Introduction to Information Technology

Chapters

1. Computer Basics.
2. Data Representation / Formats.
3. Input and Output devices.
4. Memory and Storage.
5. Operating Systems.
6. Computer Processors.
7. Computer Networks.
8. Computer and Communications.
9. Internet and World Wide Web.
10. History of Programming Language.
11. Software Concepts.
12. Computer Generations.
13. Web Security.

What’s a computer??
 A computer is an electronic device that can process, store and display information.
 Programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data and figures processes it into useable information.
 A machine which computes.

Data and Processing and Information /

Instructions Computation Results
 Computer

Hardware Software
All the machinery and equipment All the instructions or programs
in a computer system. that tell the computer how to
perform task.

CPU I/O Memory Etc.

Application System
Software Software
Enables you to perform Help the computer
Specific task solve perform essential operating
problems, perform work or task
entertain yourself. &
*Watching films. Enables the application
*Creating doc. software to run.
*Browsing web

Advantage of using a computer…..

1.Speed.
 Task can be done in a shorter period of time.
 Designed to do tasks much faster and more accurately than humans.
Examples of task can be
 Numerical Computations.
 Creation and editing of documents.
 Graphics etc.

2. Efficiency and Productivity.

 As a best example; Compare documents produced using a typewriter and a computer.

When you use a computer:-

1. Makes it easy to make changes to letters, words, chapters or entire documents.

2. Possibilities to spell check words.
3. Deleting and inserting letters, words and paragraphs is done without leaving a trace.
3. Storage Capacity.
 Computers can store large volume of data and information on magnetic meadia.
 Computer storage or memory is measured in bytes.
 A byte corresponds (equal) to 8 bits (binary digit).

What’s a super computer

 High capacity machines which hundreds of thousands of processors that can perform over 1 trillion
calculations per seconds.
eg:- *IBM ASCI
* Cray
 Used where high performance computing required.
 Usually used for weather forecasting, Missile simulation, Nuclear fusion simulation.

What’s a main frame computer??

 These computers are capable of handling and processing very large amounts of data quickly.
 Mainframe computers are used in large institutions such as government, banks and large corporations.
Eg:- IBM AS/400
 Normally dumb terminals are connected to these main frames. Processing is done by main frames.
Dumb terminals only have keyboard, monitors.

Dumb Terminals ≅ Keyboard + Monitor

Ex:- ATM machines.

What’s a workstation??
 Expensive, powerful computers usually used for complex scientific, mathematical and engineering
calculations and for computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing.
Ex:- SUN BLADE 2500
 MICRO COMPUTERS
1. Desktop Computers
New desktop and workstation are combining.
Your PC is also becoming powerful enough.
2. Laptop
Light weight portable computers with built in monitor, keyboard, hard-disk drive, battery
and AC adapters.
3. PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

Micro Controllers.
Embedded* computers are the tiny, specialized microprocessors (Programmable Chips) installed in
“Smart” appliances and automobiles. *(Attached or fixed on something)
o (Objects) Robots, Cars, Washing machines, TV, Iron…..etc.

 Understanding Your Computer

1. Data:-
The raw facts and figures (that doesn’t have a proper meaning) which are process to information.
2. Information:-
The meaningful output we get by processing data.

TIP! A raw fact is a fact without context. The fact is true but its meaning can be different when placed in
context.

Firmware
Instructions or programs that reside* inside Integrated Circuits (ICs) *(Belongs to)

Live ware
All the living things aiding computer to work.
Ex:- Data Entry Operators, Programmers
 UNITS OF COMPUTER MEMORY MEASUREMENTS.
1Bit= Binary Digit

8Bit = 1KB (Kilo Byte)

1024Byte = 1MB (Mega Byte)
1024MB = 1GB (Giga Byte)
1024GB = 1TB (Terra Byte)
1024TB = 1PB (Peta Byte)
1024PB = 1EB (Exa Byte)
1024EB = 1ZB (Zeta Byte)
1024ZB = 1YB (Yota Byte)
1024YB = 1 Bronto Byte)
1024 Bronto Byte = 1 Geop Byte

 Geop Byte is the highest memory measurement unit!!

All computers follow the same four basics.

1. Input.
2. Processing.
3. Storage.
4. Output
*note:- Modem is a component which works as input and output device.
Ex:- Touch screen monitors.

What is a RAM??
 RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM is a form of data storage. That’s allows quick access and
manipulation.
 RAM allows the computer to read data quickly to run applications and allows reading and writing.
 RAM is volatile (not permanent). Its contents are lost when the device is powered off.

What is a ROM??
 ROM is also a form of data storage that can’t be easily altered or reprogrammed.
 ROM stores the program required to initially boot the computer. It only allows reading.
 It’s nonvolatile. Its contents are retained even when the device is powered off.
 The types of ROM include PROM, EPROM and EEPROM.

MCQ
01. Which of the following holds the ROM, RAM, and CPU?
A. Hard disk
B. ALU
C. Mother Board
D. None of the above

02. Magnetic tape uses ____________ access method.

 A. Random
B. Sequential
C. Direct
D. None of the above.
03. What’s the difference between Memory and Storage?
A. Memory is temporary and Storage is permanent.
B. Memory is permanent and Storage is Temporary.
C. Memory is slow and storage is fast.
D. None of the above.
04. The language that the computer can understand is called…
A. High level language.
B. Machine language.
C. System language.
D. Assembly language.
05. CPU stands for…
A. Common Processing Unit
B. Central Process Unit.
C. Central Processing Unit.
D. Central Performance Unit.
06. CPU controls….
A. All input, output and processing.
B. Controls memory.
C. Controlled by the input data.
D. None of the above.
07. Which of the following isn’t hardware??
A. Printer.
B. Monitor.
C. Magnetic Tape.
D. MS Word.
08. Memories which can be read only are called memories??
A. RAM.
B. ROM.
C. EERAM.
D. Dynamic Memories.
09. BCD Stands for ________
A. Basic Computer Digit.
B. Binary Converted Decimal.
C. Binary Coded Decimal.
D. None of above.
10. The decimal Number system has base (10)
A. 8
B. 9
C. 11
D. None of the above.

11. Decimal Number system contains digits from….

 A. 1-10
B. 0-10
C. 0-8
D. 0-9
12. 1GB is equal to 1024Mb
13. The set of computer programs that manage the hardware / Software of a computer is called..
A. Complier system.
B. Operation System.
C. Operating System.
D. None of the above.
14. Which one of the following is an example of Operating System..
A. MS Word
B. MS Excel
C. MS Access
D. MS Windows
15. Which one of the following is different from other members??
A. Google
B. Windows
C. Linux
D. Mac

Levels of Language

 High Level language

A programming language such as C, FORTRAN or Pascal that enables a programmer
to write programs those are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. Such languages
are considered high level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine
languages.
The main advantage of high level languages over low- level languages is that they
are easier to read, write and maintain. Ultimately, programs written in a high level language must be
translated into machine language by a complier or interpreter.

 Low level language- Machine language

 Intermediate language
Intermediate language is the lowest level readable programming language /
language designed to be used by compilers.

High Level Language Compiler Machine Language

High level language Intermediate Low language

 JAVA Compilers / 1101011101
PHP
Interpreted 1
C++

 Assembly Language
Assembly languages have the same structure and set of commands as machine
language but they enable a programmer to use names instead of numbers. Each processor has its own
assembly language program.

*Vacuum Tube – A sealed glass tube containing a near vacuum which allows the free passage of electric current.
A device sometimes used to amplify electronic signals.

*Passage – move, transit, passing etc…..

*Amplify – escalate, increase, boost, intensify etc…

*Remote terminal station – A terminal connected to a computer by a data link.

*Mini Computer – A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses (holds) most of the features and capabilities of a
large computer but is smaller in physical size.
A minicomputer fills the space between the main frame and microcomputers.
Ex: - Used as a server computer.

*Magnetic Drums
A metal cylinder coated with magnetic iron oxide material on which data and programs can be
stored. Also used as a primary storage device

*Magnetic Core
A piece of magnetic material used to guide magnetic fields and magnetic devices such as
electromagnets transformers electric motors etc.

* Compiler
It's a computer program(s) that transforms source code written in a programming language
into machine language that is the target language which usually has a binary form known as object code.

*Interpreter
It translates high level instructions into an intermediate form, it translates the code into the intermediate
form line by line an caries out specific actions.
 *Assembler
It is a program that takes basic computer instruction(s) and converts then into a pattern of bits that the
computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. The language used to program the assembler is
called assembly language.

*Comparator
An electronic circuit for comparing two electrical signals.

*Micro Program
A set of microinstructions in a CPU, used to implement machine instructions.

Chapter - 12
Computer Generations
First Generation Computer

 Time period – 1951-1959

 Main Technology – Vacuum Tubes
 Size – Very large system
 Processing – Very Slow

 Characterized by
 Magnetic Drums.
 Magnetic Tapes.
 Difficult to program.
 Used machine language and assembly language.

Second Generation Computer

 Time period – 1959-1963
 Main Technology – Transistors
 Size – Smaller when comparing with first generation
 Processing – Faster when comparing with first generation

 Characterized by
 Magnetic cores.
 Magnetic disks.
 Used high level language
 Easier to program
Third Generation Computer
 Time period – 1963-1975
 Main Technology – ICs (Integrated Circuits)
[Incorporated many transistors and electronic circuits on a single chip.]
 Size – Smaller when comparing with second generation.
 Processing – Faster when comparing with second generation.

 Characterized by
 Minicomputers accessible by multiple users from remote terminals.

Fourth Generation Computer

 Time period – 1975-Today

 Main Technology – VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration )
*Incorporated many millions of transistors and electronic circuits on a single chip
 Size – Smaller when comparing with 3rd generation.
 Processing – Faster when comparing with 3rd generation.

 Characterized by
The PC and user friendly
 Micro programs
 Very fast processor chip
 High level languages

Fifth Generation Computer

Present technology, Automated, AI (Artificial Intelligence)

Chapter - 03
Input and Output Devices
 What’s an input device??
Input devices are any electronics devices connected to a computer that produce input signals.

Keyboard = text input

Scanner = graphical as well as text
Microphone = audio or sound
Webcam = video input
A mouse = It’s called a pointing device used to input data into a computer.
 Input devices for text,
1. Key board
2. Virtual Keyboard
3. Optical header and bar code

*Virtual keyboards on the screen.

*A optical reader is a device that uses a light source.

Input devices for graphics,

1. Microphone
2. MIDI (Music Instrument Digital Interface) Keyboard.

Input devices for video.

1. CCTV (A Closed Circuit Television)
2. Webcam
3. Digital camera.

*Store the capture motion digitally.

Pointing devices
1. Mouse
2. Track ball
3. Graphics tablet
4. Touch screen

Used to input spatial data into the computer.

Lines, Points

Output Devices
Output devices is a hardware that is capable of delivering or showing information one or more
users. An output device display, printers and presents the results of a computer’s work.

1. Text based.
2. Graphic based.
3. Audio based.
4. Video based.

*(LCD) – Liquid Crystal Display

*LCD Projectors.
*Physical medium
ex:- Papers, Transparency film papers.
*Woofer or subwoofer is used to boost the low bass sound.

MCQ
01. The brain of any computer system is
A. ALU
B. Memory
C. CPU
D. Control Unit
02. The capacity of 3.5 inch floppy disk is
A. 1.4MB
B. 1.44GB
C. 1.4GB
D. 1.44MB
03. The binary system uses powers of
A. 2
B. 10
C. 8
D. 16
04. A computer program that converts assembly language to machine language is
A. Compiler
B. Interpreter
C. Assembler
D. Comparator
05. Which access method is used for obtaining a record from a cassette tape
A. Direct
B. Sequential
C. Random
D. All of the above
06. 1KB is equal to
A. 100 bytes
B. 1000 bytes
C. 1024 bytes
D. 1048 bytes
07. The following are examples of computer storage devices except
A. Diskettes
B. Zip disks
 C. Scanners
D. Hard disk
08. Who is father of computer?
A. Abacus
B. Charles Babbage
C. Pascal
D. Napier

09. VGA Stands for

A. Video Graphics Array
B. Visual Graphics Array
C. Volatile Graphics Array
D. Video Graphics Adapter
10. For dial up internet connection, a computer must have
A. Sound Card
B. CD drive
C. Modem
D. None of these
11. BCD is
A. Binary Coded Decimal
B. Bit Coded Decimal
C. Binary Coded Digit
D. Bit Coded Digit
12. ASCII Stands for
A. American Stable Code for International Interchange
B. American Standard Case for Institutional Interchange
C. American Standard Code for Information Interchange
D. American Standard Code for Interchange Information

*CD-R = Compact Disk –Recordable

*SSD = Solid State Drive (uses in Mac Books)
Chapter – 04
Storage Devices and Computer Memory.

Information and documents are stored in computer storage so that it can be retrieved whenever
they are needed later on. Computer storage is the storing of data in electromagnetic form to be accessed by a
computer processor.
 HDD
 Thumb Drive
 Diskette
 CD

Computer Storage

Primary Storage Secondary Storage

Primary Storage is the main Secondary Storage is another
memory in a computer. It stores alternative storage to save your
data and programs that can be work and documents. It’s very
accessed directly by the useful to store programs and
processor. data for future use.
RAM ROM Non volatile
*Diskette
*Flash memory
*Pen drive

RAM
(Random Access Memory)
RAM is an acronym (stands) for random access
memory which means the data and program in RAM
can be read and written.
RAM stores data during and after processing. RAM is also
known as a working memory.
The data in RAM can be read(retrieved) or written (stored)
A computer uses RAM to hold temporary instructions and
data needed to complete tasks. This enables the CPU to
access instructions and data stored in the memory very
quickly.
ROM
(Read Only Memory)
ROM is an acronym for Read Only Memory. The data or
program in ROM can only be read but can’t be written at all.
ROM is another type of memory permanent stored inside
the computer.
All the contents in ROM can be accessed and read but can’t
be change.
Programs in ROM have been prerecorded. It can only be
stored by the manufacture once and it can’t be changed.
 Primary Storage Secondary Storage
Known as the main memory of a computer Alternative (external)
Ex: RAM / ROM Ex: Floppy disk, HDD, CD, USB
Storage capacity is limited. Storage capacity is larger
An internal memory (inside the CPU) that can be accessed An external storage that refers to various ways a computer
directly by the processor can store program and data
Has a volatile memory for RAM and non-volatile memory for Non-volatile which means that it does not need power to
ROM maintain the information stored in it.

Input
Those parts of the computer receiving information to programs.

Output
Those parts of the computer that provide results the person using the computer.

*Input called receiving information into the computer output called providing results throw
out the computer.

What’s digitizing?
Digitizing means a process of converting large, audio recording into binary forms.

 Two types of data stored with in a computer.

*Original data or information.
*Previously stored data or information.

Original Data
Data being introduced to a computing system for first time.
*Computer can deal directly with printed text, pictures, sound and other common types of information.

Previously stored data or information

Data that has already been processed by a computer and is being stored for later use.
*These are forms of binary data useful only to the PC.

Connecting hardware to the computer

Hardware needs access through some general input/output connection.
**Port=> The pathway for data to go into and out of the computer from external devices such as keyboard.

 There are many standard ports as well as custom electronic ports designed for special purpose.
 Ports follow standard that define their use.
*SCSI, USB, RS-232, IDE
Peripheral device
Any external device or hardware that provides input to the computer or receives output from the
computer is considered a peripheral.

Connecting Hardware the computer

Hardware needs software on the computer that can service the device.
*Device driver - Software addition to the OS that will allow the computer to communicate with a
particular device.

*Common Basic Technology for storing Binary information.

1. Electronic
2. Magnetic
3. Optical

 Electronic
Most expensive of the three forms for storing binary information. Electronic media are that use
electronics or electromechanical energy.

Ex. Circuits, Micro-Chip, Transistor…etc..

 Magnetic
Utilizes magnetic patterns to represent information. Good examples of a magnetic media and
magnetic storage is a floppy diskette and HDD.

 Optical
Optical media such as the compact disk (CD) are storage media that hold content in digital form
and that are written and read by a laser.
Good examples of an optical media is a DVD, Blue-Ray

 Most important characteristics of storage devices.

 Speed and Access time
 Capacity
 Type of access

*Speed and access time

How fast information can be taken from or stored.
*Capacity
The volume or amount of information that can be stored.

*Type of access
 Random Access – Any location in storage can be direct accessed at any moment.
Ex:- RAM
 Sequential Access – The accessing of pieces of information will be in a serial order.
Ex:- Video cassette tape

Type of access

Sequential

Random

Sequential Access
Sequential access is a system by which stored data is accessed in a fixed order.
A common example of sequential access is with a type drive, where the device must move the tape’s
ribbon forward or backward to read the desired information.

******

Telecommunication network
High speed, high capacity, long distance communication system comprising of computers,
electronic switches, cables, satellites, wireless transmitters and antennas.

PSTN (Public Switch Telephone Network)

Requires dedicated telephone lines from the service provider.

VOIP (Voice Over IP)

One internet connection is all you need to transmit all voice channels.

IP Phones
Refers to the supply of communication services (voice, fax, SMS, voice messaging ) over the public
internet, rather than via the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
PSTN
Regular telephone service that gives a dial tone, and the ability to dial up any phone number for
analog (voice) or digital (data) communications over ordinary telephone lines. The service sets up a path (circuit)
between the calling and the called party, and maintains it for the duration of the call. Also called public switched
network.

In contrast – Comparing to

Network topology – In simple terms network setup.

Scalability – Is the capability of a system, network, or process to handle a system, network, or process to handle
a growing amount of work, or its potential to be enlarged in order to accommodate that growth.

Hub or switch – Is a device which connects multiple computers or other network devices together and making
them act as a single network segment / a common connection point for devices in a network.

Intercept – Cut off, obstruct or stopping.

OSI Model – The open system interconnection (OSI) model is a theoretical model of networking that organizes
network functions into seven layers.

Presentation layer – Since each system in a computer network provides its own data presentation scheme, a
data translator is important so it ensures that the communications passing through are in the appropriate form
for the recipient.

Chapter – 07
Introduction to Computer Network
*A computer network or data network is a telecommunication network that allows computers to exchange data.

Categories of computer Network

Computer networks are classified into many categories based on their respective attributes.

 Geographical span
 Inter- connectivity
 Administration
 Architecture

Under geographical span networks are classified as “Personal Area Network (PAN)”, LAN, MAN,
WAN.
Geographical span
1. PAN
It may be spanned across your table, among Bluetooth enabled devices. Ranging not more than
few meters. (10m)
2. LAN
It may be spanned across a whole building, including intermediate devices to connect all floors.
3. MAN
It may be spanned across a whole city.
4. WAN
It may be spanned across multiple cities or provinces. It may be one network covering whole
world.

Interconnectivity
Components of a network can be connected to each other different some fashion.

 All devices connected together with a single device (hub), creating star like structure.
 Every single device can be connected to every other device on network, making the network mesh.

Administration
From an administrator’s point of view, a network can be private network or a network can be a
public network, which can be accessed by all.

Network Architecture
There can be one or more system acting as server. Other being client, requests the server to serve
request on behalf of clients.

SERVER

NETWORK SWITCH

Work Station 01 Printer

Work Station 02 Work Station 03

MCQ

01. What different does the 5th generation computer have from other generation computers???
A. Technological advancement
B. Object oriented programming
C. Scientific code
D. All of the above
02. Which of the following computer language is used for artificial intelligence??
A. FORTRAN
B. PROLOG
C. C
D. COBOL

PROLOG is a general purpose logic programming language. Associated with artificial intelligence.

03. Which part interprets program instructions and initiate control operations
A. Input
B. Storage unit
C. Logic unit
D. Control unit
04. The binary system uses power of  2
05. A computer program that converts assembly language to machine language is
A. Compiler
B. Interpreter
C. Assembler
D. Comparator
06. Which access method is used for obtaining a record from a cassette tape??  Sequential
07. Any type of storage that is used for holding information between steps in its processing is
A. Primary Storage
B. Internal Storage
C. Intermediate Storage
D. CPU
08. Which method is used to connect a remote computer?
A. Device
B. Dialup
C. Diagnostic
D. Logic circuits
09. A technique used by codes to convert an analog signal it to a digital bit stream is known as.
A. Pulse code modulation
B. Pulse stretcher
C. Query processing
D. Queue management
 10. An optical input device that interprets pencil marks on paper media is
A. O.M.R
B. Optical scanners
C. Punch card reader
D. Magnetic tape
11. Which language was devised by Dr. Seymour Anbrey Papert?
A. APL
B. COBOL
C. LOGO
D. FORTRAN
12. Any device that performs signal conversation is
A. Modulator
B. Modem
C. Keyboard
D. Plotter
13. Codes consisting of light and dark marks which may be optically read is known as
A. Mnemonics
B. Barcode
C. Decoder
D. All of the above
14. The device that can both feed data into and accept data from a computer is
A. ALU
B. CPU
C. Input – Output device
D. None of the above
15. A compiler means
A. A person who compiles source programs
B. The same thing as a programmer
C. keypunch operator
D. A program which translates source

OMR – Optical Mark Recognition – this device use to read pencil marks in forms (Papers)

Intermediate Storage – this portion of the computer storage usually stores information in the processing stage.

Network Applications
Computer system and peripherals are connected to form a network provides bunch of advantages.

 Video conferences
 Instant messaging
 IP phones or VoIP
 Resource sharing such as printers and storage devices.
 Exchange of Information by means of emails and FTP.
  Information sharing by using web or internet.

IP Phones – supply of communication services over the internet.

Computer Network Types

Generally networks are distinguished based on their geographical span. A network can be as well as
distance between your mobile phone and its Bluetooth headphone and as large as the internet itself, covering the whole
geographical world.

PAN
A personal area network or simply PAN is smallest network which is very personal to a user.
 This may include Bluetooth enabled devices or Infra-Red enables devices.
 PAN has connectivity range up to 10meters.
 PAN may include wireless keyboard and mouse.

Utility Softwares- Software that extend the capability of OS.

Ex: - Achievers, Backup software, Data compression, Disk cleaners, Network utilities: analyze the computer’s network

Shell (computing) ... In computing, a shell is a user interface for access to an operating system's
services. In general, operating system shells use either a command-line interface (CLI) or graphical
user interface (GUI), depending on a computer's role and particular operation.

Kernel

The internal component of the OS

Basic functions required by the computer.

 File Management
 Memory management (RAM)
 Security

Which is copied into RAM during boot up.

Cooperative Multitasking

OS gives CPU processing time to other tasks or programs at a logical point.

Preemptive Multitasking

OS allocates CPU processing time between the different programs based on amount of time and priority.

Asymmetric Multiprocessing

Tasks are assigned to a specific CPU and each CPU has its own RAM memory.

Symmetric Multiprocessing

Oppersite of AS

Derivative- derived from another or from a root in the same or another languages.

Acquire buy or obtain

Product examples of groupware include lotus notes and Microsoft exchange, both of which facilitate calendar sharing, e-
mail handling

Commercial software is any software or program that is designed and developed for licensing or sale to end users

PGP- pretty good privacy (surveillance self – defense) software

Freeware- A software that is made available free of charge, but which is copyrighted by its developer, who retains the
future It is typically distributed without its source code.

Shareware _ a software that is distributed free on a trial basis with the understanding that the user may need or want to
pay for it later.
Open source software – A software whose source code is available for modification or enhancement by anyone. “Source
Code” is the part of software that most computer users don’t even see: it’s the code computer programmers can
manipulate to modify.

Concurrent use License- A software license that is based on the number of simultaneous users accessing the program. It
typically deals with software running in the server where users connect via the network. For example, in a five –user
concurrent use license after five users are logged on to the program, the sixth user prohibited.

Operating System tasks include

 Managing processor resources

 Managing memory
 Keeping track of storage resources
 Ensuring that input and output proceed in an orderly manner
 Establishing basic elements of the user interface.

Business/ Commercial Software

There are two types of Business & Commercial Soft wares

1. Vertical market software

Specific industry or organization. (Student management Software)
 Transaction processing software used by banks
 Claim processing and administration software for insurance

2. Horizontal market software

Common for every industry.( Database management Software)
 Payroll software
 Account software
  Project management software
 Groupware

* What’s a groupware software?

The term “groupware” refers to specialized software applications that enable group members to share and sync
information and also communicate with each other more easily.

(SP- Feature Pack)

Service Pack Contain a collection of updates, bug fixes, or enhancement to a software program.

{Service Pack combine with Operating Systems}

!!!!!**** Different types of software license

Commercial software, shareware, open source

1. Chapter no 4 and 5
 Types of computer storage(Briefly explain)
 Units use for data measurement
 Explain input output process
 Describe digitizing
 Explain the term port
 3 important function of OS and describe it
 Tasks handle by OS
 2. Chapter 6
 What is processor?(briefly explain
 Feature affecting processor performance and motherboard
 How a processor works

3. Chapter 8,9 & 10

 Explain communication
 What are elements of communication (Explain)
 What is internal and external communication in business?
 What is internet and World Wide Web?
 Purpose and uses of web
 Things to be causes about on internet
 Explain three programming language and history

4. Chapter 7
 Describe how a network can be classified
 Three advantage and three disadvantage of using network
 Explain OSI model
 List three network topology you know
 Discuss this stapes that you can take in order to avoid security threats.

5. Chapter 11 -13
 Popular mobile phone OSes
 Service packs
 Computer threats
 Computer generation
 scams

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication

standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other
network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone
network. It was first defined in 1988 in the CCITT red book.

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PSTN (public switched telephone network) is the world's collection of
interconnected voice-oriented public telephone networks, both commercial and
government-owned. It's also referred to as the Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS).

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The relative strength index (RSI) is a technical indicator used in the analysis
of financial markets. It is intended to chart the current and historical strength or
weakness of a stock or market based on the closing prices of a recent trading period.
The indicator should not be confused with relative strength.

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A virtual private network (VPN) is a network that is constructed using public

wires — usually the Internet — to connect to a private network, such as a company's
internal network. There are a number of systems that enable you to create networks
using the Internet as the medium for transporting data.
Remote Terminal Station – A terminal connected to a computer by a data link.