were found to be the most important by

Murakami et al. (2007) and several of these also directly relate to adoption:

A system for the specific needs of the farmers

A simple UI

Simple or automated methods for data processing

A user controlled interface allowing access to processing and analysis

functions

Integration of expert knowledge and farmer preferences

Improved integration of standardized computer systems

Enhanced integration and interoperability

Scalability

Interchangeability between applications

Low cost

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Fulton et al. (2013) echoed many of these same requirements based on a survey
of farmers from the Midwestern and Southern United States and agriculture
professionals nationwide during the winter of 2012/2013. They also elaborated
on some desires and requirements from growers:

Automatic wireless data transfer between machines and with cloud storage so
data is stored in a single location

Resources to find local support and training

Web-based LFMIS so data can be accessed from an internet-connected device

Quick-start guides to make sure the technology is being set up correctly

Standardized data formats and compatibility between different machines and

operating platforms Murakami et al. (2007) recommended an open software
platform as an appropriate solution rather than a single proprietary system
because it is unlikely that any single complex and comprehensive solution could
meet all the requirements listed above.

When considering the core tasks of farm recordkeeping software, Pesonen et al.
(2008) identified the following steps when focusing on managing field
operations:

Creating the operation plan

Delivering detailed task plan to the field

Setting up mobile working units to execute the plan

Managing, controlling and recording the operation

Documenting the as-applied operation for recordkeeping

In recognizing the various information sources, Pesonen et al. (2008) stated that
these various sources needed to be easily integrated and combined for different
analyses.

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Murakami et al. (2007) noted that a simple UI was an important requirement
when designing an LFMIS. More specifically, Haapala et al. (2006) concluded
that the information presentation and consistency with UI components was
critical. They recommended that only information necessary to carry out a task
should be presented to the user, and information needed to be presented in a
logical order. They also recommended that icons needed to be designed such that
they had a clear meaning with respect to the task at hand. They found that
inconsistency and lack of clarity, as well as poor choice of icons and language
were likely sources of usability problems (Haapala, et al., 2006).

2.5 Identification of Technologies Available for Implementation

Technologies are identified here which build on the idea that new services and
technologies can be added to the system as they become available. Independently
developed services from other interested parties, assuming they are built upon the
same concepts and hosted externally, can complement an open-nature of system
as envisioned in this research project.

2.5.1 Data Sources

Data specific to the farm is possibly the most valuable source of information to
support decision-making (Sindir, 2006). Thus, the keys to the success of any
LFMIS are accurate and timely generation and access to this data. Fortunately,
useful data already exists, albeit in many forms within typical agriculture
production systems. Understanding this variety of sources is necessary to enable
specialization of an LFMIS within a farm (Welte, et al., 2013 a.).

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2.5.1.1 Manual Data Entry

The simplest method of data collection is manual input. This traditionally consists
of handwritten notes made with pen and paper. Long, standardized forms can
overwhelm operators if particular attention is not paid to the user experience.
Providing simple, specialized apps for a variety of data entry tasks is crucial to
getting standardized, minable data into the cloud where it can be put to use. Most
people will not use mobile devices for data entry if such a switch entails more
work, higher learning curves, and longer entry times than their existing system.
Therefore, each data collection task should be automated to the extent possible.
By making data entry faster and simpler than pen and paper, data in the cloud will
be both more complete and more correct than inaccessible stacks of paper
notebooks. Examples of manual data entry include:recording field, operator, rate,
and tank number as anhydrous ammonia is applied,

recording chemical mix, field, and date that a pesticide was applied, and recording
seed variety, fertilizer, and area during planting (Welte, et al., 2013 a.).

2.5.1.2 Machinery Data

Almost all machines and implements involved in modern production agriculture

have sensors that are critical to machine operations and automation and can also
create useful data in real-time during operation (Steinberger, et al., 2009). Some
examples include: vehicle location, seed population, chemical application rates,
wheel slip, fuel usage, crop yield, crop moisture, PTO status, hydraulic remote
actions, and many others.

The proprietary, non-standard nature of these machine sensors has traditionally

limited their usefulness due to an inability for outside systems to access them. As
compliance with the international standard for controller area network (CAN)
communications on serial busses in agriculture and forestry (ISO 11783)

13
communications standard progresses, this hurdle is reduced but not yet
eliminated.

Inexpensive, wireless networks of sensors using Bluetooth for communication

would enable smart phones to collect data that is not tied to a particular
proprietary source.

While Bluetooth is not the ideal communications platform for sensor networking,
it is generally inexpensive and widely implemented in smart phones. Sensors with
relatively low data rates, such as ID tags and contact sensors can be easily
retrofitted on existing machines and implements to provide information to
autogenic algorithms (Welte, et al., 2013 a.).

The following section identifies a few machinery data projects and devices.

ISOBUS Controller Area Network (CAN) Data Connections Purdue University

– ISOBlue: The project aims to create a completely open source, inexpensive
means for getting data from any ISO11783-compliant tractor to a Bluetooth-
equipped mobile device in real-time. The mobile device can then upload the data
to the cloud over its existing cellular connection. Enabling farmers and
researchers to access, analyze, and store their own data will vastly improve the
ability of precision agriculture technologies to finally reach their long- awaited
potential of using statistical data mining techniques to optimize many features of
agricultural production from yieldto environmental impact (ISOBlue, 2013).

Crop Ventures, Inc. – CANPLUG: The CANPLUG device was developed by

Crop Ventures, Inc. to support new and existing agricultural data software. The
device plugs into the equipment ISOBUS diagnostic connector and can forward
sensor data to web and mobile software. Similarly to ISOBlue, the CANPLUG
runs on a Linux Operating System and utilizes Bluetooth connectivity to transfer
data to smartphones and tablets (Crop Ventures, Inc., 2014).

14
Implement Identification Tags

John Deere – Implement Detection: Implement Detection is part of the John

Deere FarmSight solution, and works with any ISOBUS-compatible implement.
When paired with a GreenStar 3 2630 Display and the John Deere Implement
Detection Controller, it can help operators reduce errors by ensuring implements
are set up exactly the same year after year. The system remembers the last setting
used and helps the operator get to work faster (Deere & Co., 2013 b.).

2.5.1.3 Internet-Based: Weather, and Geospatial Data

Many types of useful information for LFMIS are already publicly available
online. However, accessing this data is sometimes quite difficult due to a lack of
application programming interfaces (API), and a general lack of data format
standards. LFMIS which can utilize data which does not need to be manually
collected will greatly facilitate adoption and increase its ability to provide useful
analysis.

Some examples of potentially useful data available within the United States
include:

Weather Data: Provided by the National Weather Service Advanced

Hydrologic Service (National Weather Service, 2013). Daily, monthly, and yearly
precipitation amounts are available going as far back as 2005. The data are
derived from a combination of radar and rain gauge measurements. Other weather
data of interest could include temperature and wind speed.

Soil data: Available from the USDA NRCS Web Soil Survey (USDA Natural
Resources Conservation Service, 2013). It consists of geo-located polygons
representing the survey map units, and tabular data with soil attributes to which
the polygons are referenced.

15
 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Elevations: This extremely precise,
remotesensed elevation data is available from the Open Topography project
(OpenTopography, 2013). Most LiDAR data has a horizontal resolution of 1.5
meters or less, but only 28% of the United States excluding Alaska was covered
as of 2011 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal
Services Center, 2012). Potential issues with this high resolution data include data
conditioning and delivering specific data sets to mobile devices (Noel, 2014).

Common Land Units (CLU): “A Common Land Unit (CLU) is the smallest
unit of land that has a permanent, contiguous boundary, a common land cover
and land management, a common owner and a common producer in agricultural
land associated with USDA farm programs. CLU boundaries are delineated from
relatively permanent features such as fence lines, roads, and/or waterways“.

CLU borders are available to Farm Service Agency, Natural Resource

Conservation Service, and Rural Development employees through the USDA
Geospatial Data Gateway (USDA Farm Service Agency, 2013). CLU borders for
the majority of the United States are available from AgriData, Inc. through their
Surety software with a paid subscription. “Due to Section 1619 of the 2008 Farm
Bill the CLU borders are in Surety and Surety Pro are dated May of 2008“ (Chad,
2013).

Cropland Data Layer (CDL): This remotely sensed georeferenced raster data
depicts detailed information on crop and non-crop land use to explore landcover
and land-use change in the contiguous United States (Han, et al., 2014).

This spatial data is available through the CropScape (USDA National

Agricultural Statistics Services, 2014) web application for visualization and
download.

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2.5.2 Data Transfer

The advancements in wireless data transfer technologies should enable LFMIS

providers to move away from the obsolete method of transferring data cards.
Wireless networks are great tools to help farmers automatically transfer data back
and forth between machines, employees, and the office (Pesonen, et al., 2008;
Fulton, et al., 2013). The following section identifies some data transfer
technologies common with consumer grade mobile devices.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth wireless standard is a technology for convenient and secure wireless

data transfer over short distances, up to 100 meters, using radio transmission.
Thetechnology allows paired devices to share voice, data, music, photos, videos
and more.

It has been built into billions of mobile devices and an ever expanding list of other
products including cars, medical devices, computers, and many more (Bluetooth
SIG, Inc., 2013).

The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) recently released the Bluetooth 4.0
specification, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), to simplify the Classic protocol and
eliminate some Classic features. These changes enabled battery-powered mobile
devices with BLE to achieve power savings necessary to extend the battery power
(Balmos, et al., 2013).

Wi-Fi

The Wi-Fi term is actually a certification for wireless local area network (WLAN)
devices (Wi-Fi Alliance, 2014). The Wi-Fi Alliance (2014) specifically defines
Wi-Fi as any “WLAN products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers’ (IEEE) 802.11 standards.”

17
Wi-Fi technology is another extremely popular wireless data transfer technology
with consumers. It uses radio wave transmissions for medium range data transfer
and is a very common networking solution for homes, businesses, schools,
airports, cafes, and more. Nearly all consumer-grade mobile devices have a Wi-
Fi modem built in from the device manufacturer.

Cellular Data Networks

Cellular data networks allow mobile devices to connect to the internet when a
Wi-Fi connection is not available. The range of cellular data network signals can
reach beyond 8 km (five miles) from the cellular network tower in rural areas. In
the United States, cellular data providers include AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, and
others, and require each user purchase a data plan. The common cellular network
technologies include GSM, CDMA, and LTE. These technologies are widely
available in the United States with varying connection reliability and transfer
speed depending on the provider’s coverage in theuser’s area (Miser, 2012).
Many device manufacturers build products with cellular modems built in, and it
has become a very popular technology in consumer-grade mobile devices.

The potential for network interruptions is a major risk for a LFMIS. A network
disruption is more likely to be caused by lack of network availability than by a
network failure at the provider’s end. This type of interruption is unlikely because
the service is likely maintained by professionals. A user would be unable to access
the internet-based services in the event of network disruption regardless of its
cause. The risk can be mitigated by enabling the user to load critical data to the
mobile device when a connection is available to avoid major issues (Pesonen, et
al., 2008).

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 CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Research Methodology

This has to do with the specification of procedures for collecting and analysing
data necessary to define or solve the problem for which the research is embarked
upon. The scope of this research covers the development of an online livestock
information management system.

3.1.1 Primary Source

This involves oral interviews conducted with the staff in charge of the poultry
unit of Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, receiving and sharing their
experience about the difficulties they undergo in using the manual information
system.

3.1.2 Secondary Source

This includes the use of textbooks, dictionaries, journals, newspapers, electronic

books and internet downloads to collect data and aid comprehension of the
system.

3.1.3 Observational Method

This covers my personal visit to the livestock unit of Federal college of

Agriculture Ishiagu. I observed the manual records which looked disorganised,
the queue of retailers waiting to be attending to and the difficulties faced by the
staff in record keeping.

3.2 Analysis of the Existing System

The existing system is one that has been manually operated over the years. It is a
system in which all the methods controlling livestock management information
is of a manually approach. Critical analysis of this system reveals that is prone to

19
errors. Careful analysis also shows that due to the complexities of the manual
system, records of livestock, feeds and so on kept are inaccurate and manually
operated in such a way that requires the staff in charge of the unit to register vital
information on a book, thereby making a staff handle two or three jobs at a time.

The livestock unit of Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu operates manually

and has not adopted computerised mode of operation. This generates inadequate
records or exercise improper management of the farm and in extreme cases, the
farm may lose her customer.

3.3 Overview of the New System

This involves finding the objective and scope of study. It may require contribution
from both existing system and proposed system. Therefore, we can define system
investigation as a thorough study carried out with aim of understanding the
existing system and to identify the basic information requirements. In this
research work system investigation help the research to identify the bottle neck
and inefficiency of manual farming. The use of manual method of operation in
the area of performance of animals and crops cannot be improved because the
performance of animals in the herd or flock for the breeding cannot not be
properly documented. This method of implementation requires adequate records
of their offspring and health welfare. Therefore, using manual method of
operation in keeping the records of animal could be cumbersome and may also
lead to misrepresentation of the good improved animal result to the ones that are
not improved. Therefore, the new system will be a computerized livestock
management information system that would help automate the activities of FCAI
livestock farm especially the poultry unit.

20
3.3.1 System Analysis

The system analysis will provide a physical outlook of the farm management
system which shows the hardware, software, and operating procedures of the
system. This will make the logical design of the farm management software a
reality.

This system analysis also involves the finding of problem associated with manual
system as regard to the design of software and also the modification of the manual
method of farming. The purpose of system analysis is to define the requirement
of the new system in order to design and deliver good information.

In terms of delivering information for instance in U.S.A where agricultural

system are computerized. They find it easier to log to the net, browse and get
information relating to their area of agriculture. The same thing goes to the FCAI
livestock farm. If the software is designed, adequate and accurate information
concerning where to adopt new method of farming and information about when
high yield crops are being introduce can be easily be accessed. Also by designing
this software, cost is reduced by saving for buying, other equipment such as:
paper, files, a typewriter will reduce.

3.4 Method of Analysis

The input device is concerned with equipment and procedures used in entering
data into the system during agricultural processing activities. The items of the
input are specified in the file design where the user interface data entering
procedures are determined. The software uses a dialogue style and its menu
driven with modules of programming techniques for user friendliness. Also it
uses initiated interface where the table of the available pigs are called up to the
screen. The major two types of input devices are

21
 1. the file design

2. the data design

The file design includes these tasks:

(i) Identification and organization of data items to be stored as records and

files.

(ii) Designing of code used to represent data values

(iii) Specification of file access method.

Table 3.1 Input files

ITEMS QTY UNIT AMOUNT

Birds 100 100 10,000

Feed 5 bags 5000 25,000

Breeds 4 100 23,000

The data entry design is in the manner in which data are initially entered into the
software system. The new system uses batch processing and entry is made
through terminals. The output is the result of the values inputted in the computer
system by the user, which is mainly displayed on the monitor the output is used
to determine the input and processing procedures of initialed by the operator.

3.5 System Design

The system design could be seen as the specification of construction of a technical

computer based solution for the business requirement identified in as system
analysis or system design in the evaluation of solution and the specification of a
detailed computer base solution. This is called the physical design. The goal of
this stage of system design to build a technical blue print of how the proposed

22
procedure being brought into a workable state. The purpose of this designing
state is the develop specification for each of the components of the system.
(hardware, software, procedure, people) the feasibility study stage, investigation,
analysis, etc services as input to the design processor, system design can be
further directed into two namely.

(1) Logical design: this lays down the component of the system and the
relationship to each other as they would appear to the user of defines the
input the output as well as the processing functions to be performed,
business procedures, models and control.

(2) Physical design: this is the process of translating the abstract logical model
into the specification technical design for the new system. It provides the
actual specification for software physical database, input and output
media, manual procedure and specific control. This proposed system is
carefully constructed data flow diagrams.

23
Table 3.2 INPUT DESIGN AND FIELD DESCRIPTION LAYOUT

Bird ID Breed Gender Health status

1 Broilers Male Active
2 Layers Female Active
3 Cockerel Male Under treatment
4 Canis Femal Quarantined

Input design is the modification of some input in a way as to suit the data
processing system. The input specification includes.

(i) Bird ID: This field is used to give a unique identification to each bird in
the database.

(ii) Breed: The birds recorded fall into four breed categories which include
broilers, layers, cockerels and canis.

(iii) Gender: Specifies if a bird recorded is male or female.

(iv) Health status: Describes whether a bird is sick, active, under treatment or
quarantined

3.5.2. Output Design Specification

Output Format

The major output from the system would include the result generated from a
transaction or by running a query to display the number of birds and feeds
available in the database.

24
3.6 Advantages of the proposed system

The advantages of the proposed system are as follows:

It provides better services to the public and users making record keeping easy.

It keeps records that are complete, integrated and up to date, also

recommending works and devices designed to eliminate or minimise errors in
information management.

It is a system where information and output report will be produced or made

available much faster, more accurately and more detailed to the management of
FCAI livestock farms.

25
3.7 System Flow Chart

Data base file

Keying of (disk)
farm
inputs

Processing of data

(CPU)

Display inputs
from keyboard
(VDU) Printing of the outputs
(printer0

Fig 3.1 System Flow Chart

26
 CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND INTEGRATION

4.1 System Implementation

System implementation is the construction of a new system and the developing

of that system into producing. It ensures that new system performs its required
functions and the successful handling over form the manual system of agricultural
processing to the automated system. During implementation process, the
components build during system development are put into operation, and that old
and new system are run in a parallel or concurrently for sometimes in order to
complete the changeover sues are trained on how to operate the new system
whereby all previous procedures are converted to the new system.

In implementation of the automation of agricultural research analysis will

definitely increase the attitude of staff o face their work this will also reduce the
method of carrying papers from one department to another working for one
particular file. A new procedure of working will also be introduced since the new
method of operating the system will be made known to them. The objective of
this system implementation is also following viz;

a) To ensure that new system is constructed in order to fasten works in the

livestock unit of FCAI
b) To ensure the successful delivery of new system or method into production.
c) To train user/staff in the livestock unit, ensuring that all the staff that are
only used to the manual system are given the opportunity of having a new
training exercise and a new sight of the computerized method.
d) To handover from the old to the new system in order to adopt fast method
of handling files, obtaining desired result maintain office requirement and
new method of farming. This computerization of FCAI poultry farm will

27
 enable them to access, retrieve proceeds and store important records of
poultry more efficiently.

4.1.1 Factor for Implementation

In implementation of any new proposed system, there is need to ensure that all
needed aids to keep this new system working is put into consideration. This is
because since this is a new system, which means that the staff of the whole
organization is new users, there is need to teach them on how to raise the system,
because after implementation, it is left for them to start implementation. There
exist some implementation components which includes.

a) Training of staff: this involves production of the hand books should

contain detail description on how the job is to be done, for example,
computer operating manuals, job aids should also be made available.
These job aids are designed to assist the staff in carrying out instructions
while performing their jobs eg wall charts, notices, color description used
to identify places or equipment, flow charts and decision table, which
assists in error handling.
b) Programming: This program confirms with the requirement set out for the
system specification the general purpose of commercially available
software for other office work (eg) word processing, desktop publishing,
development of program in a software purchase/operating purchase and
installation
c) Master file conversion. This means moving from the old to the new system
stages involved in master file conversion includes:
d) Production of control data
e) Transcription of all the standing data to a special input document designed
for case of data entry. FCAI poultry farm will be in advantage to this
transcription of data because all data which will be put in a better data base
for easy of retrieval.

28
By computerization of agricultural research analysis, files relating to this will
look neater than the manual ones.

4.1.2 Change over Method

In master file conversion, there exist several methods of changing from the old to
the new system. These methods are illustrated below:

a) Parallel conversion: This involved moving the old and new system
together.
b) Phased conversion: This involved converting only a portion of the system
until it is sure that the new system performs corrected gradually until either
a problem is encountered or all the system is converted.
c) Pilot conversion: This is a process of implementing all of the system in
just a part of the works correctly and then converting the remaining
portions.

In using the parallel method of master file conversion, it is very clear that the cost
of using both (old and new) at the same time would be much but this seems to be
the easiest method. And since the old system would be sued for a very short time
before changing finally if the new system proves better. It is proposed that in cost
of running both would not be discouraging.

4.2 Hardware Requirement

For effective operation of the newly designed system, the following minimum
hardware specifications are recommended:

a) The computer system to use should be 100% IBM compatible since they are
considered done systems.

b) The computer system processor to be used is Intel Pentium technology.

c) The minimum Random Access Memory (RAM) should be 2GB.

29
d) The system should have a hard disk of at least 50GB

e) The mouse, keyboard and printer are also required.

The listed configurations are the minimum requirements, but if the configurations
are of higher versions, the processing derived will definitely be better and the
program will run faster.

4.3 Software Requirements

The following specification are needed

a) Operating System-Certified distribution of Windows 7 or higher.

b) Front end – HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Bootstrap etc.

c) Back end – MySQL database, PHP

4.3 System Testing

Testing presents an interesting anomaly for the software engineer where he

attempts to build Software from an abstract concept to a tangible product. During
testing, the engineer creates Series of test cases to discard preconceived.

30
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

Based on the facts contained in this project it is intension of the researcher to

change the manual system/method to a computerized system/method which is
simpler and flexible to operate. The major aim of computerized system is to
provide management with an information management system that can aide in
decision making. It also embraces customers with standard services and
demanded by growing societal need.

Furthermore, critically analysis of the farm management system has been taken
care of. It will interest to know that other areas of the manual and computerized
system were distinguished with certain specific features.

During the course of this research we had a case study (FCAI livestock farm). It
does its operations manually and the purpose of this research was to computerize
its operations. To achieve this, the existing system had to be studied (system
investigation and analysis) to know how things are done and the
shortcomings/errors they encounter and a result theory of inventory management
to know what concepts will be most appropriate to enhance the efficiency of the
farm.

5.2 Conclusion

Computer is fast in changing the method of organizational management.

Generally, computer and automated systems brings better and more efficient
ways of carrying out operations. Based on findings, it is recommended to every
farm, to embark and embrace computerize system of data management in every
system.

31
5.3 Recommendation

In view of evidence proven and advantages associated with the uses of

computerized farm management system, it is recommended as thus:

i. The farm management (and every other farm still employing manual
system of management) should engage in the uses of computerized
farm management system.

ii. I also recommend the employment of competent computer

personnel to ensure effective and efficient management of the
system

iii. The management should therefore ensure that all the staff involved
in the using of the new system is knowledgeable enough to operate
the system by undergoing trainings.

iv. The new system should be subjected to review periodically and be

determined whether its aims and objectives are achieved.

v. The system or style of replacing the old system with the new should
be a parallel system of replacement or change over. This will
implement the new system by a gradual change over method.

32
 REFERENCES

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Embeded Sensor Networks in Agriculture. ASABE Paper No.
131620559. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.

Batte, M.T., E. Jones, and G.D. Schnitkey, Computer use by Ohio commercial
farmers. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1990. 72(4):
p. 935-945.

Blum, A., A. Lowengart-Aycicegi, and H. Magen, Research Findings.

Chad. FSA Farm Field Borders (CLU). July 26, 2013. Available at:
http://support.agridatainc.com/FSAFarmFieldBordersCLU.ashx.
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Crop Ventures, Inc. 2014. Available at: http://www.canplug.com/. Accessed

January 2014.

Darrh Bullock, L.v.R., Jim Akers, and Alison Smith, Record Keeping. 2009,
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DAVIS, K.E., Agriculture and Climate Change: An Agenda for Negotiation

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Deere & Co. Apex Farm Management Software. 2013 a. Available

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managemen t_solutions/information_management/apex/apex.page.
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Frank Hartwich, M.O., Jeremiah Temu, Tanzania’s Red Meat Value Chain.
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Fulton, J., A. Brook, and S. Virk. Data Management at the Farm Level: 2013
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Haapala, H.E.S., L. Pesonen, and P. Nurkka. Usability as a Challenage in

Precision Agriculture - Case Study: an ISOBUS VT. Agricultural
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001. Vol. VIII, March 2006.

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Hendriks, P., Why share knowledge? The influence of ICT on the motivation
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Huting, Kathy. "Fire Up That Smartphone." Farm Industry News, January 2014:
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ISOBlue. 2013. Available at: http://isoblue.org/.

Mekonnen, K.A.-O.a.D.A., The Importance of ICTs in the Provision of

Information for Improving Agricultural Productivity and Rural
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Murakami, E., A.M. Saraiva, L.C.M., Jr. Ribeiro, C.E. Cugnasca, A.R. Hirakawa,
and P.L.P. Correa. An Infrastructure For The Development of
Distributed Service-Oriented Information Systems for Precision
Agriculture. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2007: 37-48.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services

Center. Lidar 101: An Introduction to Lidar Technology, Data, and
Applications. Charleston, SC: NOAA Coastal Services Center,
2012.

Norros, L., L. Pesonen, P. Suomi, and C. Sorensen. Implementing systems

usability evaluation in the design process of active farm
management information system. EFITA conference ’09.
Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers,
2009. 243-252

Nurkka, P., L. Norros, and L. Pesonen. Improving Usability and User Acceptance
of Information Systems in Farming. EFITA/WCCA Joint Congress
in IT in Agriculture. Glasgow, 2007.

OpenTopography. 2013. Available at: http://www.opentopography.org/.

Pesonen, L., H. Koskinen, and A. Rydberg. Info XT - User-centric mobile
information management in automated plant production. Nordic
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Rabin, M.I., Apparatus and method for record keeping and information
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Sindir, K. 2006. Management and Decision Support Systems. CIGR Handbook

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Solomon Abegaz, K.A., Alemu Yami, Girma Abebe, and S.Z.a.A. Hirpa,
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Basso, S.B. Blackmore. 2010. Conceptual Model of a Future Farm
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Steinberger, G., M. Rothmund, and H. Auernhammer. Mobile Farm Equipment

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35
 APPENDIX I

PROGRAM INTERFACE

36
37
38
 APPENDIX II

PROGRAM SOURCE CODE

<?php include 'setting/system.php'; ?>

<?php include 'theme/head.php'; ?>

<div class="container">
<div class="row" style="margin-top: 10%">

<h1 class="text-center"><?php echo NAME_X; ?></h1><br>

<div class="col-md-2 col-md-offset-2">
<img src="img/bird.png" class="img img-responsive">
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<form method="post" autocomplete="off">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label">Admin user</label>
<input type="text" name="username" class="form-
control input-sm" required>
</div>

<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label">Admin
Password</label>
<input type="password" name="password"
class="form-control input-sm" required>
</div>

<button name="submit" type="submit" class="btn btn-md

btn-dark">Log in</button>
</form>

<?php
if (isset($_POST['submit'])) {
$username = trim($_POST['username']);
$password = $_POST['password'];

$hash = sha1($password);

$q = $db->query("SELECT * FROM admin WHERE username =

'$username' AND password = '$password' LIMIT 1 ");

39
 $count = $q->rowCount();
$rows = $q->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_OBJ);

if($count > 0){

foreach($rows as $row){
$user_id = $row->id;
$user = $row->username;

$_SESSION['id'] = $user_id;
$_SESSION['user'] = $user;

header('location: dashboard.php');
}
}else{
$error = 'incorrect login details';
}

if(isset($error)){ ?>
<br><br>
<div class="alert alert-danger alert-dismissable">
<a href="#" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-
label="close">&times;</a>
<strong><?php echo $error; ?>.</strong>
</div>
<?php }
?>

</div>
</div>
</div>

<?php include 'theme/foot.php'; ?>

<?php
$pCount = $uCount = $bCount = $qCount = '';

$query = $db->query("SELECT * FROM birds");

$pCount = $query->rowCount();

40
$quer = $db->query("SELECT * FROM breed");
$bCount = $quer->rowCount();

$que = $db->query("SELECT * FROM quarantine");

$qCount = $que->rowCount();

$qu = $db->query("SELECT * FROM admin");

$uCount = $qu->rowCount();

?>

<div class="w3-row-padding w3-margin-bottom">

<div class="w3-quarter">
<div class="w3-container w3-red w3-padding-16">
<div class="w3-left"><i class="fa fa-list w3-xxxlarge"></i></div>
<div class="w3-right">
<h3><?php echo $pCount; ?></h3>
</div>
<div class="w3-clear"></div>
<h4>birds</h4>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-quarter">
<div class="w3-container w3-blue w3-padding-16">
<div class="w3-left"><i class="fa fa-eye w3-xxxlarge"></i></div>
<div class="w3-right">
<h3><?php echo $qCount; ?></h3>
</div>
<div class="w3-clear"></div>
<h4>Quarantine</h4>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-quarter">
<div class="w3-container w3-teal w3-padding-16">
<div class="w3-left"><i class="fa fa-list w3-xxxlarge"></i></div>
<div class="w3-right">
<h3><?php echo $bCount; ?></h3>
</div>
<div class="w3-clear"></div>
<h4>Breeds
</h4>

41
 </div>
</div>
<div class="w3-quarter">
<div class="w3-container w3-orange w3-text-white w3-padding-16">
<div class="w3-left"><i class="fa fa-users w3-xxxlarge"></i></div>
<div class="w3-right">
<h3><?php echo $uCount; ?></h3>
</div>
<div class="w3-clear"></div>
<h4>Users</h4>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<?php include 'setting/system.php'; ?>
<?php include 'theme/head.php'; ?>
<?php include 'theme/sidebar.php'; ?>
<?php include 'session.php'; ?>

<!-- !PAGE CONTENT! -->

<div class="w3-main" style="margin-left:300px;margin-top:43px;">

<!-- Header -->

<header class="w3-container" style="padding-top:22px">
<h5><b><i class="fa fa-dashboard"></i> poultry management system >
Add</b></h5>
</header>

<?php include 'inc/data.php'; ?>

<div class="w3-container" style="padding-top:22px">

<div class="w3-row">
<h2>Add New bird</h2>

<div class="col-md-6">

<?php
if(isset($_POST['submit']))
{
if(isset($_FILES['birdphoto']['tmp_name'])){

$n_birdno = $_POST['birdno'];
$n_weight = $_POST['weight'];

42
 $n_arrived = $_POST['arrived'];
$n_breed = $_POST['breed'];
$n_remark = $_POST['remark'];
$n_status = $_POST['status'];
$n_gender = $_POST['gender'];

$res1_name = basename($_FILES['birdphoto']['name']);
$tmp_name = $_FILES['birdphoto']['tmp_name'];
$type = $_FILES['birdphoto']['type'];
$max_size = 2097152;
$size = $_FILES['birdphoto']['size'];

if (isset($res1_name)) {
$location = 'uploadfolder/';
$move = move_uploaded_file($tmp_name,
$location.$res1_name);
$path1 = $location.$res1_name;

if (!$move) {
$fileerror = $_FILES['birdphoto']['error'];
$message = $upload_errors[$fileerror];

}
}
}

$insert = $db->query("INSERT INTO

birds(birdno,weight,arrived,breed_id,remark,health_status,img,gender)
VALUES('$n_birdno','$n_weight','$n_arrived','$n_breed','$n_remark','$n_status'
,'$path1','$n_gender') ");

if($insert){?>
<div class="alert alert-success alert-dismissable">
<a href="#" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-
label="close">&times;</a>
<strong>bird successfully created <i class="fa fa-check"></i></strong>

43
 </div>
<?php
}else{ ?>
<div class="alert alert-danger alert-dismissable">
<a href="#" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-
label="close">&times;</a>
<strong>Error creatiing bird data. Please try again <i class="fa fa-
times"></i></strong>
</div>
<?php
}

?>

<form method="post" autocomplete="off"

enctype="multipart/form-data">
<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label">bird No.</label>
<input type="text" name="birdno" class="form-
control" value="bird-fms-<?php echo mt_rand(0000,9999); ?>" readonly="on"
required>
</div>

<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label">bird Weight</label>
<input type="text" name="weight" class="form-
control" required>
</div>

<div class="form-group date" data-provide="datepicker">

<label class="control-label">Arrival date</label>
<input type="text" name="arrived" class="form-
control" required>
</div>

<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label">Gender</label>

44
 <select name="gender" class="form-control"
required>
<option value="male">Male</option>
<option value="female">Female</option>
</select>
</div>

<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label">Health Status</label>
<select name="status" class="form-control" required>
<option value="active">Active</option>
<option value="inactive">Inactive</option>
<option value="on treatment">On
treatment</option>
<option value="sick">Sick</option>
</select>
</div>

<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label">Breed</label>
<select name="breed" class="form-control" required>
<option value=""></option>
<?php
$getBreed = $db->query("SELECT * FROM breed");
$res = $getBreed->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_OBJ);
foreach($res as $r){ ?>
<option value="<?php echo $r->id; ?>"><?php echo $r-
>name; ?></option>
<?php
}
?>
</select>
</div>

<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label">Description</label>
<textarea class="form-control" name="remark"
required></textarea>
</div>

<div class="form-group">
<label class="control-label">bird photo</label>

45
 <input type="file" name="birdphoto" class="form-
control" required>
</div>

<button name="submit" type="submit" name="submit"

class="btn btn-sn btn-default">Update</button>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<?php include 'theme/foot.php'; ?>
<?php include 'setting/system.php'; ?>
<?php include 'theme/head.php'; ?>
<?php include 'theme/sidebar.php'; ?>
<?php include 'session.php'; ?>
<!-- !PAGE CONTENT! -->
<div class="w3-main" style="margin-left:300px;margin-top:43px;">
<!-- Header -->
<header class="w3-container" style="padding-top:22px">
<h5><b><i class="fa fa-dashboard"></i> My Dashboard</b></h5>
</header>
<?php include 'inc/data.php'; ?>
<div class="w3-container" style="padding-top:22px">
<div class="w3-row">
<h2>Recent birds</h2>
<div class="table-responsive">
<table class="table table-hover" id="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>S/N</th>
<th>bird No.</th>
<th>Breed</th>
<th>Weight</th>
<th>Gender</th>
<th>Arrived</th>
<th>Desc.</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<?php
$qpi = $db->query("SELECT * FROM birds ORDER BY id");
$result = $qpi->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_OBJ);

46
 $c = $qpi->rowCount();

foreach ($result as $j) {

$birdname = $j->birdno;
$b_id = $j->breed_id;
$weight = $j->weight;
$gender = $j->gender;
$remark = $j->remark;
$arr = $j->arrived;
$k = $db->query("SELECT * FROM breed WHERE id = '$b_id' ");
$ks = $k->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_OBJ);
foreach ($ks as $r) {
$bname = $r->name;
?>
<tr>
<td>
<?php for ($i=1; $i <= $c ; $i++) {
echo $i;
} ?>
</td>
<td><?php echo $birdname; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $bname; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $weight; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $gender; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $arr; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $remark; ?></td>
</tr>
<?php
}
}
?>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<?php include 'theme/foot.php'; ?>

47